What is MIS?

: MIS stands for Management Information Systems the management and use of Information Systems that help organizations achieve their business strategies.
What is IS? Information system- the study of complementary networks of hardware and software that people and organizations use to collect, filter, process, create, and distribute data.
What is I & What is good I? Subjective or Objective? Relative perspective of I?: I stands for Information which has several definitions-1. Knowledge derived from data 2. Data presented in a
meaningful context 3. Data processed by summing, ordering, averaging, grouping, comparing, or other similar operations 4. A difference that makes a difference--Information is subjective. It must have
meaning. The meaning depends on how is the user of the information. One persons information can be considered data for some other person. Good information is Accurate, Timely, Relevant ,Just
Sufficient, Worth its cost (Money).
What is S? components: A group of components that interact to achieve some purpose.
Be able to describe the five-component framework: Five component model - Hardware<->Software<->Data<->Procedures<->People----Hardware and People are the Actors; Software and Procedures are
the Instructors; and data acts as the bridge between it all.
Q2: Difference between IT and IS: Information technology (IT) - 1. Products 2.Methods 3.Inventions 4.Standards---IT = hardware + software + data ---IS = IT + People + Procedures---You can buy IT, but
can never buy an IS!---People require training, overcoming employees resistance to change, managing employees using new system
What is Moores Law? (why we are learning this subject): A principle taken from Intel Corporation Co-founder Gordon Moore's statement that "The number of transistors per square inch on an integrated
chip doubles every 18 months." Because of this principle, the cost of data communications and data storage is essentially zero.
Three levels of decision making? Be able to describe and identify: 1) Strategic decisions- are long-term in their impact. They affect and shape the direction of the whole business. They are generally made
by senior managers. 2) Tactical decisions- help to implement the strategy. They are usually made by middle management. 3)Operational decisions- relate to the day-to-day running of the business. They are
mainly routine and may be taken by middle or junior managers.
Two decision processes?: 1) Structured decision- A type of decision for w hich there is a formalized and accepted method for making the decision 2) Unstructured decision- A type of decision for w hich
there is no agreed-on decision-making method.
Relationship between decision processes and IS?: MIS support decision making in both structured and unstructured problem environments.. It supports decision making at all levels of the organization .IS
(Information Systems) are intended to be woven into the fabric of the organizations , not standing alone. IS support all aspects of the decision making process.MIS are made of people, computers, procedures,
databases, interactive query facilities and so on. They are intended to be evolutionary/adaptive and easy for people to use.
Describe the five forces and four strategies : 1. Competition in the industry 2. Potential of new entrants into industry 3. Power of suppliers 4. Power of customers 5. Threat of Substitute Products
Competition in the industry : Concerns the intensity of rivalry and competition as well as how fierce it is.
Potential of new entrants into industry : Profitable markets that yield high returns will attract new firms. This results in many new entrants, which eventually will decrease profitability for all firms in the
industry.
Power of suppliers : The bargaining power of suppliers is also described as the market of inputs. Suppliers of raw materials, components, labor, and services (such as expertise) to the firm can be a source of
power over the firm when there are few substitutes.
Power of customers : The bargaining power of customers is also described as the market of outputs: the ability of customers to put the firm under pressure, which also affects the customer's sensitivity to
price changes.
Threat of substitute products : The existence of products outside of the realm of the common product boundaries increases the propensity of customers to switch to alternatives. For example, tap water
might be considered a substitute for Coke, whereas Pepsi is a competitor's similar product.
Value Chain: A network of value-creating activities including production, marketing, and the provision of after-sales service.
Margin: = value created by each activity less the cost of the activity. Company strive for margins by either improving the value or reducing the cost. Primary activities are those directly create value. Support
activities are those indirectly create value.
Linkage: Interactions across value activities. It pushes people to think outside their silos, streamlining business processes to create higher value, or reduce costs.
Concept of Business Process: Business Process- a network of activities that generate value by transforming inputs into outputs. Business Process Redesign by integrating dat a and providing better
information.
How IT/IS creates competitive advantages? (eight strategies): There are 8 ways that IT helps create a competitive advantage that fall into two categories of Product Implementations and Product
Implementations. ----Product Implementations- 1.Create a new product or service 2.Enhance products or services 3.Differentiate products or services----Process Implantations- 1.Lock in customers and buyers
2.Lock in suppliers 3.Raise barriers to market entry 4.Establish alliances 5.Reduce costs.
Virtualization: In computing Refers to the act of creating a virtual (rather than actual) version of something such as computer hardware platform, operating system, storages device, or computer network
resources.
Identify entities, relationships : Entity- In the E-R data model, a representation of something that users want to track. Some entities represent a physical object; others represent a logical construct or
transaction. Relationship- Associations among entities or entity instances in an E-R model or an association among row s of a table in a relational database.
How relationships are represented in relational databases?:
One-to-Many, One-to-One, Many-to-Many.
The process of data modeling: the last step in particular!: 1. Example organizational needs, decide on what info to track 2. Build a conceptual data model on paper or graphical tools 3. Refine and
normalize your data model 4. Create database design (physical models) 5. Create database using DBMS 6. Test with test data 7. Test with sample live data 8. Test Run with live data 9. Whole system go
live
WAN: A wide area network (WAN) is a network that covers a broad area (i.e., any telecommunications network that links across metropolitan, regional, or international boundaries) using leased
telecommunication lines. Business and government entities utilize WANs to relay data among employees, clients, buyers, and suppliers from various geographical locations. Can be comprised of multiple
LANs.
LAN: A local area network (LAN) is a computer network that interconnects computers within a limited area such as a home, school, computer laboratory, or office building using network media.[1] The
defining characteristics of LANs, in contrast to wide area networks (WANs), include their smaller geographic area, and non-inclusion of leased telecommunication lines.
intranets: There are privately owned internets, used exclusively for an organization.
Internet: The Internet is a special type of internet, which provide public access to all of us. Versus lower case, internet, which simply means a network of computers. There is only one The Internet.
URL: A uniform resource locator, (also known as web address, particularly when used with HTTP), is a specific character string that constitutes a reference to a resource. In most web browsers, the URL of a
web page is displayed on top inside an address bar. An example of a typical URL would be "http://en.example.org/wiki/Main_Page".
UTP: (unshielded twisted pair) cable is not surrounded by any shielding. It is the primary wire type for telephone usage and is very common for computer networking, especially as patch cables or temporary
network connections due to the high flexibility of the cables.
VPN: A virtual private network extends a private network across a public network, such as the Internet. It enables a computer to send and receive data across shared or public networks as if it is directly
connected to the private network, while benefiting from the functionality, security and management policies of the private network.[1] A VPN is created by establishing a virtual point-to-point connection
through the use of dedicated connections, virtual tunneling protocols, or traffic encryptions.
DNS: a hierarchical distributed naming system for computers, services, or any resource connected to the Internet or a private network. It associates various information with domain names assigned to each of
the participating entities. Most prominently, it translates easily memorized domain names to the numerical IP addresses needed for the purpose of locating computer services and devices worldwide. The
Domain Name System is an essential component of the functionality of the Internet.
Access Point: In computer networking, a wireless Access Point (AP) is a device that allows wireless devices to connect to a wired network using Wi-Fi, or related standards. The AP usually connects to a
router (via a wired network) as a standalone device, but it can also be an integral component of the router itself.
ISP: Internet Service Provider Three primary functions - 1.Provide users with a legitimate Internet address 2.Serve as a gateway for users to connect to the Internet 3.Help pay for t he Internet by collecting
money from customers and using it to pay access fee
Modem: Stands for modulation/demodulation. Modulates computer binary signals (e.g. high-low voltage squared waves) to analog signals that is suitable for long distance communication.
The five layer model: be able to name the five layers, briefly describe the five layers.

DSL (Digital Subscriber Line): Operates on the same lines as voice telephones. DSL modem modulates the computer signal to a certain type of signal which does not interfere with voice telephone service.
Cable Line: Operates using cable television lines. The cable modem modulates the computer signals so that it does not interfere with TV signals.
Data Link layer: the three topologies, pros and cons, the corresponding protocols that governs the three topology, equipments
Transport layer: Data unit, protocols
Application layer: protocols, equipment
The three-tier web architecture: 1.Presentation Tier- Occupies the top level and displays information related to services available on a website. This tier communicates with other tiers by sending results to
the browser and other tiers in the network. 2.Application Tier- Also called the middle tier, logic tier, business logic or logic tier, this tier is pulled from the presentation tier. It controls application functionality
by performing detailed processing. 3.Data Tier- Houses database servers where information is stored and retrieved. Data in this tier is kept independent of application servers or business logic.

Ethernet Protocol: IEEE 802.3.Wireless Protocol: IEEE 802.11Bluetooth Protocol: IEEE 802.15
XML: Extensible Markup Language a set of rules for encoding documents in a format that is both human-readable and machine-readable. User defined.
HTML: Hyper Text Markup Language is the standard markup language used to create web pages. The purpose of a web browser is to read HTML documents and compose them into visible or audible web
pages.
The cloud: Cloud computing in general can be portrayed as a synonym for distributed computing over a network, with the ability to run a program or application on many connected computers at the same
time. It specifically refers to a computing hardware machine or group of computing hardware machines commonly referred as a server connected through a communication network such as the Internet, an
intranet, a local area network (LAN) or wide area network (WAN)
SaaS: Software as a service, provides hardware infrastructure, operating systems and application programs.
PaaS: Platform as a service, vendors provide hosted computers, an operating system, and possibly a DBMS.
IaaS: Infrastructure as a service, is cloud hosting on barebones server or disk drive.
Client Access License ("CAL"): is a software license distributed by software companies to allow clients to connect to its server software and use the software's services.
Cal IS Functional (Workgroup) IS Enterprise IS (integrated IS)
MRP: Material requirements planning (MRP) is a production planning and inventory control system used to manage manufacturing processes. Most MRP systems are software-based, while it is possible to
conduct MRP by hand as well. An MRP system is intended to simultaneously meet three objectives- 1) Ensure materials are available for production and products are available for delivery to customers. 2)
Maintain the lowest possible material and product levels in store 3) Plan manufacturing activities, delivery schedules and purchasing activities.
BOM: A bill of materials is a list of the raw materials, sub-assemblies, intermediate assemblies, sub-components, parts and the quantities of each needed to manufacture an end product. A BOM may be used
for communication between manufacturing partners, or confined to a single manufacturing plant.
List and describe the three types of integration: 1. Data integration: functional area --> enterprise wide-- > inter-enterprise wide 2. Application integration: better processes enabled by better access to more
useful information.
CRM: Suite of applications, a database, and a set of inherent processes Intended to support customer-centric organization. Supports the Four phases of customer life cycle.

ERP: Enterprise resource planning (ERP) is business process management software that allows an organization to use a system of int egrated applications to manage the business and automate back office
functions. ERP software integrates all facets of an operation, including product planning, development, manufacturing processes, sales and marketing.
EAI & whats the fundamental difference between EAI and ERP?: enterprise application integration. EAI is the unrestricted sharing of data and business processes throughout the networked applications
or data sources in an organization.
Two major functions: Reporting (Assessing) and Predicting
Data Warehousing: This is the place where all the data of a company is stored. It is actually a very fast computer system having a large storage capacity. It contains data from all the departments of the
company where it is constantly updated to delete redundant data. This tool can answer all complex queries pertaining data.
Data Mart: It is an indexing and extraction system. Instead of putting the data from all the departments of a company into a warehouse, data mart contains database of separat e departments and can come up
with information using multiple databases when asked.
The goal of reporting in modern BI: To deliver the right information to the right user at the right time
Basic operations to obtain a report from database: 1. Sorting 2. Filtering 3. Grouping 4. Calculating 5. Formatting
RFM Analysis: RFM (recency, frequency, monetary) analysis is a marketing technique used to determine quantitatively which customers are the best ones by examining how recently a customer has
purchased (recency), how often they purchase (frequency), and how much the customer spends (monetary). RFM
OLAP report: Online analytical processing is an approach to answering multi-dimensional analytical (MDA) queries swiftly. OLAP is part of the broader category of business intelligence, which also
encompasses relational database, report writing and data mining. Typical applications of OLAP include business reporting for sales, marketing, management reporting, business process management (BPM),
budgeting and forecasting, financial reporting and similar areas, with new applications coming up, such as agriculture.
Data Mining for Predictions: applied to identify data mining projects with the goal to identify a statistical or neural network model or set of models that can be used to predict some response of interest. For
example, a credit card company may want to engage in predictive data mining, to derive a (trained) model or set of models (e.g., neural networks, meta-learner) that can quickly identify transactions which
have a high probability of being fraudulent.
Cluster Analysis: the task of grouping a set of objects in such a way that objects in the same group (called a cluster) are more similar (in some sense or another) to each other than to those in other groups
(clusters). It is a main task of exploratory data mining, and a common technique for statistical data analysis, used in many fields, including machine learning, pattern recognition, image analysis, information
retrieval, and bioinformatics.
Market Basket Analysis: a modelling technique based upon the theory that if you buy a certain group of items, you are more (or less) likely to buy another group of items.
Supervised- Regression Analysis- Supervised Data Mining. Develop a priori model to compute estimated parameters of model. regression analysis is a statistical process for estimating the relationships
among variables. It includes many techniques for modeling and analyzing several variables, when the focus is on the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables..
Big Data: Three characteristics: huge volume, rapid velocity, great variety.
SDLC: System Development Life Cycle DLC: Systems Development Life Cycle is the traditional process used to develop information systems and applications It is also referred to the waterfall method.


WBS: work break down structure is a deliverable oriented decomposition of a project into smaller components. A work breakdown structure element may be a product, data, service, or any combination
thereof. A WBS also provides the necessary framework for detailed cost estimating and control along with providing guidance for schedule development and control
Gantt Chart: a type of bar chart, developed by Henry Gantt in the 1910s, that illustrates a project schedule. Gantt charts illustrate the start and finish dates of the terminal elements and summary elements of
a project. Terminal elements and summary elements comprise the work breakdown structure of the project. Modern Gantt charts also show the dependency (i.e. precedence network) relationships between
activities.
Three trade offs: Time, Money, and Scope
Problems of SDLC: Changing requirements, SDLC does not allow you to craw back the waterfall. Scheduling and resource difficulties Fast changing world, we just cant wait that long
Agile / Scrum. Describe the major characteristics.: Scrum is an iterative and incremental agile software development framework for managing software projects and product or application development. It
defines "a flexible, holistic product development strategy where a development team works as a unit to reach a common goal". It challenges assumptions of the "traditional, sequential approach" to product
development. Scrum enables teams to self-organize by encouraging physical co-location or close online collaboration of all team members and daily face to face communication among all team members and
disciplines in the project. Agile software development is a group of software development methods based on iterative and incremental development, where requirements and solutions evolve through
collaboration between self-organizing, cross-functional teams. It promotes adaptive planning,