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Integumentary Diseases and Pathology

Acne Inflammatory pustular


eruption of skin (acne
vulgaris most common)
(sebaceous glands)
Decubitis ulcer Bed sore
Eczema Inflammatory skin disease
with reddened papular
lesion; common allergic
reaction in children-itchy
Gangrene Death of tissue associated
with loss of blood supply
Impetigo Bacterial inflammatory
skin disease presenting
with vesicles pustules and
crusted lesions
Psoriasis hronic (ongoing) skin
ailment with silver grey
scales covering red
patches
Tinea !kin infection caused by
fungus
Rubella "erman measles
Rubeola #easles
Varicella hickenpo$
Keratosis %hickened area of the
epidermis (wart callus)
Nevus #ole (pl new)
Verruca &arts
Debridement 'emoval of dirt foreign
material or damaged
tissue from a would to
prevent infection
Sebaceous !st ( pale flesh coloured
dome shaped cyst that
commonly occurs in
adults) especially on the
face) neck or trunk* +irm
with a central clot
Abrasion !craping away of a
superficial layer of skin
Adenoma "landular tumour
Albinism ,ack of pigment in skin)
hair and eyes
Albino Person with skin deficient
in pigment or melanin
Adipose Pertaining to fat
ollagen !tructural protein found
in skin and connective
tissue
Dermatitis Inflammation of the skin
Dermatolog! !tudy of skin and diseases
Diap"oresis Profuse sweating
Er!t"emia 'ed discolouration of the
skin due to dilation of the
blood capillaries of the
dermis
Eruption -utbreak of a rash
E#$oliation +laking off of the upper
layers of the skin
ardio Vascular Disease
Aneur!sm (n abnormal balloon like
swelling in the wall of an
artery due to disease or
congenital deficiency*) an
Aortic aneurysm
fre.uently occurs in the
abdominal aorta) known
as a triple ( (((()
Abdominal Aortic
Aneurysm
T"rombosis ( condition in which the
blood changes from a
ali.uid to a solid state in
the cardio vascular system
and produces a mass of
coagulated blood (blood
clot) (a thrombosis occurs
in a specific area as
opposed to an embolism
which moves)
%aemop"ilia ( hereditary disorder in
which the blood clots
very slowly due to a
deficiency in either of the
two coagulating factors
(factor / or +actor 0)
At"erosclerosis ( disease of the arteries
in which fatty pla.ues
develop on their inner
walls) with eventful
obstruction of blood flow*
At"eroma Degeneration of the walls
of the arteries due to the
formation of fatty pla.ues
and scar tissues* ,imits
blood circulation and
predisposes to
thrombosis*
P"lebitis Inflammation of the wall
of a vein which is most
commonly seen in the
legs as a complication of
varicose veins-a segment
of a vein becomes painful
and tender and the
surrounding skin feels hot
and appears read
Varicose Veins 1eins that are distended)
lengthened and tortuous)
the superficial veins of the
legs are most commonly
affected*
&!ocardial
In$arction '&I(
Death of a segment of
heart muscle) which
follows interruption of it2s
blood supply* %he patient
e$periences a 34eart
(ttack2 5sudden severe
chest pain which may
spread to the heart and
throat* %he main danger is
that of ventricular
fibrillation) which
accounts for most of the
fatalities*
)ibrillation haotic electrical and
mechanical activity of a
heart chamber) which
results in loss of
synchronous contraction*
%he affected part of the
heart then ceases to pump
blood*
Embolus material such as blood
clot) fat) air amniotic fluid
or a foreign body that is
carried by the blood form
one point in the
circulation to lodge at
another point
Embolism %he condition in which an
embolus becomes lodged
in an artery and obstructs
its blood flow* %reatment
is by anticoagulant* #a6or
embolism is treated by
embolectomy*
Pulmonar!
embolism
-bstruction of the
pulmonary artery by
embolus) usually a blood
clot derived from
phlebothrombosis of the
leg veins*
ongenital %eart
disease '%D
( 4eart defects present
from birth (congenital)
may be due to a fault in
development during the
early embryo*
%D ongenital
%eart Disease
%D "ronic %eart Disease
!ymptoms include
breathlessness and in
infants poor weight gain*
Angina ( sense of suffocation or
suffocation pain*
Angina Pectoris Pain in the centre of the
chest) which is induced by
e$ercise and relieved by
rest and may spread to the
6aws and arms* (ngina
Pectoris occurs when the
demand for blood by the
heart e$ceeds the supply
of the coronary arteries
and usually results from
coronary artery atheroma*
Isc"emia (n inade.uate flow of
blood to a part of the
body) caused by
constriction or blockage
of the blood supplying it*
Isc"emic %eart
Disease
AKA coronary heart
disease '%D( ( disease
in which the supply of
o$ygen to the
myocardium is
inade.uate* 7sually as a
result of narrowing of the
lumen of the coronary
arteries by atheroma* %he
main symptom is chest
pain of varying intensity*
7ntreated it can lead to
coronary thrombosis and
myocardial infarction*
Sensor!
on*unctivitis+ inflammation of the
con6unctiva
Diplopia Double vision
%!peropia +arsightedness
&!opia 8ear sightedness
,p"t"almagia Pain in the eye
Presb!opia Imapired vision) result of
old age
Accoumeter measures hearing
Audiologist one who speciali9ed in
(udiology
Audiology study of hearing
Aural pertaining to ear
Otologist physician who treats
diseases of ear
Otorhinolaryngology
study and treatment of
diseases and disorders of
(:8% ear nose throat)
Otorhinolaryngologist
physician who speciali9ed
in this*
Otorrhea discharge from the ear
Otoscope visual e$amination of ear
Purulent otitis media
inflammation of middle
ear
Sensor! conditions
Glaucoma increased intraocular
pressure
Retinal detac"ment retina separates from the
choroids layer*
Strabismus (bnormal deviation of
eye-s.uint
,talgia Pain in the ear
,titis media infection of middle ear
Tinnitus ringing sound
Vertigo
( sensation of irregular or
whirling motion) either of
oneself or of e$ternal ob6ects)
often caused by inner ear
disease
Diseases and pat"olog!
ataract louding of lens) causing
decreased vision
,p"t"almoscop! 1isual e$amination of the
interior of the eye*
Andropat"! Disease of the male
Anorc"ism the state of absence of a
testicle or both
Aspermia ondition of absence of
sperm
-P% Benign Prostatic
4ypertrophy;4yeprplasia)
enlargement or e$cessive
development of prostate
gland in males over <=
years of age) can cause a
urinary obstruction with
inability to empty the
bladder completely are all
at once) surgical treatment
is a prostatectomy
r!ptorc"idism 7ndescended testicle
Epidid!mitis inflammation of the
epididymis
%!drocele 4ernia or sac of fluid in
the testis or in the tube
leading from the testis)
can occur in infancy and
usually resolves during
the first year of life
,ligiospermia scanty sperm in seminal
fluid
,rc"itis.orc"iditis Inflammation of testes or
testis
P"imosis 8arrowing of the opening
of the foreskin over the
glans penis
Priapism Prolonged abnormal
erection of penis with
pain and tenderness
Prostatitis Inflammation of the
prostate gland
Prostoc!stitis Inflammation of prostate
gland and bladder
Prostolit" !tone in the prostate
Prostatorr"ea e$cessive discharge from
the prostate
Testicular torsion %wisting of spermatic
cord causing decreased
blood flow to testicle)
occurs most often during
puberty) considered a
surgical emergency
Testicular
carcinoma
%umour of the testis
Varicocele !wollen veins near the
testis associated with
oligiospermia and
in$ertilit!
AIDS (c.uired
Immunodefeciency
syndrome is a se$ually
transmitted disease by
e$change of body fluids
during a se$ual act or
with use of contaminated
needles and contaminated
blood transfusion)
affecting the body2s
immune system* It is
caused by 4I1 4uman
immunodeficiency 1irus
"lam!dia %he bacteria bacterium
hlamydia trachomatis is
the causative agent)
includes diseases of the
eye and genital tract)
causes discharge from the
penis in males and genital
itching and vaginal
discharge in females* It
spreads to the ovaries and
uterus and causes pelvic
scarring secondary to the
infection
DRE Digital 'ectal
:$amination of prostate
PSA Prostate specific antigen
blood test
,rc"idectom! !urgical removal of one
or both testes (if both)
called castration)
,rc"idope#! surgical fi$ation or
stitching in place of a
testicle
,rc"ioplast! !urgical repair of testis
T/RP %ransurethral resection of
prostate 'esection
(removal of part or all of
the gland) through the
urethra) cutting back or
removal of the prostate if
enlargement of the
prostate may interfere
with urination
Aspermia (bsence of sperm
ondoms Protective covering for
the penis worn during
coitus
Sterilization Process that renders a
person unable to produce
offspring
Nervous S!stem
Ata#ia lack of muscle co-
ordination
oma !tate of profound
unconsciousness
onvulsion !udden involuntary
contraction of a group of
muscle
Dementia #ental Decline
Disorientation !tate of confusion
regarding time) space or
identity
&onoplegia Paralysis of one limb
Neurologist Physician who specialises
in neurology
Neurolog! %he branch of medicine
concerned with the study
of the nervous system) it2s
functions and disorders
Paraplegia Paralysis of the lower half
of the body
Ps!c"iatr! Branch of medicine that
deals with treatment of
mental disorders
(disorders without an
identifiable pathological
cause)
Ps!c"ogenic Produced or caused by
psychological factors
Ps!c"ogenetic -riginating in the mind
Ps!c"ologist ( specialist in psychology
Ps!c"osomatic Pertaining to the mind
and body
0uadriplegia Paralysis of all > limbs
Seizure !udden involuntary
contractions (convulsions
Diseases and cancers that affect kidney function
R) hronic 'enal +ailure*
Insufficient renal
+unction leads to
transplant or dialysis
Glomerulonep"ritis Inflammation of kidney
glomeruli with various
causes i*e endocrine
diseases (eg diabetes) or
bacterial infection like
untreated Betahaemolytic
!treptococcus
Incontinence Inability to prevent
voiding of urine
Nepr"itis Inflammation of the
kidney
Nep"rolit" ?idney stone
N!p"roma %umour of the kidney
Renal alculi !tones of the kidney
Renal olic Pain aused by blockage
during the passage of a
kidney stone
/rinar! Retention Blockage in passage of
urine or muscle control
problems leading to
incomplete voiding
Renal
%!pertension
4igh blood pressure
resulting from kidney
disease (secondary
hypertension)
/rinar!
Incontinence
Inablity to hold urine in
the bladder
Diagnostic Tests
$or /rinar! S!stem
at Scan omputerised ($ial
%omography) a transverse
$-ray of kidneys to
diagnose cysts) tumours
and abscesses
!stogram @-ray of urinary bladder
IVP Intravenuous Pyelogram
In6ection of contrast
media into a vein that
travels to the kidneys
where it is filtered into the
urineA$-rays show the dye
filling the kidneys)
ureters) bladder and
urethra to diagnose)
stones) tumours and cysts
K/- (?idneys 7reters Bladder)
Demonstrates the si9e and
location of kidneys in
relationship to other
organs in abdominal and
pelvic regions
Common Urinary Endoscopic procedures
!stoscope Instrument to e$amine the
bladder
!stoscop! 1isual e$amination of the
urinary bladder
Nep"roscop! 1isual e$amination of the
kidney
/ret"roscope Instrument used to
visually e$amine the
urethra
/reterscop! 1isual e$amination of the
ureter
!stectom! !urgical e$cision
(removal) of the urinary
bladder
!stoplast! !urgical repair of the
urinary bladder
Dial!sis Procedure that does the
work of non functioning
kidney to remove waste
such as urea from the
blood stream
%aemodial!sis (rtificial kidney machine
filters waste from blood
!stostom! reation of an artificial
opening to the bladder
1it"otrips! !urgical shock wave
disintegration (crushing)
of kidney stones
Nep"rectom! !urgical e$cision
(removal) of a kidney
Renal -iops! Biopsy of a kidney
performed at time of
surgery or through skin
(subcutaneous or closed )
in which a needle is
inserted with ultrasound
guidance
Renal Transplant !urgical implantation of a
kidney to replace a non
functioning kidney to
replace a non functioning
kidney) because each
kidney performs the same
function the body can
survive with one kidney
ARDS (dult 'espiratory
Distress !yndrome is
respiratory failure in an
adult as a result of disease
or in6ury
-ronc"ogenic
carcinoma
( cancerous tumor arising
from the bronchus the
tumor can metastasi9e
(spread) to brain) liver
and other organs
,PD hronic obstructive
Pulmonary Disease refers
to any persistent lung
disease that obstructs the
bronchial airflow*
:$amples include asthma
chronic bronchitis and
emphysema
,SA -bstructive !leep (pnea
occurs when the
pharyngeal collapses
during sleep leading to the
absence of breathing
Pulmonar! oedema means fluid accumulation
in the alveoli and
bronchioles
Pulmonar!
embolism
Is a blood clot) fat clot or
air carried in the blood
/RI 7pper respiratory tract
Infection of pharyn$)
laryn$ and trachea*
1RI ,ower 'espiratory
Infection usually refers to
an infection of everything
that2s left (bronchi and
lungs) It is hard to have a
,'I without a 7'I but
you can have the 7'I by
itself*
Respirator! Radiolog! and Diagnostic Tests
Endotrac"eal
intubation
( tube is placed through
the mouth) into the
trachea) to establish and
airway
1ung biops! ,ung tissue is obtained by
forceps or brush
(bronchial brushing) an
be accomplished through
a catheter inserted under
@-ray guidance
1ung Scan 'adioactive material is
in6ected or inhaled and
images are recorded of its
distribution into lung
tissue
Pumonar!
)unction Test
:valuate ventilation
capacity of the lung
T"oracentesis hest wall is punctured
with a needle to obtain
fluid from the pleural
cavity for diagnostic
studies or to relieve
pressure in the lung
Tuberculin test (n antigen is applied to
the skin by multiple
punctures or interdermally
by the #antou$ test* (n
inflammatory reaction is
observed in >/-0< hours
in an infected patient
Respirator! Surgeries and procedures
1obectom! :$cision of a lobe of a
lung
Pneumonectom! :$cision (removal) of a
lung
T"oracentesis !urgical puncture to
aspirate fluid from the
chest cavity
T"oracotom! Incision into the chest
cavity
Atrop"! &ithout movement)
wasting away of a muscle
-rad!2inesia !low body movement
D!s2inesia Difficult body movement
D!strop"! (bnormal development
)asciitis Inflammation of fascia
&!ast"enia #uscle weakness
&!algia #uscle pain
&!opat"! (ny muscular disease
Tendod!nia Pain in the tendon
Tenos!novitis Inflammation of the
tendon and the synovial
membrane
-ursitis Inflammation of the bursa
sac) which lines the 6oint
and provides smooth
muscle 6oint movement
)ibrom!algia Pain in fibrous tissue of
muscles) tendons or
ligaments
Tendonitis Inflammation of a tendon
&!oparal!ssis Paralysis of a muscle
Tennis Elbo3 %he tendon the connects
the arm muscle to elbow
becomes inflamed due to
repetitious movement
&uscular
d!strop"!
Inherited disease
characteri9ed by
progressive weakness and
degeneration of muscle
fibres without
involvement of the
nervous system
Pol!m!algia
r"eumatica
#uscle pain) common in
shoulder or pelvis)
without arthritis or signs
of muscle distress
Rotator cu$$
disease
Inflammation of tendons)
and if they fuse you have
a larger problem) a
condition called fro9en
shoulder or adhesive
capsulitis
Torticollis (cute myositis of the
cervical muscles (crick in
neck)
Gastrointestinal
Common Gastrointestinal condtions-Mouth
le$t palate+ ongenital split in the
roof of the mouth or
upper lip
Dental caries+ avities in teeth (caries
means BdecayC)
D!sp"asia Difficulty speaking
Gingivitis Inflammation of gums
%alitosis Bad breath
%erpes simple# old sore or fever blister
on lip or nose due to
herpes virus
Sublingual 7nder the tongue
Common Gastrointestinal conditions Oesophagus
Ap"agia Inability to swallow
D!sp"agia Difficulty swallowing
,esop"ageal
varices
(like varicose veins in the
oesophagus) Boggy veins
with inefficient valves
that allow venous
backflow) resulting in
stagnant blood in bulging
veins
%eartburn Burning sensation caused
by reflu$ or flowing back
of acide from the stomach
to the oesophagus
Common Gastrointestinal conditions Stomach
D!spepsia Difficult digestion
Gastric ulcer ,esion on wall of
stomach* (lso known as
petptic ulcer
Gastritis Inflammation of the
stomach
Gastrod!nia Pain in the stomach
%aemetemesis 1omiting blood
%iatal %ernai Protrusion of part of the
stomach through the
oesophageal opening into
the diaphragm
%!peremesis :$cessive vomiting
Nasogastric Pertaining to the nose and
stomach
Nausea 7rge to vomit
Regurgitation 'eturn of solids and
fluids to mouth from
stomach
/lcer !ore or lesion of mucous
membrane or skin
Vomit ((lso known as emesis)
stomach contents e$pelled
through mouth
he li!er Pancreas and gall"ladderr
alculas 'pl calculi( stones
"olelit"iasis ondition of having gallstones
Duodenal ulcer ulcer in the duodenum
Gallstones 4ard collections of bile that form
in gallbladder and bile ducts
%patomegal! :nlargement of the liver
%epatoma %umor of liver
#arge and small intestines
olonic pol!posis polyps protrude from mucous
membrane and colon
onstipation Difficult or delayed defecation
Diarr"oea +re.uent discharge of li.uid stool
(faeces)
Diverticula (bnormal hollow side pockets on
intestine) sigmoid colon and
duodenum
)latus "as e$pelled through the anus
%aemorr"oids !wollen or twisted veins either
outside or 6ust inside the anus
(piles)
%ernia ( protrusion of an organ or part
othrough the wall of the cavity
that contains it
Inguinal "ernia ( small loop of bowel protruding
through a weak place in the
inguinal ring and opening in the
lower abdominal wall which
allwows blood vessels to pass
into the scrotum
1a#itive #edication encouraging
movements of faeces
&elana Black stool) faeces containing
blood
Pol!posis ondition of polyps in the
intestinal wall
Pruritis aid Intense itching of the anal area
Steatorr"ea :$cessive fat in faeces
Volvulus %wisting of intestine upon itself
Gastrointestinal Disease and Pathology
"olec!stitis Inflammation of the gallbladder
ro"n4s Disease Inflammation and ulceration of
the intestinal tract of terminal or
end portion of the ileum
Diverticulitis Inflammation of the Diverticula
Enteritis Inflammation of the intestine
Gastroenteritis Inflammation of stomach and
intestine
%epatitis A (cute inflammation of the liver)
spread by faecal-oral contact
%epatitis - Inflammation of the liver due to a
virus transmitted by blood and
body fluids
%epatitis 1irus affecting the liver spread
through blood and body fluids*
,ike other forms of 4epatitis this
can cause 6aundice a yellowish
discoloration of the skin
/lcerative colitis hronic inflammationof colon
with ulcers
$nflammation is a huge issue %ith the gastrointestinal system
Anal $istula %his is an abnormal tube-like
passageway near the anus
communicating with the rectum
oeliac Disease (?( #alabsorption syndrome)
thought to be precipitated by
gluten containing food* %he villi
degenerated or flatten so they lose
their absorption function
irr"osis Is a scarring of the liver tissue)
due to damage from alcohol)
drugs) viruses and hepatitis
GERD "astroesophageal 'eflu$ Disease*
'efers to the backward flow of
gastrointestinal contents into the
oesophagus
I-S Irritable Bowel !yndrome is a
group of symptoms including
diarrhoea) abdominal bloating)
cramping and constipation
Gastrointestinal &adiology and Diagnostic ests
Abdominal
/ltrasound
Detects the presence of stones in
gallbladder can detect liver cysts
abscesses gallstones enlarged
pancreas
-arium enema (lower "I !eries) !eries of @-rays
taken of large intestine after
barium enema in6ected
"olangiogram @ ray film of bile duct) contrast
medium is in6ected to outline the
ducts
"olec!stogram @ ray of the gall bladder
/pper GI Series !eries of @ rays taken of stomach
and duodenum after barium
swallow or meal has been taken
olonoscop! 1isual e$amination of the colon
using a colonoscope
ERP (n endoscopic retrograde
cholangiopancreatography an $-
ray of bile and pancreatic ducts
using a contrast medium and
endoscopy
1aparoscop! 1isual e$amination of any
internal organ or cavity using and
instrument called a laparoscope
Gastrostom! (rtificial opening into stomach
through the abdominal wall
Ileostom! reation of artificial opening into
ileum
Gastro 6e6unostomy (rtificial apening
into the colon through the
abdominal wall

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