This document provides definitions and descriptions of many integumentary, cardiovascular, sensory, genitourinary, and nervous system diseases and conditions. It includes skin diseases like acne, eczema, and gangrene. Cardiovascular conditions discussed are aneurysm, thrombosis, atherosclerosis, and myocardial infarction. Sensory topics covered are glaucoma, strabismus, and tinnitus. The document also defines genitourinary issues such as benign prostatic hyperplasia, epididymitis, testicular torsion, and prostate cancer. Nervous system diseases and terms explained are ataxia, paraplegia, quadriplegia, and seizures.
This document provides definitions and descriptions of many integumentary, cardiovascular, sensory, genitourinary, and nervous system diseases and conditions. It includes skin diseases like acne, eczema, and gangrene. Cardiovascular conditions discussed are aneurysm, thrombosis, atherosclerosis, and myocardial infarction. Sensory topics covered are glaucoma, strabismus, and tinnitus. The document also defines genitourinary issues such as benign prostatic hyperplasia, epididymitis, testicular torsion, and prostate cancer. Nervous system diseases and terms explained are ataxia, paraplegia, quadriplegia, and seizures.
This document provides definitions and descriptions of many integumentary, cardiovascular, sensory, genitourinary, and nervous system diseases and conditions. It includes skin diseases like acne, eczema, and gangrene. Cardiovascular conditions discussed are aneurysm, thrombosis, atherosclerosis, and myocardial infarction. Sensory topics covered are glaucoma, strabismus, and tinnitus. The document also defines genitourinary issues such as benign prostatic hyperplasia, epididymitis, testicular torsion, and prostate cancer. Nervous system diseases and terms explained are ataxia, paraplegia, quadriplegia, and seizures.
eruption of skin (acne vulgaris most common) (sebaceous glands) Decubitis ulcer Bed sore Eczema Inflammatory skin disease with reddened papular lesion; common allergic reaction in children-itchy Gangrene Death of tissue associated with loss of blood supply Impetigo Bacterial inflammatory skin disease presenting with vesicles pustules and crusted lesions Psoriasis hronic (ongoing) skin ailment with silver grey scales covering red patches Tinea !kin infection caused by fungus Rubella "erman measles Rubeola #easles Varicella hickenpo$ Keratosis %hickened area of the epidermis (wart callus) Nevus #ole (pl new) Verruca &arts Debridement 'emoval of dirt foreign material or damaged tissue from a would to prevent infection Sebaceous !st ( pale flesh coloured dome shaped cyst that commonly occurs in adults) especially on the face) neck or trunk* +irm with a central clot Abrasion !craping away of a superficial layer of skin Adenoma "landular tumour Albinism ,ack of pigment in skin) hair and eyes Albino Person with skin deficient in pigment or melanin Adipose Pertaining to fat ollagen !tructural protein found in skin and connective tissue Dermatitis Inflammation of the skin Dermatolog! !tudy of skin and diseases Diap"oresis Profuse sweating Er!t"emia 'ed discolouration of the skin due to dilation of the blood capillaries of the dermis Eruption -utbreak of a rash E#$oliation +laking off of the upper layers of the skin ardio Vascular Disease Aneur!sm (n abnormal balloon like swelling in the wall of an artery due to disease or congenital deficiency*) an Aortic aneurysm fre.uently occurs in the abdominal aorta) known as a triple ( (((() Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm T"rombosis ( condition in which the blood changes from a ali.uid to a solid state in the cardio vascular system and produces a mass of coagulated blood (blood clot) (a thrombosis occurs in a specific area as opposed to an embolism which moves) %aemop"ilia ( hereditary disorder in which the blood clots very slowly due to a deficiency in either of the two coagulating factors (factor / or +actor 0) At"erosclerosis ( disease of the arteries in which fatty pla.ues develop on their inner walls) with eventful obstruction of blood flow* At"eroma Degeneration of the walls of the arteries due to the formation of fatty pla.ues and scar tissues* ,imits blood circulation and predisposes to thrombosis* P"lebitis Inflammation of the wall of a vein which is most commonly seen in the legs as a complication of varicose veins-a segment of a vein becomes painful and tender and the surrounding skin feels hot and appears read Varicose Veins 1eins that are distended) lengthened and tortuous) the superficial veins of the legs are most commonly affected* &!ocardial In$arction '&I( Death of a segment of heart muscle) which follows interruption of it2s blood supply* %he patient e$periences a 34eart (ttack2 5sudden severe chest pain which may spread to the heart and throat* %he main danger is that of ventricular fibrillation) which accounts for most of the fatalities* )ibrillation haotic electrical and mechanical activity of a heart chamber) which results in loss of synchronous contraction* %he affected part of the heart then ceases to pump blood* Embolus material such as blood clot) fat) air amniotic fluid or a foreign body that is carried by the blood form one point in the circulation to lodge at another point Embolism %he condition in which an embolus becomes lodged in an artery and obstructs its blood flow* %reatment is by anticoagulant* #a6or embolism is treated by embolectomy* Pulmonar! embolism -bstruction of the pulmonary artery by embolus) usually a blood clot derived from phlebothrombosis of the leg veins* ongenital %eart disease '%D ( 4eart defects present from birth (congenital) may be due to a fault in development during the early embryo* %D ongenital %eart Disease %D "ronic %eart Disease !ymptoms include breathlessness and in infants poor weight gain* Angina ( sense of suffocation or suffocation pain* Angina Pectoris Pain in the centre of the chest) which is induced by e$ercise and relieved by rest and may spread to the 6aws and arms* (ngina Pectoris occurs when the demand for blood by the heart e$ceeds the supply of the coronary arteries and usually results from coronary artery atheroma* Isc"emia (n inade.uate flow of blood to a part of the body) caused by constriction or blockage of the blood supplying it* Isc"emic %eart Disease AKA coronary heart disease '%D( ( disease in which the supply of o$ygen to the myocardium is inade.uate* 7sually as a result of narrowing of the lumen of the coronary arteries by atheroma* %he main symptom is chest pain of varying intensity* 7ntreated it can lead to coronary thrombosis and myocardial infarction* Sensor! on*unctivitis+ inflammation of the con6unctiva Diplopia Double vision %!peropia +arsightedness &!opia 8ear sightedness ,p"t"almagia Pain in the eye Presb!opia Imapired vision) result of old age Accoumeter measures hearing Audiologist one who speciali9ed in (udiology Audiology study of hearing Aural pertaining to ear Otologist physician who treats diseases of ear Otorhinolaryngology study and treatment of diseases and disorders of (:8% ear nose throat) Otorhinolaryngologist physician who speciali9ed in this* Otorrhea discharge from the ear Otoscope visual e$amination of ear Purulent otitis media inflammation of middle ear Sensor! conditions Glaucoma increased intraocular pressure Retinal detac"ment retina separates from the choroids layer* Strabismus (bnormal deviation of eye-s.uint ,talgia Pain in the ear ,titis media infection of middle ear Tinnitus ringing sound Vertigo ( sensation of irregular or whirling motion) either of oneself or of e$ternal ob6ects) often caused by inner ear disease Diseases and pat"olog! ataract louding of lens) causing decreased vision ,p"t"almoscop! 1isual e$amination of the interior of the eye* Andropat"! Disease of the male Anorc"ism the state of absence of a testicle or both Aspermia ondition of absence of sperm -P% Benign Prostatic 4ypertrophy;4yeprplasia) enlargement or e$cessive development of prostate gland in males over <= years of age) can cause a urinary obstruction with inability to empty the bladder completely are all at once) surgical treatment is a prostatectomy r!ptorc"idism 7ndescended testicle Epidid!mitis inflammation of the epididymis %!drocele 4ernia or sac of fluid in the testis or in the tube leading from the testis) can occur in infancy and usually resolves during the first year of life ,ligiospermia scanty sperm in seminal fluid ,rc"itis.orc"iditis Inflammation of testes or testis P"imosis 8arrowing of the opening of the foreskin over the glans penis Priapism Prolonged abnormal erection of penis with pain and tenderness Prostatitis Inflammation of the prostate gland Prostoc!stitis Inflammation of prostate gland and bladder Prostolit" !tone in the prostate Prostatorr"ea e$cessive discharge from the prostate Testicular torsion %wisting of spermatic cord causing decreased blood flow to testicle) occurs most often during puberty) considered a surgical emergency Testicular carcinoma %umour of the testis Varicocele !wollen veins near the testis associated with oligiospermia and in$ertilit! AIDS (c.uired Immunodefeciency syndrome is a se$ually transmitted disease by e$change of body fluids during a se$ual act or with use of contaminated needles and contaminated blood transfusion) affecting the body2s immune system* It is caused by 4I1 4uman immunodeficiency 1irus "lam!dia %he bacteria bacterium hlamydia trachomatis is the causative agent) includes diseases of the eye and genital tract) causes discharge from the penis in males and genital itching and vaginal discharge in females* It spreads to the ovaries and uterus and causes pelvic scarring secondary to the infection DRE Digital 'ectal :$amination of prostate PSA Prostate specific antigen blood test ,rc"idectom! !urgical removal of one or both testes (if both) called castration) ,rc"idope#! surgical fi$ation or stitching in place of a testicle ,rc"ioplast! !urgical repair of testis T/RP %ransurethral resection of prostate 'esection (removal of part or all of the gland) through the urethra) cutting back or removal of the prostate if enlargement of the prostate may interfere with urination Aspermia (bsence of sperm ondoms Protective covering for the penis worn during coitus Sterilization Process that renders a person unable to produce offspring Nervous S!stem Ata#ia lack of muscle co- ordination oma !tate of profound unconsciousness onvulsion !udden involuntary contraction of a group of muscle Dementia #ental Decline Disorientation !tate of confusion regarding time) space or identity &onoplegia Paralysis of one limb Neurologist Physician who specialises in neurology Neurolog! %he branch of medicine concerned with the study of the nervous system) it2s functions and disorders Paraplegia Paralysis of the lower half of the body Ps!c"iatr! Branch of medicine that deals with treatment of mental disorders (disorders without an identifiable pathological cause) Ps!c"ogenic Produced or caused by psychological factors Ps!c"ogenetic -riginating in the mind Ps!c"ologist ( specialist in psychology Ps!c"osomatic Pertaining to the mind and body 0uadriplegia Paralysis of all > limbs Seizure !udden involuntary contractions (convulsions Diseases and cancers that affect kidney function R) hronic 'enal +ailure* Insufficient renal +unction leads to transplant or dialysis Glomerulonep"ritis Inflammation of kidney glomeruli with various causes i*e endocrine diseases (eg diabetes) or bacterial infection like untreated Betahaemolytic !treptococcus Incontinence Inability to prevent voiding of urine Nepr"itis Inflammation of the kidney Nep"rolit" ?idney stone N!p"roma %umour of the kidney Renal alculi !tones of the kidney Renal olic Pain aused by blockage during the passage of a kidney stone /rinar! Retention Blockage in passage of urine or muscle control problems leading to incomplete voiding Renal %!pertension 4igh blood pressure resulting from kidney disease (secondary hypertension) /rinar! Incontinence Inablity to hold urine in the bladder Diagnostic Tests $or /rinar! S!stem at Scan omputerised ($ial %omography) a transverse $-ray of kidneys to diagnose cysts) tumours and abscesses !stogram @-ray of urinary bladder IVP Intravenuous Pyelogram In6ection of contrast media into a vein that travels to the kidneys where it is filtered into the urineA$-rays show the dye filling the kidneys) ureters) bladder and urethra to diagnose) stones) tumours and cysts K/- (?idneys 7reters Bladder) Demonstrates the si9e and location of kidneys in relationship to other organs in abdominal and pelvic regions Common Urinary Endoscopic procedures !stoscope Instrument to e$amine the bladder !stoscop! 1isual e$amination of the urinary bladder Nep"roscop! 1isual e$amination of the kidney /ret"roscope Instrument used to visually e$amine the urethra /reterscop! 1isual e$amination of the ureter !stectom! !urgical e$cision (removal) of the urinary bladder !stoplast! !urgical repair of the urinary bladder Dial!sis Procedure that does the work of non functioning kidney to remove waste such as urea from the blood stream %aemodial!sis (rtificial kidney machine filters waste from blood !stostom! reation of an artificial opening to the bladder 1it"otrips! !urgical shock wave disintegration (crushing) of kidney stones Nep"rectom! !urgical e$cision (removal) of a kidney Renal -iops! Biopsy of a kidney performed at time of surgery or through skin (subcutaneous or closed ) in which a needle is inserted with ultrasound guidance Renal Transplant !urgical implantation of a kidney to replace a non functioning kidney to replace a non functioning kidney) because each kidney performs the same function the body can survive with one kidney ARDS (dult 'espiratory Distress !yndrome is respiratory failure in an adult as a result of disease or in6ury -ronc"ogenic carcinoma ( cancerous tumor arising from the bronchus the tumor can metastasi9e (spread) to brain) liver and other organs ,PD hronic obstructive Pulmonary Disease refers to any persistent lung disease that obstructs the bronchial airflow* :$amples include asthma chronic bronchitis and emphysema ,SA -bstructive !leep (pnea occurs when the pharyngeal collapses during sleep leading to the absence of breathing Pulmonar! oedema means fluid accumulation in the alveoli and bronchioles Pulmonar! embolism Is a blood clot) fat clot or air carried in the blood /RI 7pper respiratory tract Infection of pharyn$) laryn$ and trachea* 1RI ,ower 'espiratory Infection usually refers to an infection of everything that2s left (bronchi and lungs) It is hard to have a ,'I without a 7'I but you can have the 7'I by itself* Respirator! Radiolog! and Diagnostic Tests Endotrac"eal intubation ( tube is placed through the mouth) into the trachea) to establish and airway 1ung biops! ,ung tissue is obtained by forceps or brush (bronchial brushing) an be accomplished through a catheter inserted under @-ray guidance 1ung Scan 'adioactive material is in6ected or inhaled and images are recorded of its distribution into lung tissue Pumonar! )unction Test :valuate ventilation capacity of the lung T"oracentesis hest wall is punctured with a needle to obtain fluid from the pleural cavity for diagnostic studies or to relieve pressure in the lung Tuberculin test (n antigen is applied to the skin by multiple punctures or interdermally by the #antou$ test* (n inflammatory reaction is observed in >/-0< hours in an infected patient Respirator! Surgeries and procedures 1obectom! :$cision of a lobe of a lung Pneumonectom! :$cision (removal) of a lung T"oracentesis !urgical puncture to aspirate fluid from the chest cavity T"oracotom! Incision into the chest cavity Atrop"! &ithout movement) wasting away of a muscle -rad!2inesia !low body movement D!s2inesia Difficult body movement D!strop"! (bnormal development )asciitis Inflammation of fascia &!ast"enia #uscle weakness &!algia #uscle pain &!opat"! (ny muscular disease Tendod!nia Pain in the tendon Tenos!novitis Inflammation of the tendon and the synovial membrane -ursitis Inflammation of the bursa sac) which lines the 6oint and provides smooth muscle 6oint movement )ibrom!algia Pain in fibrous tissue of muscles) tendons or ligaments Tendonitis Inflammation of a tendon &!oparal!ssis Paralysis of a muscle Tennis Elbo3 %he tendon the connects the arm muscle to elbow becomes inflamed due to repetitious movement &uscular d!strop"! Inherited disease characteri9ed by progressive weakness and degeneration of muscle fibres without involvement of the nervous system Pol!m!algia r"eumatica #uscle pain) common in shoulder or pelvis) without arthritis or signs of muscle distress Rotator cu$$ disease Inflammation of tendons) and if they fuse you have a larger problem) a condition called fro9en shoulder or adhesive capsulitis Torticollis (cute myositis of the cervical muscles (crick in neck) Gastrointestinal Common Gastrointestinal condtions-Mouth le$t palate+ ongenital split in the roof of the mouth or upper lip Dental caries+ avities in teeth (caries means BdecayC) D!sp"asia Difficulty speaking Gingivitis Inflammation of gums %alitosis Bad breath %erpes simple# old sore or fever blister on lip or nose due to herpes virus Sublingual 7nder the tongue Common Gastrointestinal conditions Oesophagus Ap"agia Inability to swallow D!sp"agia Difficulty swallowing ,esop"ageal varices (like varicose veins in the oesophagus) Boggy veins with inefficient valves that allow venous backflow) resulting in stagnant blood in bulging veins %eartburn Burning sensation caused by reflu$ or flowing back of acide from the stomach to the oesophagus Common Gastrointestinal conditions Stomach D!spepsia Difficult digestion Gastric ulcer ,esion on wall of stomach* (lso known as petptic ulcer Gastritis Inflammation of the stomach Gastrod!nia Pain in the stomach %aemetemesis 1omiting blood %iatal %ernai Protrusion of part of the stomach through the oesophageal opening into the diaphragm %!peremesis :$cessive vomiting Nasogastric Pertaining to the nose and stomach Nausea 7rge to vomit Regurgitation 'eturn of solids and fluids to mouth from stomach /lcer !ore or lesion of mucous membrane or skin Vomit ((lso known as emesis) stomach contents e$pelled through mouth he li!er Pancreas and gall"ladderr alculas 'pl calculi( stones "olelit"iasis ondition of having gallstones Duodenal ulcer ulcer in the duodenum Gallstones 4ard collections of bile that form in gallbladder and bile ducts %patomegal! :nlargement of the liver %epatoma %umor of liver #arge and small intestines olonic pol!posis polyps protrude from mucous membrane and colon onstipation Difficult or delayed defecation Diarr"oea +re.uent discharge of li.uid stool (faeces) Diverticula (bnormal hollow side pockets on intestine) sigmoid colon and duodenum )latus "as e$pelled through the anus %aemorr"oids !wollen or twisted veins either outside or 6ust inside the anus (piles) %ernia ( protrusion of an organ or part othrough the wall of the cavity that contains it Inguinal "ernia ( small loop of bowel protruding through a weak place in the inguinal ring and opening in the lower abdominal wall which allwows blood vessels to pass into the scrotum 1a#itive #edication encouraging movements of faeces &elana Black stool) faeces containing blood Pol!posis ondition of polyps in the intestinal wall Pruritis aid Intense itching of the anal area Steatorr"ea :$cessive fat in faeces Volvulus %wisting of intestine upon itself Gastrointestinal Disease and Pathology "olec!stitis Inflammation of the gallbladder ro"n4s Disease Inflammation and ulceration of the intestinal tract of terminal or end portion of the ileum Diverticulitis Inflammation of the Diverticula Enteritis Inflammation of the intestine Gastroenteritis Inflammation of stomach and intestine %epatitis A (cute inflammation of the liver) spread by faecal-oral contact %epatitis - Inflammation of the liver due to a virus transmitted by blood and body fluids %epatitis 1irus affecting the liver spread through blood and body fluids* ,ike other forms of 4epatitis this can cause 6aundice a yellowish discoloration of the skin /lcerative colitis hronic inflammationof colon with ulcers $nflammation is a huge issue %ith the gastrointestinal system Anal $istula %his is an abnormal tube-like passageway near the anus communicating with the rectum oeliac Disease (?( #alabsorption syndrome) thought to be precipitated by gluten containing food* %he villi degenerated or flatten so they lose their absorption function irr"osis Is a scarring of the liver tissue) due to damage from alcohol) drugs) viruses and hepatitis GERD "astroesophageal 'eflu$ Disease* 'efers to the backward flow of gastrointestinal contents into the oesophagus I-S Irritable Bowel !yndrome is a group of symptoms including diarrhoea) abdominal bloating) cramping and constipation Gastrointestinal &adiology and Diagnostic ests Abdominal /ltrasound Detects the presence of stones in gallbladder can detect liver cysts abscesses gallstones enlarged pancreas -arium enema (lower "I !eries) !eries of @-rays taken of large intestine after barium enema in6ected "olangiogram @ ray film of bile duct) contrast medium is in6ected to outline the ducts "olec!stogram @ ray of the gall bladder /pper GI Series !eries of @ rays taken of stomach and duodenum after barium swallow or meal has been taken olonoscop! 1isual e$amination of the colon using a colonoscope ERP (n endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography an $- ray of bile and pancreatic ducts using a contrast medium and endoscopy 1aparoscop! 1isual e$amination of any internal organ or cavity using and instrument called a laparoscope Gastrostom! (rtificial opening into stomach through the abdominal wall Ileostom! reation of artificial opening into ileum Gastro 6e6unostomy (rtificial apening into the colon through the abdominal wall