Abstract: After some damaging blackouts, voltage stability & collapse happening all over the world & across our nation has become a concern problem[1]. The major issue in these problem is the collapse of transmission system which is most suffered by the frequent variations load. In this paper, we focus on the detection of most sensitive node in IEEE 14 bus system. For doing the above said we are using PSAT (Power Systemanalysis toolbox) a MATLAB Based Simulink & Simulation toolbox which utilizes L-index method for voltage stability analysis and sensitive nodes determination [1]. In this work, firstly we have analyzed IEEE-14 bus system under the standard test data & after that we have increased load data by 5%,10%,15%,20%, 25%,30%,35%,45% and so on then we have compared all the result with the original power flow results of IEEE-14 bus system for finding a most sensitive node.
Keywords: Transmission System, Sensitive Node, Reactive Power
I. INTRODUCTION
Sensitivity relates to the test's ability to identify positive results. The sensitivity of a test is the proportion of people that are known to have the disease who test positive for it. This can also be written as: Sensitivity =Probability of a positive test, given that the patient is ill. In load flow, sensitivity terms are used to find which nodes to generate a minimum voltage as compared to other nodes. Sensitive node is the one which is mostly suffered by the changes in load demands. The task of the transmission network in the Power System is to deliver the power generated in the power plants to the load centres in the network and the interconnected power systems. The transmission of electric power has to take place in the most resourceful way without the transmission network failure. The transmission systems in the present time are becoming increasingly complex & stressed because of growing demand and because of restrictions on installation of new lines. For transmission network security & failure point of view it is quite important to calculate the most sensitive node in the network. In this paper, we are looking or finding the sensitive node in IEEE-14 bus system by increasing the test system data by 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 45% and so on then we have compared all the result with the original power flow results of IEEE-14 bus system for finding a most sensitive node.
II. PROBLEM DOMAIN
The Indian electrical infrastructure was generally considered unreliable. The northern grid had previously collapsed in 2001. An estimated 27% of power generated was lost in transmission or stolen
[6]. Further, about 25% of the population, about 300 million people, had no electricity at all.
Projections suggested India remained decades away from having a sufficient energy supply [8]. The July 2012 India blackout was the largest power outage in history, occurring as two separate events on 30 and 31 July 2012. The outage affected over 620 million people, about 9% of the world population, or half of India's population, spread across 22 states in Northern, Eastern, and Northeast India. An estimated 32 gigawatts of generating capacity was taken offline in the outage [6].
It concluded that four factors were responsible for the two days of blackout [7]. 1. Weak inter-regional power transmission corridors due to multiple existing outages (both scheduled and forced) 2. High Loading on 400 kV Bina-Gwalior-Agra link. 3. Inadequate response by State Load Dispatch Centers (SLDCs) to the instructions of Regional Load Dispatch Centers (RLDCs) to reduce overdraw by the Northern Region utilities and underdrawal/excess generation by the Western Region utilities. 4. Loss of 400 kV Bina-Gwalior link due to misoperation of its protection system. If the weakest link (most sensitive to load changes) was known earlier & by applying some protection schemes the blackout would have been avoided. It is necessary to find out a sensitive node in the power system in order to avoid the above said problems.
III. SOLUTION DOMAIN
A new sensitivity concept, in which the sensitivity is calculated with respect to the change of a transfer function as an independent complex variable, is proposed and its application to power system
Calculation Of Sensitive Node For IEEE 14 Bus SystemWhen Subjected To Various Changes In Load Proceedings of IRAJ International Conference, 21 st J uly 2013, Pune, India, ISBN: 978-93-82702-22-1
90 damping analysis investigated. A general expression for calculating the sensitivity in terms of hybrid representation of dynamic systems and a formula to predict mode displacements due to changes in some of the feedback controller's parameters are presented to facilitate the sensitivity analysis. The new concept is illustrated through a simple 2nd-order system and the analysis procedures demonstrated by using a simplified power system stabilizer application example. The approaches of applying the sensitivity concept to analyze power system damping.
Identification of weak bus by L-index- The best location for reactive power compensation for the improvement of static voltage stability margin is by considering the identified weakest bus of the system. The weakest bus of the system is identified using the L- indices [1] for a given load condition, and is computed for all load buses. The estimated value of L-index is varying between 0 and 1. Based on this value, it is possible to identify the voltage stability margin. If the estimated value approaches 1 refers the voltage collapse where as the estimated value approaches 0 refers the under no-load condition, otherwise the system is under normal operating condition [1]. The higher values for L- indices are indicative of most critical buses and thus maximum of L-indices is an indicator of proximity in the system to represent voltage collapse. Table 1 show the first four weakest buses and bus 14 and bus 9 are considered as the best location to provide desired reactive power support [1]. Based on the studies carried out with the developed model the following are the results obtained based on L-index method.
Tool Used: For the proposed work we are using PSAT. The Power System Analysis Toolbox (PSAT) is an open source Matlab and GNU/Octave-based software package for analysis and design of small to medium size electric power systems. PSAT includes power flow, continuation power flow, optimal power flow, small-signal stability analysis, and time-domain simulation, as well as several static and dynamic models, including nonconventional loads, synchronous and asynchronous machines, regulators, and FACTS. PSAT is also provided with a complete set of user-friendly graphical interfaces and a Simulink-based editor of one-line network diagrams. Basic features, algorithms, and a variety of case studies are presented in this paper to illustrate the capabilities of the presented tool and its suitability for educational and research purposes. PSAT Features PSAT has been thought to be portable and open source. At this aim, PSAT has been developed using Matlab, which runs on the commonest operating systems, such as Unix, Linux, Windows, and Mac OS X. Nevertheless, PSAT would not be completely open source if it run only on Matlab, which is a proprietary software. At this aim PSAT can run also on the latest GNU/Octave releases [12], which is basically a free Matlab clone. In the knowledge of the author, PSAT is actually the first free software project in the field of power system analysis. PSAT is also the first power system software which runs on GNU/Octave platforms. The synoptic scheme of PSAT is depicted in Fig. 1. Observe that PSAT kernel is the power flow algorithm, which also takes care of the state variable initialization. Once the power flow has been solved, the user can perform further static and/or dynamic analyses. These are as follows. 1) Continuation Power Flow (CPF). 2) Optimal Power Flow (OPF). 3) Small-signal stability analysis. 4) Time-domain simulations. PSAT deeply exploits Matlab vectorized computations and sparse matrix functions in order to optimize performances. Furthermore, PSAT is provided with the most complete set of algorithms for static and dynamic analyses among currently available Matlab-based power system softwares. PSAT also contains interfaces to UWPFLOW [1]
and GAMS [13], which highly extend PSAT ability to solve CPF and OPF problems, respectively. These interfaces are not discussed here, as they are beyond the main purpose of this paper.
Fig. 1: Synoptic Scheme of PSAT Calculation Of Sensitive Node For IEEE 14 Bus SystemWhen Subjected To Various Changes In Load Proceedings of IRAJ International Conference, 21 st J uly 2013, Pune, India, ISBN: 978-93-82702-22-1
91
In the proposed solution we are experimenting with IEEE-14 bus system. For doing so we are using PSAT a Matlab based Simulink & Simulation tool used for Power System Analysis. Here we have designed a simulink model of IEEE- 14 bus system & have used the standard test data for it as shown in figure 2.
Fig. 2: IEEE-14 Bus Model
The input data for the above model is given below:
Table 1.1: Bus Data
After feeding the above data in the model shown in figure 1 we have obtained power flow result by using Newton-Raphson method. The result of which is shown below.
Now from here onwards we would be changing the load data by 5%, 10% and so on up-to 40% which are connected at bus no:2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 & 14 respectively. After changing the load values 5% we have performed power flow analysis and have tabulated the results as shown above & have repeated the process for 10% change in load value, then 15% and so on up-to 40% whose power flow result is tabulated Calculation Of Sensitive Node For IEEE 14 Bus SystemWhen Subjected To Various Changes In Load Proceedings of IRAJ International Conference, 21 st J uly 2013, Pune, India, ISBN: 978-93-82702-22-1
92 below (See Table 1.6). Here we have focused on the voltage profile.
IV. RESULTS
After obtaining the power flow results at each percentage change in load we have tabulated the voltage profile at each change and have taken out average of each change. After obtaining the average we have subtracted the average power flow value to original power flow result. The voltage at bus where the difference is the most is considered as the most sensitive node. The table 1.7 shows the above said.
CONCLUSION
From table 1.7 it is clear that the voltage profile is weak at bus 9 & bus 14 when subjected to percentage changes in load which may result in voltage collapse. Hence a special protection scheme can be applied on these buses to prevent voltage collapse.
FUTUREWORK
Based upon the above results we would be using various FACTS devices to improve the voltage stability.
REFERENCES
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