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Calculation Of Sensitive Node For IEEE 14 Bus SystemWhen Subjected To Various Changes In Load

Proceedings of IRAJ International Conference, 21


st
J uly 2013, Pune, India, ISBN: 978-93-82702-22-1

89
CALCULATION OF SENSITIVE NODE FOR IEEE 14 BUS SYSTEM
WHEN SUBJECTED TO VARIOUS CHANGES IN LOAD

1
PUSHPENDRA MISHRA,
2
H. N. UDUPA,
3
PIYUSH GHUNE

1Research Scholar - MIT, Indore, 2Dean Academics - MIT, Indore, 3Assistant Professor MIT, Indore
E-Mail: mishrapushpendra08@gmail.com, hnudupa@gmail.com, piyushghune@yahoo.com


Abstract: After some damaging blackouts, voltage stability & collapse happening all over the world & across our nation has
become a concern problem[1]. The major issue in these problem is the collapse of transmission system which is most
suffered by the frequent variations load. In this paper, we focus on the detection of most sensitive node in IEEE 14 bus
system. For doing the above said we are using PSAT (Power Systemanalysis toolbox) a MATLAB Based Simulink &
Simulation toolbox which utilizes L-index method for voltage stability analysis and sensitive nodes determination [1]. In this
work, firstly we have analyzed IEEE-14 bus system under the standard test data & after that we have increased load data by
5%,10%,15%,20%, 25%,30%,35%,45% and so on then we have compared all the result with the original power flow results
of IEEE-14 bus system for finding a most sensitive node.

Keywords: Transmission System, Sensitive Node, Reactive Power


I. INTRODUCTION

Sensitivity relates to the test's ability to identify
positive results. The sensitivity of a test is the
proportion of people that are known to have the
disease who test positive for it. This can also be
written as:
Sensitivity =Probability of a positive test, given that
the patient is ill.
In load flow, sensitivity terms are used to find which
nodes to generate a minimum voltage as compared to
other nodes. Sensitive node is the one which is mostly
suffered by the changes in load demands.
The task of the transmission network in the Power
System is to deliver the power generated in the power
plants to the load centres in the network and the
interconnected power systems. The transmission of
electric power has to take place in the most
resourceful way without the transmission network
failure. The transmission systems in the present time
are becoming increasingly complex & stressed
because of growing demand and because of
restrictions on installation of new lines. For
transmission network security & failure point of view
it is quite important to calculate the most sensitive
node in the network.
In this paper, we are looking or finding the sensitive
node in IEEE-14 bus system by increasing the test
system data by 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%,
35%, 45% and so on then we have compared all the
result with the original power flow results of IEEE-14
bus system for finding a most sensitive node.

II. PROBLEM DOMAIN

The Indian electrical infrastructure was generally
considered unreliable. The northern grid had
previously collapsed in 2001. An estimated 27% of
power generated was lost in transmission or stolen


[6]. Further, about 25% of the population, about 300
million people, had no electricity at all.

Projections suggested India remained decades away
from having a sufficient energy supply [8]. The July
2012 India blackout was the largest power outage in
history, occurring as two separate events on 30 and
31 July 2012. The outage affected over 620 million
people, about 9% of the world population, or half of
India's population, spread across 22 states in
Northern, Eastern, and Northeast India. An estimated
32 gigawatts of generating capacity was taken offline
in the outage [6].

It concluded that four factors were responsible for the
two days of blackout [7].
1. Weak inter-regional power transmission corridors
due to multiple existing outages (both scheduled and
forced)
2. High Loading on 400 kV Bina-Gwalior-Agra link.
3. Inadequate response by State Load Dispatch
Centers (SLDCs) to the instructions of Regional Load
Dispatch Centers (RLDCs) to reduce overdraw by the
Northern Region utilities and underdrawal/excess
generation by the Western Region utilities.
4. Loss of 400 kV Bina-Gwalior link due to
misoperation of its protection system. If the weakest
link (most sensitive to load changes) was known
earlier & by applying some protection schemes the
blackout would have been avoided.
It is necessary to find out a sensitive node in the
power system in order to avoid the above said
problems.

III. SOLUTION DOMAIN

A new sensitivity concept, in which the sensitivity is
calculated with respect to the change of a transfer
function as an independent complex variable, is
proposed and its application to power system

Calculation Of Sensitive Node For IEEE 14 Bus SystemWhen Subjected To Various Changes In Load
Proceedings of IRAJ International Conference, 21
st
J uly 2013, Pune, India, ISBN: 978-93-82702-22-1

90
damping analysis investigated. A general expression
for calculating the sensitivity in terms of hybrid
representation of dynamic systems and a formula to
predict mode displacements due to changes in some
of the feedback controller's parameters are presented
to facilitate the sensitivity analysis. The new concept
is illustrated through a simple 2nd-order system and
the analysis procedures demonstrated by using a
simplified power system stabilizer application
example. The approaches of applying the sensitivity
concept to analyze power system damping.

Identification of weak bus by L-index- The best
location for reactive power compensation for the
improvement of static voltage stability margin is by
considering the identified weakest bus of the
system. The weakest bus of the system is identified
using the L- indices [1] for a given load condition,
and is computed for all load buses. The estimated
value of L-index is varying between 0 and 1. Based
on this value, it is possible to identify the voltage
stability margin. If the estimated value approaches 1
refers the voltage collapse where as the estimated
value approaches 0 refers the under no-load
condition, otherwise the system is under normal
operating condition [1]. The higher values for L-
indices are indicative of most critical buses and thus
maximum of L-indices is an indicator of proximity in
the system to represent voltage collapse. Table 1
show the first four weakest buses and bus 14 and bus
9 are considered as the best location to provide
desired reactive power support [1]. Based on the
studies carried out with the developed model the
following are the results obtained based on L-index
method.

Tool Used:
For the proposed work we are using PSAT. The
Power System Analysis Toolbox (PSAT) is an open
source Matlab and GNU/Octave-based software
package for analysis and design of small to medium
size electric power systems. PSAT includes power
flow, continuation power flow, optimal power flow,
small-signal stability analysis, and time-domain
simulation, as well as several static and dynamic
models, including nonconventional loads,
synchronous and asynchronous machines, regulators,
and FACTS. PSAT is also provided with a complete
set of user-friendly graphical interfaces and a
Simulink-based editor of one-line network diagrams.
Basic features, algorithms, and a variety of case
studies are presented in this paper to illustrate the
capabilities of the presented tool and its suitability for
educational and research purposes.
PSAT Features PSAT has been thought to be
portable and open source. At this aim, PSAT has been
developed using Matlab, which runs on the
commonest operating systems, such as Unix, Linux,
Windows, and Mac OS X. Nevertheless, PSAT would
not be completely open source if it run only on
Matlab, which is a proprietary software. At this aim
PSAT can run also on the latest GNU/Octave releases
[12], which is basically a free Matlab clone. In the
knowledge of the author, PSAT is actually the first
free software project in the field of power system
analysis. PSAT is also the first power system
software which runs on GNU/Octave platforms. The
synoptic scheme of PSAT is depicted in Fig. 1.
Observe that PSAT kernel is the power flow
algorithm, which also takes care of the state variable
initialization. Once the power flow has been solved,
the user can perform further static and/or dynamic
analyses. These are as follows.
1) Continuation Power Flow (CPF).
2) Optimal Power Flow (OPF).
3) Small-signal stability analysis.
4) Time-domain simulations.
PSAT deeply exploits Matlab vectorized
computations and sparse matrix functions in order to
optimize performances. Furthermore, PSAT is
provided with the most complete set of algorithms for
static and dynamic analyses among currently
available Matlab-based power system softwares.
PSAT also contains interfaces to UWPFLOW [1]

and GAMS [13], which highly extend PSAT ability
to solve CPF and OPF problems, respectively. These
interfaces are not discussed here, as they are beyond
the main purpose of this paper.


Fig. 1: Synoptic Scheme of PSAT
Calculation Of Sensitive Node For IEEE 14 Bus SystemWhen Subjected To Various Changes In Load
Proceedings of IRAJ International Conference, 21
st
J uly 2013, Pune, India, ISBN: 978-93-82702-22-1

91

In the proposed solution we are experimenting with
IEEE-14 bus system. For doing so we are using
PSAT a Matlab based Simulink & Simulation tool
used for Power System Analysis.
Here we have designed a simulink model of IEEE- 14
bus system & have used the standard test data for it as
shown in figure 2.


Fig. 2: IEEE-14 Bus Model

The input data for the above model is given below:



Table 1.1: Bus Data




After feeding the above data in the model shown in
figure 1 we have obtained power flow result by using
Newton-Raphson method. The result of which is
shown below.




Now from here onwards we would be changing the
load data by 5%, 10% and so on up-to 40% which are
connected at bus no:2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 &
14 respectively.
After changing the load values 5% we have
performed power flow analysis and have tabulated
the results as shown above & have repeated the
process for 10% change in load value, then 15% and
so on up-to 40% whose power flow result is tabulated
Calculation Of Sensitive Node For IEEE 14 Bus SystemWhen Subjected To Various Changes In Load
Proceedings of IRAJ International Conference, 21
st
J uly 2013, Pune, India, ISBN: 978-93-82702-22-1

92
below (See Table 1.6). Here we have focused on the
voltage profile.

IV. RESULTS

After obtaining the power flow results at each
percentage change in load we have tabulated the
voltage profile at each change and have taken out
average of each change. After obtaining the average
we have subtracted the average power flow value to
original power flow result. The voltage at bus where
the difference is the most is considered as the most
sensitive node. The table 1.7 shows the above said.


CONCLUSION

From table 1.7 it is clear that the voltage profile is
weak at bus 9 & bus 14 when subjected to percentage
changes in load which may result in voltage collapse.
Hence a special protection scheme can be applied on
these buses to prevent voltage collapse.

FUTUREWORK

Based upon the above results we would be using
various FACTS devices to improve the voltage
stability.

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