1

Problems:
1. 12 kg of a fluid per minute goes through a reversible steady flow process. The properties of
fluid at the inlet are p
1
= 1.4 bar,
1
= 25 kg/m
3
, V
1
= 120 m/s & u
1
= 920 kJ/kg and at the
exit are p
2
= 5.6 bar,
2
= 5 kg/m
3
, V
2
= 180 m/s and u
2
= 720 kJ/kg. During the passage, the
fluid rejects 60 kJ/s and raises through 60m. Determine i) the change in enthalpy ii) work
done during the process.
Solution: i) Change in enthalpy Ah = A(u + pV)
= (720 x 10
3
920 x 10
3
) + (5.6 x 10
5
x 1/5 1.4 x 10
5
x 1/25)
= - 93.6 kJ
ii) SFEE for unit time basis is j PE KE h m W Q A + A + A =

--- (1)
2
120 180
2
2 2 2
1
2
2

=

= A
V V
KE = 9000 J = 9 kJ/kg
APE = g (Z
2
Z
1
) = 9.81 (60) = 0.589 kJ/kg
Substituting in equation (1), - 60 W

= 12/60 [- 93.6 + 9 + 0.589]

W

= - 43.2 kW
Negative sign indicates work is done on the fluid in the reversible steady flow process.
2. In the turbine of a gas turbine unit the gases flow through the turbine at 17 kg/s and the
power developed by the turbine is 14000 kW. The enthalpies of the gases at inlet and outlet
are 1200 kJ/kg and 360 kJ/kg respectively, and the velocities of the gases at inlet and outlet
are 60 m/s and 150 m/s respectively. Calculate the rate at which the heat is rejected from the
turbine. Find also the area of the inlet pipe given that the specific volume of the gases at inlet
is 0.5 m
3
/kg.
Solution: m = 17 kg/s v
1
= 0.45 m
3
/kg
P = 1400kW Work done
17
14000
= W = 823.53 kJ/kg
h
1
= 1200kJ/kg h
2
= 360kJ/kg V
1
= 60m/s V
2
= 150 m/s
We have SFEE, Q W = Ah + APE + AKE
kg kJ
V V
KE / 45 . 9
2
2
1
2
2
=

= A
kg kJ h h h / 840
1 2
= = A
APE = 0
Substituting in SFEE equation,
Q 823.53 = 840 + 0 + 9.45
Q = - 7.02 kJ/kg
i.e., heat rejected = 7.02 x 17 = 119.34 kW
Also, we have
1 1
1
1 1 1
1
V A
v
V A m = =
) 60 (
5 . 0
1
17
1
A = A
1
= 0.142 m
2
2
3. Air flows steadily at the rate of 0.4 kg/s through an air compressor entering at 6 m/s with a
pressure of 1 bar and a specific volume of 0.85 m
3
/kg, and leaving at 4.5 m/s with a pressure
of 6.9 bar and a specific volume of a 0.16 m
3
/kg. The internal energy of air leaving is
88 kJ/kg greater than that of the air entering. Cooling water in a jacket surrounding the
cylinder absorbs heat from the air at the rate of 59 kJ/s. Calculate the power required to drive
the compressor and the inlet and outlet pipe cross sectional areas.
Solution: m = 0.4 kg/s V
1
= 6m/s p
1
= 1 x 10
5
Pa
v
1
= 0.85 m
3
/kg V
2
= 4.5 m/s P
2
= 6.9 x 10
5
Pa v
2
=0.16m
3
/kg
Au = 88 kJ/kg Q = - 59 kJ/s ? = W

Apv = 6.9 x 10
5
x 0.16 1 x 10
5
x 0.85 = 25.4 kJ/kg
Au = 88 kJ/kg
Ah = A (u + pv) = 113.4 kJ/kg
SFEE for unit time basis is given by,
j PE KE h m W Q A + A + A =

kg J
V V
KE / 88 . 7
2
2
1
2
2
=

= A
APE = 0
Substituting in the SFEE equation,

+ = 0
1000
88 . 7
4 . 113 4 . 0 59 W

kW W 4 . 104 =

Negative sign indicates work is done in the air compressor i.e., power input to the compressor.
ii) We have
2 2 2 1 1 1
V A V A m = =
2 2
2
1 1
1
1 1
V A
v
V A
v
= =
2
1
1
1
057 . 0 m
V
v m
A = =

2
2
2
2
0142 . 0 m
V
v m
A = =

4. A turbine operating under steady flow conditions receives steam at the following state.
pressure 13.8 bar, specific volume 0.143 m
3
/kg, i.e., 2590 kJ/kg, velocity 30 m/s. The state of
the steam leaving the turbine is pressure 0.35 bar, specific volume 4.37 m
3
/kg, i.e., 2360
kJ/kg, velocity 90 m/s. Heat is lost to the surroundings at the rate of 0.25 kJ/s. If the rate of
steam flow is 0.38 kg/s, what is the power developed by the turbine? (102.8 kW).
5. At the inlet to a certain nozzle the enthalpy of the fluid is 3025 kJ/kg and the velocity is 60
m/s. At the exit from the nozzle the enthalpy is 2790 kJ/kg. The nozzle is horizontal and
there is negligible heat loss from it. i) Find the velocity at the nozzle exit. ii) If the inlet area
is 0.1 m
2
and specific volume at inlet is 0.19 m
3
/kg, find the rate of flow of fluid. iii) If the
specific volume at the nozzle exit is 0.5 m
3
/kg, find the exit area of the nozzle.
3
Solution: h
1
= 3025 kJ/kg V
1
= 60 m/s h
2
= 2790 kJ/kg Z
2
= Z
1
Q = 0
SFEE is Q W = Ah + APE + AKE
For a nozzle, W = 0, Q = 0, APE = 0
Substituting in SFEE, we get
2
., .
2
2
2
2
1
1 2
2
2
2
1
V V
h h e i
V V
h

=

= A
or 2 (h
2
h
1
) = , )
1 2
2
1 2
2
2
2
1
2 h h V V V V =
= 688.2 m/s
ii)
1 1 1 1
V A m =
, ) , ) s kg V A
v
/ 6 . 31 60 1 . 0
19 . 0
1
.
1
1 1
1
= = =
iii)
2 2 2 2
V A m =
, ) 2 . 688 .
5 . 0
1
6 . 31
2
A = A
2
= 0.0229 m
2
6. In a steam power plant 1.5 kg of water is supplied per second to the boiler. The enthalpy and
velocity of water entering the boiler are 800 kJ/kg and 10 m/s. Heat at the rate of 2200 kJ/kg
of water is supplied to the water. The steam after passing through the turbine comes out with
a velocity of 50 m/s and enthalpy of 2520kJ/kg. The boiler inlet is 5m above the turbine exit.
The heat loss from the boiler is 1800 kJ/m and from the turbine 600 kJ/min. Determine the
power capacity of the turbine, considering boiler and turbine as single unit.
Solution: m = 1.5 kg/s h
1
= 800 kJ/kg V
1
= 10 m/s Q = 2200 kJ/kg
V
2
= 50 m/s h
2
= 2520 kJ/kg Z
1
= 5 m Z
2
= 0 W = ?
Heat loss from boiler and turbine is 1800 + 600 = 2400 kJ/min
= 40 kJ/sec =
5 . 1
40
= 26.67 kJ/kg
Net heat added to the water in the boiler Q = 2200 26.67 = 2173.33 kJ/kg
SFEE is Q - W= Ah + AKE + APE --- (1)
Ah = h
2
h
1
= 2500 800 = 1720 kJ/kg
kg kJ kg J
V V
KE / 2 . 1 / 1200
2
10 50
2
2 2 2
1
2
2
= =

= A
APE = g (Z
2
Z
1
) = 9.81 (0-5) = - 49.05 J/kg = -49.05 x 10
-3
kJ/kg
Substituting in (1), 2173.33 W= 1720 + 1.2 49.05 x 10
-3
W = 452.18 kJ/kg
Power capacity of the turbine P = 452.18 x 1.5 = 678.27 kW
7. A centrifugal air compressor used in gas turbine receives air at 100 KPa and 300 K and it
discharges air at 400 KPa and 500 K. The velocity of air leaving the compressor is 100 m/s.
Neglecting the velocity at the entry of the compressor, determine the power required to drive
the compressor if the mass flow rate is 15 kg/sec. Take C
p
(air) = 1 kJ/kgK, and assume that
there is no heat transfer from the compressor to the surroundings.
Solution: p
1
= 100 x 10
3
N/m
2
T
1
= 300 K p
2
= 400 x 10
3
N/m
2
T
2
= 500K
V
2
= 100 m/s W = ? m = 15 kg/s C
p
= 1kJ/kgK Q = 0
4
SFEE is Q W = Ah + AKE + APE
Ah = m C
p
(T
2
T
1
) = 15 (1) (500 300)
= 3000 kJ/s = 3000 / 15 = 200 kJ/kg
kg kJ kg J
V
KE / 5 / 5000
2
100
2
2 2
2
= = = = A
Substituting in SFEE we have
0 W = 200 + 5 = 205 kJ/kg
i.e., W = - 205 kJ/kg = - 205 x 15 kJ/s = - 3075 kW
Negative sign indicates work is done on the centrifugal air compressor
Power required = 3075 kW
8. In a water cooled compressor 0.5 kg of air is compressed/sec. A shaft input of 60 kW is
required to run the compressor. Heat lost to the cooling water is 30% of input and 10% of the
input is lost in bearings and other frictional effects. Air enters the compressor at 1 bar and
20
0
C. Neglecting the changes in KE & PE, determine the exit air temperature.
Take C
p
= 1kJ/kg
0
C air.
Solution: m = 0.5 kg/s W = 60 kW H
L
= (30% + 10%) input = 40% input
p
1
= 1 x 10
5
N/m
2
t
1
= 20
0
C
SFEE is Q W = Ah + AKE + APE
AKE = 0, APE = 0
W = 60 kW= 60 kJ/sec
5 . 0
60
= = 120 kJ/kg
Heat lost to the surroundings = 40% (input) = 0.4 (120)
= 48 kJ/kg
Substituting in SFEE we have
- 48 (-120) = Ah
But Ah = C
p
(t
2
t
1
)
- 48 + 120 = C
p
(t
2
t
1
)
i.e., 72 = 1 (t
2
20)
t
2
= 92
0
C
9. A petrol engine develops 50 kW brake power. The fuel and air flow rates are 10 kg and 107
kg/hr. The temperature of fuel air mixture entering the engine is 20
0
C and temperature of
gases leaving the engine is 500
0
C. The heat transfer rate from the engine to the cooling water
circulated is 50kJ/s and that to the surroundings 10 kJ/s. Evaluate the increase in the specific
enthalpy of the mixture as it flows through the engine.
Solution: W = 50 kW= 50 kJ/s = 1538.46 kJ/kg m = (10 + 107)kg/hr = 0.0325 kg/s
t
1
= 20
0
C t
2
= 500
0
C Q
L
= 50 + 10 = 60 kJ/s = 1846.15 kJ/kg
SFEE is Q
L
W = Ah + AKE + APE but AKE = APE = 0
Substituting in SFEE, we have
- 1846.15 1538.46 = Ah
Ah = - 3384.61 kJ/kg
= - 109.99 kJ/sec
Negative sign indicates there is decrease in enthalpy of the mixture.
5
10. Air at a temperature of 15
0
C passes through a heat exchanger at a velocity of 30 m/s where
its temperature is raised to 800
0
C. It then enters a turbine with the same velocity of 30 m/s
and expands until the temperature falls to 650
0
C. On leaving the turbine, the air is taken at a
velocity of 60 m/s to a nozzle where it expands until the temperature has fallen to 500
0
C. If
the air flow rate is 2 kg/s, calculate i) the rate of heat transfer to the air, ii) the power output
from the turbine assuming no heat loss, and iii) the velocity at exit from the nozzle, assuming
no heat loss. Take the enthalpy of air as h = C
p
t, where C
p
= 1.005 kJ/kg
0
C.
Solution: t
1
= 15
0
C, V
1
= 30 m/s, t
2
= 800
0
C V
2
= 30 m/s t
3
= 650
0
C
V
3
= 60 m/s t
4
= 500
0
C m = 2 kg/s
i) Heat exchanger: Q = ?
Q W = (Ah + AKE + APE) but AKE = APE = 0
Q = C
p
(t
2
t
1
)
= 1.005 (800 15) = 788.93 kJ/kg
or Q = 1577.85 kJ/s
ii) Turbine: W = ?
Q W = Ah + AKE + APE, but Q = 0, APE = 0
Ah = C
p
(t
3
t
2
) = (650 800) 1.005 = - 150.75 kJ/kg
kg kJ kg J
V V
KE / 35 . 1 / 1350
2
30 60
2
2 2 2
2
2
3
= =

= A
Substituting in SFEE, we have
- W = - 150.75 + 1.35
W = 149.4 kJ/kg
= 149.4 x 2 = 298.8 kW
iii) Nozzle: V
4
=?
Q W = Ah + AKE + APE, but Q = 0, W = 0, APE = 0
Substituting in SFEE, we have
(h
3
h
4
) =
2
2
3
2
4
V V
i.e., 2C
p
(t
3
t
4
) =
2
3
2
4
V V
2 (1.005) (650 500) + 60
2
= V
4
2
V
4
= 552.36 m/s
11. A 260 mm dia cylinder fitted with a frictionless leak pro of piston contains 0.02 kg of steam
at a pressure of 6 x 10
5
N/m
2
and a temperature of 200
0
C. As the piston moves slowly
outwards through a distance of 305 mm the steam undergoes a fully resisted expansion
according to the law pV
n
= a constant to a final pressure 1 x 10
5
N/m
2
. Determine i) value of
the index n ii) work done by the steam iii) Magnitude and sign of heat transfer.
Solution: d = 0.26 m, m = 0.02 kg p
1
= 6 x 10
5
Pa t
1
= 200
0
C
l = 0.305 m, pV
n
= C p
2
= 1 x 10
5
Pa
Stroke volume = , ) , )
3 2 2
016193 . 0 305 . 0 26 . 0
4 4
m l d = =

Considering steam as a perfect gas, p
1
V
1
= mRT
1
,
, ) , )
3 3
5
1
10 525 . 4
10 6
473 287 02 . 0
m x
x
V

= =
6
Final volume = V
2
= V
1
+ stroke volume
= 4.525 x 10
-3
+ 0.016193
= 0.020693m
3
i) n =? p
1
V
1
n
= p
2
V
2
n
179 . 1
10 525 . 4
20693 . 0
10 1
10 6
., .
3 5
5
1
2
2
1
= |
.
|

=
|
|
.
|

=

n
x x
x
e i
V
V
p
p
or
n
n
ii) kJ
n
V p V p
done Work 607 . 3
1
.
2 2 1 1
=

=
iii) For reversible polytropic process, 607 . 3
179 . 0
179 . 1 4 . 1
1
|
.
|

\

= |
.
|

= W
n
n
Q

= 4.453 kJ
12. Air flows steadily at the rate of 0.5 kg/s through an air compressor, entering at 7 m/s velocity,
100 KPa pressure, 0.95 m
3
/kg volume, and leaving at 5 m/s velocity, 700 KPa pressure and
0.19 m
3
/kg. The internal energy of the air leaving is 93 kJ/kg greater than that of the air
entering. Cooling water in the compressor jackets absorbs heat from the air at the rate of 58
kW. i) compute the rate of shaft work in kW ii) find the ratio of the inlet pipe dia to outlet
pipe diameter.
Solution: m = 0.5 kg/s V
1
= 7 m/s p
1
= 100 x 10
3
Pa V
1
= 0.95 m
3
/kg
V
2
= 5 m/s p
2
= 700 x 10
3
Pa v
2
= 0.19 m
3
/kg (u
2
u
1
) = 93 kJ/kg
Q
L
= 58 kJ/s kg kJ / 116
5 . 0
58
= = Z
1
= Z
2
Q W = Ah + AKE + APE --- (1)
Ah = A(U + pV) = (U
2
U
1
) + (p
2
V
2
p
1
V
1
)
= 93 x 10
3
+ [700 x 10
3
x 0.19 100 x 10
3
x 0.95]
= 131000 J/kg = 131 kJ/kg
kg kJ x kg J
V V
KE / 10 12 / 12
2
3
2
1
2
2
= =

= A
APE = 0
Equation (1) becomes, - 116 W = 131 12 x 10
-3
W = - 246.99 kJ/kg
= - 246.99 x 0.5 = - 123.49 kW
Negative sign indicates shaft work done on the compressor.
ii) m =
1
A
1
V
1
=
2
A
2
V
2
5714 . 3
2 1
1 2
2
1
2
2 2
1
1 1
= = = =
v V
v V
A
A
v
V A
v
V A
5714 . 3
4
4
2
2
2
1
=
H
H
d
d
8898 . 1
2
1
=
d
d
7
13. A gas flows into a turbine with an initial pressure of 7 bar, specific volume 0.2 m
3
and
velocity 150 m/s. The corresponding values of pressure, specific volume and velocity at the
exit are 3.5 bar, 0.5 m
3
and 300 m/s respectively. During the expansion of gas in the turbine
its internal energy decreases by 92 kJ/kg and loss due to radiation was 13 kJ/kg. What
amount of shaft work is developed per kg of gas flow.
14. The compressor of a large gas turbine receives air from the surroundings at 95 KPa and 20
0
C.
The air is compressed to 800 KPa according to the relation pV
1.3
= constant. The inlet
velocity is negligible and the outlet velocity is 100 m/s. The power input to the compressor is
2500 kW, 20% of which is removed as heat from the compressor. What is the mass flow rate
of the air? Take C
p
= 1.01 kJ/kg
0
K for air.
Solution: p
1
= 95 x 10
3
N/m
2
T
1
= 293 k p
2
= 800 x 10
3
N/m
2
pV
1-3
= C V
2
= 100 m/s W = - 2500 kW Q

= - 0.2 (2500) = -500 kW

m = ? C
p
= 1.01 kJ/kg
0
K
we have K T
p
p
T
T
n
n
0
3 . 1
3 . 0
2
1
1
2
1
2
09 . 479
95
800
293 = |
.
|

=
|
|
.
|

=

|
|
.
|

+ + A = gZ
V
h m W Q
2
2
2

- 500 + 2500 , )

]

+ =
3
2
10
2
100
293 09 . 479 01 . 1 x m
m = 10.365 kg/sec
15. The steam supply to an engine is comprised of two streams which mix before entering the
engine. One stream is supplied at the rate of 0.01 kg/s with an enthalpy of 2950 kJ/kg and a
velocity of 20 m/s. The other stream is supplied at the rate of 0.1 kg/s with an enthalpy of
2569 kJ/kg and a velocity of 120 m/s. At the exit from the engine the fluid leaves as two
streams, one of water at the rate of 0.001 kg/s with an enthalpy of 420 kJ/kg and the other of
steam. The fluid velocity at the exit are negligible. The engine develops a shaft power of
25 kW. The heat transfer is negligible. Evaluate the enthalpy of the second exit stream.
(Ans. 2462 kJ/kg)
16. A perfect gas flows through a nozzle where it expands in a reversible adiabatic manner. The
inlet conditions are 22 bar, 500
0
C, 38 m/s. At exit the pressure is 2 bar. Determine the exit
velocity and exit area if the flow rate is 4 kg/s. Take R = 190 J/kg-
0
k and = 1.35
[hint: , )
r
r
p p
p
p
T
T
T T C h R C
1
1
2
1
2
1 2
, ,
1

|
|
.
|

= = A

p
2
v
2
= RT
2
v
2
= 0.3933 m
3
/kg
2
2
1
v
= m =
2
A
2
V
2
]
Ans.: V
2
= 726 m/s , A
2
= 0.002167 m
2
8
17. A steam turbine operate under steady flow conditions receiving steam at the following state:
Pressure 15 bar, internal energy 2700 kJ/kg, velocity 300 m/s, specific volume 0.17 m
3
/kg
and velocity 100 m/s.
The exhaust of steam from the turbine is at 0.1 bar with internal energy 2175 kJ/kg, specific
volume 15m
3
/kg and velocity 300 m/s. The intake is 3 m above the exhaust. The turbine
develops 35 kW and heat loss over the surface of turbine is 20kJ/kg. Determine the steam
flow rate through the turbine. [Ans.: 0.0614 kg/s]
18. Determine the power required to drive a pump which raises the water pressure from 1 bar at
entry to 25 bar at exit and delivers 2000 kg/hr of water. Neglect changes in volume, elevation
and velocity and assume specific volume of water to be 0.001045m
3
/kg.
Solution: We have j PE KE h m W Q A + A + A =

, 0 = Q

AKE = 0, APE = 0
Substituting in the SFEE equation,
, ) pv u m W + A =

Au = 0 Water does not experience any change in temperature

, )
1 1 2 2
v p v p m W =

, )
1 2
p p v m = but v
1
= v
2
, ), )
1000
10 1 10 25 001045 . 0
3600
2000
5 5
x x
=
W

= - 1.393 kW
19. In a conference hall comfortable temperature conditions are maintained in winter by
circulating hot water through a piping system. The water enters the piping system at 3 bar
pressure and 50
0
C temperature (enthalpy = 240 kJ/kg) and leaves at 2.5 bar pressure and
30
0
C temperature (enthalpy = 195 kJ/kg). The exit from the piping system is 15 m above the
entry. If 30 MJ/hr of heat needs to be supplied to the hall, make calculation for the quantity
of water circulated through the pipe per minute. Assume that there are no pumps in the
system and that the change in KE is negligible.
Solution: Q W = (Ah + AKE + APE)
W = 0, AKE = 0
Q = (195 240) +
1000
) 15 ( 81 . 9
= - 44.853 kJ/kg
Mass of water to be circulated = min / 15 . 11
60 10 853 . 44
10 30
3
6
kg
x x
x
=