Professional Documents
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I. Basic Technique
By the Product Rule for Derivatives, { } ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( x f x g x g x f x g x f
dx
d
' + ' = . Thus,
| |
} } }
= ' + ' = ' + ' dx x f x g dx x g x f x g x f dx x f x g x g x f ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
} }
' = ' dx x f x g x g x f dx x g x f x g x f ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( . This formula for integration
by parts often makes it possible to reduce a complicated integral involving a product to
a simpler integral. By letting dx x f du x f u ) ( ) ( ' = =
) ( ) ( x g v dx x g dv = ' =
we get the more common formula for integration by parts:
} }
= vdu uv udv
Example 1: Find
}
xdx xln .
Let x u ln = and dx
x
du xdx dv
1
= = and
2
2
1
x dx x v
}
= = . Thus,
|
.
|
\
|
= = = =
} } } }
2
2
1
) (ln ) )( (ln ln x x vdu uv udv dx x x xdx x
= + |
.
|
\
|
= = |
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
} }
C x x x dx x x x dx
x
x
2 2 2 2
2
1
2
1
ln
2
1
2
1
ln
2
1 1
2
1
C x x x +
2 2
4
1
ln
2
1
.
It is possible that when you set up an integral using integration by parts, the resulting
integral will be more complicated than the original integral. In this case, change your
substitutions for u and dv.
1
Example 2: Find
}
dx x xsin .
Let x u sin = and dx x du dx x dv cos = = and
2
2
1
x dx x v
}
= = . Thus,
|
.
|
\
|
= = = =
} } } }
2
2
1
) (sin ) )( (sin sin x x vdu uv udv dx x x dx x x
dx x x dx x x cos
2
1
) (cos
2
1
2 2
} }
= |
.
|
\
|
. Notice that this resulting integral is
more complicated that the original one. Therefore, let x u = and = dv
dx du dx x = sin and
}
= = x dx x v cos sin . Thus,
}
dx x xsin =
} } } }
= + = = = xdx x x dx x x x vdu uv udv cos cos ) cos ( ) cos )( (
C x x x + + sin cos .
Example 3: Find
}
dx x ln .
Let x u ln = and dx
x
du dx dv
1
1 = = and
}
= = x dx v 1 . Thus,
= |
.
|
\
|
= = = =
} } } } }
) (
1
) )( (ln ) 1 )( (ln ln x dx
x
x x vdu uv udv dx x dx x
}
+ = C x x x dx x x ln 1 ln .
Example 4: Find
}
dx x arctan .
As in the previous example, let x u arctan = and dx
x
du dx dv
2
1
1
+
= =
and
}
= = x dx v 1 . Thus,
} } }
= = = vdu uv udv dx x arctan x xarctan
=
+
=
+
= |
.
|
\
|
+
} } }
dx
x
x
x x dx
x
x
x x dx
x
x
2 2 2
1
2
2
1
arctan
1
arctan
1
1
C x x x + + 1 ln
2
1
arctan
2
= C x x x + + ) 1 ln(
2
1
arctan
2
.
2
Example 5: Find dx
x
x
}
2
ln
.
Let x u ln = and dx
x
du dx x dx
x
dv
1 1
2
2
= = =
and = = =
}
1 2
1x dx x v
x
1
. Thus, |
.
|
\
|
= = = |
.
|
\
|
=
} } } } x
x vdu uv udv dx
x
x dx
x
x 1
) (ln
1
) (ln
ln
2 2
= +
= +
= +
= |
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
} } }
C
x x
x
dx x
x
x
dx
x x
x
x
dx
x
1 ln ln 1 ln 1 1
2
2
C
x
x
+
1 ln
.
Sometimes, it is necessary to use integration by parts more than once.
Example 6: Find dx x x cos
2
}
.
Let
2
x u = and xdx du dx x dv 2 cos = = and
}
= = x dx x v sin cos . Thus,
} } } }
= = = = x x x xdx x x vdu uv udv dx x x sin ) )(sin 2 ( ) )(sin ( cos
2 2 2
}
xdx xsin 2 . Notice that the resulting integral
}
dx x xsin is less complicated
than the original one, but integration by parts is needed to evaluate it.
Let x u = and dx du dx x dv = = sin and
}
= = x dx x v cos sin . Thus,
} } } }
+ = = = = x x dx x x x vdu uv udv dx x x cos ) cos ( ) cos ( sin
}
+ = x x x dx x sin cos cos . Finally, we get =
}
x x dx x x sin cos
2 2
| | C x x x x x C x x x + + = + + sin 2 cos 2 sin sin cos 2
2
. [Note: We will be
able to integrate dx x x cos
2
}
more easily with tabular integration; this
technique will be described later.]
The next illustration of repeated integration by parts deserves special attention.
Example 7: Find dx x e
x
sin
}
.
3
Let
x
e u = and dx e du dx x dv
x
= = sin and x xdx v cos sin = =
}
. Thus,
} } } }
= = = = ) )( cos ( ) cos )( ( sin dx e x x e vdu uv udv dx x e
x x x
xdx e x e
x x
cos cos
}
+ . Notice that integration by parts is now needed to
evaluate xdx e
x
cos
}
. Let
x
e u = and dx e du xdx dv
x
= = cos and
}
= = x xdx v sin cos . Thus, = = =
} } }
x e vdu uv udv xdx e
x x
sin cos
xdx e x e dx e x
x x x
sin sin ) )( (sin
} }
= . Returning to the original problem,
dx x e
x
sin
}
=
} }
+ = + dx x e x e x e xdx e x e
x x x x x
sin sin cos cos cos .
Thus,
}
+ = x e x e dx x e
x x x
sin cos sin 2 dx x e
x
sin
}
= + x e
x
cos
2
1
C x e
x
+ sin
2
1
and this does check.
The next example illustrates an interesting type of integral that surprisingly requires
integration by parts.
Example 8: ( ) dx x
}
sin .
Let = = = dx udu x u x u 2
2
( )
} }
= = ) 2 )( (sin sin udu u dx x
}
du u usin 2 . In example 2, we got the following using integration by parts:
}
dx x xsin = C x x x + + sin cos or
}
du u usin = C u u u + + sin cos .
Thus, ( ) dx x
}
sin =
}
du u usin 2 = ( )+ = + + x x C u u u cos 2 sin 2 cos 2
( ) C x + sin 2 and this does check.
In general, to evaluate ( ) dx x f
n
}
, let = = =
dx du nu x u x u
n n n 1
( ) dx x f
n
}
=
}
du u f u n
n
) (
1
.
4
II. Tabular Integration
Integrals of the form
}
dx x g x f ) ( ) ( , in which f can be differentiated repeatedly
to become zero and g can be integrated repeatedly without difficulty, can be
evaluated using tabular integration.
Example: Find dx e x
x 2 3
}
.
) (x f and its derivatives ) (x g and its antiderivatives
3
x (+)
x
e
2
2
3x ()
x
e
2
2
1
6x (+)
x
e
2
4
1
6 ()
x
e
2
8
1
0
x
e
2
16
1
dx e x
x 2 3
}
= C e xe e x e x
x x x x
+ + +
2 2 2 2 2 3
16
6
8
6
4
3
2
1
= C e xe e x e x
x x x x
+ +
2 2 2 2 2 3
8
3
4
3
4
3
2
1
III. Reduction Formulas
Integration by parts can be used to derive reduction formulas for integrals. These
are formulas that express an integral involving a power of a function in terms of an
integral that involves a lower power of that function
5
Example 1: Prove the reduction formula dx x n x x dx x
n n n
} }
=
1
) (ln ) (ln ) (ln and
use the result to find dx x
}
2
) (ln .
Let
n
x u ) (ln = and |
.
|
\
|
= =
dx
x
x n du dx dv
n
1
) (ln
1
and
}
= = x dx v 1 . Thus,
= |
.
|
\
|
= = =
} } } }
n n n n
x x dx
x
x n x x x vdu uv udv dx x ) (ln
1
) (ln ) ( ) (ln ) (ln
1
dx x n
n
}
1
) (ln . Thus, = =
} }
) (ln [ 2 ) (ln ln 2 ) (ln ) (ln
2 2 2
x x x x dx x x x dx x
C x x x x x dx + + =
}
2 ln 2 ) (ln ] 1
2
and this checks.
Example 2: Prove the reduction formula + =
}
x x
n
dx x
n n
cos ) (sin
1
) (sin
1
dx x
n
n
n
}
2
) (sin
1
.
Let
1
) (sin
=
n
x u and dx x x n du dx x dv
n
cos ) )(sin 1 ( sin
2
= = and v =
}
= x dx x cos sin . Thus,
} } }
= = =
udv dx x x dx x
n n
) (sin ) (sin ) (sin
1
= =
} }
dx x x n x x x vdu uv
n n
cos ) )(sin 1 )( cos ( ) cos ( ) (sin
2 1
+ = +
}
x x dx x x n x x
n n n
cos ) (sin cos ) (sin ) 1 ( cos ) (sin
1 2 2 1
} }
+ =
dx x n x x dx x x n
n n n 2 1 2 2
) (sin ) 1 ( cos ) (sin ) sin 1 ( ) (sin ) 1 (
} } }
+ =
dx x n x x dx x n dx x n
n n n n 2 1
) (sin ) 1 ( cos ) (sin ) (sin ) (sin ) 1 (
} }
+ = dx x
n
n
x x
n
dx x
n n n 2 1
) (sin
1
cos ) (sin
1
) (sin .
6
Practice Sheet for Integration by Parts
(1) x x ln
3
}
dx =
(2) Prove the following reduction formula:
+
=
+
}
n m n m
x x
m
dx x x ) (ln
1
1
) (ln
1
dx x x
m
n
n m 1
) (ln
1
}
+
for 1 = m .
(3)
}
x arcsin dx =
(4) ( )
}
x cos dx =
(5)
}
3
ln
x
x
dx =
(6)
}
x arcsec x dx =
(7) x e
x
cos
}
dx =
(8) ( )
2 3
sin x x
}
dx =
(9)
}
x
e dx =
(10)
x
e x
3 2
}
dx =
(11) x x sin
2
}
dx =
7
(12) =
}
dx e
x
3
(13) =
}
dx
x
e
x
3
3
(14)
}
= dx x) sin(ln
Solution Key for Integrations by Parts
(1) Let x u ln = and = dx x dv
3
1
dx
x
du
1
= and = =
}
3
4
3
1
4
3
x dx x v
x x ln
3
}
dx = = =
)
`
)
`
} }
3
4
3
1
3
4
3
4
3
4
4
3
4
3
4
3 1
4
3
ln
4
3
x dx x x dx
x
x x x
C x +
3
4
16
9
.
(2) Let
n
x u ) (ln = and |
.
|
\
|
= =
dx
x
x n du dx x dv
n m
1
) (ln
1
and
}
= = dx x v
m
+
+1
1
1
m
x
m
( ) = |
.
|
\
|
+
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
+ +
} }
1 1 1
1
1 1
) (ln ) (ln
1
ln
m n n m n m
x
m
dx
x
x n x x
x m
dx x x
}
+
+
+
dx x x
m
n
x x
x m
n m n m 1 1
) (ln
1
) (ln
1
.
(3) Let x u arcsin = and dx
x
du dx dv
2
1
1
= = and
}
= = x dx v 1
}
x arcsin dx = =
+ =
} }
dx
x
x
x x dx
x
x
x x
2 2
1
2
2
1
arcsin
1
arcsin
. 1 arcsin
2
C x x x + +
8
(4) Let = = = dx wdw x w x w 2
2
( )
}
x cos dx =
}
dw w wcos 2 . Let
w u = and dw du dw w dv = = cos and
}
= = w dw w v sin cos ( )
}
x cos dx =
}
dw w wcos 2 =
} }
= = dw w w w dw w w w sin 2 sin 2 ) (sin 2 ) (sin 2
C x x x C w w w + + = + + ) cos( 2 ) sin( 2 cos 2 sin 2 .
(5) Let x u ln = and dx
x
du dx
x
dv
1 1
3
= = and = =
}
2 3
2
1
x dx x v
}
3
ln
x
x
dx = = + = |
.
|
\
|
+
} }
dx x x x dx x
x
x x
3 2 2 2
2
1
ln
2
1 1
2
1
ln
2
1
C
x x
x
C x x x +
= +
2 2
2 2
4
1
2
ln
4
1
ln
2
1
.
(6) Let x arc u sec = and dx
x x
du dx x dv
1
1
2
= = and = =
}
2
2
1
x dx x v
}
x arcsec x dx = C x x arc x dx
x
x
x arc x + =
}
1
2
1
sec
2
1
1
2
1
sec
2
1
2 2
2
2
.
(7) Let x u cos = and dx x du dx e dv
x
sin = = and = =
}
x x
e dx e v =
}
dx x e
x
cos
xdx e x e
x x
sin cos
}
+ . Use integration by parts to evaluate
}
dx x e
x
sin . Let
x u sin = and dx x du dx e dv
x
cos = = and = =
}
x x
e dx e v
}
dx x e
x
sin =
dx x e x e
x x
cos sin
}
. Thus, x e
x
cos
}
dx = xdx e x e
x x
sin cos
}
+ =
+ =
)
`
+
} }
dx x e x e x e dx x e x e x e
x x x x x x
cos sin cos cos sin cos
+ =
}
x e x e dx x e
x x x
sin cos cos 2 ( ) C x x
e
dx x e
x
x
+ + =
}
sin cos
2
cos .
9
(8) Let ( ) ( ) = = = =
} }
dx x x x dx x x dx x dw x w 2 sin
2
1
sin 2
2 2 2 3 2
}
dw w wsin
2
1
. Let w u = and dw du dw w dv = = sin and
}
= = dw w v sin
+ =
)
`
+ =
} }
w w dw w w w dw w w w cos
2
1
cos cos
2
1
sin
2
1
cos
( ) ( ) C x x x C w + + = +
2 2 2
sin
2
1
cos
2
1
sin
2
1
.
(9) Let = = = dx dw w x w x w 2
2
}
x
e dx = dw we
w
}
2 . Let w u = and
dw du dw e dv
w
= = and = =
}
w w
e dw e v = =
} }
dw e we dw we
w w w
w w
e we
}
x
e dx = C e e x C e we dw we
x x w w w
+ = + =
}
2 2 2 2 2 .
(10) Use tabular integration:
f (x) and its derivatives g (x) and its antiderivatives
2
x
x
e
3
(+)
x 2
x
e
3
3
1
()
2
x
e
3
9
1
(+)
0
x
e
3
27
1
Thus,
x
e x
3 2
}
dx = C e xe e x
x x x
+ +
3 3 3 2
27
2
9
2
3
1
.
10
(11) Use tabular integration:
f (x) and its derivatives g (x) and its antiderivatives
2
x x sin
(+)
x 2 x cos
()
2 x sin
(+)
0 x cos
Thus, x x sin
2
}
dx = C x x x x x + + + cos 2 sin 2 cos
2
.
(12) Let = = = dx dw w x w x w
2 3 3
3 =
}
dx e
x
3
dw e w
w
}
2
3 . dw e w
w
}
2
can
integrated using tabular integration:
f (x) and its derivatives g (x) and its antiderivatives
2
w (+)
w
e
w 2 ()
w
e
2 (+)
w
e
0
w
e
dw e w
w
}
2
= + + C e we e w
w w w
2 2
2
= =
} }
dw e w dx e
w x 2
3
3
3 3 3
6 6 3
3 3 2 x x x
e e x e x + + C.
(13) Let = = = dx dw w x w x w
2 3 3
3 =
}
dx
x
e
x
3
3
} }
= dw we dw
w
e w
w
w
3 3
2
.
In solution to problem #9 previously, =
}
w w w
e we dw we =
}
dx
x
e
x
3
3
11
C e e x C e we dw we
x x w w w
+ = + =
}
3 3
3 3 3 3 3
3
.
(14) Let = u sin(ln x) and |
.
|
\
|
= = dx
x
x du dx dv
1
) cos(ln and
}
= = x dx v 1
}
= dx x) sin(ln
}
dx x x x ) cos(ln ) sin(ln . Use integration by parts to evaluate
}
dx x) cos(ln . Let ) cos(lnx u = and |
.
|
\
|
= = dx
x
x du dx dv
1
) sin(ln and
}
= = x dx v 1
}
dx x) cos(ln =
}
+ dx x x x ) sin(ln ) cos(ln . Thus,
}
= dx x) sin(ln
}
dx x x x ) cos(ln ) sin(ln = =
)
`
+
}
) sin(ln ) sin(ln ) cos(ln ) sin(ln x x dx x x x x x
} }
= ) cos(ln ) sin(ln ) sin(ln 2 ) sin(ln ) cos(ln x x x x dx x dx x x x
}
= dx x) sin(ln C x x x x + ) cos(ln
2
1
) sin(ln
2
1
.
12