Single-carrier FDMA

1
Single-carrier FDMA
Passband
modulation
Analog modulation
AM
FM
PM
QAM
SM
SSB
Digital modulation
ASK
APSK
CPM
FSK
MFSK
MSK
OOK
PPM
PSK
QAM
SC-FDE
TCM
Spread spectrum
CSS
DSSS
FHSS
THSS
See also
Capacity-approaching codes
Demodulation
Line coding
Modem
PAM
PCM
PWM
M
v
t
e
[1]
Single-carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) is a frequency-division multiple access scheme. Like other multiple access
schemes (TDMA, FDMA, CDMA, OFDMA), it deals with the assignment of multiple users to a shared
communication resource. SC-FDMA can be interpreted as a linearly precoded OFDMA scheme, in the sense that it
has an additional DFT processing step preceding the conventional OFDMA processing.
Single-carrier FDMA
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SC-FDMA has drawn great attention as an attractive alternative to OFDMA, especially in the uplink
communications where lower peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) greatly benefits the mobile terminal in terms of
transmit power efficiency and reduced cost of the power amplifier. It has been adopted as the uplink multiple access
scheme in 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE), or Evolved UTRA (E-UTRA).
[2][3][4]
The performance of SC-FDMA, in relation to OFDMA has been the subject of various studies.
[5][6][7]
Although the
performance gap is not much, SC-FDMA's additional advantage of low PAPR makes it a favorite especially for
uplink wireless transmission in future mobile communication systems where transmitter power efficiency is of
paramount importance.
Transmitter and Receiver Structure of LP-OFDMA/SC-FDMA
The transmission processing of SC-FDMA is very similar to that of OFDMA. For each user, the sequence of bits
transmitted is mapped to a complex constellation of symbols (BPSK, QPSK or M-QAM). Then different transmitters
(users) are assigned different Fourier coefficients. This assignment is carried out in the mapping and demapping
blocks. The receiver side includes one demapping block, one IDFT block, and one detection block for each user
signal to be received. Just like in OFDM, guard intervals (called cyclic prefixes) with cyclic repetition are introduced
between blocks of symbols in view to efficiently eliminate inter-symbol interference from time spreading (caused by
multi-path propagation) among the blocks.
In SC-FDMA, multiple access among users is made possible by assigning different users different sets of
non-overlapping fourier-coefficients (sub-carriers). This is achieved at the transmitter by inserting (prior to IFFT)
silent fourier-coefficients (at positions assigned to other users), and removing them on the receiver side after the
FFT.
Localized Mapping and Distributed Mapping
The distinguishing feature of
SC-FDMA is that it leads to a
single-carrier transmit signal, in
contrast to OFDMA which is a
multi-carrier transmission scheme.
Subcarrier mapping can be classified
into two types: localized mapping and
distributed mapping.
In localized mapping, the DFT outputs
are mapped to a subset of consecutive
subcarriers, thereby confining them to
only a fraction of the system bandwidth.
In distributed mapping, the DFT
outputs of the input data are assigned to subcarriers over the entire bandwidth non-continuously, resulting in zero
amplitude for the remaining subcarriers. A special case of distributed SC-FDMA is called interleaved SC-FDMA
(IFDMA), where the occupied subcarriers are equally spaced over the entire bandwidth.
[8]
Owing to its inherent single carrier structure, a prominent advantage of SC-FDMA over OFDM and OFDMA is that
its transmit signal has a lower peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR), resulting in relaxed design parameters in the
transmit path of a subscriber unit. Intuitively, the reason lies in the fact that where OFDM transmit symbols directly
modulate multiple sub-carriers, SC-FDMA transmit symbols are first processed by an N-point DFT block.
[9]
In OFDM, as well as SC-FDMA, equalization is achieved on the receiver side, after the FFT calculation, by
multiplying each Fourier coefficient by a complex number. Thus, frequency-selective fading and phase distortion
can be easily combated. The advantage is that frequency domain equalization using FFTs requires less computation
than conventional time-domain equalization.
Single-carrier FDMA
3
A related concept is the combination of a single carrier transmission with the single-carrier
frequency-domain-equalization (SC-FDE) scheme.
[10]
The single carrier transmission, unlike SC-FDMA and
OFDM employ no IFFT or FFT at transmitter, but introduce the cyclic prefix to transform the linear channel
convolution into a circular one. After removing the cyclic prefix at receiver, an FFT is applied to arrive in the
frequency domain, where a simple single-carrier frequency-domain-equalization (SC-FDE) scheme can be
employed, followed by the IFFT operation.
DFT: Discrete Fourier Transform
IDFT: Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform
CP: Cyclic Prefix
PS: Pulse Shaping
DAC: Digital to analog Conversion
RF: Radio Frequency SIGNAL
ADC: Analog to Digital Conversion
LP-OFDMA: Linearly precoded OFDMA
Useful properties
1. Low PAPR (Crest Factor)
2. 2. Low sensitivity to carrier frequency offset
3. 3. Less sensitive to non linear distortion and hence, it allows the use of low-cost power amplifiers
4. 4. Greater robustness against spectra nulls
References
[1] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ w/ index. php?title=Template:Modulation_techniques& action=edit
[2] Hyung G. Myung, Junsung Lim, and David J. Goodman, Single Carrier FDMA for Uplink Wireless Transmission (http:/ / hgmyung.
googlepages. com/ SingleCarrierFDMA_VTmagSep06. pdf), IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine, vol. 1, no. 3, Sep. 2006, pp.3038
[3] H. Ekstrm, A. Furuskr, J. Karlsson, M. Meyer, S. Parkvall, J. Torsner, and M. Wahlqvist, Technical Solutions for the 3G Long-Term
Evolution, IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 44, no. 3, March 2006, pp.3845
[4] 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP); Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; Physical Layer Aspects for Evolved
UTRA, http:/ / www.3gpp. org/ ftp/ Specs/ html-info/ 25814. htm
Single-carrier FDMA
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[5] M. Danish Nisar, Hans Nottensteiner, and Thomas Hindelang, On Performance Limits of DFT-Spread OFDM Systems (http:/ / sites.
google.com/ site/ mdanishnisar/ pubs/ 16_DFT_Spread_OFDM_Nisar_IST_2007. pdf), in Sixteenth IST Mobile Summit, July 2007 in
Budapest, Hungary.
[6] B.E. Priyanto, H. Codina, S. Rene, T.B. Sorensen, P. Mogensen, Initial Performance Evaluation of DFT-Spread OFDM Based SC-FDMA
for UTRA LTE Uplink, IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC) 2007 Spring, Dublin, Ireland, Apr. 2007
[7] N. Benvenuto and S. Tomasin, On the comparison between OFDM and single carrier modulation with a DFE using a frequency domain
feedforward filter, IEEE Trans. on Commun., vol. 50, no. 6, June 2002 pp.947955
[8] [8] Xixia Leader in Converged IP Testing, "Single Carrier FDMA in LTE", 915-2725-01 Rev A November 2009.
[9] H. G. Myung, J. Lim, and D. J. Goodman, "Peak-to-Average Power Ratio of Single Carrier FDMA Signals with Pulse Shaping", The 17th
Annual IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC 06), Helsinki, Finland, Sep. 2006
[10] D. Falconer, S. L. Ariyavisitakul, A. Benyamin-Seeyar, and B. Eidson, Frequency Domain Equalization for Single-Carrier Broadband
Wireless Systems, IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 40, no. 4, April 2002, pp.5866
Article Sources and Contributors
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Article Sources and Contributors
Single-carrier FDMA Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=606220031 Contributors: Charlene.fic, Drizzd, Hgmyung, Iamramgarg, Jaymkim, KrisBogdanov, Leszek Jaczuk,
Mange01, Mel aad, Michael Anon, Mojodaddy, Oli Filth, Omegatron, Omnipaedista, Oriol.subirana, Pascal.Tesson, Pcnss01, Plamka, Sakurambo, Sanjosanjo, Sladen, Squiggleslash, Vanisaac,
Water tends, 38 anonymous edits
Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors
File:LocalvsDist.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:LocalvsDist.png License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:Oriol.subirana
Image:SC-FDMA.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:SC-FDMA.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Hgmyung
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