PROJECT REPORT

ON
SOLAR POWER WATER PUMPING
SYSTEM
PREPARED BY: GUIDED BY:
Name: ANKUR.J.RANA Mrs. LEENA PATEL
Mr. PINKESH PATEL
Mr. AKASH SRIVASTAV

*************************************************************************************
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Eduati!" S!iet# Ma"a$ed
N. G. PATEL POLYTECHNIC
At.: ISR%LI& P!. A'(a& Ta. )ard!li& *ist.: Surat+ ,-./01.

1
Electrical Engineering Department
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that ANKUR. J. RANA Pen No. 086370309090 of Diploma in Electrical
Engineering has successfully completed the Term-work of SEMINAR REPORT offered during
the academic year May-2011
2UI*E* )3: I/C HEAD
1. MRS.LEENE PETEL N.P.PRAJAPATI
2. MR. PINKESH PATEL
,. MR. AKASH SRIVASTAV

PRINCIPAL
J.B.MISTRY
2
A4KN%5L%*2EMENT
It is a known fact that words are newer sufficient to express the exact amount of
gratitude that a person feels but words are the only way we can express our feeling.
We would therefore like to express our heartfelt thanks to our project guide for the
invaluable guidance, encouragement & kind co-operation extended by him during the
term of our project we would also like to express our gratitude of Mr. Amanpreet
Singh Gill (HOD) for his kind help & guidance towards making our project to this
success.
Last but not least we would like to thanks our lab assistant staff}

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:
Er. AMANPREET SIN2H 2ILL HANSRAJ KUMAR
PUSPRAJ KUMAR
RAJU 4HAURASI3A
RAVIN*ER KUMAR
RAJNISH KUMAR
*ILIP KUMAR
BRANCH : ME (EVE)
SEM -6TH
BATCH : 2010-2013


3
ABSTRACT:
The performance of a solar water pumping system is discussed in this
paper ;the system consists of a photovoltaic (PV) array, a permanent magnet (P) !"
motor and a helical rotor pump# The operation of the PV array is analysed using P$P%"&#
The efficiency of the system is improved with a ma'imum power point trac(er (PPT)
and a sun)trac(er# $imulation and field test results are presented#
*
INDEX
+
SR.
NO.
TOPICS PAGE NO.
1 %ntroduction
,se of solar energy
! $olar energy for agriculture
" $olar energy -ased water lifting
and pumping systems for small
irrigation pro.ects
# Photovoltaic power generation
$ $olar cells
% $olar array
& Possi-le water sources
' Pump sets for photovoltaic power
1( $ystem components
11 %ncentives from central/state
government
1 aintenance for $PV system
1! 0dvantages of $PV pumping
system
1" &conomic availa-ility
1# 1enefits to farmers
1$ &'tension services
1% "onclusion
1& 2efrerance
SOLAR P)*PING SYSTE* FOR S*ALL
IRRIGATON PRO+ECTS
1. INTROD)CTION
&nergy is a (ey ingredient for the overall development of an economy# %ndia
has -een endowed with a-undant renewa-le solar energy resource# %ndia is
large country and the rate of electrification has not (ept pace with the
e'panding population, ur-ani3ation and industriali3ation and has resulted in
the increasing deficit -etween demand and supply of electricity# This has not
only resulted in under electrification -ut also put heavy pressure on the
governments to (eep pace with demand for electricity# People not served -y
the power grid have to rely on fossil fuels li(e (erosene and diesel for their
energy needs and also incur heavy recurring e'penditure for the poor people
in rural areas# 4herever the rural areas have -een -rought under power grid
the erractic and unrelia-le power supply has not helped the farmers and the
need for an uninterrupted power supply especially during the critical farming
period has -een has -een a ma.or area of concern# %ndia receives a solar
energy e5uivalent of +,666 trillion (4h/year with a daily average solar energy
7
incidence of *)8 (4h/m
2
# This is considera-ly more than the total energy
consumption of the country# 9urther, most parts of the country e'perience
2+6)366 sunny days in a year, which ma(es solar energy a via-le option in
these areas#
Decentrali,e- rene.a/le energ0 101tem1, which rely on locally availa-le
resources, could provide the solution to the rural energy pro-lem, particularly
in remote areas where grid e'tension is not a via-le proposition
$olar energy, with its virtually infinite potential and free availa-ility,
represents a nonpolluting and ine'hausti-le energy source which can -e
developed to meet the energy needs of man(ind in a ma.or way# The high
cost, fast depleting fossil fuels and the pu-lic concern a-out the eco)friendly
power generation of power have led to a surge of interest in the utili3ation of
solar energy# To evaluate the energy potential at particular place, detailed
information on its availa-ility is essential# These include data on solar
intensity, spectrum, incident angle and cloudiness as a function of time#
8
. )SE OF SOLAR ENERGY2
$olar energy can -e utili3ed in two ways:
Solar Thermal (ST) technologies where the heat produced are used to operate
devices for heating, cooling, drying, water purification and power generation#
The devices suita-le for use -y village communities include solar hot water
heaters, solar coo(ers and solar driers#
Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) systems which convert sunlight into electricity for
use applications such as lighting, pumping, communication and refrigeration#
The $olar &nergy Programme is prominent among the technology)-ased
renewa-le energy programmes of the ;&$# 0reas covered under this
programme include solar thermal technology (hot water systems, coo(ers,
dryers, solar passive architecture etc#), solar photovoltaic technology
(lanterns, fi'ed systems, pumpsets) as well as information dissemination,
mar(eting, standardisation of products and 2<!# The support to the
programme is mainly in the form of su-sidies and technical support#
"urrently the ;&$ is promoting solar PV (and other) devices through (a)
$tate nodal agencies of the ;&$, (-) ;=>s/"1>s, (c) authori3ed outlets of
the ;&$ and (d) through local entrepreneurs#
?
!. SOLAR ENERGY FOR AGRIC)LT)RE
The demand for electrical energy is far outstripping supply, especially in the
agricultural sector, and it is -ecoming increasingly difficult to meet this
e'ponential growth in demand 0gricultural productivity is closely associated
to direct and indirect energy inputs and policies are re5uired to consolidate
this relationship to the -enefit of farmers# %f rural development is to -e
achieved, energy inputs must -e made availa-le, and this might re5uire
special efforts from the country as a whole, to develop and utili3e renewa-le
energy sources most important -eing the solar energy, to their potential which
remains far from -eing tapped to the potential# 2ural electrification has eluded
the most far flung rural areas of the countries# %t is cost)prohi-itive for the
=overnment to e'tend utility grid power to remote areas especially to meet
agriculture loads# 0n integrated approach for irrigation with water
conservation with scientific agricultural practices the solar water pumping
systems assume relevance for optimum e'ploitation of the water resource and
serving the small/marginal farmers for all time to come#
Inter1ect3ral c33perati3n is necessary, and should include government,
financial institutions/-an(s, "1>s/;=>s and the private sector# %t would
appear that there is a strong case for the design of institutional mechanisms
for encouraging closer cooperation and colla-oration -etween institutions, in
particular -etween the agricultural and energy sectors#
@
". SOLAR ENERGY 4ASED 5ATER LIFTING
ANDP)*PING SYSTE*S FOR S*ALL IRRIGATION
PRO+ECTS
0mong the solar technologies useful in agriculture are water lifting and
pumping with solar photovoltaic systems# 4ater pumping -y solar power is a
concept which has won widespread interest since the early seventies# $olar
energy can -e utili3ed to operate pumps, utili3ing either the thermal or light
part of solar radiation# 4ith a solar pump, energy is not availa-le on demand,
and the daily variation in solar power generation necessitates the storage of a
surplus of water pumped on sunny days for use on cloudy days# %n view of the
fluctuating water demand of any irrigation scheme, solar energy needs to -e
reserved in the form of either electricity in -atteries or lifted water in a storage
tan(# The suita-ility of solar power for lifting water to irrigate plants is
undenia-le -ecause of the complementarity -etween solar irradiance and
16
water re5uirements of crops# The more intensively the sun is shining the
higher is the power to supply irrigation water while on the other hand on rainy
days irrigation is neither possi-le nor needed#
$mall scale irrigation is one of the most potential applications of solar power#
The main advantage is that solar radiation is intense when the need for
irrigation is high# 9urther, solar power is availa-le at the point of use, ma(ing
the farmer independent of fuel supplies or electrical transmission lines# The
solar pumps have the potential to revolutioni3e small scale irrigation in the
developing countries in the near future# The technical feasi-ility of solar
(photo voltaic) pumps have -een esta-lished#The ma.or limiting factor has
-een the high cost and the lac( of familiarity of the technology which re5uire
concerted effort in training of technicians and large scale introduction in a
region with ade5uate technical support#Aowever with the incentives and
initiatives underta(en -y ;&$/$tate =ovt the scheme may -e propagated in
rural areas for small irrigation system in far flung rural areas where
electrification is a costly proposition#
The model scheme is to introduce solar water pumping and support irrigation
schemes to provide a sustaina-le economic activity to farmers in unelectrified
or under electrified rural areas #Various agencies and financial institutions are
in place to assist in developing credit scheme targeted for unelectrified rural
area
11
#. PHOTO6OLTAIC PO5ER GENERATION
Photovoltaic cells fre5uently referred to as solar cells, convert the light part of
the solar spectrum ($unlight) into electricity# They are the most rapidly
e'panding energy sources in the world# Barge scale manufacture of
photovoltaic cells, coupled with continued research and development is
e'pected to further ma(e photovoltaic with in the economic framewor( of
rural areas in developing countries#
12
$. SOLAR CELLS
S6ei'iati!"s
250watt soa! "a#$ %a&$ o' Ta(wa# )(*) $''(+($#+, a#& -.a(t, soa!
+$s (156/156%% 60"($+$s)
Ma&$ 0, Ta(wa# )(*) -.a(t, "o, +!,sta(#$ +$s
1$a2 "ow$! 3.t".t 41 (4): 2504"
B$st 5ota*$ V%" (V):26.7V
B$st $$+t!(+ +.!!$#t I%" (A):8.5A
S)o!t C(!+.(t $$+t!(+ +.!!$#t Is+ (A):6.2A
3"$# C(!+.(t Vota*$ Vo+ (V):36.3V
9(%$#s(o# (%%):1670:660:50
4$(*)t (2*):18;<
I%"a+t R$s(sta#+$ Ha( (%"a+t T$st: 22=* st$$ 0a &ow# '!o% 1%
)$(*)t
Ma>(%.% s,st$% 5ota*$:$1000V
?.a(t, *.a!a#t$$: #o%(#a "ow$! 2$$" %o!$ t)a# 60@ (# 10 ,$a! a#&
80@ (# 25 ,$a!s
13
Fa1ter In1tallati3n
Barge surface area re5uires fewer interconnects and structural mem-ers
0ll module)to)module wiring is -uilt right into the module
ulti)"ontact Plug)n)Play connectors mean source)circuit wiring ta(es
.ust minutes
,ni5ue mounting systems availa-le for commercial roofs eliminate need
for traditional mounting rails, heavy -allast, and roof penetrations
1*
*3re Relia/ilit0
1ypass diode protection for every 1? solar cells in series, thus
minimi3ing power loss, and mitigating overheating/safety pro-lems
0dvanced encapsulation system ensures steady long)term module
performance -y eliminating degradation associated with traditional
&V0)encapsulated modules
oisture impermea-le glass on -oth sides of the module protects against
tears, perforations, fire, electrical conductivity, delamination and
moisture
Patented no)lead, high)relia-ility soldering system guarantees long life
and ensures against environmental harm should the module -rea( or -e
discarded
1+
Hig7er 89alit0
&ach of the moduleCs 217 individual semi)crystalline silicon cells is
inspected and power matched to ensure consistent performance -etween
modules
&very module is tested utili3ing a cali-rated solar simulator to ensure
that the electrical ratings are within the specified tolerance for power,
voltage, and current
odule)to)module wiring loss is factored into the moduleCs la-eled
electrical ratings -y testing through the moduleCs ca-le/connector
assem-lies
17
Cell Temperat9re c3e::icient1
P3.er T; <Pp= > (."% ? @ AC
Open>circ9it B3ltage T; <63c= > (.!& ? @ AC
S73rt>circ9it c9rrent T; <I1c= C (.1( ? @ AC
Limit1
*aDim9m 101tem B3ltage $(( 6DC ).S.
Operating m3-9le temperat9re >"( t3 C'(A C
,B certified design load +6 P$9
Equivalent wind resistance Wind speed of 120 mph (192 km/h)
18
/ S%LAR 4ELL
The solar cell operates on the principle of the photovoltaic effect ) the
creation of charge carrier with in a material -y the a-sorption of energy from
the incident solar radiation# The efficiency of solar cells in converting incident
solar energy into electrical energy depends on the illumination spectrum
intensity, materials of construction and design of the cell, atmospheric
temperature and dustiness of the s(y# $olar cell used in running !" electric
motors have efficiencies ranging from 16 to 12 percent#
$ilicon is the most commonly used material for ma(ing solar cells# >ther
materials include cadmium sulfide and gallium arsenate# The fa-rication of
the solar cell involves a large num-er of processes# 4afer form, followed -y
.unction formation, contact fa-rication and anti)reflection coating on the
active surface of the cell# The outer surface of the panel is protected -y a
special tempered glass which provides high transmittance of sunlight#
1?
%. SOLAR ARRAY
0 solar cell -ehaves li(e a low voltage -attery whose charge is continuously
replenished at a rate proportional to the incident solar radiation# "onnecting
such cells into series parallel configuration results in photovoltaic modules or
solar arrays with high current and voltages# The power developed -y a solar
array ranges from ?6 to 126 watts per s5uare meter of the panel# The
photovoltaic power can -e utili3ed to operate conventional electrical
appliances, including !" electric motors# The solar array is mounted on a
simple frame which has provision for ad.usting the array manually against the
position of the sun#
1@
&. POSSI4LE 5ATER SO)RCES
T7e SP6 /a1e- p9mp1et1 are l3. 7ea- 7ig7 -i1c7arge an- ma0 /e pr3-9ctiBel0
91e- at 1ite1 .7ere .ater i1 aBaila/le at relatiBel0 17all3. leBel. T7e p311i/le .ater
139rce1 :3r t7e SP6 101tem1 are Diggie1E pen -9g .ell1F tanG1F :arm p3n-1 an-
19r:ace .ater :r3m canal1 an- riBer1.
26
S9/mer1i/le P9mp1
$u-mersi-le pumps are installed completely underwater, including the motor#
The pump consists of an electric motor and pump com-ined in a single unit#
Typically the pump will -e shaped li(e a long cylinder so that it can fit down
inside of a well casing# 0lthough most su-mersi-le pumps are designed to -e
installed in a well, many can also -e laid on their side on the -ottom of a la(e
or stream# 0nother common installation method for la(es and rivers is to
mount the su-mersi-le pump underwater to the side of a pier pile (post)#
$u-mersi-le pumps donDt need to -e primed since they are already under
water# They also tend to -e more efficient -ecause they only push the water,
they donDt need to suc( water into them# ost su-mersi-le pumps must -e
installed in a special sleeve if they are not installed in a well, and sometimes
they need a sleeve even when installed in a well# The sleeve forces water
coming into the pump to flow over the surface of the pump motor to (eep the
motor cool# 4ithout the sleeve the pump will -urn up# 1ecause the power
cord runs down to the pump through the water it is very important that it -e
protected from accidental damage# Eou wouldnDt want a -oat tangled up in the
cord or a snapping turtle or alligator to -ite through itF
21
0 $u-mersi-le Pump
T9r/ine1 an- +et P9mp1
0 tur-ine pump is -asically a centrifugal pump mounted
underwater and attached -y a shaft to a motor mounted a-ove the water# The
shaft usually e'tends down the center of a large pipe# The water is pumped up
this pipe and e'its directly under the motor# Tur-ine pumps are very efficient
and are used primarily for larger pump applications# >ften they consist of
multiple stages, each stage is essentially another pump stac(ed on top of the
one -elow# %t wor(s li(e a train with multiple engines hitched together pulling
it, each stage would -e a engine# Tur-ine pumps are typically the type of
pumps you see on farms# 4hen you see a huge motor mounted on its end and
a pipe coming out sideways -elow the motor, that is most li(ely the motor for
a tur-ine pump down inside the well# % use tur-ine pumps for large par(s and
golf courses where we are pumping from la(es# The tur-ine pump is mounted
in a large concrete vault with a pipe connecting it to the la(e# The water flows
-y gravity into the vault where it enters the pump# The pump motors are
suspended over the vault on a frame# % usually use two or three different si3ed
pumps side)-y)side to handle different flow com-inations# 0 .et pump is
similar to a tur-ine pump -ut it wor(s -y redirecting water -ac( down to the
inta(e to help lift the water#

22
'. P)*PSETS FOR PHOTO 6OLTAIC PO5ER
The solar pump unit consists essentially of a solar array, a direct)
current electric motor and a pumping unit# The other components are the
electrical control and some mechanism for trac(ing the array against the sun#
any types of pumpingsets are used with photovoltaic systems, a vertical
centrifugal pump coupled to a su-mersi-le !" electric motor or an ordinary
volute centrifugal pump close)coupled to a hori3ontal !" electric motor#
Aowever, the su-mersi-le pump unit is more suita-le for the photovoltaic
system# The arrangement eliminates the suction pipe and foot valve and
results in a higher efficiency of the pumping unit# The su-mersi-le pump is
made lea()proof -y a silicon car-ide mechanical seal# %n case of volute pump,
care is ta(en to limit the pump suction within a-out +m to maintain a high
level of pump efficiency#
23
The output of the solar array varies with the intensity of the incoming
radiation and other factors# Aence, it is necessary to match a varia-le)speed
!" motor with the panel output# 0t least one ma(e of photovoltaic powered
pumping sets utili3es a ma'imum power)control unit as an integral part of the
system, in order to match the load on the pump to the varying power output of
the panel#
There is considera-le commercial interest in manufacturing photovoltaic
powered pumping sets# The power output of the system is directly
proportional to the num-er of solar cells and the surface area of the panel
e'posed to the sun# The discharge of a solar pump with array area of 2)
*m varies from 7)? lits/s at a head of + m# This could irrigate a-out 1#+ ) 2 ha
of land with crops having moderate irrigation re5uirements or may provide
protective irrigation to even a larger command#
2*
1(. SYSTE* CO*PONENTS
S3lar P73t3 63ltaic P9mping 101tem :3r 1&(( .att1 DC 19r:ace 101tem
0 user manual shall also -e provided -y the authori3ed dealer along with the
system# ;&$/$tate 2enewa-le &nergy 0gencies authori3e the dealers of
$PV#
2+
Sr.
N3.
De1cripti3n 8t0
1 S3lar *3-9le1 %# .p " n31
Arra0 tracGing 1tr9ct9re 1 n3.
! DC 19r:ace centri:9gal p9mp>
HP
1 n3.
" Arra0 H9ncti3n /3D 1 n3.
# In1tallati3n Git 1 n3.
$ I HDPE pipe 1( mt1
11. INCENTI6ES FRO* CENTRAL@STATE
GO6ERN*ENT
The inistry of non)conventional energy sources and the state govt# agencies
provide a variety of incentives# ;&$ $PV programme provides su-sidy on
solar water pumping system G 2s# 13+/) per watt, su-.ect to a ma'imum of
2s# 2+6666/)#
1. *AINTENANCE OF SP6 SYSTE*
The supplier provides annual maintenance contract to the -eneficiary at 2s#
1@+6/) after initial guarantee period of 1
1/2
years# The solar panel is e'pected
to provide a-out 26 years of satisfactory service under normal conditions,
even though the cell itself may last much longer# The only maintenance
re5uirement is occasional washing of the surface to maintain ma'imum
optical transmission through the glass# The panel has to -e protected from
-rea(age -y e'ternal agencies# $ome manufacturers cover the cell/array with
un-rea(a-le glass# The motor and the pump re5uire the usual periodic
maintenance li(e cleaning, lu-rication and replacement of worn parts#
27
1!. AD6ANTAGES OF SP6 P)*PING SYSTE*
C31t e::ectiBe2 The life cycle and the cost to ultimate -eneficairy ma(e the
$PV systems cost effective as compared to conventional systems# %; addition
the farmer is saved from the capital investment he has to ma(e for drawing
lines from the grid to his field/farms#The govt# may save huge resources
which otherwise may -e uneconomical to networ( every agriculture field
under the state electricity grid#
Relia/le2 The $PV is more relia-le, consistent and predicta-le power option
as compared to conventional power system in rural areas#
Free :9el2$unlight, the fuel source of $PV system is a widely availa-le,
ine'hausti-le, and relia-le and free energy source#Aence the $PV system has
no monthly fuel -ills#
L3. maintenance2 The system operates on little servicing and no refueling,
ma(ing them popular for remote rural areas, hence the operation and
maintenance is very low# The suppliers provide maintenance at a very low
annual maintenance contract rates#
L3cal generati3n 3: p3.er2 The $PV system ma(e use of local resource)
sunlight#This provides greater energy security and control of access to energy#
Ea10 tran1p3rtati3n2 0s $PV systems are modular in nature they can easily
-e transported in pieces/components and are easily e'panda-le to enhance the
capacity
28
Energ0 C3n1erBati3n : $olar energy is clearly one of the most effective
energy conservation programs and provides a means for decentraili3ed PV)
generated power in rural areas#$olar pump is energy efficient and a
decentrali3ed system avoids any unnecessary e'penditure on T < ! networ(s
5ater c3n1erBati3n : The $PV sets are highly economical when com-ined
with water conservation techni5ues such as drip irrigation < night time
distri-ution of (day time pumped < stored) water# The $PV system leads to
optimum e'ploitation of scarce ground water#
EnBir3nmental :rien-l0 2 The use of sunlight as a source of fuel leads to
clean, eco)friendly and decentrali3ed generation of energy which saves the
fossil fuel, controls deforestation and prevents environmental pollution#
2?
1". ECONO*IC A6IA4ILITY
%n order to (now the economic avia-ility of the compared pumping systems
the net present value (;PV) and the internal rate of return (%22) have -een
computed# 9or economic analysis it is assumed that the PV pump is installed
at open wells with ma'imum depths of 8 to ? meters# The PV pump can
irrigate -etween 1#+ to 2 ha, depending on the cultivated crop and the seasonal
conditions# The PV system generates an average incremental income of more
than 2s#1?,666/)# 0ccording to higher water discharge, 2a-i crops can -e
cultivated on plots varying -etween 1 to 1#+ ha# Therefore ma.or parts of the
annual income originates from irrigated 2a-i crops# 9or the farm model with
the photovoltaic system annual cost for maintenance and repairs are e'pected
to -e 2s# 1@+6/) #
%22 H 22I .ustifying financial assistance up to 2s# 82,666#
1enefit cost ratio(1"2) : 1#3?
Boans of 2s#+6666/) to 2s#7+,666/) at normal rate of interest is via-le
and could -e supported
$aves more than 2s# 1?666/) / year for !iesel
%n rural areas waiting period of 3)+ years for power supply is avoided#
$aving in operating cost -y using $PV pumps#
$aving on transmission < distri-ution networ(s and associated pro-lems#
%ncrease in agriculture productivity and the most -enefitted are the
small/marginal farmers
2@
1#. 4ENEFITS TO FAR*ERS
9armer gets a high value, high discharge pumping system for a one
time amount that is less than a third of the actual price and may -e maintained
at nominal cost annually#
;o fuel costs < minimal maintenance costs#
ore economical than diesel pump sets in the long run#
4here no pumping system e'ists at present $PV -ased pumping system,
o &na-les cultivation of an e'tra crop
o Aelps in providing the critical protective irrigation in water scarce
areas#
o $aves time and la-our
o %mproves agriculture productivity
o %mproves general 5uality of life with higher levels of income
o %ncremental income ena-les easy repayment loan ta(en for
installing system
36
1$.
EXTENSION SER6ICES
0de5uate e'tension services are made availa-le -y agencies/suppliers in the
scheme area# The -eneficiaries may adopt modern cultivation practices and
adopt crop diversification with an emphasis on cash crop/high remuneration
crops# The guidance may -e availed from local agriculture e'tension
departments of the state government#
31
SYSTE* CO*PONENTS
Solar Panel:
Absorb sunlight and transform to DC electricity
power, provide energy for solar pump.
Electronic Pump Controller:
a)Switch On/Off the pump
b)ndication of !ump status
c)"loat switch signal control
d)!ump !rotection
DC PUMP:
!umping the water from well to #ater $an%
Water Tank:
#ater storage
Float Switch:
$o give the control signal of pump when the
water
tan% is full or empty
Well Cap
$o prevent dirt from the well
Outlet Pipe
#ater from well to water tan%
32
Advantages of a Solar Pump
A !$5o.t(o# (s ta2(#* "a+$ (# )ow wat$! (s 0$(#* ".%"$& (# !$%ot$ o+at(o#s 0$,o#& t)$ !$a+)
o' $$+t!(+ "ow$! (#$s. Soa!-$$+t!(+A o! 1)oto5ota(+A "ow$! )as "!o5$# to 0$ a# (&$a wa, to
('t wat$! 'o! &!(#2(#*A sa#(tat(o#A sto+2 ta#2sA a#& (!!(*at(o#. 1)oto5ota(+ ".%"s )a5$ 0$$# o#
t)$ %a!2$t s(#+$ 1680 a#& a!$ (# .s$ a o5$! t)$ wo!&.
It )as 0$$# 2#ow# 'o! %a#, ,$a!s t)at so%$ s.0sta#+$s *(5$ o'' $$+t!o#s w)$# (*)t st!(2$s
t)$% a#& t)$s$ $$+t!o#s %a, 0$ .s$& to 'o!% a +.!!$#t. T)$ &$5$o"%$#t o' ")oto5ota(+ (1V)
t$+)#oo*, 0$*a# (# 1655 a#& +a%$ o' a*$ (# t)$ 1680Bs. 1V t$+)#oo*, was (#(t(a, !$*a!&$&
as Cs"a+$ a*$C 0$+a.s$ t)$ .s$ was (%(t$& to sat$(t$sA 0.t (# 1680 t)$ +ost was !$&.+$& 0,
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+a$& %o&.$s. A soa! "a#$ w( "!o&.+$ a0o.t 50 watts o' "ow$!.
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33
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3*
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t$+)#oo*, )as.
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to %(#(%(F$ t)(s &(sa&5a#ta*$A as w$ as *!$at$! (# A.st!a(a G <$!%a#, ,o. +a# '(#& .s$'.
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3+
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+ost, !at$.
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(#sta$& 0, wa, o' a s$aso#$& as w$ as a++!$&(t$& (#sta$!.
So t)$s$ a!$ *$#$!a, t)$ "a!t(+.a! #$*at(5$s asso+(at$& w(t) +!$at(#* t)at %o5$ to )$"
!$#$wa0$ $#$!*, $#$!*,. 1$o"$ wo.& 0$ w(s$ to +o#s(&$! t)$ o"t(%(st(+ o! %a,0$ w),
"$o"$ o5$ $#$!*, $#$!*,. At t)(s "a!t(+.a! sta*$ (# ,o.! $#5(!o%$#ta, '!($#&, "!o0$%s
soa! $#$!*, (s a""$a!(#* to 0$ o# t)$ (st o' *!$at$st t$+)#oo*, +o##$+t$& w(t) %a#2(#&A (#
'a+t (t (s s$t to )$" &$5$o" (#to a+t.a, 'a! %o!$ 5(ta ".s a!*$! t)!o.*)o.t t)$ '.t.!$I
37
1%. CONCL)SION2>
Potentially high initial system cost1ut it gives more -enefit in long time#
Bow la-or and maintenance costs#
;o fuel costs#
&asy to remove, transport, and store#
Produces water during sunny weather when itCs needed most#
2elia-le and long life#
;on)polluting#
38
1&. REFRENCES2>
www#solarwater#com
www#pvsolarpump#com
www#tradeindia#com/solar)water)pumping)system
www#-uilditsolar#com/4aterPumping/waterpumping
www#leonics#com/$olar Photovoltaic $ystems
www#solardyne#com/solwatpum
www#geda#org#in/solar
www#indiawaterportal#org
3?