Rak-50 3149 F. l6 - Drained Undrained Analysis

Drained and Undrained
Analysis
1
Analysis
Prof. Minna Karstunen
University of Strathclyde
Thanks to Dennis Waterman, Antonio Gens, Marcelo
Sanchez & Helmut Schweiger
Outline
Drained / undrained conditions
Modelling undrained behaviour with Plaxis
Influence of constitutive model and
parameters
Influence of dilatancy
2
Influence of dilatancy
Undrained behaviour with Mohr-Coulomb Model
Undrained behaviour with Hardening Soil Model
Summary
Nicoll
Highway, Highway,
Singapore
Drained / Undrained Conditions
In undrained conditions, no water movement
takes place and, therefore, excess pore pressures
build up
u 0, ' u 0, '
In drained conditions, no excess pore pressures
build up
u = 0, = '
Drained analysis appropriate when
Permeability is high
Rate of loading is low
Short term behaviour is not of interest for Short term behaviour is not of interest for
problem considered
Undrained analysis appropriate when
Permeability is low and rate of loading is high
Short term behaviour has to be assessed
Suggestion by Vermeer & Meier (1998) for deep excavations:
T < 0.10 (U < 10%) use undrained analysis
T > 0.40 (U > 70%) use drained analysis
t
D
E k
T
2
w
oed
= == =
k = Permeability
E
oed
= Oedometric modulus = 1/m
v
w
= Unit weight of water
D = Drainage length
t = Construction time
T = Dimensionless time factor
U = Degree of consolidation
Undrained Behaviour
Implications of undrained soil behaviour:
Excess pore pressures are generated
No volume change
In fact small volumetric strains develop because a In fact small volumetric strains develop because a
finite (but high) bulk modulus of water is introduced
in the finite element formulation
Predicted undrained shear strength depends
on soil model used
Assumption of dilatancy angle has serious
effect on results
Triaxial test (NC)
Typical results from drained (left) and undrained (right) triaxial tests on normally
consolidated soils (from Atkinson & Bransby, 1978)
Triaxial test (OC)
Typical results from drained (left) and undrained (right) triaxial tests on overconsolidated soils
Stress Paths in Undrained Triaxial
Test NC / OC
1 3

2
t

=

1 3
1 3
2
2
2
' s
s

+

+
=
=

Strength Parameters According to MC
Mohr-Coulomb parameters in terms of effective stress
tan c

= +
1 1 3 3
sin ; sin
2 tan tan 2
c c
+
= + = +

In terms of principal effective stresses

Strength Parameters According to MC
Mohr-Coulomb parameters in terms of total stresses
Only undrained conditions!
u
C
total stresses
tan c

= +
Soil behaves as if it was cohesive
: undrained shear strength
only changes if drainage occurs (no change if undrained conditions prevail)
( )
u u
c s =
1 3
2
F

,
u
C
u
-C
1 3
2
F

Effective stresses
u
c
u
c =
What is the critical case: drained or
undrained?
NC
OC
Loading
Unloading
t
NC
OC
note that for soils in general:
level of safety against failure is lower for short
term (undrained) conditions for loading problems
(e.g. embankment)
level of safety against failure is lower for long
term (drained) conditions for unloading problems
(e.g. excavations)
however
Unloading
s, s
What is the critical case: drained or
undrained?
t
NC
OC
Loading
For very soft NC soil, factor of safety against failure may
be lower for short term (undrained) conditions for
unloading problems (e.g. excavations)
For very stiff OC soil, factor of safety against failure may
be lower for short term (undrained) conditions for
loading problems (e.g. embankment)
s, s
Unloading
FE Modelling of Undrained
Behaviour
What Plaxis does when specifying
type of material behaviour: undrained ?
The issue:
Constitutive equations are formulated in terms of Constitutive equations are formulated in terms of
We need to compute D
= ' ' D
D =
FE Modelling of Undrained Behavior
Principle of effective stress
with
since the strains are the same in each phase,
f
+ = '
[ ]
T
w w w f
p p p 0 0 0 =
=
f f
D
3 3
3 3
0 0
0 1
e f
K D =
n
K
K
f
e

= ' ' D
' ' ( ' )
f f f
D D D D D + = = = + = +
pore fluid stiffness, related to the
bulk modulus of pore fluid (water) K
f
f
D D D + = '
3 3
n
We need D
D =
Example: linear elastic model + plane strain
D

=
4 2 2
' ' ' 0
3 3 3
2 4 2
' ' ' 0

3 3 3
2 2 4
' ' ' 0
e
xx xx
e
yy yy
e
zz
zz
K G K G K G
K G K G K G
K G K G K G

+

+

=

+

& &
& &
& &
) 1 ( 2 ) 2 1 ( 3 +
=

=
E
G
E
K f
D D D + = '
' G G =
2 2 4
' ' ' 0
3 3 3
0 0 0
e
xy xy
K G K G K G
G

+

& &
4 2 2
0
3 3 3
2 4 2
0

3 3 3
2 2 4
0
3 3 3
0 0 0
e
xx xx
e
yy yy
e
zz
zz
e
xy xy
K G K G K G
K G K G K G
K G K G K G
G

+

+

=

+

& &
& &
& &
& &
= D
4 2 2
' ' ' 0
3 3 3
0
2 4 2
0 ' ' ' 0

3 3 3
0
e e e
e e e
K G K G K G
K K K
K K K K G K G K G
D
K K K

+

+

= +

f
D D D + = '
0
2 2 4
' ' ' 0
0 0 0 0
3 3 3
0 0 0
e e e
K K K
K G K G K G
G

+

4 2 2
' ' ' 0
3 3 3
2 4 2
' ' ' 0
3 3 3
2 2 4
' ' ' 0
3 3 3
0 0 0
e e e
e e e
e e e
K G K K G K K G K
K G K K G K K G K
D
K G K K G K K G K
G

+ + + +

+ + + +

=

+ + + +

FE Modeling of Undrained Behavior
f
D D D + = '
4 2 2
' ' ' 0
3 3 3
2 4 2
' ' ' 0
'
3 3 3
2 2 4
' ' ' 0
3 3 3
0 0 0
e e e
e e e
e
e e e
K G K K G K K G K
K G K K G K K G K
D D D
K G K K G K K G K
G

+ + + +

+ + + +

= + =

+ + + +

0 0 0 G

4 2 2
0
3 3 3
2 4 2
0

3 3 3
2 2 4
0
3 3 3
0 0 0
K G K G K G
K G K G K G
D
K G K G K G
G

+

+

=

+

'
e
K K K = +
4 4
'
3 3
e
K G K K G + + = +
FE Modelling of Undrained
Behavior
All the above (which is valid for any soil (or model)
for which the principle of effective stress applies) can
be easily combined with the FEM
instead of specifying the components of D, specify
D' and K
e
when calculating stresses,
f
D D D + = '
= ' ' D
f e v
K =
f
+ = '
Undrained Behaviour with PLAXIS
A value must be set for K
e
real value of K
e
= K
w
/n ~ 110
6
kPa (for n = 0.5)
in fact, the pore-fluid is assigned a bulk modulus that is
substantially larger than that of the soil skeleton (which
ensures that during undrained loading the volumetric strains
are very small) are very small)
( (( ( ) )) )
( (( ( ) )) )
( (( ( ) )) )
u
u
u
u w
total
2 1 3
1 G 2
2 1 3
E
n
K
' K K

+ ++ +
= == =

= == = + ++ + = == =
PLAXIS automatically adds stiffness of water when undrained
material type is chosen using the following approximation:
u u
( (( ( ) )) )
( (( ( ) )) )( (( ( ) )) ) ' 1 2 1 3
1 ' E
K
u
u
total
+ ++ +
+ ++ +
= == =
assuming
u
= 0.495
Note: this procedure gives reasonable results only for ' < 0.35 !
Note: in Version 8 B-value can be entered explicitly for undrained materials
Skemptons B parameter (undrained conditions)
( )
w
w
w
K K'
K
B
K
K'
B B B
+
=
+
= + + = =
n
n
p p
w
;
1
1
;
3
1
3 2 1
therefore, if K
w
is very large (compared to K), B is very close to 1
Method A (analysis in terms of effective stresses):
type of material behaviour: undrained
effective strength parameters (c', ', )
effective stiffness parameters (E
50
', )
Method B (analysis in terms of effective stresses):
type of material behaviour: undrained type of material behaviour: undrained
total strength parameters (c = c
u
, = 0, = 0)
50
', )
Method C (analysis in terms of total stresses):
type of material behaviour: drained
total strength parameters (MC: c = c
u
, = 0, = 0)
total stiffness parameters (MC: E
u
,
u
= 0.495)
(Method A)
Analysis in terms of effective stress
Type of material behaviour: undrained
u changes (excess pore water pressures generated)
Constitutive equations are formulated in terms of
' ' D = ' ' D =
In the case of Mohr Coulomb model:
effective strength parameters c, ,
effective stiffness parameters E
50
', '
the total stiffness matrix is computed as:
f
D D D + = '
(Method A)
u
u
f
t
ESP
TSP
c
single set of parameters in terms of effective stress (undrained,
drained, consolidation analysis consistent)
realistic prediction of pore pressures (if model is appropriate)
the undrained analysis can be followed by a consolidation
analysis (correct pore pressures, correct drained parameters)
c
u
is a consequence of the model, not an input parameter!!
s, s
ESP
u
c
( ) ) ' ' ( ' ' ; ) ' ' ( ' '
1
0
3 1 2 3 1 2 2
+ = +
= =
E
For plane strain: the undrained effective stress path rises vertically
In the case of the Mohr-Coulomb model (in plane strain), it is easy to
compute c
u
analytically
Undrained Strength for Method A
Linear Elasticity
( ) ( ) 0 ) ' 1 ( ' '
3
1
' ' '
3
1
' 0 ' 0
'
'
3 1 3 2 1
+ + = + + =
= p p
K
p
v
( ) 0 ' ' '
2
1

3 1
= + s
Effective Stress
Path, ESP
B
a

=

c
c
o
s
sin
( )
1 3
2
t

=
Plane strain: effective stress path rises vertically
u
c
A
a

=

c
c
o
s
( ) ( )
1 3 1 3
' '
' ,
2 2
s s
+ +
= =
{ }
{ }
0 0
0 0
1
' cos ' ' sin ' ' cos ' sin '
2
' cos ' 1
1 sin ' ,
' ' 2
u o vo ho
u ho
v v vo
c c s c
c c
K K

= + = + +
= + + =

u
c
,
o o
t s
t
The Mohr Coulomb model in terms of effective
stresses OVERESTIMATES the undrained shear
strength of soft clays!
s, s
ureal
c
uMC
c
50
', )
u
, = 0, = 0)
50
', )
u
, = 0, = 0)
u
,
u
= 0.495)
(Method B)
analysis in terms of effective stress
u changes
constitutive equations are formulated in terms of (but
strength in total stresses!)
= D
total strength parameters c = c
u
, = 0, = 0
effective stiffness parameters E
50
', '
f
D D D + = '
' ' D =
(Method B)
3
; 0.495
2 1
u u
E
E
= =
+
Resulting undrained stiffness parameters
t
(Method B)
s, s
u
c
parameters in terms of total stress and effective stress
prediction of pore pressures (generally unrealistic)
the undrained analysis should not be followed by a
consolidation analysis (pore pressures unrealistic)
c
u
is an input parameter!!
ESP
TSP
50
', )
u
, = 0, = 0)
50
', )
u
, = 0, = 0)
u
,
u
= 0.495)
(Method C)
TSP=ESP
t
u
c
Parameters in terms of total stress
No prediction of pore pressures (only total stresses
are obtained)
The undrained analysis can not be followed by a
consolidation analysis
c
u
is an input parameter!!
s, s
(Method C)
Analysis in terms of total stress
Type of material behaviour: drained (in spite of modelling an
undrained case)
Porewater pressure does not change (because it is not
calculated)
Constitutive equations are formulated in terms of Constitutive equations are formulated in terms of
= D
total strength parameters c = c
u
, = 0, = 0
total stiffness parameters E
u
,
u
= 0.495
Undrained Shear Strength from
Advanced Models
Although it is possible, in a few simple cases, to obtain
an analytical expression for c
u
, it is advisable to perform
a numerical laboratory test to check the value of
undrained shear strength actually supplied by the model
It is important to perform the numerical laboratory test
under the same condition as in the analysis
Plane strain, triaxial, simple shear
Correct initial stresses
Compression, extension, simple shear
Not all c
u
values are achievable with a particular model
Influence of Dilatancy on
Undrained Shear Strength
If we set then, negative volumetric plastic deformations
occur at failure:
0 >
0
e p
v v v
= +

(elastic-plastic behavior)
(undrained conditions)
Therefore, in undrained analysis, dilatancy, , must be set to zero!
0
v
(undrained conditions)
result: unlimited increase of q (or t), i.e. infinite strength!!
0 0 ' ' 0
At failure: ' 0
sin 0
p e e
v v v
p K
q M p q
t s t
< > = >
= >

= >

Comparison MC-HS (influence )

200
225
250
275
300
Simulation of undrained triaxial compression test MC / HS model - q vs
1
1
[%]
0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.00
q

[
k
N
/
m
2
]
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
MC non dil
MC dil
HS_1 non dil
HS_1 dil
175
200
225
250
275
300
MC non dil
MC dil
HS_1 non dil
HS_1 dil
total stress path
Simulation of undrained triaxial compression test MC / HS model - q vs p
p' [kN/m
2
]
0.00 25.00 50.00 75.00 100.00 125.00 150.00 175.00 200.00 225.00 250.00
q

[
k
N
/
m
2
]
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
e
x
c
e
s
s

p
o
r
e

p
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

[
k
N
/
m
2
]
60
70
80
90
100
MC non dil
MC dil
HS_1 non dil
HS_1 dil
Simulation of undrained triaxial compression test MC / HS model - p
w
vs
1
1
[%]
0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.00
e
x
c
e
s
s

p
o
r
e

p
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

[
k
N
/
m
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
Summary
FEM analysis of undrained conditions can be performed in effective
stresses and with effective stiffness and strength parameters
(Method A)
Method A must be used:
if consolidation/long term analysis are required
advanced soil models are adopted
undrained shear strength is a result of the constitutive model
care must be taken with the choice of the value for dilatancy angle
Methods B (and C) provide alternative ways to analyze undrained
problems but:
the constitutive model does not generally represent the true soil
behaviour (before failure)
potentially useful for stability problems in undrained conditions
(specification of undrained shear strength is straightforward)

Rak-50 3149 F. l6 - Drained Undrained Analysis

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Drained and Undrained

In terms of principal effective stresses

Comparison MC-HS (influence )

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