Amcakm

Answer Key
Masters
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

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contained herein on the condition that such material be reproduced only for classroom use;
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ISBN: 0-07-823094-2
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AMC Answer Key Masters
Contents
Chapter
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Page
Linear Relations and Functions ................................................................... 1
Systems of Linear Equations and Inequalities........................................... 33
The Nature of Graphs ................................................................................ 60
Polynomial and Rational Functions.......................................................... 100
The Trigonometric Functions.................................................................... 122
Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions.................................................... 142
Trigonometric Identities and Equations.................................................... 174
Vectors and Parametric Equations........................................................... 205
Polar Coordinates and Complex Numbers .............................................. 227
Conics ...................................................................................................... 261
Exponential and Logarithmic Functions ................................................... 313
Sequences and Series ............................................................................. 339
Combinatorics and Probability ................................................................. 382
Statistics and Data Analysis..................................................................... 396
Introduction to Calculus............................................................................ 415
iii
Chapter 1 Linear Relations and Functions

1-1 Relations and Functions
Pages 812
1.
2. Sample answer:
x
4
6
0
8
2
4
y
2
1
5
4
2
0
4
2
8 4 O
2
8x
3. Determine whether a vertical

line can be drawn through the
graph so that it passes through
more than one point on the
graph. Since it does, the graph
does not represent a function.
5. y x 4
x
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
y
3
2
1
0
1
2
3
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
4. Keisha is correct. Since a

function can be expressed as a
set of ordered pairs, a function
is always a relation. However,
in a function, there is exactly
one y-value for each x-value.
Not all relations have this
constraint.
6. {(3, 4), (0, 0), (3, 4),
(6, 8)};
D {3, 0, 3, 6};
R {8, 4, 0, 4}
Advanced Mathematical Concepts

Chapter 1
7. {(6, 1), (4, 0), (2, 4),

(1, 3), (4, 3)};
D {6, 4, 2, 1, 4};
R {4, 0, 1, 3}
9.
x
4
3
2
1
0
1
2
3
4
y
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
11. {3, 3, 6}; {6, 2, 0, 4}; no;

6 is matched with two members
of the range.
12
8
4
4
4x
12a. domain : all reals; range: all

reals
12b. Yes; the graph passes vertical
line test.
14. 2m 2
16a. {(83, 240), (81, 220), (82, 245),
(78, 200), (83, 255), (73, 200),
(80, 215), (77, 210), (78, 190),
(73, 180), (86, 300), (77, 220),
(82, 260)}; {78, 73, 77, 80, 81,
82, 83, 86}; {180, 190, 200,
210, 215, 220, 240, 245, 255,
260, 300}
13. 84
15. x 1
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
y
7
4
1
2
5
8
11
14
17
10. {3, 0, 1, 2}; {6, 0, 2, 4}; yes;

each member of the domain is
matched with exactly one
member of the range.
x
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
8.

Chapter 1
16b.
300
280
260
Weight 240
(lb)
220
200
180
17. y 3x
x
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
y
3
6
9
12
15
18
21
24
27
24
x
6
5
4
3
2
1
18
12
6
19. y 8 x
x
4
3
2
1
0
1
2
3
4
16c. no
18. y x 5
y
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86
Height (in.)
10 x
20. {(5, 5), {3, 3), (1, 1),

(1, 1)};
D {5, 3, 1, 1};
R {5, 3, 1, 1}
y
11
10
9
8
7
6
y
O

Chapter 1
21. {(10, 0), (5, 0), {0, 0), (5, 0)};

D {10, 5, 0, 5}; R {0}
23. {(3, 2), (1, 1), (0, 0), (1, 1)};
D {3, 1, 0, 1};
R {2, 0, 1}
22. {(4, 0), (5, 1), (8, 0), (13, 1)};

D {4, 5, 8, 13}; R {0, 1}
24. {(5, 5), (3, 3), (1, 1),
(2, 2), (4, 4)};
D {5, 3, 1, 2, 4};
R {4, 2, 1, 3, 5
26.
y
25. {(3, 4), (3, 2), (3, 0), (3, 1),

(3, 3)};
D {3}; R {4, 2, 0, 1, 3}
27.
x
1
2
3
4
5
6
y
1
2
3
4
5
6
x
5
4
3
2
1
0
1
y
0
3
4
9
12
x
11
11
y
5
4
3
2
1
0
1
30.
y
3
3
12 x
2
4
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
y
9
8
7
6
5
4
28.
29.
x
1
2
3
4
5
x
4
3
2
1
0
1

Chapter 1
31.
x
4
4
32. {4, 5, 6}; {4}; yes; Each x-value

is paired with exactly one
y-value.
y
2
2
33. {1}; {6, 2, 0, 4}; No; the

x-value 1 is paired with more
than one y-value.
35. {0, 2, 5}; {8, 2, 0, 2, 8}; No;
the x-values 2 and 5 are paired
with more than one y-value.
37. {9, 2, 8, 9}; {3, 0, 8}; Yes;
each x-value is paired with
exactly one y-value.
39. Domain: {3, 2, 1, 1, 2, 3};
Range: {1, 1, 2, 3}; a function
because each x-value is paired
with exactly one y-value.
41. 9
43. 2
34. {0, 1, 4}; {2, 1, 0, 1, 2}; No;

36. {1.1, 0.4, 0.1}; {2, 1};
Yes; each x-value is paired with
exactly one y-value.
38. Domain: all reals; Range: all
reals; not a function because
it fails the vertical line test.
40. Domain: {x8 x 8};
Range: {y8 y 8}; not a
function because it fails the
vertical line test.
42. 12
44. 1 32a3
45. 2n 2 5n 12
46.
2
47. 25m 2 13
49. x 3 or x 3
51a. x 1
51b. x 5
51c. x 2, 2
52a. {(9244, 3166), (18,584, 3697),
(18,140, 5805), (16,182, 3999),
(13,589, 2136), (18,912, 5950),
(13,877, 6233)}; {9244, 18,584,
18,140, 16,182, 13,589, 18,912,
13,877}; {3166, 3697, 5805,
3999, 2136, 5950, 6233}
48. x 5

50. x 7
or x
2 b2
6b
52b.
7
7
6
Number 5
Attending
(thousands) 4
3
O 10 12 14 16 18 20
Number Applied
(thousands)
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

Chapter 1
52c. Yes; no member of the domain

is paired with more than one
member of the range.
54a. 92.5F
54b. 91.25F
54c. 90F
54d. 70F
54e. 55F
53. 3x 3 4x 7
4
7
56.
55a.14,989,622.9 m;
59,958, 491.6 m;
419,709,441.2 m;
1,768,775,502 m
55b. 23,983,396.64 m
57. B
1-2 Composition of Functions

Pages 1719
1. Sample answer: f (x) 2x 1
and g(x) x 6;
Sample explanation:
Factor 2x 2 11x 6.
2. Iteration is composing a
function on itself by evaluating
the function for a value and
then evaluating the function on
that function value.
4. Sample answer: Composition
of functions is performing one
function after another. An
everyday example is putting on
socks and then putting shoes
on top of the socks. Buying an
item on sale is an example of
when a composition of
functions is used in a real-world
situation.
6. 2x 11; 2x 8
3. No. [f g](x) is the function f (x)

performed on g(x) and [g f ](x)
is the function g(x) performed
on f (x). See students
counterexamples.
5. 3x 2 6x 4; 3x 2 2x 14;
6x 3 35x 2 26x 45;
3x 2 4x 5
9
, x
2x 9
2
7. 2x 2 4x 3; 4x 2 16x 15
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
8. x 2

Chapter 1
5
9
10a. K(F)
(F 32) 273.15
9. 5, 11, 23
10b. 233.15, 248.71, 255.37,

273.15, 373.15
x3 x2 1
x1
x 3 x 2 2x 1
, x 1;
x1
11. x 2 x 9; x 2 3x 9;
12.
, x 1;
x 3 7x 2 18x;
x 2 2x
, x 9
x9
x 2 x, x 1;
x
, x 1 or 1
3
2
x x x1
x 2 15
x 2 4x 15
14.
, x 5;
,
x5
x5
2
2x 6x
x 5;
, x 5;
x5
2
x 2x 15
, x 0 or 5
2x
x 3 2x 2 35x 3
x7
3
x 2x 2 35x 3

, x 7;
x7
2
3x 15x
, x 7;
x7
3
, x 5, 0, or 7
3
2x
x 2 35x
13.
, x 7;
1
2
1
2
15. x 2 8x 7; x 2 5
16.
x 4;
x 1
17. 3x 2 4; 3x 2 24x 48
19. 2x 3 2x 2 2; 8x 3 4x 2 1
18. 25x 4 1; 5x 4 10x 2 5

20. x 2 5x 7; x 2 7x 12
x
x1
1
x
21.
, x 1;
, x 0
22. all reals
23. x 7
24. 0 x
25. 7, 2, 7
27. 2, 2, 2
26. 2, 5, 26
28. Yes; the total with the discount
and tax is $93.01.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
1
8

Chapter 1
30a. Wn d(Fp Ff )
30b. 2000 J
29. Yes; If f(x) and g(x) are both

lines, they can be represented
as f(x) m1x b1 and
g(x) m2 x b2. Then
[f g](x) m1(m2 x b2) b1
m1m2 x m1b2 b1.
Since m1 and m2 are constants,
m1m2 is a constant. Similarly,
m1, b2, and b1 are constants,
so m1b2 b1 is a constant.
Thus, [f g](x) is a linear
function if f(x) and g(x) are both
linear.
1
2
32.
31a. h[f (x)], because you must

subtract before figuring the
bonus.
31b. $3750
7p
47
33a. v( p)
34a. (year, interest): (1, $400),

(2, $432), (3, $466.56),
(4, $503.88), (5, $544.20)
34b. {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}; {$400, $432,
$466.56, $503.88, $544.20}
34c. Yes; for each member of the
domain there is exactly one
corresponding member of the
range.
36. D {1, 2, 3, 4}; R {5, 6, 7,
8}; yes, every element in the
domain is paired with exactly
one element of the range.
y
38.
33b. r(v) 0.84v

147p
1175
33c. r( p)
33d. $52.94, $28.23, $99.72
35. {(1, 8), (0, 4), (2, 6), (5, 9)};

D {1, 0, 2, 5};
R {9, 6, 4, 8}
11
16
37. 3
x
2
1
0
1
2
3
39. C
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
y
6
3
0
3
6
9

Chapter 1
1-3 Graphing Linear Equations

Pages 23-25
1. m represents the slope of the
graph and b represents the
y-intercept.
3. Sample answer: Graph the
y-intercept at (0, 2). Then move
down 4 units and right 1 unit to
graph a second point. Draw a
line to connect the points.
5.
2. 7; the line intercepts the x-axis

at (7, 0).
4. Sample answer: Both graphs
are lines. Both lines have a
y-intercept of 8. The graph of
y 5x 8 slopes upward as
you move from left to right on
the graph and the graph of
y 5x 8 slopes downward
as you move from left to right
on the graph.
6.
y
( 23 , 0)
(0, 52 )
(0, 12 )
7.
8.
(1, 8)
(5, 0)
(0, 7)
(0, 5)
O
O
9. 12
10. none
y
12
24
16
4
12 8 4 O
4
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
4 2 O
4x

Chapter 1
11a. (38.500, 173), (44.125, 188)

11b. 2.667
11c. For each 1-centimeter increase
in the length of a mans tibia,
there is a 2.667-centimeter
increase in the mans height.
12.
13.
14.
y
x
y 4x 9
y3
2x 3y 15 0
O x
15.
16.
x40
17.
y 6x 1
18.
y
O
y 5 2x
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
y80
10

Chapter 1
19.
20.
y
O
y 23 x 4
2x y 0
21.
22.
y 25x 150
100
2x 5y 8
50
x
O
6 4 2 O
2x
50
23.
5
9
24.
f (x ) 9x 5
f (x )
( 59 , 0)
3x y 7
25. 3
1
3
26.
f (x )
f (x ) 4x 12
f (x )
f (x ) 3x 1
( 13 , 0)
(3, 0)
27. 0
28. none
f (x )
f (x )
f (x ) 12
28
8
14
(0, 0)
f (x ) 14x
x
O
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
11

Chapter 1
8
5
29.
2
5
30.
f (x )
f (x ) 5x 8
2
2 O
4
6
8
31. 2
( 85 , 0)
2
32. Sample answer: f (x) 5;

f (x) 0
y 32 x 3
(2, 0)
33a. 0.4 ohm

33b. 2.4 volts
34. 24
1
4
35a.
36. No; the product of two positives

is positive, so for the product of
the slopes to be 1, one of the
slopes must be positive and the
other must be negative.
35b. For each 1-degree increase in

the temperature, there is a
1
-pascal increase in the

4
pressure.
35c.
100
80
60
40
20
20
40
60
80 T
37a. 36; the software has no

monetary value after
36 months.
37b. 290; for every 1-month
change in the number of
months, there is a $290
decrease in the value of the
software.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
38. A function with a slope of 0 has

no zeros if its y-intercept is not
0, a function with a slope of 0
has an infinite number of zeros
if its y-intercept is 0, a function
with any slope other than 0
has exactly 1 zero.
12

Chapter 1
37c.
v (t )
10,000
(0, 10,440)
8000
6000
4000
2000
(36, 0)
16
24
32
40. x 2 2x 4, x 2 2x 4
39a. 0.86
39b. $1552.30
39c. 0.14
39d. $252.70
41a. d(p) 0.88p
41b. r (d) d 100
41c. r (p) 0.88p 100
41d. $603.99, $779.99, $1219.99
43. 671
42. 50, 24
44. No; the graph fails the vertical

line test.
46. D
45. {(3, 14), (2, 13), (1, 12),

(0, 11)}, yes
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
13

Chapter 1
1-4 Writing Linear Equations

Pages 2931
1. slope and y-intercept; slope
and any point; two points
2. Sample answer:
Use point-slope form.
y y1 m(x x1)
1
4
1
3
y 4
x
4
4
y (4)
(x 3)
x 4y 19 0
Use slope-intercept form.
y mx b
1
4
4
(3) b
19
4

b
Substitute the slope and
intercept into the general form.
19
4
1
4
y
x
Write in standard form.

x 4y 19 0
1
2
3. 55 represents the hourly rate

and 49 represents the fee for
coming to the house.
4. y
x 3
5. Sample answer: When given the

slope and the y-intercept, use
slope-intercept form. When
given the slope and a point, use
point-slope form. When given
two points, find the slope then
use point-slope form.
6. y
x 10
7. y 4x 10
8. y
x
1
4
7
2
9. y 2
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
31
2
10a. y 5.9x 2
10b. 43.3 in.
10c. Sample answer: No; the grass
could not support its own
weight if it grew that tall.
14

Chapter 1
11. y 5x 2
12. y 8x 61
3
4
1
2
13. y
x
14. y 12x
15. y 6x 19
16. x 12
4
9
5
8
49
9
17. y
x
18. y
x 5
19. y 1
21. x 0
23. x 2y 10 0
20. x 4
22. y 0.25x 6
24. x y 2 0
x 7000
2000
A
B
25a. t 2
26. m
25b. about 5.7 weeks

27a. Sample answer: Using (20, 28)
28a. See students work.
9
7
16
7
and (27, 37), y

x
.
27b. using sample answer from
part a, 26.7 mpg
27c. Sample answer: The estimate
is close but not exact since only
two points were used to write
the equation.
29. Yes; the slope of the line through
39
3 5
(5, 9) and (3, 3) is

or
28b. Sample answer: Only two

points were used to make the
prediction equation, so many
points lie off of the line.
30.
y
3x 2y 5 0
. The slope of the line through

4
63
(3, 3), and (1, 6) is
1 (3)
3
or
. Since these two lines
4
would have the same slope and

would share a point, their
equations would be the same.
Thus, they are the same line and
all three points are collinear.
31a. $6111 billion
31b. The rate is the slope.
x3
x 3x 7
33. x 5 3x 4 7x 3,
32. 24
34. {(4, 16), (3, 9), (2, 4)}, yes
35. A
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
15

Chapter 1
Chapter 1 Mid-Chapter Quiz

Page 31
1. {2, 2, 4}, {8, 3, 3, 7};
No, 2 in the domain is paired
with more than one element of
the range.
2. 9
3
n1
x
1
5.
, x 0;
, x 1
x1
x
3.
4. $65
6.
y
O
x
2x 4y 8
7.
3
5
8.
O
3x 2y
9. 3x 5y 19 0
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
10a. about 139,975

10b. y 139,975x 272,043,834
16

Chapter 1
1-5 Writing Equations of Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

Pages 3537
1. If A, B, and C are the same or
the ratios of the As and the Bs
and the Cs are proportional,
then the lines coincide. If A and
B are the same and C is
different, or the ratios of the As
and the Bs proportional, but the
ratio of the Cs is not, then the
lines are parallel.
4
3
2. They have no slope.
3
4
3.
;
4. All vertical lines have undefined

slope and only horizontal lines
are perpendicular to them. The
slope of a horizontal line is 0.
6. perpendicular
8. coinciding
10. 5x 6y 80 0
12. perpendicular
14. none of these
16. coinciding
18. none of these
20. parallel
22. 2x y 8 0
5.
7.
9.
11.
13.
15.
17.
19.
21.
none of these
parallel
5x y 16 0
parallelogram
parallel
perpendicular
perpendicular
coinciding
None of these; the slopes are
neither the same nor opposite
reciprocals.
23. 4x 9y 183 0
25. x 5y 15 0
27. y 13 0
24. y 11 0
26. x 6y 5 0
28a. 4x 5y 100 0
28b. 5x 4y 43 0
30a. Sample answer: y 1 0,
x10
30b. Sample answer: x 7 0,
x90
29a. 4
49
4
29b.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
17

Chapter 1
31. x 5y 29 0; x 7;
x 5y 15 0
32. We are given y m1x b1

and y m2 x b2 with
m1 m2 and b1 b2. Assume
that the lines intersect at point
(x1, y1). Then y1 m1x1 b1
and y1 m2 x1 b2.
Substitute m1x1 b1 for y1
in y1 m2 x1 b2. Then
m1x1 b1 m2 x1 b2. Since
m1 m2, substitute m1 for m2.
The result is m1x1 b1 m1x1
b2. Subtract m1x1 from each
side to find b1 b2. However,
this contradicts the given
information that b1 b2. Thus,
the assumption is incorrect and
the lines do not share any
points.
34a. y 27.63x 1464.81;
y 7.41x 1149.45;
y 30.49x 918.65;
y 23.91x 1517.05
34b. parallel lines; no
34c. 1105.62, 1245.78, 1315.02,
1206.22; No; the equations
take only one pair of days into
account.
36a. y 6.75x 25
36b. $6.75
36c. $25
38. x 2 1
33a. No; the lines that represent the

situation do not coincide.
33b. Yes; the lines that represent
the situation coincide.
35. y 2x 7
37.
y
3x 2y 6 0
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
18

Chapter 1
39. Sample answer: {(2, 4), (2, 4),

(1, 2), (1, 2), (0, 0)}; because
40. 4
1-6 Modeling Real-World Data with Linear Functions

Pages 4144
1. the rate of change
2. Choose two ordered pairs of

data and find the equation of
the line that contains their
graphs. Find a median-fit line
by separating the data into
three sets and using the
medians to locate a line. Use a
graphing calculator to find a
regression equation.
4a.
3. Sample answer: age of a car

and its value
Personal Consumption on Durable Goods

3000
2500
2000
Dollars 1500
1000
500
0
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998
Year
4b. Sample answer: Using (1991,

1800) and (1994, 2266),
y 155.3x 307,402.2
4c. y 98.3x 193,819.4;
r 0.95
4d. $3763.60; Yes, the correlation
value shows a strong
correlation.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
19

Chapter 1
5a.
6a. All-Time NFL Coaching Victories
Computers in Schools
140
400
120
Average
Wins 200
100
80
60
40
0 10
20
30
40
Years
20
6b. Sample answer: Using

(19, 177) and (40, 324),
y 7x 44.
6c. y 8.13x 11.69; r 0.87
6d. 150; Yes, r is fairly close to 1.
(Actual data is 154.)
0
84
86
88
90
92
94
96
Year

(1987, 32) and (1996, 7.8),
y 2.69x 5377.03
5c. y 6.28x 12,530.14;
r 0.82
5d. 1995; No; in 1995 there were
10 students per computer.
Personal Income
7a.
8a.
30
Car Weight and Mileage

80
25
60
Average
Mileage 40
20
Dollars
(thousands) 15
20
10
0
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998
Year

(1991, 19,100) and
(1995, 23,233),
y 1058.25x 2,087,875.75
7c. y 1058.32x 2,076,129.64;
r 0.99
7d. $33,771.96; Yes, r shows a
strong relationship.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
15 20 25 30 35
Weight (hundreds of pounds)

(17.5, 65.4) and (35.0, 27.7),
y 2.15x 103.0
8c. y 1.72x 87.59; r 0.77
8d. 10.19; No, r doesnt show a
particularly strong relationship.
20

Chapter 1
9a.
10a.
Acorn Size and Range
Working Women
35
30,000
30
20,000
Range
(hundreds
of km2) 10,000
25
Percent in 20
Management
15
10
0
0
2 4 6 8 10 12
Acorn Size (cm3)
5
0
86 88 90 92 94 96 98

(0.3, 233) and (3.4, 7900),
y 2473.23x 508.97
9c. y 885.82 6973.14; r 0.38
9d. The correlation value does not
show a strong or moderate
relationship.
11a.
World Population
7000
6000
5000
Millions 4000
of People
3000
2000
1000
0
0
1000
Year
2000
11b. Sample answer: Using (1, 200)

and (1998, 5900),
y 2.85x 197.15.
11c. y 1.62x 277.53; r 0.56
11d. 2979 million; No, the correlation
value is not showing a very
strong relationship.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
21
Year

(1988, 25.2) and (1997, 30.8),
y 0.62x 1207.36
10c. y 0.64x 1246.71;
r 0.998
10d. 38.41%; Yes, r is extremely
close to 1.
12a. Sample answer: the space
shuttle; because anything less
than perfect could endanger
the lives of the astronauts.
12b. Sample answer: a medication
that proves to help delay the
progress of a disease;
because any positive
correlation is better than none
or a negative correlation.
12c. Sample answer: comparing a
dosage of medicine to the
growth factor of cancer cells;
because the greater the
dosage the fewer cells that
are produced.

Chapter 1
13. The rate of growth, which is

the slope of the graphs of the
regression equations, for the
women is less than that of the
mens rate of growth. If that
trend continues, the mens
median salary will always be
more than the womens.
15. 6x y 22 0
14a. No; the lines do not coincide.

14b. Yes; the lines coincide.
16a.
y
25
20 y 0.82x 24
15
10
5
1 2 3 4 5x
16b. $24 billion

16c. If the nation had no disposable
income, personal consumption
expenditures would be $24
billion. For each $1 billion
increase in disposable income,
there is a 0.82 billion dollar
increase in personal
consumption expenditures.
18. Yes; each domain value is
paired with exactly one range
value.
17. x 3 3x 2 3x 1; x 3 1
19. C
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
22

Chapter 1
1-7 Piecewise Functions

Pages 4851
1. f (x)
x if x 0
x if x 0
2. reals, even integers
x 2 if x 0
3. f (x) x if 0 x 4
x 2 if x 4
5.
4. Alex is correct because he is

applying the definition of a
function.
6.
y
7.
8.
9. Greatest integer function; h is

hours, c (h) is the cost,
50h if [[h]] h
c (h)
.
50[[h 1]] if [[h]] h
10. shuttle facility
y
400
300
200
100
x
O
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
10
23

Chapter 1
11.
12.
13.
14.
x
x
15.
16.
x
x
17.
18.
y
4
2
1
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
24

Chapter 1
19.
20.
O
x
21.
22.
2
1
O
1
2
23. Step; t is the time in hours, c(t)

is the cost in dollars,
c(t)
24. Greatest integer; w is the

weight in ounces, c(w) is the
cost in dollars.
0.33 0.22(w 1) if [[w]] w
c(w)
.
0.33 0.22[[w]] if [[w]] w
6 if t
2
1
2
10 if
t 1.
16 if 1 t 2
24 if 2 t 24
c(w)
0.8
0.6
d(t)
24
0.4
16
0.2
8
8
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 t
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
25
4 w

Chapter 1
25. Absolute value; w is the weight

in pounds, d(w) is the
discrepancy, d(w) 1 w.
26a. step
26b. v is the value of the order,
s(v) is the shipping,
3.50 if 0.00 v 25.00
5.95 if 25.01 v 75.00
s(v)
.
7.95 if 75.01 v 125.00
9.95 if 125.01 v
d(w)
26c.
w
Shipping
(dollars)
27. If n is any integer, then all

ordered pairs (x, y), where x
and y are both in the interval
[n, n 1) are solutions.
25 50 75 100 125 150

Value of Order
(dollars)
28a. absolute value

28b. d(t) |65 t|
28c.
d (t )
80
60
40
d (t ) |65 t |
20
20 40 60 80
28d. 19.5 heating degree days
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
26

Chapter 1
29a. step
29b. 6% if x $10,000
t (x) 8% if $10,000 x $20,000
9.5% if x $20,000
29c.
y
30. No; The functions are the same

if x is positive. However, if x is
negative, the functions yield
different values. For example,
[g f ](1.5) 1 and
[f g](1.5) 1; [g f ](1.5) 2
and [f g](1.5) 1.
10
Tax
Rate
(percent)
10
20
Income
(thousands of dollars)
29d. 9.5%
31a.
32. 2x y 6 0
Public Transportation
60
50
Percent who use 40

public transportation 30
20
10
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
Working Population
(hundreds of thousands)

(3,183,088, 53.4) and
(362,777, 3.3),
y 0.0000178x 3.26
31c. y 0.0000136x 4.55,
r 0.68
31d. 8.73%; No, the actual value is
22%.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
27

Chapter 1
34. p(x) 399.9x 0.2x 2 200
33a. (39, 29), (32, 15)

33b. 2
33c. The average number of points
scored each minute.
35. $47.92
36. {7, 2, 0, 4, 9}; {2, 0, 2, 3,

11}; Yes; no value of the
domain is paired with more
than one member of the range.
37. A
1-8 Graphing Linear Inequalities

Pages 5456
1. y 2x 6
2. Graph the lines 3 2x y

and 2x y 7. The graph of
3 2x y is solid and the
graph of 2x y 7 is dashed.
Test points to determine which
region(s) should be shaded.
Then shade the correct
region(s).
4.
y
3. Sample answer: The boundaries

separate the plane into regions.
Each point in a region either
does or does not satisfy the
inequality. Using a test point
allows you to determine whether
all of the points in a region
satisfy the inequality.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
O
xy4
28

Chapter 1
5.
6.
7xy9
3x y 6
7.
8a. c(m) 45 0.4m

8b. c(m)
70
60
c (m) 45 0.4m
50
y |x 3|
40
30
20
10
9.
20
40
60
100 m
80
8c. Sample answer: (0, 45),

(10, 49), (20, 50)
10.
y
y<3
O
O
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
xy>5
29

Chapter 1
11.
12.
y
y 2x 1
2x 4y 7
13.
14.
y
y 2 x 19
5
O
O
15.
4 x y 5
16.
y
y |x |
y
2 x 2y 4
x
O
17.
18.
y |x | 4
y |2x 3|
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
30

Chapter 1
19.
20.
y
|x 3| y 1
8 2x y 6
21.
22.
y
4
3
2
1 O
x0
y0
108642
2
3
4
23a. 8x 10y 480

23b. y
24.
2 4 6 8 10x
|y | x
80
60
40
20
O 20
40
60
80
23c. Sample answer: (0, 48),

(60, 0), (45, 6)
23d. Sample answer: Using complex
computer programs and
systems of inequalities.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
31

Chapter 1
25a. points in the first and third

quadrants
25b. If x and y satisfy the inequality,
then either x 0 and y 0 or
x 0 and y 0. If x 0 and
y 0, then x x and
y y. Thus, xy
x y. Since x y is positive,
x y x y. If x 0 and
y 0, then x x and
y y. Then xy
x (y) or (x y). Since
both x and y are negative,
(x y) is negative, and
x y (x y).
27a. 0.6(220 a) r 0.9(220 a)
27b. r
200
1
500
26a. 8 x
;
4
4 y
500
1
26b.
y
4.252
4.25
4.248
7.998 8 8.002
28a. step
28b. Let c(h) represent the cost for
h hours.
55h if [[h]] h
c(h)
55[[h 1]] if [[h]] h
28c. y
0.6(220 a) r 0.9(220 a)
100
275
220
165
10
20
30
40
50
60
70 a
110
55
29a.
29b.
31a.
31b.
3
4
3x y 2 0
x 3y 6 0
(0, 23), (16, 48); 1.5625
the average change in the
temperature per hour
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
3 4
Hours
1
4
30. y
x 3
32. E
32

Chapter 1
Chapter 2 Systems Of Linear Equations and Inequalities

2-1 Solving Systems of Equations in Two Variables
Pages 7072
1. Sample answer:
4x 7y 21
y 2x 1
The substitution method is
usually easier to use whenever
one or both of the equations are
already solved for one variable
in terms of the other.
3. Sample answer: consistent
systems of equations have at
least one solution. A consistent,
independent system has exactly
one solution; a consistent,
dependent system has an
infinite number of solutions. An
inconsistent system has no
solution. See students work for
examples and solutions.
5. (1, 3)
y
2. Sample answer: Madison might

consider whether the large
down-payment would strap her
financially; if she wants to buy
the car at the end of the lease,
then she might also consider
which lease would offer the
best buyout.
4. Inconsistent; sample answer:
the graphs of the equations are
3
2
lines with slope , but each

equation has a different
y-intercept. Therefore, the
graphs of the two equations do
not intersect and the system
has no solution.
6. no solution
yx2
y 5x 2
(1, 3)
y 2x 5
yx5
7. (2, 5)
8.
9. (6, 4)
11. consistent and independent
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
31 , 12
10. 12,000 baseball, 2000 karate

12. inconsistent
33

Chapter 2
13. consistent and dependent
14. (5, 0)
y
y 45 x 4
x5
O
15. (4, 3)
16. (2, 4)
x4
y
O
y 3
y x 2
O
(4, 3)
18. (0, 2)
17. no solution
(2, 4)
yx2
y 12 x 2
(0, 2)
y 3x 10
y
y 13 x 56
(5, 0)
y 13 x
19. (0, 3)
20. Consistent and independent; if

each equation is written in slopeintercept form, they have
different slopes, which means
they will intersect at some point.
y
(0, 3)
y 14 x 3
y 32 x 3
21. (3, 1)
22. (1, 1)
23. (5.25, 0.75)
24.
25. (5, 2)
26. (2, 3)
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
34
21 , 23
Chapter 2
27.
29.
31 , 32
6
64
,

43
43
28. (5, 12)

30. (5, 6)
31. Sample answer: elimination

could be considered easiest
since the first equation multiplied
by 2 added to the second
equation eliminates b;
substitution could also be
considered easiest since the first
equation can be written as
a b, making substitution very
easy; (3, 3).
33a. 6, 6, 8; 6, 6, 8
33b. isosceles
35a. (7, 5.95)
35b. If you drink 7 servings of soft
drink, the price for each option
is the same. If you drink fewer
than 7 servings of soft drink
during that week, the
disposable cup price is better. If
you drink more than 7 servings
of soft drink, the refillable mug
price is better. See students
choices.
35c. Over a years time, the refillable
mug would be more
economical.
37. $1500
y
39.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
34. y 4x 2, y 4x 19
a
d
b
e
a
d
36b. , c f
b
e
a
d
36c. , c f
b
e
36a.
38. 603 people

40.
f (x )
2x 7 y
32a. B
32b. Spartans: 24,000;
visitors: 6000
f (x) 2|x | 3
35

Chapter 2
41. y 2x 6
43. 3x 1
42. $12,500
44. {18}, {3, 3}; no, because there
are two range values paired
with a single domain value.
45. A
2-2 Solving Systems of Equations in Three Variables

Pages 7677
1. Solving a system of three
equations involves eliminating
one variable to form two systems
of two equations. Then solving is
the same.
3. Sample answer: Use one

equation to eliminate one of the
variables from the other two
equations. Then eliminate one of
the remaining variables from the
resulting equations. Solve for a
variable and substitute to find
the values of the other variables.
5. (7, 1, 1)
7. acceleration: 32 ft/s2,
initial velocity: 56 ft/s,
initial height: 35 ft
9. (2, 2, 4)
11. (6, 4, 7)
13. no solution
15. (11, 17, 14)
17. (4, 10, 7)
19. International Fund $1200;
Fixed Assets Fund $200;
company stock $600
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
36
2. The solution would be an

equation in two variables.
Sample example: the system
2x 4y 6z 12,
x 2y 3z 6, and
3x 5y 6z 27 has a
solution of all values of x and y
that satisfy 5x y 39.
4. (3, 3, 1)
6. no solution
8. (1, 4, 4)
10. (10, 7, 1)
12. (2, 7, 12)
14. (5, 2, 4)
16. (0.5, 0.75, 0.2)
18. (16, 24, 12)
20a. Sample answer:
x y z 15; 2x z 1;
2y z 7

Chapter 2
20b. Sample answer:

4x y z 12;
4x y z 10;
5y z 9
20c. Sample answer:
x y z 6;
2x y 2z 8;
x 2y 3z 2
22a. Sample answer: a system has
no solution when you reach a
contradiction, such as 1 0,
as you solve.
22b. Sample answer: a system has
an infinite number of solutions
when you reduce the system
to two equivalent equations
such as x y 1 and 2x
2y 2.
21. (32, 138, 2)
23. (1, 1, 1), (2, 2, 2)

25.
y
24. (45, 60)

26. AB BC CD AD
5 units; ABCD is rhombus.
4
3
Slope of AB and slope

x
3
4
of BC , so AB BC.
O
y 13 x 2
A rhombus with a right angle is

a square.
y
D (3, 6)
(1, 3)
A
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
37
C (6, 2)
B (2, 1)

Chapter 2
27a. C(x) 50x 2000

27b. $2000, $50
27c.
c (x )
28. C
4
3
Cost
2
($1000)
1
c(x) 50x 2000
O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9x
Televisions Produced
2-3 Using Matrices to Model Real-World Data

Pages 8286
2. 2 4
1. Sample answer:
$4.03
Pain
Reliever
$6.78
Blow
Dryer
$18.98
$4.21
$7.41
$20.49
$3.97
$7.43
$32.25
$7.08
$36.57
$63.71
Film
Atlanta
LA
Mexico
City
Tokyo
3. The sum of two matrices exists

if the matrices have the same
dimensions.
4. Anthony is correct. A third order

matrix has 3 rows and 3
columns. This matrix has 4
rows and 3 columns.
5. (7, 2)
6. (5, 2)
7. (4, 0)
8.
9. impossible
11.
10.
16 4
8
24
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
23 44
52 82
12. impossible
38

Chapter 2
13. [6 18]
14.
Budget
($ million)
Soft drink
Pkg. delivery
Telecommun.
15.
17.
19.
21.
23.
25.
(6, 11)
(5, 2.5)
(7, 9)
(5, 15)
(1, 1)
(5, 3, 2)
16.
18.
20.
22.
24.
26.
28. impossible
8 12
9
27. 7
29. impossible
31.
33.
35.
14
2
3 2
3 5
37.
25
30
35
5
2 2
5 7
30.
32.
40.1
78.6
22.9
21.9
154.9
88.9

5
4 1
3
3 1
13
4 1
1
4 3
7 3 1
5 4
3

12
2 0
36.
142
3 2
3 5
38.
15
53
26
1
39. impossible
40.
29
24
12 17
2 1
17
41. 22 14 16
4 12
42. 36 41
13 10
14 3
44.
243
24
57
66
46.
66
57
16
10
43. 5
42
86 160
45. 421 212 111
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
39
(3, 3)
(4, 2)
(2, 1)
(2, 1)
(1, 6)
(3, 0, 1, 2)
34. 2 8 0
0 4 8
8 12 0
16 16 8
Viewers
(million)
42
31 60
16 6

Chapter 2
47.
78
30
12
12 120 168
72
90 72
48.
49. Sample answer:

18 to 24
25 to 34
35 to 44
45 to 54
55 to 64
65 and
older
1996
8485
10,102
8766
6045
2444
2381
29
7
143
50a.
2000
8526
9316
9039
6921
2741
2440
2006
8695
9078
8433
7900
3521
2572
TV
0
3
0
6
Classical
Jazz
Opera
Musicals
Radio Record.
11
2
10
1
2
1
0
2
50b. Classical radio and TV

musicals
51a. a 1, b 0, c 0, d 1
51b. a matrix equal to the original
matrix
53. The numbers in the first row are
the triangular numbers. If you
look at the diagonals in the
matrix, the triangular numbers
are the end numbers. To find the
diagonal that contains 2001, find
the smallest triangular number
that is greater than or equal to
2001. The formula for the nth
52a. [42 59 21 18]

52b. July, $4379.94; Aug,
$4019.50; Sep, $3254.69
54a.
A B C D
A
B
C
D
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
2
0
1
2
0
54b. No; since the matrix shows

the number of nodes and the
numbers of edges between
each pair of nodes, only
equivalent graphs will have the
same matrix.
n(n 1)
triangular number is
.
2
n(n 1)
Solve
2001. The
2
solution is 63. So the 63rd entry
63(63 1)
2
in the first row is

2016. Since 2016 2001 15,
we must count 15 places
backward along the diagonal to
locate 2001 in the matrix. This
movement takes us from the
position (row, column) (1, 63)
to (1 15, 63 15) (16, 48).
55.
21 , 31 , 14
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
40

Chapter 2
57.
58.
f (x)
6 3x y 12
f (x) |3x | 2
O
x
3
4
1
4
60. y x 3
59. Sample answer: using (60, 83)

and (10, 65), y 0.36x 61.4
3
5
61.
62. 16x 2 4x
63. 2656
64. A
2-4 Modeling Motion with Matrices

Pages 9296
1. Translation, reflection, rotation,
dilation; translations do not
affect the shape, size, or
orientation of figures; reflections
and rotations do not change the
shape or size of figures;
dilations do not change the
shape, but do change the size of
figures.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
41
2. 90 counterclockwise
(360 90) or 270 clockwise;
180 counterclockwise
(360 180) or 180 clockwise;
270 counterclockwise
(360 270) or 90 clockwise

Chapter 2
4a.
4b.
4c.
4d.
3. Sample answer: the first row of

the reflection matrix affects the
x-coordinates and the second
row affects the y-coordinates. A
reflection over the x-axis
changes (x, y) to (x, y), so the
first row needs to be [1 0] so
that the x is unchanged, and the
second row needs to be [0 1]
so that the y-coordinates are the
opposite. Similar reasoning can
be used for a reflection over the
y-axis, which changes (x, y) to
(x, y) and a reflection over the
line y x, which interchanges
the values for x and y.
5. J(3, 7.5), K(1.5, 4.5),
L(0, 3)
6
2
3
4
6. A(2, 1), B(2, 1), C(2, 3),

D(2, 3)
J
y
B
K
B
A
C x
D
D
C
L
L
7. A(1, 2), B(4, 1), C(3, 2),

D(0, 1)
8. P(2, 3), Q(4, 1), R(2, 1)

y
y
A
Q
A
B
O
C
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
D D
R
C
42
Q
P

Chapter 2
9. L(6, 4), M(3, 2),

N(1, 2)
10a.
Landing
4N
M N
3E
Ball
O x
M
x 3
10b. y 4
L
3
4
3
4
12. X(0, 6), Y(3 , 6 ),
11. A(3, 3), B(3, 12), C(15, 3)
1
4
1
2
Z(2 , 1 )
B
12
10
8
6 B
A
4
2 A
C
Y
C
X
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 x
Z
Z
13. P(6, 0), Q(4, 4), R(2, 6),

S(8, 4)
y
A
R
Q
P
R
S
Q
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
A A
D
y B
14a.
B
B
C C
D
C
x
x
D
43

Chapter 2
y B
14b.
B
A
A
C
C
D
D
14c. The final results are the same

image.
16. O(2, 1), P(1, 4), Q(2, 6),
R(1, 1)
15. W(1, 2), X(4, 3), Y(6, 3)

y
y
X
Q
P
P
W O
W
R
R
Y
17. C(0, 5), D(4, 9), E(8, 5),

F(4, 1)
y
18ab.
O
G
F
D
G
G
C
E
H
F O
x
H
F
H
18c. translation of 5 units left and

3 units up
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
44

Chapter 2
20. D(2, 4), E(6, 2),

F(3, 4), G(1, 2)
19. A(1, 2), B(0, 4), C(2, 3)

y
B
D
C
A
E
G
B
F
21. H(2, 1), I(1, 3), J(5, 1),

K(4, 2)
22. L(1, 1), M(2, 2), N(1, 3)

y
N
J
K
M
L
K
I
O L
x
H
O
H
J
I
23. O(0, 0), P(4, 0), Q(4, 4),

R(0, 4)
24. S(2, 1), T(1, 3), U(2, 5),

V(4, 4), W(4, 2)
y
R
V
T
W
O O
S
T
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
U
P
Q
Ox
R
V
45

Chapter 2
a b
a b
25a. Let c d Rx-axis.
ac bd 13

3b
ac 3d
31
25b. Let c d Ry-axis.
2 1
1 2 1
1 3 3
1
3

2a b
2c d
2 1
1
3
ac bd 31
a 3b
c 3d
3b
ac 3d
13
a 3b 1
c 3d 3
2a b 2
2c d 1
a 3b 1
c 3d 3
Thus, a 1, b 0, c 0, and
d 1.
1 0
By substitution, Rx-axis 0 1 .
13
ac bd 31
3b
ac 3d
a 3b
c 3d
31
0 1
2 1
3
1
3

1 2 1
1 3

2a b
2c d
1
3
2 1
a 3b
c 3d
a 3b 3
2a b 1
a 3b 3
c 3d 1
2c d 2
c 3d 1
d 0.
0 1
By substitution, Rot 90 1 0 .
a 3b 3
2a b 1
a 3b 3
c 3d 1
2c d 2
c 3d 1
d 0.
0 1
By substitution, Ry x 1 0 .

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
a 3b
c 3d
a b

1 3
2 1
2
1
1 3
25d. Let c d Rot 90.
2 1
3 1 3

1 2 1
1 3
2a b
2c d
2a b
2c d
a b
3b
ac 3d

a 3b 1
c 3d 3
2a b 2
2c d 1
a 3b 1
c 3d 3
d 1.
By substitution, Rx-axis 1 0 .
25c. Let c d Ry x.
ac bd 13
2 1
1
2
1

3 1 3
1 3
46

Chapter 2
a b
a b
25e. Let c d Rot 180.
25f. Let c d Rot 270.
1
1 2 1

ac bd 13 2

1 3
3 1 3
3b 2a b a 3b
ac 3d
2c d c 3d
2 1
1
3 1 3
1
3 1 3
ac bd 13 2
1 3 1
2
1
3b 2a b a 3b
ac 3d
2c d c 3d
13 12 31
a 3b 1
2a b 2
a 3b 1
c 3d 3
2c d 1
c 3d 3
d 1.
a 3b 3
2a b 1
a 3b 3
c 3d 1
2c d 2
c 3d 1
d 0.
0 1
0 1
26. J (4, 1), K(1, 3), L(1, 7)

y
L
J
K
L
J
O
L
K
J
27. J (6, 4), K(3, 2), L(1, 2)
28. J (4, 6), K(2, 3), L(2, 1)
y
J
J
K
L L
J
J
K
O
K
J
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
K
K
L
K
O
J
47
L

Chapter 2
29a. The bishop moves along a

diagonal until it encounters the
edge of the board or another
piece. The line along which it
moves changes vertically and
horizontally by 1 unit with each
square moved, so the
translation matrices are scalars.
Sample matrices are

and c 1 1, where c is the
1 1
1 1
c 1 1 , c 1 1 , c 1 1 ,
1 1
1 1
number of squares moved.

29c. The king can move 1 unit in
any direction. The matrices
a b
1 1
a b
1 c d a b
c d
Rotation of 180

0 0 ,
1 1 , 0 0 ,
1
1
0 0
1 1
1 1
1 1 1 1 ,
1 1 , 1 1 ,
1 1
10

0 a b a b
c d
1 c d
The vertex matrices for the

images of a dilation with scale
factor 1 and a rotation of 180
are the same, so the images
are the same.
32. Sample answer: There is no
single matrix to achieve this.
You could reflect over the
x-axis and then translate 2(4)
or 8 units upward.
31. (0, 125); (125, 0), (0, 125),

(125, 0)
33. See students work; the repeated

dilations animate the growth of
something from small to larger
similar to a lens zooming into
the origin.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
12 12, 21 21, 12 12,

1 , 2 2 ,
2 2 ,
1

1
1
2 2
1 1
2 .
21 21, and 2
1 1
30. Consider c d .
Dilation with scale factor 1
describing this are 0 0 ,

and 1 1.
1 1
29b. The knight moves in

combinations of 2 vertical-1
horizontal or 1 vertical-2
horizontal squares. These can
be either up or down, left or
right. Sample matrices are
48
1
1 4
34. 1 2 0 3
34a. Sample answer: the figure
would be enlarged
disproportionally.

Chapter 2
34b.
6
B
4 B
2
C
A A
4
6
4 13
35. 4 12
41.
3x 4
2 4 6 8 10 12 x
D
D
34c. See students work; the figure

appears as if blown out of
proportion.
36. (0.4, 2.1, 3.5)
37. hardbacks $1, paperbacks $0.25

39. 4x y 9 0
x5
C
38. (3, 2)
40. y 2x 4
x
7x 3,
2
42. B
x 3x 7

Page 96
12 , 6
1. (4, 3)
2.
3. 4000 trucks, 1000 cars
4. (2, 5, 1)
5.
31 , 1 13 , 8
7.
41
9.
118
6. (3, 6)
13 1
9 14
8. impossible
7 27
9 2
10. The result is the original figure. The original figure is represented
a

1 0 a b c
da eb cf. The reflection of the image over the x-axis is found by
10 10 da eb cf da eb cf. The matrix for the final image is the
b c
by d e f . The reflection over the x-axis is found by 0 1 d e f
same as that of the original figure.

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
49

Chapter 2
2-5 Determinants and Multiplicative Inverses of Matrices

Pages 102105
3
2 0
2. Sample answer: 4 3 5 is
1. Sample answer: a matrix with a

nonzero determinant.
2 5

not a square matrix; 1 1

0
1
0
3. Sample answer: 0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
also has no determinant.
0
0
.
0
1
4. Sample answer: the system has

a solution if ad bc 0, since
you can use the inverse
a c
of the matrix b d to find the

solution.
6. 6
8. 135
5. 10
7. 413
1
7 3
9. 5
2
29
11.
10. does not exist
111 129

13, 13
12. (8, 5)
13. 8 kg of the metal with 55%

aluminum and 12 kg of the metal
with 80% aluminum
15. 4
17. 4
19. 48
21. 37
23. 1
25. 175.668
1
3
27. 2
2 2
10
1
0
69
26
90
3183
112
1 7 7
6
30. 6
84
1
36 13
9
32. 27
27
31. does not exist
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
16.
18.
20.
22.
24.
26.
28. does not exist
2 2
4
29. 1
6
14. 7
50

Chapter 2

1 1

2 8
33.
3
5
4
34. (1, 3)
35. (0, 2)
36. (9, 7)
37.
39.
41.
7
7
,

12 12
31 , 23
92 , 34 , 13
38. (3, 3)
40.
42. 216
43. 30,143
45. (2, 1, 3)
47. Let A
A1
AA1
29 , 1, 43
44. (3.8, 7.2)

46. 150,000 in 1995 and 240,000 in
1994
48. 8 gal of 10% and 4 gal of 25%

a 1 b1
and I 1 0 .
0 1
a2 b2
b2

a1b2 a2b1
a2

a1b2 a2b1
a1b2 a2b1

a1b2 a2b1
a2b2 a2b2

a1b2 a2b1
b1

a1b2 a2b1
a1

a1b2 a2b1
a1b1 b1a1

a1b2 a2b1
a1b2 a2b1

a1b2 a2b1
1 0
0 1 I
Thus, AA1 I.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
51

Chapter 2
a b
1
2
49. Yes; A c d .
50. 8 or 8.5 square units
Does (A 2)1 (A1) 2?

a 2 bc ab bd

ac cd bc d 2
1
(A 2)1

2
2
a d 2abcd b 2d 2
bc d 2
ab bd
ac cd
a 2 bc
A2
1
A1 d b
ad bc c
d

ad bc
c

ad bc
b

ad bc
a

ad bc
1
a d 2abcd b d
(A1) 2
2 2
2 2
bc d 2
ac cd
ab bd
a 2 bc
Thus, (A2)1 (A1) 2.

51. computer system: $959, printer:
$239
52. first test: 86, second test: 93
53. H(5, 9), I(1, 5), J(3, 9),

K(1, 13)
54.
55. infinitely many solutions
56.
3
21
4

0
g (x)
O
g (x) 2x 5
57. x 2y 8 0
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
58. (y 5) 2(x 1) or (y 3)
2(x 2); y 2x 7
52

Chapter 2
1
12
59a. or approximately 0.0833
60. x 2 x, x 2 3x 1
59b. 1.5 ft
61. No, more than one element of
the range is paired with the
same element of the domain.
62. B
2-6 Solving Systems of Linear Inequalities

Pages 109111
1a. the sum of twice the width and
twice the height
1b. Sample answer: skis, fishing
rods
2. Tomas is correct. There are

functions in which the
coordinates of more than one
vertex will yield the same value
for the function.
y
4.
3. You might expect five vertices;

however, if the equations were
dependent or if they did not
intersect to form the sides of a
convex polygon, there would be
fewer vertices.
x 2y 4
(3 13, 13)
xy3
5. (1, 0), (1, 3), (0, 4), (7, 0.5),

(7, 0)
6. 25, 6
y
(0, 4)
(1, 3)
(1, 0)
(7, 0.5)
O
(7, 0)
7. 3, 11
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
8. at least 1200 cards
53

Chapter 2
9.
10.
3
y x 1
(0, 1)
(1,0)
( 23, 1)
y 1
1
y 3x1
1 O
y 3x 3
yx1
11.
12. Yes, it is true for both

inequalities.
2x 5y 25
1
3
1
2 (3) 5
3
2 2(3) 1
2 6 true
2 7 true
y x 5
5x 7y 14
y 2x 1
y 3x 2
52 45
2
5
1
5
13. (0, 2), , , , 1
14. (0, 0), (0, 3), (3, 3)

y
y
y 0.5x 1
y0
y 2x 2
O
x30
( 25, 45 )
O
(3, 3)
(0, 2)
( 25, 1 15 )
(0, 0)
(0, 3)
xy
x
y 3x 2
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
54

Chapter 2
15. (2, 5), (7, 0), (4, 0), (1, 5)
16. 32, 0
y
(2, 5) y 5 0
(1, 5)
yx7
5x 3y 20
17.
19.
21.
23.
(4, 0) (7, 0)
4, 2
21, 9
11, 5
Sample answer: y 3, x 4,
4x 3y 12
26. $1080
19, 2
16, 2
9, 4
x 4, x 4, y 4, y 4
18.
20.
22.
24.
12 12
9 32 , 6 31 , 7 21 , 8 21 ,
2 21 , 8 21 , 1 51 , 4 53 , 2 21 , 2
1
1
1
25b. max at 7 , 8 88 ;
2
2
2
1
1
min at 2 , 2 24
2
2
25a. vertices: 5 , 0 , 6 , 0 ,
27a.
28a. 3 is $3 profit on each batch of

garlic dressing and 2 is $2
profit on each batch of
raspberry dressing.
28b. 3 batches garlic dressing, 4
batches raspberry dressing
x 20
(20, 50 )
10x 20y 1200
y 20
(20, 20 ) (80, 20 )
x
O
27b. f(x, y) 30x 40y
27c. 80 ft2 at the Main St. site and
20 ft2 at the High St. site
27d. The maximum number of
customers can be reached by
renting 120 ft2 at Main St.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
55

Chapter 2
1 2 1
2
29. 3
7
30.
O
y 2x 8
31.
80
60
40
20
32120
40
60
80
32. {16}, {4, 4}; no, two y-values

for one x-value
O
1 2 3 p
33. 60
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
56

Chapter 2
2-7 Linear Programming

Pages 115118
1. Sample answer: these
inequalities are usually included
because in real life, you cannot
make less than 0 of something.
2. Sample answer: in an infeasible

problem, the region defined by
the constraints contains no
points. An unbounded region
contains an infinite number of
points.
4. infeasible
y
3. Sample answer: first define

variables. Then write the
constraints as a system of
inequalities. Graph the system
and find the coordinates of the
vertices of the polygon formed.
Then write an expression to be
maximized or minimized. Finally,
substitute values from the
coordinates of the vertices into
the expression and select the
greatest or least result.
5a. 25x 50y 4200
5b. 3x 5y 480
y
5c.
8
7
6
5 0.5x 1.5y 7
4
3
2 3x 9 y 2
1 O
x
2
2 4 6 8 10 12 14
6. 50 brochures, 150 fliers
160
140
120 (0, 84)
3x 5y 480
100
25x 50y 4200
80
60
(120, 24)
40
(160,0)
20 (0,0)
x
20
60
100 140
5d. P(x, y ) 5x 8y
5e. 160 small packages, 0 large
packages
5f. $800
5g. No; if revenue is maximized, the
company will not deliver any
large packages, and customers
with large packages to ship will
probably choose another carrier
for all of their business.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
57

Chapter 2
7. 225 Explorers, 0 Grande

Expeditions
9. infeasible
y
8. alternate optimal solutions

10. unbounded
y
56
48
40
32
24
16
8
y6
5x 3y 15
x4
y3
(4, 3)
(3, 0)
(4, 0)
x 2y 42
x
8 16 24 32 40 48 56
12a. Let g the number of cups of

Good Start food and s the
number of cups of Sirius food.
0.84g 0.56s 1.54
12b. 0.21g 0.49s 0.56
12c. s

y
( 34 , 3)
2x y 48
3 (0, 2.75)
4x 3y 12
2
0.81g 0.56s 1.54

0.21g 0.49s 0.56
(1.5, 0.5)
(2.67, 0)
1
12d. C(g, s) 36g 22s

12e. 0 cups of Good Start and
2.75 cups of Sirius
12f. 60.5
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
58

Chapter 2
13a. Let d the number of day-shift

workers and n the number of
night-shift workers.
d5
n6
d n 14
13b. d
(6, 8)
14a. 120 acres of corn, 60 acres of

soybeans
14b. $33,000
d n 14
d5
(9, 5)
n6
13c. C(n, d ) 52d 60n

13d. 8 day-shift and 6 night-shift
workers
13e. $776
15. 10 section-I questions, 2
section-II questions
17. $4000 in First Bank, $7000 in
City Bank
19. 600 units of snack size, 1800
units of family size
16. $23,250
18. 24 nurses, 12 nurses aides
20. 3 batches of soap and 2
batches of shampoo
22. 69 square units
1
2
24. minimum: 2 , maximum: 10
23a. $720
23b. Sample answer: spend more
than 30 hours per week on
these services.
25. (0, 6)
26.
y
y 3|x 2|
27. Sample answer: C $13.65

$0.15(n 30); $15.45
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
28. A
59

Chapter 2
Chapter 3 The Nature of Graphs

3-1 Symmetry and Coordinate Graphs
Pages 133136
1. The graph of y x 2 12 is
an even function. The graph of
xy 6 is an odd function. The
graphs of x y 2 4 and
17x 2 16x y 17y 2 225 are
neither.
3a. Sample answer: y 0, x 0,
y x, y x;
3b. infinitely many
3c. point symmetry about the origin
2. The graph of an odd function is

symmetric with respect to the
origin. Therefore, rotating the
graph 180 will have no effect
on its appearance. See
students work for example.
4. Substitute (a, b) into the
equation. Substitute (b, a)
into the equation. Check to see
if both substitutions result in
equivalent equations.
6. no
5. Alicia; Graphically: If a graph

has origin symmetry, then any
portion of the graph in Quadrant
I has an image in Quadrant III. If
the graph is then symmetric with
respect to the y-axis, the portion
in Quadrants I and II have
reflections in Quadrants II and
IV, respectively. Therefore, any
piece in Quadrant I has a
reflection in Quadrant IV and the
same is true for Quadrants II
and III. Therefore, the graph is
x-axis. Algebraically: Substituting
(x, y) into the equation
followed by substituting (x, y)
is the same as substituting
(x, y).
7. yes
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
8. y-axis
60

Chapter 3
9. y x
10.
(2.5, 3)
(4, 2)
(2.5, 3)
(1, 2)
(1, 2)
(4, 2)
12. x-axis
11. y-axis
y
2
(1,1)
(02)
(1,1)
(2,0)
(1,1)
(2,0)
2 1 O
1
2 x
(1,1)
2
13. x-intercept: (5, 0); other points:
14. yes
311
311

, 6, ,
6,

5
5
311

6,
5
15. no
17. yes
16. no
18. yes
19. no
20. yes; g(x)
x2 1
x
Replace x with x.

(x)2 1
(x)
x2 1
g(x)
x
g(x)
Determine the opposite of the

function.
x2 1
x
g(x)
g(x) g(x)
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
61

Chapter 3
21.
23.
25.
27.
y x and y x
none of these
all
x-axis and y-axis, y x and
y x
22. x-axis
24. y-axis
26. x-axis and y-axis
28.
(4, 4)
y
(1, 2)
(2, 1)
(2, 1)
(1, 2)
(4, 4)
29.
(4, 4) y
30. Sample answer:
(4, 4)
(1, 2) (1, 2)
(2, 1)
(4, 4)
(1, 2)
(2, 1)
(2, 1)
(2, 3)
31. both
32. y-axis
y
33. x-axis
34. both
y
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
62

Chapter 3
35. both
36. neither
y
y
1
(1, 0)
(1, 0)
1
37. The equation |y| x3 x is

symmetric about the x-axis.
38a. x- and y-axis symmetry

y
38b.
y
1
O
O
1
1
38c. (2, 5

), (2, 5),
(2, 5
)
40. Sample answer:
yx1
y x 1
yx1
y 2x 4
y x 1 y 2x 4
y 2x 4 y 2x 4
39. Sample answer: y 0
y
2
1
2 1 O
1
2
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
63

Chapter 3
41. (42
, 6) or (42, 6)
42. No. If an odd function has a

y-intercept, then it must be the
origin. If it were not, say it were
(0, 1), then the graph would
have to contain (1, 0). This
would cause the relationship to
fail the vertical line test and it
would therefore not be a
function. But, not all odd
functions have a y-intercept.
1
x
Consider the graph of y .

y
1
yx
74 47
43. 50 bicycles, 75 tricycles
44. 59 38
45. (2, 3, 7)

47.
y

48. y 7x 2
yx
O
yx2
49. 2x 23, 2x 5
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
50. B
64

Chapter 3
3-2 Families of Graphs

Pages 142145
1. y (x 4)3 7
2. The graph of y (x 3)2 is a

translation of y x 2 three units
to the left. The graph of
y x 2 3 is a translation of
y x 2 three units up.
4. When c 1, the graph of
y f (x) is compressed
horizontally by a factor of c.
When c 1, the graph of
y f (x) is unchanged. When
0 c 1, the graph is
expanded horizontally by a
3. reflections and translations
1
c
factor of .
5a. g(x) x 1
3
5b. h(x)
x1
3
5c. k(x)
x21
7. The graph of g(x) is the graph of
f (x) compressed horizontally by
3
6. The graph of g(x) is the graph

of f (x) translated left 4 units.
8a. expanded horizontally by a
factor of 5
8b. translated right 5 units and
down 2 units
8c. expanded vertically by a factor
of 3, translated up 6 units
10.
y
1
3
a factor of , and then reflected

over the x-axis.
9a. translated up 3 units, portion of
graph below x-axis reflected
over the x-axis
9b. reflected over the x-axis,
compressed horizontally by a
1
2
factor of
9c. translated left 1 unit,
compressed vertically by a
factor of 0.75
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
65

Chapter 3
11.
12a.
$250
$200
$150
$100
$50
0
Time (h)
12b.
$250
$200
$150
$100
$50
0
Time (h)
12c. $225
of f (x) compressed vertically by
13. The graph of g(x) is a translation

of the graph of f (x) up 6 units.
3
4
a factor of .
f (x) compressed horizontally by
16. The graph of g(x) is a

translation of f (x) right 5 units.
1
5
a factor of .
f (x) expanded vertically by a
factor of 3.
f (x) reflected over the x-axis,
expanded horizontally by a
factor of 2.5, translated up
3 units.

of f (x) reflected over the x-axis.
20a. reflected over the x-axis,
compressed horizontally by a
factor of 0.6

20b. translated right 3 units,
expanded vertically by a factor
of 4
20c. compressed vertically by a
1
2
factor of , translated down

5 units
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
66

Chapter 3

factor of 5
21b. expanded vertically by a factor
of 7, translated down 0.4 units
21c. reflected across the x-axis,
translated left 1 unit, expanded
vertically by a factor of 9
22a. translated left 2 units and

down 5 units
22b. expanded horizontally by a
factor of 1.25, reflected over
the x-axis
22c. compressed horizontally by a
3
5
factor of , translated up
2 units
factor of 2
24b. compressed horizontally
23a. translated left 2 units,

1
3
factor of
23b. reflected over the y-axis,
translated down 7 units
23c. expanded vertically by a factor
of 2, translated right 3 units and
up 4 units
25a. compressed horizontally by a
1
6
by a factor of , translated
8 units up
24c. The portion of the parent
graph on the left of the y-axis
is replaced by a reflection of
the portion on the right of the
y-axis.
26. y x 2
2
5
factor of , translated down
3 units
25b. reflected over the y-axis,
factor of 0.75
25c. The portion of the parent
graph on the left of the y-axis
is replaced by a reflection of
the portion on the right of the
y-axis. The new image is then
translated 4 units right.
0.25
x4
27. y 3
28.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
67

Chapter 3
29.
30.
O
O
31.
32.
y
O
33.
34.
4 O
4
8
4
8x
8 4 O
4
8
12
y f (|x |)
4
y f (x ) 8
35a. 0
36a. 0
[7.6, 7.6] scl:1 by [5, 5] scl:1
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
[7.6, 7.6] scl:1 by [5, 5] scl:1
68

Chapter 3
36b. 0.66

35b. 0.5
[7.6, 7.6] scl:1 by [5, 5] scl:1
[7.6, 7.6] scl:1 by [5, 5] scl:1
36c. 0.25
35c. 1.5
[7.6, 7.6] scl:1 by [5, 5] scl:1
[7.6, 7.6] scl:1 by [5, 5] scl:1
38a. The graph would continually

move left 2 units and down
3 units.
38b. The graph would continually
be reflected over the x-axis
and moved right 1 unit.
37a. 0
[7.6, 7.6] scl:1 by [5, 5] scl:1
37b. 2.5
[7.6, 7.6] scl:1 by [5, 5] scl:1
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
69

Chapter 3
37c. 0.6
[7.6, 7.6] scl:1 by [5, 5] scl:1

b
39. The x-intercept will be .
a
40a.
y
1]] 1.50 if [[x]] x

0.25[[x
0.25[[x]] 1.50 if [[x]] x
40b.
5
4
Price 3
(dollars) 2
1
0
Fare Units
41a. 25 units2
42a. (1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
8
4
41b.
12
y
y
y
y

x2
x3
x 2
x 3
42b.
(1)
y
8
(2)
y
12
4 O
x
4 O
4
The area of the triangle is
8x
8x
4
8
1
(10)(10) or 50 units2. Its area
2
is twice as large as that of the

original triangle. The area of
the triangle formed by
y c f(x) would be 25c units2.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
70

Chapter 3
41c.
42b. (contd.)
(3)
y
4 O
4
4
12
4
(4)
8x
4 O
8
12
1
(10)(5) or 25 units2. Its area
2
8x
4
8
The area of the triangle is
42c. (1) y (x 3)2 5

(2) y (x 3)3 5
(3) y (x 3)2 5
(4) y (x 3)3 5
44. yes; f(x) f(x)
is the same as that of the

original triangle. The area of
the triangle formed by y
f(x c) would be 25 units2.
43a. reflection over the x-axis,
reflection over the y-axis,
vertical translation, horizontal
compression or expansion, and
vertical expansion or
compression
43b. horizontal translation
45. 30 preschoolers and
20 school-age
47. x 5, y 9, z 6
46. A(4, 5), B(3, 1), C(1, 2)

48. (1, 4)
4
3
49. The graph implies a negative

linear relationship.
50.
51. 250
53. A
52. x 2 4x 4, x 2 x 25
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
2
3
71
4
9
20
3

Chapter 3
3-3 Graphs of Nonlinear Inequalities

Pages 149151
1. A knowledge of transformations
can help determine the graph of
the boundary of the shaded
x 2.
region, y 5
3. Sample Answer: Pick a point,

not on the boundary of the
inequality, and test to see if it is
a solution to the inequality. If that
point is a solution, shade all
points in that region. If it is not a
solution to the inequality, test a
point on the other side of the
boundary and shade
accordingly.
2. When solving a one variable

inequality algebraically, you
must consider the case where
the quantity inside the absolute
value is non-negative and the
case where the quantity inside
the absolute value is negative.
4. This inequality has no solution
since the two graphs do not
intersect.
y
5. yes
7.
6. no
y
8.
x
O
9.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
10. {x |x 10 or x 2}
72

Chapter 3
12a. |x 12| 0.005

12b. 12.005 cm, 11.995 cm
14. no
16. no
18. yes
y
20.
11. {x |1 x 2}
13.
15.
17.
19.
no
yes
yes
(0, 0), (1, 1), and (1, 1); if
these points are in the shaded
region and the other points are
not, then the graph is correct.
21.
22.
y
12
8
23.
24.
25.
26.
O
O
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
O
O
12
73

Chapter 3
27. y
28.
29.
30.
x
x
31.
32.
33.
35.
37.
39.
{x | x 9 or x 1}
{x | 2 x 9}
no solution
{x |17 x 7}
{x | x 18 or x 10}
{x | x 2.5}
all real numbers
| x 37.5 | 1.2,
36.3 x 38.7
42. 30 units2
34.
36.
38.
40.
41. {x | 5.5 x 10}

2
3
43. x 83
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
44a.b 0
44b. none
44c. b 0 or b 4
44d. b 4
44e. 0 b 4
74

Chapter 3
45a.

of f(x) reflected over the x-axis
and expanded vertically by a
factor of 2.
P (x )
400
300
200
100
900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 x
45b. The shaded region shows all

points (x, y) where x represents
the number of cookies sold and
y represents the possible profit
made for a given week.
47. y-axis
49.
21
6
4
3
1 5 3
28 4 8
48.
50.
f (x)
51.
50
45
40
States 35
with 30
Teen 25
Courts 20
15
10
5
0
52. 14, 13.5
1980 1990 2000 2010

Year
53. 10
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
75

Chapter 3

Page 151
1. x-axis, y-axis, y x, y x,
origin
3. y x, y x, origin
5a. translated down 2 units
5b. reflected over the x-axis,
translated right 3 units
5c. compressed vertically by a
2. none of these
4. y-axis
6a. expanded vertically by a factor
of 3
6b. expanded horizontally by a
factor of 2 and translated
down 1 unit
6c. translated left 1 unit and up
4 units
y
8.
1
4
factor of , translated up 1 unit

7.
9. 4 x 11
10. |x 64| 3; 61 x 67
3-4 Inverse Functions and Relations

Pages 155158
1. Sample answer: First, let
y f (x). Then interchange x
and y. Finally, solve the resulting
equation for y.
3. Sample answer: f (x) x 2
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
2. n is odd.
4. Sample answer: If you draw a

horizontal line through the graph
of the function and it intersects
the graph more than once, then
the inverse is not a function.
76

Chapter 3
5. She is wrong. The inverse is

f 1(x) (x 3) 2 2, which is a
function.
6.
f (x )
f (x )
f 1(x )
7.
f (x )
8.
f (x )
f 1(x )
f (x )
f 1(x )
x
f (x )
1
; f 1(x) is a
10. f 1(x)
3
2
3
1
3
9. f 1(x) x ; f 1(x) is a
function.
function.
11. f 1(x) 2

x 6; f 1(x) is
not a function.
12.
x
B

10

14a. r 1
13. f 1(x) 2x 10;

[f f 1](x) f(2x 10)
14b. 3.23%
1
(2x 10) 5
2
x
1
[f 1 f](x) f 1 x 5
2
12
2 x 5 10
x
f 1](x)
Since [f
[f 1 f ](x)
x, f and f 1 are inverse
functions.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
77

Chapter 3
15.
f (x )
f (x )
17.
16.
f 1(x )
18.
f (x )
f 1(x )
f (x )
f (x )
10
f 1(x )
f (x )
f (x )
f (x )
f 1(x )
10 O
10
10
19.
20.
f (x ) f 1(x )
O f (x )
f (x )
f (x )
x
f 1(x )
21.
22.
f (x )
8
4
8
4 O
f (x )
f (x )
f 1(x )
f 1(x )
f (x )
8x
4
8
23.
f (x )
24. f 1(x)
x

4
f (x )
f (x )
f 1(x )
f (x )
4
O
4 O
4
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
78
f 1(x )

Chapter 3
x7
2
25. f 1(x) ; f
1(x)
26. f 1(x) x 2 ; f
function.
is a
function.
1
x
27. f 1(x) ; f
1(x)
28. f 1(x)
is a function.
1(x)
is a
1x ; f 1(x) is not
a function.
29. f 1(x) 3

x 7; f
not a function.
1
x
31. f 1(x) 2; f
1(x)
1(x)
30. f 1(x) 2

x 1; f
not a function.
is
1
32. f 1(x) 1
; f
is a
function.
a function.
33. f 1(x) 2

2x ; f 1(x) is a
3
34. 1
1

3x
36.
f (x )
function.
35.
x
f (x )
1(x)
1(x)
is
is not
x
x
37.
38.
f (x )
f (x )
AK
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
79

Chapter 3
1
4
3
2
40. f 1(x) 3
39. f 1(x) x
[f
f 1](x)
1
3
f x
2
4
[f f 1](x) f 3 +
1
2
3
1
x
3
2
4
6
x or x
1
2
[f 1 f](x) f 1 x
3
6
3
2
2
3
x 4 3 4

3
3
1
4
x
1
4
x 4

[f 1 f](x) f 1 (x 3)3 4
1
6

3
x 4 4 or x
1
6
1
6
x4

[(x
3)3
4] 4

3
3 x 3 or x
Since [f f 1](x) [f 1 f ](x)
functions.
1
4
x or x
Since [f f 1](x) [f 1 f ](x)
functions.
v2
64
42a. h
41a. d 1(x)
42b. Yes. The pump can propel

water to a height of about
88 ft.
O
41b. No; the graph of d(x) fails the

horizontal line test.
41c. d 1(x) gives the numbers that
are 4 units from x on the
number line. There are always
two such numbers, so d 1
associates two values with
each x-value. Hence, d 1(x) is
not a function.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
80

Chapter 3
43a. Sample answer: y x.

43b. The graph of the function must
be symmetric about the line
y x.
43c. Yes, because the line y x is
the axis of symmetry and the
reflection line.
44a.
C (x )
$0.80
$0.70
$0.60
$0.50
$0.40
$0.30
$0.20
$0.10
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8x
44b. positive real numbers; positive

multiples of 10
44c.
C 1(x )
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
20 40 60 80
44d. positive multiples of 10;

positive real numbers.
44e. C 1(x) gives the possible
lengths of phone calls that
cost x.
2KE

46a. v

45. It must be translated up 6 units

and 5 units to the left;
y (x 6) 2 5,
y 6

x 5.
46b.
5.5 m/sec
46c. There are always two
velocities.
48. {x5 x 1}
47a. Yes. If the encoded message

is not unique, it may not
decode properly.
47b. The inverse of the encoding
function must be a function so
that the encoded message may
be decoded.
47c. c1(x) (x 2)2 3
47d. FUNCTIONS ARE FUN
49. both
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
50a. a 0, b 0, 4a b 32,
a 6b 54
50b. 14 gallons
81

Chapter 3
51. (1, 7)
53.
52.
54. neither
9
3

2
2
3
3
55. y x 7
56. C
3-5 Continuity and End Behavior

Pages 165168
1. Sample answer: The function
approaches 1 as x approaches
2 from the left, but the function
2 from the right. This means the
function fails the second
condition in the continuity test.
2.
3. Infinite discontinuity;
f (x) as x ,
as f (x) as x .
4. f (x) x 2 is decreasing for

x 0 and increasing for x 0.
g(x) x 2 is increasing for x
0 and decreasing for x 0.
Reflecting a graph switches the
monotonicity. In other words, if
f (x) is increasing, the reflection
will be decreasing and vice
versa.
6. No; f (x) approaches 6 as x
approaches 2 from the left
but f (x) approaches 6 as x
approaches 2 from the right.
5. No; y is undefined when x 3.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
82
an
positive
positive
positive
positive
negative
negative
negative
negative
n
even
even
odd
odd
even
even
odd
odd
x p(x)


Chapter 3
7. y as x , y
as x .
9.
f (x )
8. y as x , y
as x .
10.
y
x
O
decreasing for x 3;

increasing for x 3
decreasing for x 1 and

x 1; increasing for
1 x 1
12. Yes. The function is defined
when x 1; the function
approaches 3 as x
approaches 1 from both sides;
and y 3 when x 1.
3 from both sides; and
f (3) 0.
16. No. f (x) approaches 7 as x
approaches 4 from the left,
but f (x) approaches 6 as x
approaches 4 from the right.
11a. t 4
11b. when t 4
11c. 10 amps
13. No. The function is undefined

when x 2.

approaches 1 (in fact is equal
to 1) as x approaches 3 from
both sides; and y 1 when
x 3.
when x 1; f (x) approaches 3
as x approaches 1 from both
sides; and f (1) 3.
19. Sample answer: x 0. g(x) is
undefined when x 0.
21. y as x , y as
x .
23. y as x , y as
x .
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
18. jump discontinuity
20. y as x , y as
x .
22. y as x , y as
x .
24. y 0 as x , y 0 as
x .
83

Chapter 3
25. f (x) 2 as x , f (x) 2 as

x .
26.
[6, 6] scl:1 by [30, 30] scl:5
increasing for x 3 and x 1;

decreasing for 3 x 1
27.
28.
[7.6, 7.6] scl:1 by [5, 5] scl:1
[7.6, 7.6] scl:1 by [8, 2] scl:1
decreasing for all x

x 1
29.
30.
[25, 25] scl:5 by [25, 25] scl:5
[7.6, 7.6] scl:1 by [1, 9] scl:1
increasing for x 1 and x 5;

decreasing for 1 x 2 and
2x5

0 x 2; increasing for
2 x 0 and x 2
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
84

Chapter 3
31.
32. U(r ) approaches 0.
[7.6, 7.6] scl:1 by [1, 9] scl:1

3
decreasing for x and
2
3
0 x ; increasing for
2
3
3
x 0 and x
2
2
33a. Since f is even, its graph must

be symmetric with respect to
the y-axis. Therefore, f is
decreasing for 2 x 0 and
increasing for x 2. f must
have a jump discontinuity when
x 3 and f (x) as
x .
f (x )
33b. Since f is odd, its graph must be

origin. Therefore, f is increasing
for 2 x 0 and decreasing
for x 2. f must have a jump
discontinuity when x 3
and f (x) as x .
f (x )
34a. polynomial
34b. 0.5 t 39.5
34c. 0 t 0.5 and t 39.5
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
85

Chapter 3
36a. x 4
36b. Answers will vary.
36c. In an interval where a function
is increasing, for any two
points on the graph, the x- and
y-coordinates of one point will
be greater than those of the
other point, ensuring that the
slope of the line through the
two points will be positive.
36d. x 4
36e. The slope is negative; see
students work.
38a.
35a. 1954-1956, 1958-1959, 19601961, 1962-1963, 1966-1968,

1973-1974, 1975-1976, 19771978, 1989-1991
35b. 1956-1958, 1959-1960, 19611962, 1963-1966, 1968-1973,
1974-1975, 1976-1977, 19781989, 1991-1996
37a. The function has to be

monotonic.
37b. The inverse must be
monotonic.
40
35
Percent
30
with
25
Similar
20
Computer
15
Usage
10
5
0
38b. 0 x 1, 1 x 2,
2 x 4, 4 x 6,
6 x 8, x 8
40. f 1(x) 5
x
42. 13, 0
39. a 4, b 2
f (x) translated left 2 units and
down 4 units.
43. 42
44a. c 47.5h 35
44b. $141.88
46. A
45. 20
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Time (hours)
86

Chapter 3
3-6 Critical Points and Extrema

Pages 176179
2. rel. min.; f (0.99) 3.9997;
f (1) 4; f (1.01) 3.9997
By testing points on either side
of the critical point, it is evident
that the graph of the function is
decreasing as x approaches 1
from the left and increasing as
x moves away from 1 to the
right. Therefore, on the interval
0.99 x 1.01, (1, 4) is a
relative minimum.
1. Check values of the function at

x-values very close to the critical
point. Be sure to check values
on both sides. If the function
values change from increasing
to decreasing, the critical point is
a maximum. If the function
values change from decreasing
to increasing, the critical point is
a minimum. If the function
values continue to increase or to
decrease, the critical point is a
point of inflection.
3. Sample answer:
4. rel. min.: (3, 2); rel. max.:

(1, 6)
y
(4, 6)
(3, 1)
(0, 4)
5. rel. min.: (1, 3); rel. max.:

(3, 3)
6. rel. max.: (0, 0);

rel. min.: (2, 16)
[4, 6] scl:1 by [20, 20] scl:5
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
87

Chapter 3
7. rel. min.: (2.25, 10.54)
8. maximum
[6, 4] scl:1 by [14, 6] scl:2

9. minimum
11. minimum
10. point of inflection

12a. P(x)
(120 10x)(0.48 0.03x)
P (x )
80
70
60
Profit 50
(dollars) 40
30
20
10
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Time (weeks)
12b. 2 weeks
12c. $58.80 per acre
12d. Rain or other bad weather
could delay harvest and/or
destroy part of the crop.
14. abs. max.: (1, 3);
rel. min.: (0.5, 0.5);
rel. max.: of (1.5, 2)
16. rel. max.: (6, 4),
rel. min.: (2, 3)
18. no extrema
13. abs. max.: (4, 1)
15. rel. max.: (2, 7);

abs. min.: (3, 3)
17. abs. min.: (3, 8);
rel. max.: (5, 2);
rel. min:. (8, 5)
19. abs. max.: (1.5, 1.75)
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
20. rel. max.: (1.53, 1.13);

rel. min.: (1.53, 13.13)
88

Chapter 3
22. abs. min.: (1.41, 6),

(1.41, 6);
rel. max.: (0, 2)
24. no extrema
21. rel. max.: (0.59, 0.07);

rel. min.: (0.47, 3.51)
23. rel. max.: (1, 1);
rel. min.: (0.25, 3.25)
25. abs. min.: (3.18, 15.47);
rel. min.: (0.34, 0.80);
rel. max.: (0.91, 3.04)
27. maximum
29. maximum
33. minimum
28.
30.
32.
34.
minimum
minimum
maximum
The inflection point is now at
x 6 and there is now a
minimum at x 3.
36a. $50
36b. Sample answer: The
companys competition might
offer a similar product at a
lower cost.
38. equations of the form y x n or
n
y x, where n is odd
35a. V(x)
2x(12.5 2x )(17 2x )
35b. 2.37 cm by 2.37 cm
35c. See students work.
37a. f (x) 5000

x2 4
3500(10 x)
37b. 1.96 km from point B
39. The particle is at rest when
t 0.14 and when t 3.52. Its
positions at these times are
s(0.14) 8.79 and
s(3.52) 47.51.
40. If a cubic has one critical point,

then it must be a point of
inflection. If it were a relative
maximum or minimum, then the
end behavior for a cubic would
not be satisfied. If a cubic has
three critical points, then one
must be a maximum, another a
minimum, and the third a point
of inflection.
42.
y
41. No; the function is undefined

when x 5.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
89

Chapter 3
43. 120 units of notebook and

80 units of newsprint
45. 1, yes
44. 3 x 2, 1 y 4
47. 5 free throws, 9 2-point field

goals, 3 3-point field goals
48.
46.
76 274
y
50. A relation relates members of a

set called the domain to
members of a set called the
range. In a function, the
relation must be such that each
member of the domain is
related to one and only one
member of the range. You can
use the vertical line test to
determine whether a graph is
the graph of a function..
49. perpendicular
51. D
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
90

Chapter 3
3-7 Graphs of Rational Functions

Pages 185188
1.
f (x )
O
1a. x 2, y 6
x
2. Sample graphs:
Vertical Asymptote
1
x2
1b. y 6
Horizontal Asymptote
O
x
x(x 1)
x1
3. Sample answer: f (x)
4. False. Sample explanation: If

that x-value also causes the
numerator to be 0, there could
be a hole instead of a vertical
asymptote.
6. x 2, x 1
5. x 5, y 1
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
Slant Asymptote
91

Chapter 3
1
x1
7. f(x) 2
8. The parent graph is translated

4 units right. The vertical
asymptote is now at x 4. The
horizontal asymptote, y 0, is
unchanged.
y
8
4
8
4 O
4
8x
8
10. y 3x 5

2 units left and down 1 unit.
The vertical asymptote is now
at x 2 and the horizontal
asymptote is now y 1.
y
11.
12.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
92

Chapter 3
14. x 4, y 2
13a. P
13b. P 0, V 0
13c. The pressure approaches 0.
1
2
15. x 6
16. x , x 5, y 0
17. x 1, x 3, y 0

19. x 1, y 1
18. y 1
20. x 2, y 0
1
x3
1
23. f(x) 1
x
22. f(x) 3
1
x2
21. f(x) 1

3 units up. The vertical
asymptote, x 0, is
unchanged. The horizontal
asymptote is now
y 3.
y
O
x
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
93

Chapter 3

3 units left. The translated
graph is then expanded
vertically by a factor of 2 and
translated 1 unit down. The
vertical asymptote is now
x 3 and the horizontal
asymptote is now y 1.

4 units right and expanded
vertically by a factor of 2.
The vertical asymptote is
now x 4. The horizontal
asymptote, y 0, is unchanged.
8
O
8
4
8x
4
O
4
8
4

3 units right. The translated
graph is expanded vertically
by a factor of 10 and then
translated 3 units up. The
vertical asymptote is x 3
and the horizontal asymptote is
y 3.
27. The parent graph is expanded

vertically by a factor of 3,
reflected about the x-axis, and
translated 2 units up. The
vertical asymptote, x = 0, is
unchanged. The horizontal
asymptote is now y = 2.
y
12
8
8
4 O
4
8x
4
4 O
4
8
12
8
12
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
94

Chapter 3
30. y x 1

5 units left. The translated graph
is expanded vertically by a factor
of 22 and then translated 4 units
down. The vertical asymptote is
x 5 and the horizontal
asymptote is y 4.
y
8
4
16 12 8
4
4
4
8
12
16
32. y x 2
31. y x 3
1
2
5
4
33. y x
34. No; the degree of the

numerator is 2 more than that
of the denominator.
35.
36.
y
(2, 4)
37.
38.
(2, 0)
(2, 14 )
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
95

Chapter 3
39.
40.
O
O
(3, 0) x
480 3t
40 t
41a.C(t)
42. Sample answer: The circuit

melts or one of the components
burns up.
41b. 11.43 L
480
x
44a. A(x) 2x 2
43. Sample answer:

(x 2)(x 3)(x 5) 2
(x 4)(x 5)
f(x)
44b. A(x )
320
300
280
260
240
220
200
180
160
140
44c. The surface area approaches

infinity.
46a. a vertical asymptote at r 0
and a horizontal asymptote at
F0
46b. The force of repulsion
increases without bound as the
charges are moved closer and
closer together. The force of
repulsion approaches 0 as the
charges are moved farther and
farther apart.
45. Sample answer:

x
x 1
f(x)
2
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 1618 x
96

Chapter 3
a2 9
a3
47a.
48. abs. max.: (2, 1)
47b. The slope approaches 6.

49. y

x9
50. 5, 4
51. ]
52. $3.25, $4.55
24 20
32
16
1
15
1
15
53. (3, 2)
54. y x
55. 16 8x 2, 2 64x 2
56. B
3-8 Direct, Indirect, and Joint Variation

Pages 193196
1a. inverse
1b. neither
1c. direct
2. Sample answer: Suppose y

varies directly as xn. Then
y1 kx1n and y2 kx2n.
y1 kx1n
3. The line does not go through the

origin, therefore its equation is
not of the form y kx n.
y1
x
1

y2
x2
Simplify.
2
3
4
5
2
3
xz
8. 0.4, y 0.4 2 ; 2
w
6. ; y x 2;24
7. 0.5; y 0.5xz 3; 108

1
7
9. y varies directly as x 4;
11. y varies inversely as x; 3
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
Div. prop. of equality.
4a. The amount of money earned

varies directly with the number
of hours worked.
4b. The distance traveled by a car
varies inversely as the amount
of gas in the car.
4c. The volume of a cylinder varies
jointly as it height and the
radius of its base.
5. 12, xy 12;
13. 0.2; y 0.2x; 1.2
y1
kx1

y2
kx2
10. A varies jointly as and w; 1

12a. V 3.2hg 2
12b. 48,000 m3
14. 50; xy 50; 1.25
97

Chapter 3
15. 15, y 15xz; 18
16. 36; x 2y 36; 4
17. 16; r 16t 2; 1
0.484
18. 0.484; y ; 0.121
x
1
12
1
12
2xz
21. 2; y ; 14
w
15b 2
23. 15; a ;
8
c
20. 0.3; y
2 ; 0.168
0.3x
z
2z 2
4
22. 2; y
;
3
x
27
25. C varies directly as d;
26. y varies directly as x ;
27. y varies jointly as x and the
28. V varies directly as the cube
19. ; y x 3z 2; 48
24. 32; yx 2 32;

2
1
4
4
3
4
3
of r,
square of z ;
29. y varies inversely as the square
30. y varies inversely as the square

root of x ; 2
5
4
of x,
31. A varies jointly as h and the
quantity b1 b2; 0.5
32. y varies directly as x and
33. y varies directly as x 2 and

inversely as the cube of z ; 7
34. y varies jointly as the product of

the cube of x and z and
inversely as the square of w.
36a. tr k
36b. 36 minutes
1
3
inversely as the square of z;
35a. Joint variation; to reduce torque

one must either reduce the
distance or reduce the mass on
the end of the fulcrum. Thus,
torque varies directly as the
mass and the distance from the
fulcrum. Since there is more
than one quantity in direct
variation with the torque on the
seesaw, the variation is joint.
35b. T1 km1d1 and T2 km2d2
T1 T2
km1d1 km2d2
m1d1 m2d2
35c. 1.98 meters
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
98

Chapter 3
k
d
38a. I 2
37. If y varies directly as x, then

there is a nonzero constant k
such that y kx. Solving for x,
1
k
38b. 13.6 lux
1
k
we find x y. is a
nonzero constant, so x varies
directly as y.
39. a is doubled
m m
d
1
2
40a. F G
2
kb 2
c
a
3
N m2
kg
40b. 6.67 1011

2
1
2
40c. 3.53 1022 N

40d. about 178 times greater
k b
2
a
1 3
c
a
1
kb 2
4

1
c 3
8
kb 2
c
a 2
3
41. 1.77 103
42.
8
6
4
2
8642
2 4 6 8x
2
4
6
8
43. f 1(x)
x 6 3; f 1(x) is
a function.
3
44. A(1, 2), B(3, 2),

C(1, 4), D(3, 0)
46.
y
x
O
47. y 0.92x 1858.60
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
48. D
99

Chapter 3
Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

4-1 Polynomial Functions
Pages 209212
1. A zero is the value of the
variable for which a polynomial
function in one variable equals
zero. A root is a solution of a
polynomial equation in one
variable. When a polynomial
function is the related function to
the polynomial equation, the
zeros of the function are the
same as the roots of the
equation.
3. A complex number is any
number in the form a bi,
where a and b are real numbers
and i is the imaginary unit. In a
pure imaginary number, a 0
and b 0. Examples: 2i, 3i;
Nonexamples: 5, 1 i
5. 3; 1
7. no; f (5) 33
9. x 2 2x 35 0; even; 2
2. The ordered pair (x, 0)

represents the points on the
x-axis. Therefore, the
x-intercept of a graph of a
function represents the point
where f(x) 0.
4.
6. 5; 8
8. yes; f (6) 0
10. x 5 6x 4 5x 3 30x 2 4x
24 0; odd; 1
12. 3; 4, 0, 2
11. 2; 7, 7
f (x)
60
40
30
(0, 49)
f (x )
x2
20
14x 49
(7, 0)
4
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
f (a)
f (a)
a 2 2a 2 8a
10
(4, 0) (0, 0) (2, 0)
20
12
4
100
2 O
10
4a

Chapter 4
13. 4; 1, 1, i, i
14a. V(x) (36 x 2)(2x)

14b. V(x) 72x 2x 3
14c. about 502.65 units3
f (t )
(1, 0)
(1, 0)
O
f (t )
t 4
15. 4; 5
17. 3; 5
19. 6; 1
16. 7; 3
18. 5; 25
20. 2; 1
21. Yes; the coefficients are complex

numbers and the exponents of
the variable are nonnegative
integers.
23. yes; f (0) 0
25. yes; f (1) 0
27. no; f (3) 72
29. no
31a. 3; 1
31b. 2; 2
31c. 4; 2
33. x 3 5x 2 x 5 0; odd; 3
35. x 3 3x 2 4x 12 0; odd; 1
37. x 5 5x 4 17x 3 85x 2
16x 80 0; odd; 5
39. 1; 8
f (x)
22. No; a1, which is a
(0, 8)
1
a
negative exponent.
24.
26.
28.
30.
32.
no; f (1) 24

yes; f (4) 0
yes; f (3) 0
yes
x 2 x 6 0; even; 2
34. 2x 3 3x 2 18x 8 0; odd; 3

36. x 4 26x 2 25 0; even; 0
38. x 4 10x 2 9 0
40. 2; 9, 9
(9, 0) f (a)
20 10 O
20
f (x) x 8
(9, 0)
10
20a
2
40 f (a) a 81
(8, 0)
60
O x
80
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
101
(0, 81)

Chapter 4
41. 2; 6i
42. 3; 2, 2, 2

80
f (b)
60
f (b)
b 2 36 40
4
(0, 36)
20
4 2 O
4
20
4 t
f (t) t 3
2t 2 4t 8
44. 3; 2.5, 0, 3
f (n)
f (c)
100
(2.5, 0) 50
(0, 0)
2 O
10
2 O
4
12
4b
10
(3, 0)
(2, 0)
(0, 8)
43. 3; 3, 0, 3
20
f (t)
4
(2, 0)
(3, 0)
(0, 0)
4n
4
f (n ) n 3 9n
45. 4; 1, 1, 2

i,
2 O
50
4c
f (c) 6c 3
3c 2 45c
100
2i
(3, 0)
46. 4; 3, 1, 1, 3
f (a)
20
f (x)
10 (0, 9)
(3, 0)(1, 0) (1, 0) (3, 0)
(1, 0)
4 2 O
10
(1, 0)
f (a) O
a 4 a 2 2 (0, 2)
20
47. 4; 0.5i, 0.5i, 2i, 2i
f (x)
x 4 10x 2 9
f (u)
(1, 0)
(0, 4)
f (m) 4m 4 17m 2 4
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
4x
48. 1, 1, 1
f (m)
(1, 0)
(0, 1)
f (u)
(u 1)(u 2 1)
102

Chapter 4
49a.
49b.
50.
y
49c.
[5, 5] scl: 1 by [2, 8] scl: 1

50a. 4
50b. 2; 1, 1
50c. There are 4 real roots.
However, there is a double
root at 1 and a double root
at 1.
49d.
y
49e.
y
49f. not possible

51a. V(x) 99,000x 3 55,000x 2
65,000x
51b. about $298,054.13
53a. 7380 ft; 29,520 ft; 118,080 ft
53b. It quadruples; (2t ) 2 4t 2.
55. $10
x2
x(x 2)(x 2)
52. 1 and 3 are two of its zeros.
54. 5 ft
56. Sample answer: 1; 2
57. y
58a. A(x) x(26 x)

58b. 13 yd by 13 yd
59. The graph of y 2x 3 1 is

the graph of y 2x 3 shifted
1 unit up.
61. 0; no
60. (6, 9)
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
1 25
10
62. 29
1 18
103

Chapter 4
63.
64. Parallel; the lines have the

same slope.
O
x 4y 9
1
4
1
2
65. x 2 6x 32; x 2 4
66. A
4-2 Quadratic Equations

Pages 218221
1. Add 4 to each side of the
equation to get t 2 6t 4.
Determine the value needed to
make t 2 6t a perfect square
trinomial. Add this value (9) to
each side. Take the square root
of each side of the equation and
solve the two resulting
equations. t 3 13
2. Quadratic Formula; Since the

leading coefficient does not
equal 1 and the discriminant
equals 185, which is not a
perfect square, the Quadratic
Formula would be the best way
to get an exact answer.
Completing the square can also
be used, but errors in arithmetic
are more likely. A graph will give
only approximate solutions.
13
29

10

p
3a. equals 0
3b. negative number
3c. positive number
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
104

Chapter 4
4. Graphing
Factoring
x 2 4x 5 0
(x 5)(x 1) 0
x 5 0 or x 1 0
x 5
x1
f (x ) f (x )
x 2 4x 54
(5, 0)
6
(1, 0)
4 2 O
4
2x
Quadratic Formula
42 4(1)(5

)

x
8
4
2(1)
4 36

2
4 6
x
2

x
Completing the Square

x 2 4x 5 0
x 2 4x 5
x 2 4x 4 5 4
(x 2) 2 9
x 2 3
x 2 3 or x 2 3
x1
x 5
x 2 3
x 2 3 or x 2 3
x1
x 5
See students work.
3
2
5. 10, 2
6. 7,
0; 1 real; 6
1, 5
200 or 400 amps
8, 11
8.
10.
12.
14.
15. ,
1
2

16. 2
3

37
17.
18.
7.
9.
11.
13.
16; 2 imaginary; 3 2i
2 i 6

4, 6
3, 7
6
1
4
1
4
3
2
11

21. 11; 2 imaginary;
5i
2
7
6
22. 0; 1 real;
35

1i
4
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
7

24. 112; 2 real;
2 2
3
97

25. 97; 2 real;
5
4
1
3
20. 121; 2 real; ,
19. 2 imaginary; the discriminant is

negative.
26. 7 i 5
105

Chapter 4
5 i 83

6
1
30. 5,
4

28.
27. 5 2i
29. 4, 7
5
4
32. 1 i 7
31. 1,
33.
6 22
34a. 114.5 mm Hg
34b. 40 years old
34c.
P
150
125
100 P
2
75 0.01A 0.05A 107
50
25
25 50 75 100 A
As a woman gets older, the

normal systalic pressure
increases.
36a. (12 2x)(16 2x) 96
36b.
f (x)
35. c 16
20
10
10
20
10
20
f (x )
x 2 14x 24
36c. 8 ft by 12 ft
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
106

Chapter 4
37a.
38. ax 2 bx c 0
d (t)
b
a
c
a
x 2 x 0
c
a
b
a
x 2 x
d (t) 5t 16t 2
b
a
b
2ab ac
2a
b
b 2

x

2a ac
4a
4ac b
b 2

x

2a
4a
x 2 x
37b. 0 and about 0.3

37c. The x-intercepts indicate when
the woman is at the same
height as the beginning of the
jump.
37d. 50 5t 16t 2
37e. about 1.93 s
1
3
1
6
39. 2; ,
2 4ac
b

2a

x
b
2a
2 4ac
b

x
b
2a
2a
b
b2
4ac

x
2a
40.
f (a)
f (a)
18a 2 3a 1
O
O
41. f
1(x)
y |x | 2
x 9
42. (45, 60)

8
3
44.
43. $643
45. A
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
107

Chapter 4
4-3 The Remainder and Factor Theorems

Pages 226228
2. (x 3 4x 2 7x 8) (x 5);
x 2 x 2; 2
1. The Remainder Theorem states

that if a polynomial P(x) is
divided by x r, the remainder
is P(r). If a division problem has
a remainder of 0, then the
divisor is a factor of the
dividend. This leads to the
Factor Theorem, which states
that the binomial x r is a
factor if and only if P(r) 0.
3. The degree of a polynomial is
one more than the degree of its
depressed polynomial.
5. x 1, R6
7. 0; yes
9. (x 5), (x 1), (x 1)
11. 4
4. Isabel; if f(3) 0, then

(x (3)) or (x 3) is a
factor.
6. x 2 4x 3
8. 92; no
10. (x 1), (x 2), (x 3)
12a. 12
12b. 12
12c. 11
12d. x, x 2, x 11 x 8 x 6 2x, or
x 10 x 7 x 5 2
14. x 13
16. x 3 3x 2 6x 12, R23
18. 3x 3 5x 2 10x 14, R12
20. 1; no
22. 0; yes
24. 13; no
26. d
13.
15.
17.
19.
21.
23.
25.
r 1 in., h 5 in.
x 2 6x 9, R1
x 3 2x 2 4x 8
2x 2 2x, R3
0; yes
12; no
0; yes
27.
6 36 36 36 or 0
28. (x 1)(x 1)(x 7)
29.
31.
33.
35.
(x 2), (x 1), (x 2)
(x 4), (x 2), (x 1)
(x 1), (x 1), (x 4)
2 times
30.
32.
34.
36.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
108
(x 1), (x 7), (x 7)
(x 2), (x 2), (x 2)
(x 1), (x 1), (x 1)
1 time; 2, 1

Chapter 4
37. 2
39. 34
41. 5 s
43a. V(x) x 3 12x 2
47x 60
43b. V (x )
38. 2
40. 4
42. a 5, b 10
44a. V(x) 2x 3 38x 2 180x
44b.
V (x )
25O
20O
V (x )
x 3 12x 2 47x 60
15O
10O
V (x )
2x 3 38x 2 180x
50
x 3
43c. 36

43d. about 0.60 ft
12x 2
47x 60
91
11
68
11
98
11
12
57

2

46.
5
2
48. (0, 32); point of inflection
47a. no
47b. yes
47c. no
47d. yes
49. wider than parent graph and
moved 1 unit left
44c. 224 2x 3 38x 2 180x

44d. 2 in.
45. a 1, b 6, c 25
51. , ,
50. 300 ft of A, 600 ft of B
72 2
26
2
22 2
63
2
52. M , or (4.5, 4)
N , or (2, 1.5)
4 1.5
slope of M
N

4.5 (2)
or 1
2 (3)
7 (2)
slope of R
I or 1
Since the slopes are the same,
M
N
R
I.
53. D
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
109

Chapter 4
4-4 The Rational Root Theorem

Pages 233235
1. 1, 2, 3, 6
2. If the leading coefficient is 1,

then q must equal 1. Therefore,
p
p
becomes or p, and p is
q
1
defined as a factor of an.

4. Sample answer: You can factor
the polynomial, graph the
function, complete the square,
or use the Quadratic Formula if
it is a second-degree function,
or use the Factor Theorem and
the Rational Root Theorem.
Factor the polynomial if it can
be factored easily. If not, and it
is a second-degree function,
use the Quadratic Formula.
Otherwise, graph the function
on a graphing utility and use
the Rational Root Theorem to
find the exact zeros.
3. Sample answer: f(x) x 3

x 2 x 3; 0; 3 or 1 possible
positive zeros and no possible
negative zeros
1
2
5. 1, 2; 1
3
2
1
2
6. 1, 3, , ; 3, , 1

1
2
1
4
7. 2 or 0; 1; 1 , , 2
8. 1; 2 or 0; 5, 3, 1
9. 9 cm
11. 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18; 2
10. 1, 2, 3, 6; 3, 1, 2

12. 1, 2; 1, 2
13. 1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 20;

2, 2, 5
14. 1, 3, , ;
1
2
1
3
1
6
1
3
1
2
1
2
3
2
1
2
15. 1, , , ; ,
16. 4; 3 or 1; 1
17. 1; 2 or 0; 2, 1, 3
18. 1; 1; 2, 0, 4
19. 1; 2 or 0; 4, 2, 3
20. 2 or 0; 1; , , 2
21. 2 or 0; 2 or 0; 4, 1, 1, 2
22. 2 or 0; 2 or 0; 2, 1, 1, 2
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
1
2
110
1
5

Chapter 4
23a. 2, 2, 1
23b. f (x) x 4 2x 3 3x 2
8x 4
23c. 1; 3 or 1
23d. There are 2 negative zeros, but
according to Descartes Rule of
Signs, there should be 3 or 1.
This is because 1 is actually
a zero twice.
25a. Sample answer: x 4 x 3
x2 x 3 0
25b. Sample answer: x 3 x 2
20
25c. Sample answer: x 3 x 0
27. 100 ft
29. x 8
31. x 4 5x 2 4 0
33. A
24a. V() 2 3 9 2 4
24b. 2208 2 3 9 2 4
24c. 12 in.
8 in.
23 in.
1
3
1
26b. 6300 3 3 2
3
26a. V() 3 3 2
26c. base: 30 in. by 30 in., height:

21 in.
28. The graphs are reflections of
each other over the x-axis. The
zeros are the same.
30. 364; 2 imaginary
32. $210.10

Page 235
1. x 4 3x 2 4 0
2. 3; 0, 5, 6
3. 15, 10
4. 441; 2 real; , 5
3
2
5. x 2 x 4
7. (x 3)(x 1)(x 2)
9. 1; 3 or 1; 2, 1, 1
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
6. 2; no
8. 1, 3; 3
10. r 3 cm, h 9 cm
111

Chapter 4
4-5 Locating Zeros of a Polynomial Function

Pages 239242
1. If the function is negative for one
value and positive for another
value, the function must cross
the x-axis in at least one point
between the two values.
f (x )
(b, f (b ))
f (b )
2. Use synthetic division to find

the values of the polynomial
function for consecutive
integers. When the values of
the function change from
positive to negative or from
negative to positive, there is a
zero between the integers.
f (a )
(a, f (a))
3. Use synthetic division to find the

values of the polynomial function
for consecutive integers. An
integer that produces no sign
change in the quotient and the
remainder is an upper bound. To
find a lower bound of a function,
find an upper bound for the
function of x. The lower bound
is the negative of the upper
bound for the function of x.
5. 4 and 5, 1 and 0
7. 2.3
9. Sample answers: 2; 0
11a. V(x) x 3 60x 2 1025x
3750
11b. 5625 x 3 60x 2 1025x
3750
11c. about 26.7 cm by 31.7 cm by
6.7 cm
13. 0 and 1, 2 and 3
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
112
4. Nikki; the sign changes

between 2 and 1.
6.
8.
10.
12.
2 and 1, at 1, 3 and 4

2, 1
Sample answers: 2; 2
1 and 2
14. at 1, at 2

Chapter 4
15. 3 and 2, 2 and 1, 1 and

2, 2 and 3
17. no real zeros
19.
21.
23.
25.
27.
29.
31.
16. 2 and 1, 0 and 1, 1 and 2

18. yes; f(6) 111,
f(5) 117
20. 2.6, 0.4
22. 0.4, 3.4
24. 1.3, 0.9, 7.4
30. Sample answers: 4, 2
32a. 4
32b. 1, 5
32c. 3 or 1; 1
32d. 2 and 1, 3 and 4
32e. Sample answers: 4; 2
32 f. 1.4, 3.4
34. Sample answer: f(x) x 3
x 2 2x 2;
2, 1
0.7, 0.7
2.5
1, 1
1.24
33a. The model is fairly close,

although it is less accurate for
1950 and 1970.
33b. 253,800
33c. The population becomes 0.
33d. No; there are still many people
living in Manhattan.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
f (x )
f (x ) x 3
x 2 2x 2
113

Chapter 4
35a. 37.44 60x 3 60x 2 60x

35b. f(x) 60x 3 60x 2 60x
37.44
35c.
f (x )
36. Sample answer: f(x) x 2 1
f (x ) 4O
60x 3 60x 2 60x 37.44
2O
2 1 O
20
2x
40
1
2
about
35d. 0.4
37a.
f (x )
100,000
38a. 81.58 6x 4 18x 3

24x 2 18x
38b. about 1.1
38c. about 10%
f (x )
0.125x 5 3.125x 4 4000
80,000
60,000
40,000
2O,000
12 16 20 24 x
37b. 4000 deer

37c. about 67,281 deer
37d. in 1930
39. 2 or 0; 1; 3, 0.5, 5
41.
y
y x 4x 1
40. about 19.3 s

42. 15
1
2
44. ; 2
43. (2.5, 1)
45. B
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
114

Chapter 4
4-6 Rational Equations and Partial Fractions

Pages 247250
1. Multiply by the LCD, 6(b 2).
Then solve the resulting
equation.
3. Decomposing a fraction means
to find two fractions whose sum
or difference equals the original
fraction.
5. 1, 5
2. If a possible solution causes a

denominator to equal 0, it is not
a solution of the equation.
4. If you solve the equation, you
will get x 2. However, if x 2,
the denominators will equal 0.
7. 3
8.
6. 7
2
p1
9. x 0, x 3
1
p1
10. a 1, a 31
3
60 20
3x
11a. 57.14
12. 2, 6
11b. 0.50 h
13. 34
14. 3
5
3
15.
16. 4
1
2
17. , 3
18. all reals except 1

2

19.
3 3
2
5
21.
13
23
15
20.
22a.(n 1)(n 2)
22b. 1, 2
145

22c.
1
3
x
2
x2
3.5
1.5
m2
m2
6
3
26. ,
x3 x3
24.
23.
2
3y 1
2
y1
25.
27a. a(a 6)
27b. 3
27c. 0, 6
27d. 0 a 3, 6 a
29. x 3, 4 x 5
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
28. w 0, w 9
30. x 4, 1 x 4, x 5
115

Chapter 4
11
16
7
4
1
2
31. 0 a
32. 1 b , b 2
33. 1 y 0
34. or 10
2
5
1
1
1
36a.
di
8
32
35. x 5 or x 5
2
3
36b. 10 cm
37. Sample answer:
38. 5 tons
1
x

x3
x2
1
10
1
2r
1
r
1
20
39a.
40. 10 questions
39b. 60 ohms, 30 ohms

41. 36 mph
42.
1
x
1 1
2 30
1
45
43a.
bc
bc
44. about 25.7 mpg
43b. 36
45. 8 mph
47. 3 and 2, 2 and 1, 1 and 2
5
6
3
2
46. 10
48. 25; no
49. 2; ,
50. 4
51. no
52a.
52b.
52c.
52d.
53a. 18 short answer and 2 essay

for a score of 120 points
53b. 12 short answer and 8 essay
for a score of 180 points
54. 0 0
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
yes
yes
no
no
0 0
116

Chapter 4
55. 2x y 7 0
56a. C(x) 50x 200

56b. $2000; $50
56c.
C (x )
$4000
$3000
C (x ) 50x
Cost
2000
$2000
$1000
0
Televisions Produced
57. 24
4-7 Radical Equations and Inequalities

Pages 254257
1. To solve the equation, you need
to get rid of the radical by
squaring both sides of the
equation. If the radical is not
isolated first, a radical will
remain in the equation.
2. The process of raising to a

power sometimes creates a
new equation with more
solutions than the original
equation. These extra or
extraneous solutions do not
solve the original equation.
3. When solving an equation with

one radical, you isolate the
radical on one side and then
square each side. When there is
more than one radical
expression in an equation, you
isolate one of the radicals and
then square each side. Then
you isolate the other radical and
square each side. In both cases,
once you have eliminated all
radical signs, you solve for the
variable.
5. 733
4.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
117
3
4
6. no real solution

Chapter 4
7. 3.5
9. 0.8 x 12
11a. 90
100
64h
8. 12
10. 1.25 a 13.5
12. 17
11b. 125 ft
7
4
13. 71
14.
15. 0
16. 3
17. no real solution

19. 1
21. 4
18. 20
20. 3
22. 4, 64
4
3
16
3
3
26.
2
9
7
23.
24.

27. 2
29. x 16
31. 5 a 21
33. 1.8 y 5
28a. 10
28b. 5
30. 4 b 32
32. 2.5 x 20.5
34. m 1
35. c 27
36a. 3
36b. 1.6 m/s2

38a. about 21.2 mph
38b. about 68 ft
38c. No; it is not a linear function.
40. about 141,433,434 mi
37. about 7.88
39a. about 2.01 s

39b. about 2.11 s
39c. It must be multiplied by 4.
41. a b 0
42. about 99.88 psi
3
2
44. 6, 3, 2, 1; 3, 2, 1, 1
43.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
14.4

g
118

Chapter 4
45a. point discontinuity

45b. jump discontinuity
45c. infinite discontinuity
46a.
p
10O
p 1056
w
10Ow
10O
10O
46b. x- and y-axes

46c. It increases.
46d. It is halved.
48. (7, 1, 2)
28 20
47. 10 14
7
4
3
2
50. y x
49. 10 students
51. C
4-8 Modeling Real-World Data with Polynomial Functions

Pages 261264
1a. Sample answer:
1b. Sample answer:

y
1c. Sample answer:
2. You need to recognize the

general shape so that you can
tell the graphing calculator
which type of polynomial
function to use as a model.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
119

Chapter 4
3. Sample answer: If companies

use less packaging materials,
consumers keep items longer,
and old buildings are restored
instead of demolished, the
amount of waste will decrease
more rapidly. If consumers buy
more products, companies
package items in larger
containers, and many old
buildings are destroyed, the
amount of waste will increase
instead of decrease.
5. Sample answer: f(x) 1.98x 4
2.95x 3 5.91x 2 0.22x 4.89
7a. Sample answer:
f(x) 0.49x 57.7
7b. Sample answer: 87.1%
7c. Sample answer: 2006
9. quadratic
11. quadratic
13. f(x) 8x 2 3x 9
15. Sample answer:

f (x) 0.09x 3 2.70x 2
24.63x 65.21
17. Sample answer:
f(x) 0.02x 3 8.79x 2
3.35x 27.43
19a. Sample answer:

f (x) 0.126x 22.732
19b. Sample answer: 36
19c. Sample answer: 38
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
4. quartic
6. Sample answer: f(x)

3.007x 2 0.001x 7.896
8. cubic
10. linear
12. f(x) 1.25x 5
14. Sample answer:
f(x) 1.03x 4 5.16x 3
6.08x 2 0.23x 0.94
16. Sample answer:
f(x) 4.05x 4 0.09x 3
6.69x 2 222.03x 2697.74
18a. Sample answer:
f(x) 1.99x 2 1.74x 2.76
18b. Sample answer:
f(x) 0.96x 3 0.56x 2
0.36x 4.05
18c. Sample answer: Cubic; the
value of r 2 for the cubic
function is closer to 1.
20. Sample answer:
x
120
f (x) 1
9 12

Chapter 4
21a. Sample answer:

f(x) 0.03x 4 0.50x 3
2.79x 2 4.01x 22.78
21b. Sample answer: about 16%
23a. Sample answer: f(x) 0.02x 3
0.46x 2 3.94x 47.49
23c. Sample answer: No; according
to the model, there should have
been an attendance of only
about 65 million. Since the
actual attendance was much
higher than the projected
number, it is likely that the race
to break the homerun record
increased the attendance.
25. 23
27. 1, 1
22. A function with x 6; there are 5

changes in direction.
24a. Sample answer:

f(x) 0.05x 3 0.60x 2
2.47x 0.99
24b. Sample answer: about 30.63
million
24c. Sample answer: about 2001
26. 1
28a. 2 weeks
28b. $58.80 per tree
29. B
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
121

Chapter 4
Chapter 5 The Trigonometric Functions

5-1 Angles and Degree Measure
Pages 280283
45
60
4.
5.
7.
9.
11.
13.
15.
17.
19.
21.
23.
25.
27.
29.
31.
33.
35.
122
14.
16.
18.
1260
72 46 30
29.102
1620
170 360k;
282; IV
30
16 45
20.
22.
24.
26.
28.
30.
32.
34.
36.
183 28 12

27 27 54
23.242
233.421
405.272
1080
540
810
1440
6.
8.
10.
12.
34 57
128.513
720
22 360k; Sample answers:
382; 338
93; II
47
15; 0.25 or 15; about 0.0042
or 15
168 21
286 52 48
246 52 33.6
14.089
173.410
1002.508
720
2700
2070
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
26
3600
2. Add 29, , and .
1. If an angle has a positive

measure, the rotation is in a
counterclockwise direction. If an
angle has a negative measure,
the rotation is in a clockwise
direction.
3. 270 + 360k where k is an
integer

Chapter 5
37. 30 360k;
39. 113 360k;
41. 199 360k;
43. 310
45. 40; I
47. 220; III
49. 96; II
51. III
53. 32
55. 60
57. 35
59. 4500; 270,000
61. 17,100
38. 45 360k;

40. 217 360k;
42. 305 360k;
44. 780; 1020
46. 80; I
48. 339; IV
50. 91; II
52. 33
54. 23
56. 17
58. 20, 160, 200, 340
60. 90k, where k is an integer
62. 1.08 107 to 3.6 107
degrees
64. 25 120k, where k is an
integer
66a. about 3.4 revolutions
66b. 8640
68. 20
63. 22,320; 1,339,200;

80,352,000; 1,928,448,000
65a. 44 26 59.64; 68 15 41.76
65b. 24.559; 81.760
67a. Sample answer: f(x)
0.0003x 3 0.0647x 2
3.5319x 76.0203
67b. Sample answer: about 32%
69. 0, 4
71. x 3 x 2 80x 300 0
73. point discontinuity
y
70. 25
72. about 4.91
74.
f (x)
y xx 11
2
f (x) |(x 1)2 2|
x
O
decreasing for x 1,

increasing for x
1
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
123

Chapter 5
75. expanded vertically by a factor

of 3, translated down 2 units
76.
y
(3, 5)
(1, 5)
(0, 3)
(1, 5), (3, 5), (0, 3)

78. D
77. 0.56x
5-2 Trigonometric Ratios in Right Triangles

Pages 287290
1. The side opposite the acute
angle of a right triangle is the
side that is not part of either side
of the angle. The side adjacent
to the acute angle is the side of
the triangle that is part of the
side of the angle, but is not the
hypotenuse.
2. cosecant; secant; cotangent
a
b
c
c
a
c
tan A , csc A ,
b
a
c
b
sec A , cot A
b
a
3. sin A , cos A ,
514

514
514

514
4. sin A cos B, csc A sec B,

tan A cot B

5. ; ;
15
17
15
17
5
2
6.
3

91
8. sin P , cos P ,
1
1.5
7. 0.6667
10
10
91

91

tan P , csc P = ,
3
10
3
1091

91
sec P , cot P
91
9. It = 0.5Io
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
3
5
4
5
3
4
10. ; ;
124

Chapter 5

11. ; ;
89

89
3 91
391

12. ; ;
13. tangent
14. 3
7
3
1
17. 0.4
2.5
16.
89

89
5
8
10
10
91
9
5
15.
1
0.75
18. 1.3333
527

24

20. sin R , cos R ,
1
0.125
19. 8
7
24
527

7

tan R ,
527

527

csc R , sec R ,
24
24
7
527

527

cot R
7
19

39
21. sin R , cos R ,
154

44
20
20
39
22

44

22. sin R , cos R ,
9
7
154

7

tan R , csc R ,

tan R , csc R ,
2039

39
sec R , cot R

sec R , cot R
19
39
20
19
39

72
74
76
78
80
82
84
86
88
sin
0.951
0.961
0.970
0.978
0.985
0.990
0.995
0.998
0.999
24a.
24b.
24c.
24d.
26.
cos
0.309
0.276
0.242
0.208
0.174
0.139
0.105
0.070
0.035
7
0.7963540136
0.186524036
35.34015106
1.37638192

18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
25a. 1
25b. 0
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
22
19
23. 1.3
25.
sin
0.309
0.276
0.242
0.208
0.174
0.139
0.105
0.070
0.035
cos
0.951
0.961
0.970
0.978
0.985
0.990
0.995
0.998
0.999
tan
0.325
0.287
0.249
0.213
0.176
0.141
0.105
0.070
0.035
26a. 0
26b. 1
26c. 0
125

Chapter 5
10

28. cos R ,
2
27. about 1.5103
10

20
7
3
10

20
sin
30. tan
cos

tan R , csc R ,
3
10

sec R , cot R
7
29a.
29b.
29c.
29d.
about 5.4 m/s

about 5.9 m/s
about 6.4 m/s
increase
32. about 4.31 cm
31a. about 87.5; about 40.5

31b. about 49.5; about 2.5
31c. neither
33. 88 22 12
35a. 23 employees
35b. $1076
34. 1; 3 or 1
36. 78
1
2
37. y x 6
38. C
5-3 Trigonometric Functions on the Unit Circle

Pages 296298
1. Terminal side of a 180 angle
in standard position is the
negative x-axis which intersects
the unit circle at (1, 0). Since
1
y
2.
1
0
csc , csc 180 which

is undefined.
As goes from 0 to 90, the
y-coordinate increases. As
goes from 90 to 180, the
y-coordinate decreases.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
126

Chapter 5
cos
sin
x
y
3. cot
4.
1x
O
1
Function
Quadrant
I II III IV

sin or cos
cos or sec
tan or cot
5. 0
6. undefined
1
3
7. sin 30 , cos 30 ,
2
8. sin 225 ,
3
2

tan 30 , csc 30 2,
cos 225 , tan 225 1,
3

sec 30 , cot 30
2
3
csc 225 2

,
sec 225 2
, cot 225 1
2
2

10. sin , cos ,
4
3
5
5
4
5
tan , csc ,
3
4
5
3
sec , cot
3
4
9. sin , cos ,
tan 1, csc
2,
sec 2
, cot 1
2
2
3

11. sin , cos ,
2
csc 2
, sec
2,

12. sin , tan 3
,
2
3

csc , sec 2,
2
cot 1
3
cot
3
13. The distances range from about

24,881 miles to 0 miles.
15. 0
17. 1
19. 1
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
14. 1
16. undefined
18. 0
20. Sample answers: 0, 180
127

Chapter 5
2
2
22. sin 45 , cos 45 ,
21. undefined
tan 45 1, csc 45 2
,
sec 45 2
, cot 45 1
2
1
2
24. sin 315 ,
23. sin 150 ,
2
3

cos 315 , tan 315 1,
cos 150 , tan 150
csc 315 2

,
3
, csc 150 2, sec 150

3
sec 315
23

3
2, cot 315 1
, cot 150 3

1
2
1
2
26. sin 330 , cos 330
25. sin 210 , cos 210

, tan 210 ,
3
3
, tan 330 ,
2
3
csc 210 2, sec 210
csc 330 2, sec 330
3
3
23

3
, cot 210
3
2
, cot 330 3

3
3
3

27. sin 420 , cos 420 ,
1
2
28. 1
3

3, csc 420 ,
tan 420
2
3

sec 420 2, cot 420
3
3
5
4
5
30. sin , cos ,
29. 2
3
4
5
3
5
4
sec , cot
4
3
tan , csc ,
2
2

31. sin , cos ,
2
tan 1, csc
32. sin 0, cos 1, tan 0,

csc is undefined, sec 1,
cot is undefined.
2,
sec 2
, cot 1
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
128

Chapter 5
65

65
65

65

33. sin , cos ,
8
65
34

34

cos , tan ,
5
tan 8, csc ,

8
sec
334

34
34. sin ,
3
5
34

3,
34

5

csc sec ,
, cot
65
8
5
3
cot
15
17
8
17
35. sin , cos ,

15
8
36. The sine of one angle is the

negative of the sine of the other
angle.
17
15
tan , csc ,
8
15
17
8
sec , cot
5
13
5
12
38. sin , tan ,
37. in Quadrant III or IV
13
5
13
12
csc , sec ,
12
5
cot
3

39. sin , cos ,
1
2
3
6
6
12

40. cos , tan ,
5
23

3
6
tan , sec ,

csc 5, sec ,
cot 3
cot 26
25

5
41. sin , cos ,
5
5
12
6
3

42. sin , cos ,

csc , sec
6
5,
tan 2
, csc ,
2
2
1
2
cot
cot
2
2
2
3

44.
43. sin , cos ,
tan 1, csc 2

,
sec 2

45. 0 or 90
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
46a. k is an even integer.

46b. k is an odd integer.
129

Chapter 5
10

10
10

10

48. sin , cos ,
3
47. 0
10

3

tan 3, csc ,
1
3
sec 10
, cot
5
7
50.
49a. 76 ft
49b. 22 ft
49c. 19 ft
1
2
49d. r 4
52. 23
54. 12.6
51. 240; III

53. 1.25, 1
55.
1 2 1
2
56. 3
7
f (x )
6
f (x) x 2 16
4
2
15 10 5 O
2
5x
4
6
57.
43 , 32 , 21
58. yes; yes; no
1
2
59. absolute value; f(x) 2 x
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
60. C
130

Chapter 5
5-4 Applying Trigonometric Functions

Pages 301304
1a. cos or sec
1b. tan or cot
1c. sin or csc
2. Sample answer: Find a.

A
10
3. DCB; ABC; the measures

are equal; if parallel lines are cut
by a transversal, the alternate
interior angles are congruent.
5. 52.1
7. 12.4
9.
11.
13.
15.
17.
19.
about 743.2 ft
6.3
9.5
18.4
4.0
6; 10.4; 6; 8.5
21a. about 9.9 m

21b. about 6.7 m
21c. about 48.8 m2
4. Sample answer: If you know

the angle of elevation of the
sun at noon on a particular day,
you can measure the length of
the shadow of the building at
noon on that day. The height of
the building equals the length of
the shadow times the tangent
of the angle of elevation of the
sun.
6. 41.1
8a. about 8.2 cm
8b. about 11.3 cm
8c. about 46.7 cm2
10. 4.5
12. 21.2
14. 76.9
16. 8.6
18. 32.9
20a. about 13.3 cm
20b. about 15.7 cm
20c. about 78.5 cm
22a. about 2.8 cm
22b. 3.2 cm
22c. 19.2 cm
22d. about 26.6 cm2
1
6
24. V s 3 tan
23. about 1088.8 ft

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
38
131

Chapter 5
25a.
26a. about 37,106.0 ft

26b. about 37,310.4 ft
84 ft
60
8 ft
25b. about 43.9 ft

25c. about 87.8 ft
27. about 366.8 ft; no
28. Let M represent the point of

intersection of the altitude and
E
F
. Since GEF is isosceles,
the altitude bisects E
F
. EMG
is a right triangle. Therefore,
a
s
sin or s sin a and

a
0.5b
tan or 0.5b tan a.

29. Markishas; about 7.2 ft
30. about 131.7 ft
3

31. sin 120 , cos 120
53

53
53

53

32. ; ;
2
2
7
1
2
, tan 120 3

,
3

csc 120 , sec 120
2
3
2, cot 120

3
33. 43.260
34.
y |x 2|
35. $1.32; $0.92
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
36. E
132

Chapter 5

Page 304
1. 34 36 18
2. 320; IV
5

11
3. sin G , cos G ,
4. sin ,
529

29
11

11
29

29

tan G , csc G ,

cos , tan ,
611

11
sec G , cot G
csc , sec
11
6
5
5
2
29
29
2

, cot
2
5
5. about 1043.2 ft
5-5 Solving Right Triangles

Pages 308312
1a. linear
1b. angle
3. Sample answer:
2. They are complementary.

4. Marta; they need to find the
1
cos
inverse of the cosine, not .

60
30
5. 60, 300
6. 150, 330
3

7.
4
3
8.
9. 35.0
11. A 12, b 192.9, c 197.2
13. B 58, a 6.9, b 11.0
10. 53.1
12. c 23.7, A 27.6, B 62.4
14a. about 31.4
14b. about 1638.3 ft
14c. about 596.9 ft
16. 120, 300
18. 90, 270
20. 135, 315
15. 90
17. 30, 330
19. 225, 315
4
5
22.
21. Sample answers: 30, 150,

390, 510
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
133

Chapter 5
2
3
5
2
12
26.
5
23.
24.
25. 1
21

5

27.
29.
31.
33.
35.
37.
39.
41.
43.
28. 59.0
34.8
52.7
36.5
about 48.8, 48.8, and 82.4
B 55, a 5.6, c 9.8
c 5.7, A 42.1, B 47.9
B 38.5, b 10.6, c 17.0
B 76, a 2.4, b 9.5
45a. Since the sine function is the

side opposite divided by the
hypotenuse, the sine cannot be
greater than 1.
45b. Since the secant function is the
hypotenuse divided by the side
opposite, the secant cannot be
between 1 and 1.
45c. Since cosine function is the
side adjacent divided by the
hypotenuse, the cosine cannot
be less than 1.
47a. about 4.6
47b. about 2.9
49. about 13.3
51. y 36.5, Z 19.5, Y 130.5
11

15
7
15
11
15

53. sin F , cos F ,
4
30. 42.8
32. 65.1
34. about 36.9 and 53.1
36. b 21.4, A 44.4, B 45.6
38. A 43, a 11.7, c 17.1
40. a 8.7, A 67.1, B 22.9
42. A 57, a 12.7, b 8.3
44a. about 39.4
44b. about 788.5 ft
46. about 14.9
48. about 1.2

50. about 21.0
52. about 3587.2 ft
54. 0.3, 1.4, 4.3
11

tan F , csc F ,
4
44
11

44

sec F , cot F
15
7
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
134

Chapter 5
56. (5, 3), (5, 4), (3, 6), (1, 3),

(2, 2)
58. y 0.29x 587.7
60. A
55. y-axis
2 1 0
57. 3 1 1
2 8 5
2
2
59. y x 2; ; 2
5
5
5-6 The Law of Sines

Pages 316318
1.
2. Sample answer:
60
2x
A
b
x
3
30
x3
x
2x

sin 60
sin 30
sin 90
35
40
10
x3

x
2x

1
3
1

2

2
2x 2x
3. K ab sin X
5.
7.
9.
11.
13.
15.
17.
19.
21.
23.
2x
C 81, a 9.1, b 12.1

about 18.7
30.4 units2
B 70, b 29.2, c 29.2
C 120, a 8.8, c 18.1
A 93.9, b 3.4, c 7.2
about 97.8
29.6 units2
5.4 units2
25.0 units2
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
4. Both; if the measures of two

angles and a non-included side
are known or if the measures of
two angles and the included
side are known, the triangle is
unique.
6. C 96.8, b 15.5, c 18.6
8. 82.2 units2
10. about 303.7 ft
12. A 30, a 19.6, b 38.6
14. C 65, a 12, b 10.1
16. B 76, a 13.5, b 20.7
18. about 17.9
20. 8.7 units2
22. 13,533.9 units2
24. 181.3 units2
135

Chapter 5
25. about 234.8 cm2

27. about 70.7 ft2
26. about 192.6 in2

28a. 45
28b. about 112.7 ft and 72.7 ft
28c. about 265.4 ft
30. about 213,987.7 ft2
29. Applying the Law of Sines,

m
n
r
and
sin M
sin N
sin R
s
m sin N
. Thus sin M
sin S
n
r sin S
and sin R . Since M
s
R, sin M sin R and

r sin S
m sin N
. However,
n
s
N S and sin N sin S,

m
n
r
s
m
r
n
s
so and .
Similar proportions can be
derived for p and t. Therefore,
MNP RST.
31a.
31b.
33a.
33b.
about
about
about
about
3.6 mi
1.4 mi
227.7 mi
224.5 mi
32. about 807.7 ft

34. about 6.7 ft
a
b
sin A
sin B
a
sin A

b
sin B
35a.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
35b.
136
a

sin A
a

c
a
1
c
a
c

c
c
ac

c
c

sin C
sin A

sin C
sin A
1
sin C
sin A
sin C

sin C
sin C
sin A sin C

sin C

Chapter 5
35d.
35c. From Exercise 34b,

ac
sin A sin C
or
c
sin C
sin A sin C
sin C
.
ac
c
a
c

sin A
sin C
a
sin A

c
sin C
a
sin A
1 1
c
sin C
a
c
sin A
sin C

c
c
sin C
sin C
sin A sin C
ac

c
sin C
sin A sin C
sin C

ac
c
a

sin A
a

b
a
1
b
a
b

b
b
ab

b
b

ab
b

sin B
sin A

sin B
sin A
1
sin B
sin A
sin B

sin B
sin B
sin A sin B

sin B
sin B

sin A sin B
Therefore,
sin A sin C
sin A sin C

ac
ac
sin A sin C
ac
or .
ac
sin A sin C
36. about 66.0

35

6
35

35

37. cos , tan ,
38. 83 360k
35

35

csc 6, sec ,
6
cot 35

39. 4 standard carts, 11 deluxe carts
41.
y
40. (0, 4, 2)

42. A
6 3x y 12
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
137

Chapter 5
5-7 The Ambiguous Case for the Law of Sines

Pages 324326
1. A triangle cannot exist if A 90
and a b sin A or if A 90
and a b.
2.
30
56.4
93.6
10
B
A
3. Step 1: Determine that there is

one solution for the triangle.
Step 2: Use the Law of Sines to
solve for B.
Step 3: Subtract the sum of
120 and B from 180 to find C.
Step 4: Use the Law of Sines to
solve for c.
5. 0
7. none
9. A 37.0, B 13.0, a 13.3
30
123.6 6
26.4
10
4. 1
6. A 15.4, B 147.6, b
20.2
8. B 50.3, C 91.7,
c 13.0; B 129.7,
C 12.3, c 2.8
10a.
45 ft
70 ft
10
10b. about 39.3

10c. about 46.4 ft
12. 1
14. 1
16. 2
11. 0
13. 0
15. 0
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
138

Chapter 5
17. 2
19. B 71.1, C 50.9,
c 23.8; B 108.9,
C 13.1, c 6.9
21. A 78.2, B 31.8, b 13.5;
A 101.8, B 8.2, b 3.6
23. none
18. none
20. B 90, C 60, c 6.9
22. C 80, a 13.1, b 17.6
25. B 30.1, C 42.7, b 9.0

27. A 27.2, B 105.8, b 21.1
29. none
24. A 75.9, C 68.1,

a 31.3; A 32.1,
C 111.9, a 17.2
26. none
28. A 73.3, C 66.7,
a 62.6; A 26.7,
C 113.3, a 29.3
30.
19.3 cm
74.1
21.7 cm
48.5
57.4
24.8 cm
32. A 70.9, B 55, C 54.1

34a. a 7
34b. a 7 or a 14
34c. 7 a 14
36a. about 17.2 east of north
36b. about 6 hr
36c. no
38. about 10.8 cm
40. about 305.2 in2
31. about 63.9 units and 41.0 units

33. about 100.6
35. about 9.6
37. about 4.1 min

39a. B
44.9
39b. B 44.9
39c. B 44.9
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
139

Chapter 5
1 i 47

4
41. about 185.6 m

42. 3; ,
43. no;
44. (7, 22)
3x
1
x1

3x
3
x1
1
2
3x
x1

x1
x 1

9x

x1
4x 1

x1

9x

x1
4x 1
9x

45. 5x 2y 22
46. 7
5-8 The Law of Cosines

Pages 330332
1. The Law of Cosines is needed
to solve a triangle if the
measures of all three sides or
the measures of two sides and
the included angle are given.
3. If the included angle measures
90, the equation becomes
c 2 a 2 b 2 2ab cos C.
Since cos 90 0,
c 2 a 2 b 2 2ab(0) or
c 2 a 2 b 2.
2. Sample answer: 1 in., 2 in.,

4 in.
4. Sample answers:
A
10
53
a
A 37, a 7.5, b 12.5
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
140

Chapter 5
4. (continued)
A
A
b
55
c
45
10
C 80, b 8.6, c 12.0

5.
7.
9.
11.
50
10
A 78.4, B 51.6, c 7.8
A 43.5, B 54.8, C 81.7

about 81.0
102.3 units2
B 44.2, C 84.8, a 7.8
13. A 34.1, B 44.4,

C 101.5
15. A 51.8, B 70.9, C 57.3
17. about 13.8
19. 11.6 units2
21. 290.5 units2
23. 11,486.3 units2
25a. about 68.1 in.
25b. about 1247.1 in2
27. about 342.3 ft
29a. about 122.8 mi
29b. about 2.8 mi
31. the player 30 ft and 20 ft from
the posts
A 9.1, B 10.9, c 54.2

6.4 units2
about 46.1 ft
A 44.4, B 57.1,
C 78.5
14. A 71.6, C 45.4, b 15.0
6.
8.
10.
12.
16. A 66.9, B 33.8, c 23.0

18. about 91.7 cm and 44.6 cm
20. 107.8 units2
22. 690.1 units2
24. 66.1 units2
26a. about 211.2 cm2
26b. about 110.2, 69.8, 110.2,
69.8
28. about 31.6 ft
30. about 46,468.5 ft2
32a. about 191,335.4 ft
32b. about 286,609.8 ft
32c. about 96,060.0 ft
34. about 39.2
36. 10
33. 2
35. 55
4
3
37.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
38. A
141

Chapter 5
Chapter 6 Graphs of Trigonometric Functions

6-1 Angles and Radian Measure
Pages 347351
1.

4
2. 90;
y
3
4
4. Let R 2r. For the circle with

radius R, s R or 2r which
is 2(r ). Thus, s 2s For the
circle with radius R,
3. Divide 10 by 8.
1
2
1
2
A R 2 or (2r)2 which is
1
1
(4r 2) or 4 r 2 . Thus,
2
2
A 4A.
19
6
4
3
5.
6.
7. 270
8. 100.3
3
2

9.
10.
3
11. 39.3 in.

13. 2.1 units2
12. 20.2 in.

14. 17.0 units2
15. about 0.7 m
16.
3
4
5
18.
3
5
20.
12
7
6
5
19.
2
125
21.
18
17.
22. 105
24. 974.0
26. 29.0
23. 660
25. 200.5
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
142

Chapter 6
3
28.
27. 1002.7
2
3

29.
30.
2
1
2
32. 3
31.
3
33.
34. 29.3 cm
35. 18.3 cm
37. 68.9 cm
39. 78.2 cm
41. about 36.0 m
43. 65.4 units2
45. 9.6 units2
47. 70.7 units2
49a. 5 ft
49b. 15 ft2
51a. about 12.2 in.
51b. about 2.4 in.
36. 36.7 cm
38. 12.0 cm
40. about 15.0 in.
42. about 13.6 cm
44. 380.1 units2
46. 140.2 units2
48. 38.1 units2
50a. about 48.4 mm
50b. about 2757.8 mm2
52a. 3.4 radians
52b. about 194.8
52c. 10.2 m
54. about 1.4 radians
53a. about 7.9 ft

53b. about 143.2
55. about 26.3
56a. about 760.3 mi

56b. about 967.6 mi
56c. about 207.3 mi
58a. about 11.8 ft
58b. about 206.3
60. 10,937.5 radians
57. about 5.23 mi

59a. about 530.1 ft2
59b. about 17.8 ft
1
2
61. A r 2( sin )
62. about 21.3 in2
63. no solution
65. I, III
64. about 172.7 yd

66a. Sample answer: y 102x 2
505x 18,430
66b. Sample answer: about
248,180
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
143

Chapter 6

69. all
71. b
68. No; there is a remainder of 4.

70. (3, 9, 8)
72. B
6-2 Linear and Angular Velocity

Pages 355358
5 rev
1 min
2 radians
1 rev
1 min
60 s
1.
2.
3. Linear velocity is the movement

along the arc with respect to
time while angular velocity is the
change in the angle with respect
to time.
4. Both individuals would have the

same change in angle during
the same amount of time.
However, an individual on the
outside of the carousel would
travel farther than an individual
on the inside during the same
amount of time.
6. 36.4 radians

t
5. Since angular velocity is , the

radius has no effect on the
angular velocity. Let R 2r. For

t
a circle with radius R, v R

t
t
or (2r) which is 2 r .
Thus v 2v.
7. 4461.1 radians
9. 293.2 radians/min
11. 110.0 m/min
13. 18.8 radians
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
8. 2.9 radians/s
10. 432 in./s
12a. about 164,996.4 mi
12b. about 6874.9 mph
14. 17.0 radians
144

Chapter 6
15.
17.
19.
21.
23.
25.
27.
29.
31.
33.
82.9 radians
381.4 radians
1.3 radians/s
9.0 radians/s
39.3 radians/min
about 0.1 radian/s
about 811.7 rpm
109.6 ft/s
4021.6 in./s
18,014.0 mm/min
35a.
35b.
35c.
37a.
37b.
37c.
39a.
39b.
16. 96.8 radians

18. 24,504.4 radians
20. 7.3 radians/min
22. 9.4 radians/s
24. 28.5 radians/min
26. about 52.4 radians/s
28. 132.8 cm/s
30. 34.5 m/min
32. 31,418.4 in./min
34a. 20 rpm
34b. about 10.5 in./s
36a. about 5.6 ft/s
36b. about 31 s
about 3.1 mm/s

about 0.05 mm/s
about 0.003 mm/s
about 7.1 ft/s
about 9.9 ft
about 4 ft/s
2017 revolutions
about 14.7 mph
38a. about 1.2 radians/s each

38b. about 11.0 ft/s; about
7.3 ft/s
40a. Mercury, about 10.9 km/h;
Venus, about 6.5 km/h; Earth,
about 1668.5 km/h; Mars,
about 861.2 km/h
40b. The linear velocity of Earth is
about twice that of Mars.
42a. about 4.1 radians/h
42b. about 290 mi
42c. Its angular velocity is between
3.8 radians/h and
4.1 radians/h
44. about 47.5 cm2

4
41a. cos t
41b. 0.5 s, 1.5 s
43a. B clockwise; C
counterclockwise
43b. 180 rpm; 75 rpm
45. about 31.68 cm2
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
46. 35.349
48. x 3 4x 2 9x 36 0
145

Chapter 6
49.
5
14
15
17
50. y x
y
y x3 1
51. D
6-3 Graphing Sine and Cosine Functions

Pages 363366
3
2

2
5
2
2. Sample answers: , ,
1. Sample answer:
y
O
period: 6
3. cos x cos (x 2)
4.
y sin x
O
1
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
146
5 x
y cos x

Chapter 6
4. (continued)
Both functions are periodic functions with the period of 2. The domain
of both functions is the set of real numbers, and the range of both
functions is the set of real numbers between 1 and 1, inclusive. The
x-intercepts of the sine function are located at n, but the x-intercepts of

2
the cosine function are located at n, where n is an integer. The

y-intercept of the sine function is 0, but the y-intercept of the cosine
function is 1. The maximum value of the sine function occurs when

2
3
2
x 2n and its minimum value occurs when x 2n,

where n is an integer. The maximum value of the cosine function occurs
when x n, where n is an even integer, and its minimum value occurs
when x n, where n is an odd integer.
5. yes; 4
6. 0
7. 1
8. 2n, where n is an
3
2
integer
9.
10.
y
1
y
y sin x
y cos x
7 x
4
13.
15.
17.
19.
21.
23.
25.
yes; 6
yes; 20
no
1
0
1
1
27. 2n, where n is an integer

2
29. n, where n is an integer

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
2
1
1
11. Neither; the period is not 2.
3
12. The average temperatures are

the same.
14. no
16. no
18. no
20. 0
22. 1
24. 1
26. 1

2

147

Chapter 6
31.
32.
y
y sin x
5
4
3
34.
y
y cos x
5
3
36.
y
y cos x
3
y sin x
1
1
37. y cos x ; the maximum value

of 1 occurs when x 4, the
minimum value of 1 occurs
when x 5, and the
7
2
y sin x
2
10 x
1
1
35.
y
1
4
y cos x
1
1
33.
38. Neither; the graph does not

cross the x-axis.
9
2
x-intercepts are , ,
11
2
and .
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
148

Chapter 6
39. y sin x; the maximum value
40. Sample answer: a shift of

2
to the left
11
2
of 1 occurs when x ,
the minimum value of 1
13
2
occurs when x , and

the x-intercepts are 7, 6,
and 5.

2
42. x n, where n is an integer.
41. x n, where n is an

integer.

2
44a. 2n, where n is an integer

44b. 2n, where n is an
integer
43a. 2n, where n is an

integer
3
2
43b. 2n, where n is an

2
44c. n, where n is an integer
integer
43c. n, where n is an integer
3
4

4
7
4
5
4
45. x ,
46. 0 x , x 2
47. none
48. x 0, x ,
49. x 0, , 2
3
x 2
2
5
50. x ,
4
4

2

2
51a. 62; it is twice the coefficient.

51b. 86; it is twice the constant term.
52a.
52b.
52c.
52d.
52e.
n, where n is an integer

2
2
2
y
y 2 sin x
2
1
2
O
1
2 x
2
52f. It expands the graph vertically.

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
149

Chapter 6
53a. 100; 120; 100; 80; 100

53b. 0.25 s
53c. 0.75 s

4
n
2
55a. , where n is an integer

55b. 1
55c. 1
55d.
55e.
y
y cos 2x
2
54a. about 3.3 cm; about

2.0 cm
54b. about 0.5 s
54c. about 2.0 s
56a. about 357 pumas, 1500 deer
56b. about 488 pumas, about
1197 deer
56c. about 545 pumas, about
1282 deer
2 x
1
58. about 85.9

60. no solution
57. about 52.4 radians per second

59. 45, 135
1
2
61. 1; 2 or 0; 3, , 2
62. 12; no
63. x 1, y 1
64. reflected over the x-axis,

expanded vertically by a factor
of 3
66. A(3, 2), B (2, 4), C (1, 6)
68. B
65. 11
67.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
x 23 y
150

Chapter 6
6-4 Amplitude and Period of Sine and Cosine Functions

Pages 372377
1. Sample answer: y 5 sin 2
2. The graphs are a reflection of

each other over the -axis.
4. Period and frequency are
reciprocals of each other.
6. 2.5
3. C
5.
y
y 3 cos
y cos 3
y
y 2.5 cos
2
2
y cos
2
All three graphs are periodic

and curve above and below the
x-axis. The amplitude of
y 3 cos is 3, while the
amplitude of y cos and
y cox 3 is 1. The period of
2
3
y cos 3 is , while the

period of y cos and
y 3 cos is 2.

2
8. 10;
7.
y
1
y sin 4
y 10 sin 2
8
4
3
2
O
4
8
1
AK06 021C 820388
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
151

Chapter 6
9. 3;
10. 0.5; 12
y 3 cos 2
3
2
1
1
2
3
y 0.5 sin
10
1
1
5
11. ; 8
12. y
0.8 sin 2
y 15 cos 4
0.2
0.2
2
5
13. y
7 sin 6
14. y
1.5 cos

3
3
4
15. y
cos
16. y
0.25 sin (588 t)
17. 2
18.
3
4
y 34 cos
y 2 sin
0.5
0.5
2
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
152

Chapter 6
20.
19. 1.5
y
2
y cos 2
y 1.5 sin
1
1
2

3
21. 8
22.
y
y cos 4
y sin 6
1
1
23. 5; 2
24. 2; 4
y
y
y 5 cos
y 2 cos 0.5
2
4
2
9
2
5
26. 8; 4
25. ;
y
0.4
2
5
sin 9
4
0.4
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
y 8 sin 0.5
8
153

Chapter 6
2
3
14
3
28. ;
27. 3; 4
y
y 3 sin 2
0.8
2
3
cos 7
0.4
2
O
2
3
2
5
2
O
0.4
4
3
2
5
2
0.8
30. 3; 4
29. 3;
x
y 3 sin 2
y 3 cos 0.5
2
2
2
2
3
1
3
1
3
32. ; 6
31. ;
1
3
y 3 sin 3
cos 3
4
1
1
34. 2.5; 10
33. 4; 4
y
y 4 sin 2
y 2.5 cos 5
2
2
O
2
2
4
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
154

Chapter 6

5
35. 0.5;
1
349
36. y
0.4 sin
37. y
35.7 sin 8
38. y
sin 6
1
4
8
5
8
3
40. y
4.5 sin
39. y
0.34 sin

15
42. y
5 cos
41. y
16 sin

3
2
10
46. y
cos
5
3
5
8
43. y
cos 14
44. y
7.5 cos
20
3

47. y
17.9 cos
8
45. y
0.5 cos
48. y
1.5 sin 4,
y
1.5 cos 4

2
49. y 2 cos
50. y 0.5 sin 2
51. y 3 cos
52. y 1.5 sin
53. y
3.8 sin (240 t)
54. y
15 cos (72 t )
55.
56a. y 1.5 sin t

2

4
56b. about 1.1 ft

56c. 0 ft
The graphs have the same

shape, but have been translated
vertically.
57a. 3
57b. 1
57c. 2
y
57d.
58a. y
0.2 sin (524 t )
58b. y
0.1 sin (1048 t )
58c. y
0.4 sin (262 t )
y 2 sin
2
O
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
155

Chapter 6
9.8

6

2
60a. n, where n is an integer
59a. y 1.5 cos t
60b. 1
60c. 2
y
60d.
59b. about 0.6 m to the right

59c. about 1.2 m to the left
y cos( )
1
62. 0
61a. about 0.9 s per cycle; about

1.1 hertz
61b. about 1.1 s per cycle; about
0.9 hertz
61c. about 1.3 s per cycle; about
0.8 hertz
61d. It increases.
61e. It decreases.
63. about 88.0 radians/s
65. c 24.7, A 37.8, B 52.2
67. 95; 2 imaginary roots
64. about 11.5 in.

66. about 4.17 m
68a. 3 of Model 28, 10 of
Model 74
68b. $900
70.
g (x )
69. (2, 1), (1, 1), (3, 4), (3, 2)
72. {(4, 16), (3, 9), (2, 4)}; yes
71. $434.10
73. C
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
156

Chapter 6

Page 377
1.
3.
5.
7.
150
about 40.2 ft2
about 7.7 radians/s
1
2. about 1.3 m
6. about 75.4 m/s
y
8.
y cos x
9 x
1
10. y
5 sin 6
9. 7; 6
y
y 7 cos 3
8
4
4
10 12
8
6-5 Translations of Sine and Cosine Functions

Pages 383386
1. Both graphs are the sine curve.
The graph of y sin x 1
has a vertical shift of 1 unit
upward, while the graph of
y sin (x 1) has a horizontal
shift of 1 unit to the left.
3a. increase A
3b. decrease h
3c. increase k
3d. increase c
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
2. sine function
4. Graph y sin x and

y cos x, and find the sum of
their ordinates.
157

Chapter 6
c
k
5. Jamal;

2

6

6.
2
or 3
y 3 cos ( 2 )
2
8. 2; ;
; 5
2
7. 3; y 3
y
y
y sin 2 3
2
2
y 2 sin (2 ) 5
4
6

2
1
2
9. ; 4; ; 3
10. y
20 sin 2 100
y 3 2 cos ( 2 4 )

6.2
2.13
6.2
11. y
0.6 cos 7
12.
y sin x cos x
1
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
158

Chapter 6
14. 2
13a. P 100
13b. P
30 sin 2t 100
P 30 sin 2t 100
13c.
P
y
y sin( 2)
120
80
O
P 30 sin 2t 100
40

2
16. 2
y
y sin(2 )
4 5
6 7
1
1
1
2
1
15.
y 2 cos ( 4 2 )
2
1
2
17. ; y
18. 4; y 4
y
y
O
2
y sin 2 2
4
6
8
y 5 cos 4
1
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
159

Chapter 6
20. 2; 3
19. 7; y 7
y
y 7 cos 2
8
6
4
2

2

3
21. 3; 2; ; 0
y
22. 6; 2; ; 2
y
y 3 cos ( 2 )
8
6
4
y 6 sin ( 3 ) 2
2
2
2
3

3
4

4
23. 1; 6; ; 2
24. 5; ; ; 20
y
O
30
y 20 5 cos (3 )
20
2
10
y 2 sin ( 3 12 )
4
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
160

Chapter 6
1
4
25. ; 4; 0; 3
26. 10; 8; 16; 5

y
y 10 sin ( 4 4) 5
2
5
y 4 cos 4 3
10
15
4

2
2
3
32
28. y
7 sin 7
27. 4; 4; ; 2
4
3
38
3
4
1
4
4
5
7
5
29. y =
50 sin 25
30. y
sin (10 10) +
31. y
3.5 cos (4 ) 7
32. y
cos (12 4)
2
245
33. y
100 cos 110
34. y 2 cos 1
35. y 0.5 sin 2 3
36.
y
8
y x sin x
6
4
2
37.
38.
y
2
1
O
1
y sin x sin 2x
1
2
1
2
2
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
y
2
y cos x sin x
161

Chapter 6
39.
y
4
40.
y 2 sin x 3 cos x
y cos 2x cos 3x
x
O
2
4
2
y 3 cos x
y 2 sin x
3
2
y cos 3x
41a. 3000; 1000

41b. 15,000; 5000
41c.
42.
y cos 2x
yx
3
2
x
O

2
y x cos x
y cos x
3
[0, 24] scl: 1 by [0, 16,000] scl: 1000
41d. months number 3 and 15

41e. months number 0, 12, 24
41f. When the sheep population is
at a maximum, the wolf
population is on the increase
because of the maximum
availability of food. The
upswing in wolf population
leads to a maximum later.
43a. 4 ft
43b. t 25
43c. 20 s
t
43d. h 25 21 sin
10
43e. 5 s
43f. 25 ft
45a. y
sin x

4
44. There is a phase difference.
46. y 0.25 sin 588t
cos x
x
45b. y
45c. y cos x 2
45d. y sin x
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
162

Chapter 6
47. 134.4 cm/s
48.
x3
y x2
0 0
3
x
49. y 1
50. 0 0
51. (1.4, 0.04)
52.
y |x 4|
53. 3x y 11 0
54. 7854
6-6 Modeling Real-World Data with Sinusoidal Functions

Pages 390394
1. any function that can be written
as a sine function or a cosine
function
3. Sample answers: the amount of

daylight, the average monthly
temperatures, the height of a
seat on a Ferris wheel
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
163
2. Both data that can be modeled

with a polynomial function and
data that can be modeled with a
sinusoidal function have
fluctuations. However, data that
can be modeled with a
sinusoidal function repeat
themselves periodically, and
data that can be modeled with a
polynomial function do not.
4a. 5 units below equilibrium
4b. 5 units above equilibrium
4c. about 4.33 units above
equilibrium

Chapter 6
5. P 30 sin 2t 110
6a.
6b.
6c.
6d.
12.5
53.5
12 months
Sample answer:
6
y 12.5 cos t 0.5 53.5
7b.
6e. Sample answer: About 42.8;

it is somewhat close to the
actual average.
6f. Sample answer: About 53.2;
it is close to the actual
average.
8a. 6.5 units
8b. 0.5 units
7c. 330 hertz
8c.
7a. 0.5
1
330
6
5
8d. 2 units
9a.
9b.
9c.
9d.
9e.
9 f.
5
10. y 2 cos t
1200
about 232
1500; 275; no
January 1, 1971
225; July 1, 1973
See students work.

6.2
2.34
3.1
11. y 3.55 sin t

6
4.24
13a.
13b.
13c.
13d.
12b. about 35.8

12c. about 67.9
14. Sample answer:
4
77
12 months
Sample answer:
6
2
3
12a. y 23.5 sin ( t ) 47.5
3
2
y 3 cos x 5
y 4 cos t 0.5 77
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
164

Chapter 6
13e. Sample answer: About 80.4; it

is very close to the actual
average.
13f. Sample answer: About 79.1; it
is close to the actual average.
15a. 5.685 ft
15b. 7.565 ft
15c. about 12.4 h
15d. Sample answer: h 5.685

6.2
sin t 0.71 7.565

15e. Sample answer: about 8.99 ft
16a. 9.47 h; 10.47 h; 11.68 h;

13.07 h; 14.28 h; 15.03 h;
14.92 h; 14 h; 12.72 h;
11.38 h; 10.12 h; 9.33 h
16b. 2.85 h
16c. 12.18 h
16d. 12 months
16e. Sample answer: y 2.85
6
cos t 0.21 12.18
715
17. Sample answer: about 2.09
18a. y 3.5 cos t

18b. about (4, 3.20)
20. See students work.

19. VR 120 sin t
30

21. 3; ; ; 5
2

22. 2n where n is an integer
y 3 cos(2 ) 5
8
6
4
2
40
9
1
3
25.
m4
m4
23.
24. about 97.9, 82.1, 97.9, 82.1

26. 5
27. x 1; x 1
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
28. E
165

Chapter 6
6-7 Graphing Other Trigonometric Functions

Pages 400403
1. Sample answers: , , 2

2
2. The asymptotes of y tan

and y sec are the same.
The period of y tan is and
the period of y sec is 2.
3
2
3. Sample answers: ,
4. 0
5. 1
6. n, where n is an odd integer

4
8.
y tan ( 4 )
4
2
2
2
4
9.
y sec(2 ) 1
32
2
9
10. y csc 4
4
2
2
2
4
21

8
11. y = cot +
12a. 715.4 N
12b. F 715.4 sec
y
12c.
800
F 715.4 sec
400
2
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
166

Chapter 6
13.
15.
17.
19.
21.
0
undefined
1
undefined
n, where n is an integer
12d. 715.4 N
12e. The tension becomes greater.
14. 0
16. 1
18. undefined
20. 0
22. n, where n is an even integer
3
2

4
23. 2n, where n is an

integer

4

2
27. n, where n is an odd integer

y
29.
3
4
30.
y cot( 2 )
4
2
4
2
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
y tan ( 2 4 ) 1
2
y csc 5
2
2
32.
2
4
8
31.
y sec 3
2
2
4
167

Chapter 6
33.
34.
y
y
2
O
2
O
2
4
y csc(2 ) 3
6
8

2
36. y tan 6
y
y sec
4
2
2
6
12
2
4
8
35.
y sec ( 3 6 ) 2
y cos
2
4
2, , 0, , 2

2
y csc
3

4
37. y cot 2 7
39.
2
3
1
41. y csc (6 3) 5

2
43. y tan 2 7

2

y cot 12
5
5
2
2
y sec 8
3
3
38. y sec 2 10
40.
42.
44a.
d
40
20
d 10 tan 40 t
O 10
20 10
20
20
40
44b. about 2.4 ft from the center

44c. about 24.1 ft from the center
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
168

Chapter 6
45.
46a. 68.6 N

2
46b. F 34.3 sec
46c.
F
40
2
2
F 34.3 sec 2
20
4

The graph of y csc has no

range values between 1 and 1,
while the graphs of y 3 csc
and y 3 csc have no range
values between 3 and 3. The
graphs of y 3 csc and
y 3 csc are reflections of
each other.
47a. 220 A
46d. 34.3 N
46e. The tension becomes greater.
1
47b. s
30
1
47c.
360
47d.
49a.
49b.
49c.
49d.
about 110 A
1.72 ft
2.27 ft
about 12.3 hr
Sample answer:
2
12.3

2
48. y 1 tan
50.
y 2 cos
1
2
h 1.72 sin t 1.55 2.27
O
1
2
49e. Sample answer: 3.96 ft

51. 6 cm
52. C 42 11, b 62.5, c 43.4
53a.

54. sin A , cos A ,
65

65
53b. about 13.1 m

53c. about 13.7 m
65

65
7
4
tan A
73
4m
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
169

Chapter 6
55. 2 x 5
57.
y
56. about 0.83

58. y 17.98x 35.47; 0.88
59. B
6-8 Trigonometric Inverses and Their Graphs

Pages 410412
1. y sin1 x is the inverse
relation of y sin x,
y (sin x)1 is the function
2. For every y value there are

more than one x value. The
graph of y cos1 x fails the
vertical line test.
1
sin x
y , and y sin (x1) is

1
x
the function y sin .

3. The domain of y Sin x is the
set of real numbers between

2
4. Restricted domains are

denoted with a capital letter.

2
and , inclusive, while the

domain of y sin x is the set of
all real numbers. The range of
both functions is the set of all
real numbers between 1 and
1, inclusive.
5. Akikta; there are 2 range values
for each domain value between
0 and 2. The principal values
are between 0 and , inclusive.
6. y Sin x
y
1
y Sin x
y Arcsin x
1
2
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
170
1 x
2
1

Chapter 6

2

4
7. y Cos1 x
y
y Cos (x 2 )
2
8.
y
y Cos1x 2
1
1 x
1
2
2
2

9.

10.
12. false; sample answer: x 1

14. y cos x
11. true
13a. about 40,212 km
13b. C 40,212 cos
13c. about 1.48 radians
13d. about 40,212 km
y
1
y cos x
1
y arccos x
1
15. y Sin1 x
16. y tan x
y Sin x
y tan x
y arctan x
1
1 x
y 12 Cos x
1
O
1 x
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

2
y
1
1
171
2
2
O
2
18. y Sin x
y
y Arccos 2x
1
2
17. y Cos x
2
2
1
y Sin1 x
2
1 x
Arcsin x
1 x
y Sin (x 2 )
1

Chapter 6
19. y 2 tan1 x
20. No; the inverse is

2
y2
y tan 2
2
tan1
2
y Tan1 x .
2
21.
22. 0
y
4
y y Arccot x
y Cot x
O
2
x
4 2 O
4 x
4

2

25.
2
1
27.
2

6
23.
24.
26. 1
2

28.
2
1
2
1
2
29.
30.
31. No; there is no angle with the

sine of 2.
33. true
35. true

36. true

2
37. false; sample answer: x
38.
y
y tan(Tan1x )
39. April and October

4
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
172

Chapter 6
43a.
43b.
43c.
43d.
6:42 P.M.
12.4 h
3.675 ft
Sample answer:
44.
y sin (Tan1 x ) 1

6.2
y 3.375 3.675 sin t 1.62
43e. Sample answer: about 4:46 A.M.
1
45a. about 1.47 radians

45b. about 35.81 in.
32
2
3
47. y
5 sin 8
48.
y
1
y cos x
11
9 O
10
1
49. 25.4 units, 54.4 units

1
2
50. 30
3
2
51.
1,
2,
3,
6,
,

52.
g (x )
1
g (x ) x 2 3

x2
54. D
53. 27x 3 1; 3x 3 3
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
173

Chapter 6
Chapter 7 Trigonometric Identities and Equations

7-1 Basic Trigonometric Identities
Pages 427430
1. Sample answer: x 45
1
cot
2. Pythagorean identities are

derived by applying the
Pythagorean Theorem to a right
triangle. The opposite angle
identities are so named
because A is the opposite of
A.
1
tan
sin(A)
cos(A)
sin A

cos A
sin A

cos A
3. tan , cot ,
4. tan(A)
cos
cot , 1 cot2
sin
csc2
tanA
6. Sample answer: 0
5. Rosalinda is correct; there may

be other values for which the
equation is not true.
7. Sample answer: x 45
3
2
8.
25

5

11.
26

5

12. cos
3
13. csc 30
15. 1
14. sec
16. csc x
9.
10.
65

7
17.
F csc
B
I
18. Sample answer: 45
BI F csc
BI
csc
F
csc1
F BI
F BI sin
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

174

Chapter 7

3

26.
4
5
2
25.
15

4
5

27.

28.
2
30.
3
4
29.
3
2

313

13

31.
32.
26

7
3

5
1

2
3
cos
8

csc
3
33.
34. 37

35.
36. 65

37.
39.
41.
43.
45.
47.
49.
51.
53.
55.
38. sin 30
40. tan
5
42. sec 30
cot 60
csc
2
sin x cos x
1
1
Let (x, y) be the point where the
terminal side of A intersects the
unit circle when A is in standard
position. When A is reflected
about the x-axis to obtain A,
the y-coordinate is multiplied by
1, but the x-coordinate is
y
unchanged. So, sin (A)
y sin A and
cos (A) x cos A.
O
44. csc x
46. tan
48. cos x
50. sin
52. 2 csc x
54. 90
56a. W eAS cos
56b. 459.63 W
(x , y )
A
A
x
(x, y)
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
175

Chapter 7
57. k tan
360
180
58. . tan
2n
n
a
a
h cot . The
2 tan
2
1
2
a
2
180
n
a

2
, so
h
area of the isosceles
a2
4
180
n
triangle is (a) cot cot .
There are n such triangles,
180
n
1
4
so A na 2 cot .
59. sin EF and cos OF since the circle
is a unit circle.
CD
CD
tan CD
OD
1
CO
CO
sec CO
OD
1
BA
BA
OF
EOF OBA, so BA.
EF
OA
1
cos
OF
Then cot BA. Also by
sin
EF
OB
EO
OB
1
similar triangles, , or .
EF
OA
EF
1
1
OB
1
Then csc OB.
sin
EF
1
61.
F D
60. 135
62. 2.44 cm
y
1
y cos (x 6 )
x
O

6
2
3
7
6
5
3
13
6
1
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
176

Chapter 7
1
2
63. a 12.0, B 70, b 32.9
64. 2, , 2
65. 4, 0.5
66. continuous
67. (2, 5, 3)
68. y x
2
9
28
9
69. C
7-2 Verifying Trigonometric Identities

Pages 433436
1. Answers will vary.
2. Sample answer: Squaring each

side can turn two unequal
quantities into equal quantities.
For example, 1 1, but
(1)2 12.
4. Answers will vary.
3. Sample answer: They are the

trigonometric functions with
which most people are most
familiar.
1
cos x

tan x sec x
sin x 1
cot x
csc x
5. cos x

cos x
cos x

sin x

1

sin x
6.
cos x
1

sin x
1
sin x + 1

cos x
cos x
1

sin x 1
sin x 1

cos x
cos x
1
cos x
cos x cosx
7. csc cot
csc cot
cos x
cos x

sin x 1
sin x 1
1
csc cot
8. sin tan

csc cot
1

csc cot csc cot
csc cot
csc cot
csc2 cot2
csc cot
csc cot

(1 cot2 ) cot2
csc cot
csc cot
1
csc cot csc cot

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
cos x
177
sec cos
1
cos
cos
cos2
1

cos
cos
2
1 cos

cos
sin2

cos
sin
sin
cos
sin tan

sin tan
sin tan
sin tan
sin tan
sin tan sin tan

Chapter 7
1
4
10. Sample answer: sinx
9.
(sinA cosA)2 1 2 sin2A cotA
sin2A 2 sinA cosA cos2A
1 2 sin2A cotA
1 2 sinA cosA 1 2 sin2A cotA
sinA
sinA
1 2 sinA cosA
1 2 sin2A cotA
cosA
sinA
1 2 sin2A
1 2 sin2A cotA
1 2 sin2A cotA 1 2 sin2A cotA
11. Sample answer: cos x 1
I cos
I cot

R
R 2csc
12.
2
cos
I
sin
I cos

2
1
R
R 2
sin
cos
I
sin
I cos

2
1
R
R 2
sin
sin
sin

I cos
I cos

2
R
R2
13. tan A

sec A
csc A
14. cos
sin cot
cos
sin
tan A
1

cos A

1

sin A
tan A

cos
sin
cos cos
sin A
cos A
tan A tan A
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
178

Chapter 7
1 sin x
cos x
1
sin x
sec x tan x
cos x
cos x
15. sec x tan x

16.
1 tan x
sec x
sin x cos x
sin x
1
cos x
sec x
sin x cos x
sec x tan x sec x tan x
sin x
1
cos x
cos x
sec x
cos x sin x cos x
cos x + sin x
sec x
cos x(sin x + cos x)
1
sec x
cos x
sec x = sec x
17. sec x csc x
sec x csc x
sec x csc x
sec x csc x
sec x csc x
sec x csc x
sec x csc x
tan x cot x
18. sin cos
sin x
cos x

cos x
sin x
sin x
sin x

cos x
sin x
cos x
cos x

sin x
cos x
2
sin x

cos x sin x
cos2 x

sin x cos x
2
sin x cos2 x

cos x sin x
1

cos x sin x
1
1

cos x
sin x

sin cos
2sin2 1
sin cos

2sin2 (sin2 cos2 )

sin cos
sin2 cos2
sin cos
sin cos
sin cos
(sin cos )(sin cos )

sin cos
sin cos sin cos
sec x csc x sec x csc x
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
179

Chapter 7
19.
(sin A cos A)2
(sin A cos A)2
sec A csc A
sec A csc A
2
2
sec A csc A

sec A csc A
sec A csc A
(sin A cos A)2
1
sec A
1
csc A
2 1
(sin A cos A)2 2 cos A sin A 1
(sin A cos A)2
2 cos A sin A sin2 A cos2 A
(sin A cos A)2 (sin A cos A)2
1 sin y
cos y

21.
cos y
1 sin y
1 sin y
1 sin y
cos y

1 sin y
cos y
1 sin y
cos y(1 sin y)
1 sin y

2
1 sin y
cos y
cos y(1 sin y)
1 sin y

2
cos y
cos y
1 sin y
1 sin y

cos y
cos y
cot2 x
23. csc x 1
csc x 1
csc2 x 1
csc x 1
csc x 1
(csc x 1)(csc x 1)
csc x 1
csc x 1
csc x 1 csc x 1
20.
(sin 1)(tan sec ) cos
sin tan tan
sin sec sec cos
sin
cos
sin
cos
1
1
sin
cos
cos
2
sin sin sin 1

cos
sin2 1

cos
cos2

cos
sin
cos
cos
cos
cos
cos cos
22.
cos cos() sin sin() 1
cos cos sin (sin ) 1
cos2 sin2 1
11
24. cosB cot B
csc B sin B
1
sin B
sin B
sin2 B
1

sin B
sin B
1 sin2 B

sin B
cos2 B

sin B
cos B
cosB
sin B
cosB cot B

cosB cot B
cosB cot B
cosB cot B
cosB cot B
cosB cot B cosB cot B
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
180

Chapter 7
25. sin cos tan cos2
sin cos cos2
sin
cos
26.
1 cos x
1 cos x
cos2 x
1
1
cos x

2

sin2 x
sin2 x
sin x
sin x
1 cos x

1 cos x
2
1 2 cos x cos x
1 cos x

2
sin x
1 cos x
(1 cos x)2
1 cos x

2
1 cos x
1 cos x
2
(1 cos x)
1 cos x

(1 cos x)(1 cos x)
1 cos x
1 cos x
1 cos x

1 cos x
1 cos x

27.
sin x cos x
28.
sin cos tan sin
sec cos tan
cos x
sin x

1 tan x
1 cot x
cos x
sin x

sin x
cos x
1
1

cos x
cos x
1
sin
cos
sin cos sin

sec cos tan
sin2
cos
sin x
sin cos
cos x
cos x

sec cos tan
cos x

cos
cos2
sec cos tan
sin x
cos2
cos2 x
sin2 x

cos x sin x
sin x cos x
cos2
sin2
cos
sin
sec cos tan
sin2
x
x

sin x cos x
sin x cos x
2
2
sin x cos x

sin x cos x
(sin x cos x)(sin x cos x)

sin x cos x

sin2
cos
sin
sin x
sin x

cos x
1 sin x
1
cos
sin sec cos tan

sin sec sec cos tan
cos
cos
sin sec
sec
cos sin cos sec
sec
cos tan sec
sec
sec cos tan
sec
sin x cos x
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
1 cos x
1 cos x

csc2 x 2csc x cot x cot2 x
sin2 cos2 1
11

sin x
(csc x cot x)2
181
cos tan
cos tan
cos tan
cos tan

Chapter 7
29. Sample answer: sec x
2
30. Sample answer: tan x 2

1
2
31. Sample answer: cos x 0
32. Sample answer: sin x
Sample answer: sin x 1

1
yes
no
34. Sample answer: cot x 1

36. no
38. yes
40a. P I 02 R(1 cos2 2ft)
33.
35.
37.
39.
I 02 R

40b. P
csc2 2ft
1
2
41. f (x) sin
42.
sin a
sin a sin sin c sin
sin c
cos
cos b
cos sin cos b
sin
cos c
cos a
cos c cos a cos b cos b

Then cos sin cos b
sin a cos c
sin c cos a
sin a
cos c

cos a
sin c

tan a cot c
gx2
1
2
43. y 2 (1 tan2 ) x tan
44. Sample answer: tan sin2
45. By the Law of Sines,
46. 1
2v 0
a sin
b
a
, so b .
sin
sin
sin
1
Then A ab sin
2
a sin
1
A a
sin
sin
2
a 2 sin sin

A
2 sin
a 2 sin sin
A
2 sin(180 ( ))
a 2 sin sin
A
2sin( )
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
182

Chapter 7
47. y 2 sin(2x 90)

49. 3
51. 40 shirts, 40 pants
48. 16845
50. x 1, y 3
52. {16}, {4, 4}; no; 16 is paired
with two elements of the range.
53. D
7-3 Sum and Difference Identities

Pages 441445
1. Find a counterexample, such as
x 30 and y 60.
2. Find the cosine, sine, or

tangent, respectively, of the sum
or difference, then take the
reciprocal.
3. The opposite side for 90 A

is the adjacent side for A, so
the right-triangle ratio for
sin(90 A) is the same as that
for cos A.
4. cot( )
1
tan( )

1

tan tan

1 tan tan
1 tan tan
tan tan

90 A
1
cot cot
cot cot

1
1
cot cot

cot
cot
cot cot 1
cot cot

2 6
6. 2
5.
4
7.
63
16
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
15

36
65

8.
4
6 2
9.
3
10.
sin(90 A) cos A
sin(90) cos A
cos(90) sin A cos A
1 cos A 0 sin A cos A
cos A cos A
183

Chapter 7
2 cot
tan
11.
12.
sin(x y)

2
sin
2
cot

cos

sin cos cos sin
2
2

cos cos sin sin
2
2
1 cot x tan y
csc x sec y

cos x
sin x
cos
cos x
sin x
6

4
2

2

4
6

cot
sin(x y)
3
6

4
3
2

22.
24.
6 2
621
629
36
28.
77
3
26.
24
25
27.
34

29.
5

30.
270 122
19
2 6 30

35

32.
65
56
31.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
6

20. 2
3
17 5

102
2

4
18. 2
2 6
12
6

16.

19.
25. 2
2

4

14.

17.
23.
sin x cos y cos x sin y

1

sin(x y) sin(x y)

15.
21. 2
cos y
sin x cos y
sin x cos y
13. cos n 0t
2

sin y

cot cot
6

4
cos y
1
sin x cos y
sin(x y)
1
1

cot
(sin ) 0 (cos ) 1
cot
(cos ) 0 (sin ) 1

sin
sin y
1
sin x cos y
sin(x y)
1
1

184

Chapter 7
3 2 14

12

33.
sin x
cos
x
2
34.
cos
cos x sin
sin x
2
2
sin x
0 cos x 1 sin x sin x

sin x sin x
36.
sin(A ) sin A
sin A cos cos A sin sin A
(sin A)(1) (cos A)(0) sin A
sin A sin A
35. cos(60 A)
sin(30 A) cos 60 cos A
sin 60 sin A
sin 30 cos A cos 30 sin A
1
3
cos A sin A
2
2
1
3
cos A sin A
2
37.
cos(180 x) cos x
cos 180 cos x sin 180 sin x
cos x
1 cos x 0 sin x cos x
cos x cos x
39. sin(A B)
sin(A B)
sin(A B)
38.
tan A tan B
sec A sec B
1 tan x
1 tan x
tan x tan 45
1 tan x

1 tan x tan 45
1 tan x
tan x 1
1 tan x

1 (tan x)(1)
1 tan x
1 tan x
1 tan x

1 tan x
1 tan x
tan(x 45)
40. cos(A B)

sin A
sin B

cos A
cos B

1
1

cos A cos B
sin A
sin B

cos A
cosB

1
1

cos A cos B
1 tan A tan B
sec A sec B

sin A
cos(A B)
cos A cos B
sin A
sin B
1
cos A cos B

1
1

cos A cos B
cos A cos B
cos A cos B

cos(A B)
sin A cos B cos A sin B

1
sin(A B) sin(A B)
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
sin B
1
cos A cos B
cos(A B)
1
1

cos A cos B

cos A cos B
sin(A B)

cos A cos B sin A sin B

1
cos(A B) cos(A B)
185

Chapter 7
41. sec(A B)
sec A sec B
1 tan A tan B

sec(A B)
1
1

cos A cos B

sin A
sin B
1
cos A cos B
sec(A B)
1
1

cos A cos B

sin A
sin B
1
cos A cos B
sec(A B)
cos A cos B
cos A cos B

1

cos A cos B sin A sin B
1
sec(A B)
cos(A B)
sec(A B) sec(A B)
43. VL I0 L sin t
42.
sin(x y) sin(x y) sin2 x sin2 y
(sin x cos y cos x sin y)
(sin x cos y cos x sin y)
sin2 x sin2 y
(sin x cos y)2 (cos x sin y)2
sin2 x sin2 y
sin2 x cos2 y cos2 x sin2 y
sin2 x sin2 y
sin2 x cos2 y sin2 x sin2 y
sin2 x sin2 y cos2 x sin2 y
sin2 x sin2 y
sin2 x(cos2 y sin2 y)
sin2 y(sin2 x cos2 x)
sin2 x sin2 y
(sin2 x)(1) (sin2 y)(1)
sin2 x sin2 y
sin2 x sin2 y sin2 x sin2 y
44.
1
sin ( )
2
n

sin
2
1
sin ( 60)

2
n
60
sin
2

sin 30
2

n
sin 30

sin cos 30 cos sin 30

2
2
n
1

2
3

cos
n 2 sin

2
2
2
2

n
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
186
3 sin

cos
2
2

Chapter 7
sin x cos h cos x sin h sin x
46a.
h
45. sin 2A
46b.
y y sin x cos 0.1 cos x sin 0.1 sin x

0.1
0.5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x
0.5
1
46c. cos x
47.
sin( )
tan( )
cos( )
sin cos cos sin
cos cos sin sin
tan( )
tan( )
sin cos
cos sin

cos cos
cos cos

sin sin
cos cos

cos cos
cos cos
tan tan
tan( )
1 tan tan
Replace with to find tan( )
tan tan()
tan( ())

1 tan tan()
tan tan
tan( )
1 tan tan
48a. Answers will vary.
48b.
tan A tan B tan C tan A tan B tan C
tan A tan B tan(180 (A B)) tan A tan B tan(180 (A B))
tan 180 tan(A B)
1 tan 180 tan(A B)
tan 180 tan(A B)

1 tan 180 tan(A B)
tan A tan B tan A tan B tan

0 tan(A B)
1 0 tan(A B)
0 tan(A B)
1 0 tan(A B)
tan A tan B tan A Tan B

tan A tan B tan(A B) tan A tan B tan(A B)
1 tan A tan B
1 tan A tan B
(tan A tan B) tan(A B) tan A tan B tan(A B)

tan(A B)(1 tan A tan B) tan(A B) tan A tan B tan(A B)
(1 tan A tan B 1)tan(A B) tan A tan B tan(A B)
tan A tan B tan(A B) tan A tan B tan(A B)
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
187

Chapter 7
49.
1 cos2 x
sec2 x
csc2 x cot2 x
2
7
21

50.
1 sin x
1 cos2 x
sec2 x
1
cos2 x
cot2 x cot2 x
sec2 x
cos2 x
1

1
cos2 x
cos x

2
sec2 x sec2 x 1 1
sec2 x sec2 x
3

51.
52. k, where k is an integer
53. y 18 sin(
t ) 68
2
55. 0
57. about 183 miles
54. 8, 360, 30
59. 54.87 ft
60. 0, , 1
61. {xx 5 or x 3}
63. 1319, 221
62. 12
64. A
56. 6.2 ft, 55.9 ft2

58. 0
1
4
Chapter Mid-Chapter Quiz

Page 445
5

1.
3
3
5
2.
1
1 tan x
1
1
1 cot x
1
1

1
2
sec x
csc2 x
3. cos
4
4.

2
2
cos2 x sin2 x 1
11
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
188

Chapter 7
5.
csc2 sec2

csc2
sec2
6.
csc2
sec2

csc2
sec2
sec2
1

sin2

1

cos2
1
cot x sec x sin x

2 tan x cos x csc x
cos x
1
sin x
sin x
cos x
1
sin x
2 cos x
cos x
sin x
csc2
121
11
cos2

1 csc2
sin2
cot2 1 csc2
csc2 csc2
7.
tan( )
6

4
2

8.
1 cot tan
cot tan

1 tan
tan
tan( )
1
tan
tan
1 tan
tan
tan

tan( )

1
tan
tan
tan
tan( )
tan tan
1 tan tan

tan( ) tan( )
35 6

12

9.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
3

10.
80 41
59
189

Chapter 7
7-4 Double-Angle and Half-Angle Identities

Pages 453455
1. If you are only given the value of
cos , then cos 2 2 cos2
1 is the best identity to use. If
you are only given the value of
sin , then cos 2 1 2 sin2
is the best identity to use. If you
are given the values of both cos
and sin , then cos 2 cos2
sin2 is just as good as the
other two.
cos 2 1 2 sin2
cos 2 1 2 sin2
2.
cos 2 1
sin2
2
1 cos 2
sin2
2
1 cos 2

sin

Letting
yields
2

sin
2

1 cos 2
2
, or
2
1 cos

.
sin
2
3a. III or IV
3b. I or II
3c. I, II, III, or IV
5. Both answers are correct. She
obtained two different
representations of the same
number. One way to verify this is
to evaluate each expression with
a calculator. To verify it
algebraically, square each
answer and then simplify. The
same result is obtained in each
case. Since each of the original
answers is positive, and they
have the same square, the
original answers are the same
number.
7.
32
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
190
4. Sample answer: 0
.
2
2
2

6.
2
21

25
21

17

8. , ,
4
17
25

Chapter 7
24
25
7
25
24
7
9. , ,
2
cot tan

10. tan 2
tan
2

cot tan tan
2 tan
tan 2
cot tan tan2
tan 2

tan 2

2
2 tan
1 tan
tan 2 tan 2
x
2
11.
sec A sin A
1
1 sin 2A
sec A
2
1
2
1 sin 2A
1
2
1 sin 2A
1
sin A
cos A

1

cos A
1
sin A
cos A

1

cos A
x
sin x

2
2
12. sin cos

x
2 sin cos
2
2
sin x

2
2
x
sin 2
2

2
sin x

2
cos A
cos A

1
2
1
1
1 sin 2A 1 2 sin A cos A
2
2
1
1
1 sin 2A 1 sin 2A
2
2
1
1
13. P I 02R I 02R cos2 t
2
2
sin x

2
sin x

2
1 sin 2A 1 sin A cos A

2 3

2 3

14.
2

16. 2 3
15.
2

2 2

2
3

17.
18.
19. 2
1
20.
24
25
7
25
15

5
7 42

42
22.
, ,
9
7
24
7
21. , ,
4
5
3
5
37

8
4
3
23. , ,
12
13
5
13
421

25
12
5
17
25
421

17
26. , ,
25. , ,
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
1
8
24. , , 37

191

Chapter 7
214

5
27.
28.
csc 2
1

sin 2
1

2 sin cos
1
1
1

2 sin cos
1
csc sec
2
1
sec csc
2
cos 2A
cos A sin A
cos2 A sin2 A
cos A sin A
cos A sin A
29. cos A sin A
30.
cos A sin A
(cos A sin A)(cos A sin A)

cos A sin A
1
2
1

2
1

2
1

2
1

2
1

2

sec csc
sec csc
sec csc
sec csc
sec csc
sec csc
(sin cos )2 1 sin 2

sin2 2 sin cos
cos2 1 sin 2
2 sin cos 1 1 sin 2
2 sin cos sin 2
sin 2 sin 2
cos A sin A cos A sin A

31.
cos x 1

cos x 1
cos x 1
cos x 1
cos x 1
cos2 sin2
cos sin
1
sec 2
cos 2
32. sec 2
cos 2 x 1
2(cos x 1)
2 cos2 x 1 1

2(cos x 1)
2 cos2 x 2

2(cos x 1)
2(cos2 x 1)

2(cos x 1)
2(cos x 1)(cos x 1)

2(cos x 1)

2
2
sec 2 sec 2
cos x 1 cos x 1
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
192

Chapter 7
A
sin A

2
1 cos A
sin 3x 3 sinx 4 sin3 x

sin (2x x) 3 sinx 4 sin3 x
sin 2x cos x cos 2x sin x
3 sin x 4 sin3 x
2 sin x cos2 x (1 2 sin2 x)sin x
3 sin x 4 sin3 x
2 sin x(1 sin2 x) (1 2 sin2 x)sin x
3 sin x 4 sin3 x
2 sin x 2 sin3 x sin x 2 sin3 x
3 sin x 4 sin3 x
3 sin x 4 sin3 x 3 sin x 4 sin3
x
33. tan
34.
A
2
sin 2
2
A

tan
A
2
1 cos 2
A
2 sin cos
2
2
A

tan

A
2
1 2 cos2 1
2
2 sin cos
2
2
A
tan
A
2
2 cos2
2
sin
2
A
tan
A
2
cos
2
A
2
A
2
tan tan
cos 3x 4cos3 x 3cos x
cos (2x x) 4cos3 x 3cos x
cos 2x cos x sin 2 x sin x
4cos3 x 3cos x
(2cos2 x 1)cos x 2 sin2 x cos x
4cos3 x 3cos x
(2cos2 x 1)cos x 2(1 cos2 x)
cos x 4cos3 x 3cos x
2cos3 x cos x 2cos x 2cos3 x
4cos3 x 3cos x
4cos3 x 3cos x 4cos3 x 3cos x
35.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
193
36. 4 cos2

Chapter 7
37. PBD is an inscribed angle

that subtends the same arc as
the central angle POD, so
38.
2v 2 cos sin( )
g cos
R
2
2v 2 cos sin( 45)
g cos 45
1
2
mPBD . By right triangle

1
2
sin
PA
.
1 cos
1 OA
R
2
PA
BA
trigonometry, tan
R
2v 2 cos (sin cos 45 cos sin 45)

g cos2 45
R

2

2
2

2v 2 cos (sin )
(cos )
2
2

2 2

g
2

2v 2 cos (sin cos )

2
R
1
g
2
2
v 2 (2 cos sin 2 cos2 )

R
g

v 22
R
g (2 cos sin
(2 cos2 1) 1)
v 22

g
R (sin 2 cos 2 1)
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
194

Chapter 7
1 cos L

1 co
sL
1
1 cos L
39a.
1 cos L
1
40.
21
7
tan( 30)
tan( 30) 3

39b. 2 3
tan tan 30
3
1 tan tan 30
3

3
tan
tan 3 3
3

3
tan 3
tan 3
3

1 3tan 3
3
3

3
3

tan
1 3

9 3

3 33

tan
6 53

3
tan
41. 6
2

42. Sample answer:

cos

sin
sin cos
0 (1)
1
1
44. about 460 ft
46.
y
43. 97.4
45. 2x 4 11x 3 19x 2
84x 36 0
y 2x 5
x
5
y x
2
48. 70
47. (7, 2)
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
195

Chapter 7
7-5 Solving Trigonometric Equations

Pages 459461
1. A trigonometric identity is an
equation that is true for all
values of the variable for which
each side of the equation is
defined. A trigonometric equation
that is not an identity is only true
for certain values of the variable.
3. 45 360x and 135 360x,
where x is any integer
5. 30
7. 30, 330
5
7
7
11
9.
,
,
,
6
6
6
6
11
10.
,
6
6
3
4

5
2k, 2k
14.

k,
2
6
6
11.
k
2
12. k
13. (2k 1)

2
2. All trigonometric functions are

periodic. Adding the least
common multiple of the periods
of the functions that appear to
any solution to the equation will
always produce another
solution.
4. Each type of equation may
require adding, subtracting,
multiplying, or dividing each
side by the same number.
Quadratic and trigonometric
equations can often be solved
by factoring. Linear and
quadratic equations do not
require identities. All linear and
quadratic equations can be
solved algebraically, whereas
some trigonometric equations
require a graphing calculator. A
linear equation has at most one
solution. A quadratic equation
has at most two solutions. A
trigonometric equation usually
has infinitely many solutions
unless the values of the
variable are restricted.
6. 30
8. 90, 270
4
15.

3
3
16. 41.41
17. 45
18. 120
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
196

Chapter 7
19.
21.
23.
25.
27.
20.
22.
24.
26.
28.
45
0, 90
135, 225
0, 45, 180, 225
0, 120, 180, 240
3
11
5
5
7
7
32. 0,
, ,
4
4
31.
,
6
6
7
11
5
3
34.
,
,
6
6
2
33. 0, ,
,
6
6
3
30.
, ,
,
,
,
6 4
4
6
4
4
29. 0, 150, 180, 210

7
60, 30
90
30, 150
60, 300
0
7
7
11
36.
,
6
6
35.
,
4
4
7
11
5
5
5
11
38.
2k,
2k
6
6
37.
2k,
2k
6
6
39. k,
k
6
40.
2k,
2k
6
6
41. k
42.
2k,
2k
3
3
44.
k,
k
12
12
43.
k
4
2
4
46.
2k,
2k
3
3
45.
k
2
5
7
3
51. 0
or
2
4
4
53. 0, 1.8955
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
5
5
50. 0
or
2
3
3
49.

6
6
48.
2k,
2k,
2k
6
2
6
47. 2k,
2k
2
52. 0.4636, 3.6052

54. 0.3218, 3.4633
197

Chapter 7
5
56.
x or
x 2
3
3
58a. 13.71
58b. Measure the angles of incidence
and refraction to determine the
index of refraction. If the index is
2.42, the diamond is genuine.
55. 0.01
57. 30.29or 59.71
59. 0.0013 s
60. 2b
61. 341.32
62. 2
1
2

5
63. Sample answer: sin x
64.
2
3
y 3 cos
90
180 270 360
23
66.
68.
70.
72.
65. about 18 rps

67. (x 2)(x 1)(x 1)
69. (4, 3)
g (x)
71.
undefined
max: (1, 7), min: (1, 3)
(6, 2, 3)
C
g (x ) |x 3|
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
198

Chapter 7
7-6 Normal Form of a Linear Equation

Pages 467469
1. Normal means perpendicular.
2. Compute cos 30 and sin 30.

Use these as the coefficients of
x and y, respectively, in the
normal form. The normal form
3

2
1
2
is x y 10 0.
3. The statement is true. The
given line is tangent to the
circle centered at the origin
with radius p.
4. Form
Equation
Slope-Intercept
Point-Slope
Standard
Normal
Information Displayed
slope and y-intercept
slope and a point on the line
none
length of the normal and the
angle the normal makes with
the x-axis
y mx b
y y1 m(x x1)
Ax By C 0
x cos
y sin
p 0
See students work for sample problems.

5. 3
x y 20 0
6. 3
x y 23
0
7. x y 10 0
8. x y 2 0; 2; 217
310

10
10

10
4
5
10

5
2

2
9. x y 0;
3
5
2

2
10. x y 3 0; 3; 315
10

; 18
5
11a.
12. x 3
y 30 0
3x 4y 8
11b. 1.6 miles

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
199

Chapter 7
13.
15.
17.
19.
2
x 2
y 24 0
3
x y 43
0
3
x y 10 0
x 3
y 3 0
5
13
14.
16.
18.
20.
xy60
y20
x 3
y 10 0
3
x y 83
0
2

2
12
13
21. x y 5 0; 5; 247
2

2
2

2
22. x y 0;
2

; 45
2
25

5
4
5
3
5
23. x y 3 0; 3; 307
5

5
45

5
24. x y 0;
45

; 333
5
3

2
25. x 3 0; 3; 0
17

17
417

17
10

10
27. x y
561

61
310

10
28. x y
2817
2817

0; ; 104
17
17
661

61
1
2
26. x y 1 0; 1; 210
610

610

0; ; 108
5
5
12061

61
29. x y
30. 3x 4y 50 0
12061

61
0; ; 40
31. x y 8 0
y
33a.
45
32. 6 units
34a.
90
34b. tan
34c. cot
34d. cot
1.25 ft
x 2
y 2.5 0
33b. 2
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
200

Chapter 7
5
13
12
13
35a. x y 3 0
36a. The angles of the

quadrilateral are 180 ,
90,
2
1, and 90. Then
180 90
2
1
90 360, which simplifies to
2
1 . If the lines
intersect so that is an
interior angle of the
quadrilateral, the equation
works out to be
2 180
1 .
35b.
67
y
12
5
13 x 13
y30
35c.
See students work.
35d. The line with normal form
x cos
y sin
p 0
makes an angle of
with the
positive x-axis and has a
normal of length p. The graph
of Armandos equation is a line
whose normal makes an angle
of
with the x-axis and
also has length p. Therefore,
the graph of Armandos
equation is the graph of the
original line rotated
counterclockwise about the
origin. Armando is correct. See
students graphs.

2
1
36b. tan
2 tan (
1 )
tan
tan
1 tan
1 tan
1

If the lines intersect so that

is an interior angle of the
quadrilateral, the equation
works out to be
tan
tan
1 tan
1 tan
1
.
tan
2
5
38.
,
3
3
37. $6927.82
235
5

18
39.
40.
y
1
y sin 4
45
90
1
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
201

Chapter 7
42. 6, 2
44. 16, 4
46. E
41. 3.05 cm
43. 4.5 in. by 6.5 in. by 2.5 in.
45. (6, 3)
7-7 Distance from a Point to a Line

Pages 474476
1. The distance from a point to a
line is the distance from that
point to the closest point on the
line.
2. The sign should be chosen

opposite the sign of C where
Ax By C 0 is the
standard form of the equation
of the line.
4. The formula is valid in either
case. Examples will vary. For
a vertical line, x a, the
formula subtracts a from the
x-coordinate of the point. For
a horizontal line, y b, the
formula subtracts b from the
y-coordinate of the point.
3. In the figure, P and Q are any

points on the lines. The right
triangles are congruent by AAS.
The corresponding congruent
sides of the triangles show that
the same distance is always
obtained between the two lines.
P
213

13
6.

1237
37
234

17

8. 310
5.
7.
)x (30 813
)y
9. (20 613
40 513
0;
)x (813
30)y
(20 613
40 513
0
10. 1715 ft

534
17
21
5
12.
35

5
14.
11.
13.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
2513

13
202

Chapter 7
16
5
16.
15. 0
10

10
18.

641
41
20.
10

5
22.
23.
813

13
24.
25. x 8y 0; 16x 2y 65 0
)x
26. (68 1517
(17 817
)y 102
6817
0;
)x
(68 1517
(17 817
)y 102
0
6817
28a. Linda
28b. 48
4
5
17.

35
5
19.

2089
89
21.
52

2
27. (210
313
)x
(13
310
)y 310

213
0;
313
)x
(210
(13
310
)y 310

213
0
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
203

Chapter 7
29. 1.09 m
30. The radius of the circle is

[(5)
(2
)]2 (
6 2
)2 or
5. Now find the distance from
the center of the circle to the
line.
Ax1 By1 C

d

A2
B2
5(5) (12)(6) 32
d

52
(12
)2
65
13
d
3453

53
34
5
d5
Since the distance from the
center of the circle to the line is
the same as the radius of the
circle, the line can only
intersect the circle in one point.
That is, the line is tangent to
the circle.
32. 3.33

1726
26
31. , ,

53
53

53
53

33. x y
2
5
6
34.
5
53
0
53
y
35.
36. 424.24 miles
y csc ( 60)
O 120 300 480
1
38. 20
40. C
37. about 2.8 s

39. (6, 2, 5)
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
204

Chapter 7
Chapter 8 Vectors and Parametric Equations

8-1 Geometric Vectors
Pages 490492
1. Sample answer:
2. Sample answer: A vector has

magnitude and direction. A line
segment has only length. A
vector can be represented by a
directed line segment.
b
a
a b
3.
5.
7.
9.
11.
13a.
a . Then draw
b so that its
Draw
initial point (tip) is on the
a . Draw a
terminal point (tail) of
dashed line from the initial point
a to the terminal point of
b
of
The dashed line is the resultant.
Sample answer: the velocities of
an airplane and a wind current.
1.2 cm, 120
1.4 cm, 20
2.6 cm, 210
2.9 cm, 12
6.
8.
10.
12.
14.
2.9 cm, 55
3.5 cm, 70
12.9 cm, 51
1.66 cm, 2.38 cm
2.6 cm, 128
16.
18.
20.
22.
24.
26.
28.
30.
32.
34.
2.1 cm, 14
3 cm, 101
3.8 cm, 359
3.9 cm, 155
4.2 cm, 45
3.5 cm, 22
5.5 cm, 358
11.7 cm, 357
0.99 cm, 0.99 cm
2.82 cm, 1.03 cm
100
13b. 100.12 m/s

15. 1.4 cm, 45
17. 3.0 cm, 340
19. 3.4 cm, 25
21. 5.5 cm, 324
23. 5.2 cm, 128
25. 8.2 cm, 322
27. 5.4 cm, 133
29. 3.4 cm, 301
31. 1.60 cm, 2.05 cm
33. 2.04 cm, 0.51 cm
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
4. No, they are opposites.
205

Chapter 8
35. 45.73 m
36. The difference of the vectors.

Sample answer: The other
diagonal would be the sum
of one of the vectors and the
opposite of the other vector, so
it would be the difference.
38. 61 N, 23 north of east
37. Yes; sample answer:
s
r
r s
r
s r
s
40a. 1.18 N, 0.92 N

40b. 0.31 N, 1.47 N
39. Sometimes;

a
b 5
b
2.3 2.7
a
a
b
5
a b
b
a

a
b 1.5
b
2.3 2.7
a
5
41. 36 mph, 30mph

43. 71 lb
45. x (1
2 )y 2 5
20
42. It is true when k 1 or

a is the
zero vector.
44. 24 lb
46. csc cos tan
sin
1
cos
sin
sin
cos

sin
cos
cos
1
3
48. x , for 0 x 2

47. n where n is an integer
4
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
206

Chapter 8
50. 3 ft
4 ft
6 ft
52. 15
49. 15.8 cm; 29.9 cm

51. x 3, x 1, y 0
8-2 Algebraic Vectors

Pages 496499

2. Use XY
1. Sample answer:

a 8, 6,
b 6, 8; equal
vectors have the same
magnitude and direction.
2
2
(x2 x
y2 y

1) (
1) and
replace the values for x and y.

Answer is 68
.
4. 5, 5, 5
2 units
3. Jacqui is correct. The

representation is incorrect.
2, 0 0, 5 is not equal to
51, 0 (2)0, 1. The correct
i 5
j.
expression is 2
5. 5, 1,
26 units
6. 23, 4, 545

units
1
2
8. 3 , 4
7. 2, 2
9.
11.
13.
15.
17.
19.
21.
23.
25.
27.
29.
31.
14, 4
10, 8
i 6j
927 N
(4, 5, 41

5, 7,
74
5, 7,
74
9, 9, 9
2
2, 11
2, 19
22, 29
18, 9
20, 50
32 34
10.
12.
14.
16.
18.
20.
22.
24.
26.
28.
30.
32.
8, 32
74, 7i 5j

2, 6, 210

3, 2,
13
3, 3, 3
2
2, 6, 2
10
5, 12, 13
8, 14
0, 30
14, 13
2, 4
7.2, 8.4
33. 3,3
34. 44, 32
35. (30, 4.5

37. 13
, 2i 3j
39. 12.5, 3.5i 12j
36. 5, 3i 4j

38.
157, 6i 11j
40. 17
, 4i j
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
207

Chapter 8
41. 2353
, 16i 34j
43. Student needs to show that

v 2)
v3
v 1 (v
v 3)
(v
1
2

v 2)
v3
(v
1
[a, b c, d ] e, f
a c, b d e, f
a c e, b d f
a c e, b d f
a, b c e, d f
a, b [c, d e, f ]

v 1 (v
v 3)
2
45a.
Surfer
Vk
42. 5i 5j

44a.
100 N
Fy
20
Fx
44b. 34 N
46a. They are opposites.

46b. It is a parallelogram.
Vs 15
30
Shore
45b.
47a.
47b.
47c.
Vx
30 mph
30 s
30 m
5.1 m/s
(x x )
v
2
1
48. cos
(x 2x 1)

v cos
(y y )
v
2
1
sin
(y2y1)

v sin
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
208

Chapter 8
49. none of these

51.
50. 4.2
6
2

4
52. y 17sin (8x 480)
53. 1434 ft; 86,751 sq ft

55. max: (0, 3), min (0.67, 2.85)
54. Sample answer: 2; 1

56. y as x , y as
x
57. A
8-3 Vectors in Three-Dimensional Space

Pages 502504
1. Sample answer: sketch a
coordinate system with the
xy-axes on the horizontal, and
the z-axis pointing up. Then,
vector 2i is two units along the
x-axis, vector 3j is three units

along the y-axis, and vector 4k
is four units along the z-axis.
Draw broken lines to represent
z
three planes.
2. Sample answer: To find the

components of the vector, you
will need the direction (angle)
with the horizontal axis. Using
trigonometry, you can obtain the
components of the vector.
y
x
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
209

Chapter 8
3. Sample answer: Neither is

correct. The sign for the j -term
must be the same (), and the
coefficient for the
k -term is 0, so
the correct way to express the
vector as a sum of unit vectors
is i 4j.
5.
7.
9.
11.
5, 4, 11, 92

6, 0, 25

11i 4j 2k
3457 N
4. 66

G
6. 7, 11, 1, 319

8. 1, 33, 38

10. 2j 13k
12. 26
z
y
x
B
13. 69
14. 334
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2 4
B
y
121086422 2 4 y
2
4
4
6
8
15.
17.
19.
21.
1,
1,
3,
4,
4,
4,
9,
8,
8, 9
4, 33

9, 319

14, 269
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
16.
18.
20.
22.
210
1, 1, 5, 33

4, 6, 4, 217

1, 2, 6,
41
18, 36, 2

Chapter 8
1
2
1
4
1
2
23. 6, 7 , 11
2
3
3
4
24. 1, 8 , 4
2
3
25. 16 , 13, 23
26. 3.5, 0.75, 3.5
27. 5, 24, 8
28. , ,
29.
31.
33.
35.
52
5
3
i 8
j 5
k
2
i 4
j 9
k
7
i 3
j 6
k
G1G2
278
15
30. 2
i 4 j
k

32. 20i 5j 11k
34. 15
i 7j
36.
If
m m1, m2, m3, then
(x2
x1)2
(y2
y1)2
(z2
z1)2
36
5
(x1
x2)2
(y1
y2)2
(z1
z2)2
G2G1
because (x y)2 (y x)2 for
all real numbers x and y.
2

m
(m1)2
(m 2
)2 (m
3) .
m , m , m , then
If m
1
2
3

m
(m1)2
(
m2)2
(m 3
)2.
Since m12 (m1)2, m22 (m2)2,
m
.
and m32 (m3)2, m
38. (3, 4, 4)
40. 2, 2, 4
37. 9, 0, 9

39a. i 4j
39b. i
z
41a.
42. Yes, all the atoms are 2 units

away from every other atom.
12
6
O
6
12
12
41b. about 26 ft
41c. 35.25
43. 2, 7
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
44. D(8, 1)
211

Chapter 8
45.
sin 2X
cot X
1 cos 2X
2 sin X cos X

cot X
1 cos2 X sin2 X
2 sin X cos
cot X
X
46.

5

3
cos X
cot X
sin X
cot X cot X
8
15
47. 6, 4
48.
49. Yes, because substituting 7 for

x and 2 for y results in the
inequality 2 180 which is true.
50. E
8-4 Perpendicular Vectors

Pages 508511
i
2.
a

a ax
ax
1. Sample answer: Vector

v

w is

the negative of vector w
v .
j
ay
ay

k
az
az
ay az
a a
a a
i x z j x y
k
ay az
ax az
ax ay
(ay az ay az) i (ax az ax az) j

(ax ay ax ay)
k
3. Sample answer: No, because a

vector cannot be perpendicular
to itself.
5. 0, yes
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

0i 0j 0k
0, 0, 0

0
4. 1, no
6. 10, no
212

Chapter 8
7. 13, 1, 5, yes

13, 1, 5 1, 3, 2
13(1) 1(3) (5)(2)
13 3 10 0
13, 1, 5 2, 1, 5
13(2) 1(1) (5)(5)
26 1 25 0
9. Sample answer: 1, 8, 5
11. 0, yes
13. 21, no
15. 32, no
17. 6, no
8. 8, 14, 2, yes

8, 14, 2 6, 2, 10
8(6) (14)(2) (2)(10)
48 28 20 0
8, 14, 2 4, 1, 9
8(4) (14)(1) (2)(9)
32 14 18 0
10. 20.8 lb/ft
12. 2, no
14. 4, no
16. 24, no
18. 0, yes
20.
a
b 0, yes

b
c 28, no

a c 15, no
19. 9, no
21. 2, 2, 1, yes

2, 2, 1 0, 1, 2
2(0) 2(1) (1)(2)
2220
2, 2, 1 1, 1, 4
2(1) 2(1) (1)(4)
2240
22. 15, 6, 29, yes

15, 6, 29 5, 2, 3
(15)(5) (6)(2) 29(3)
75 12 87 0
15, 6, 29 2, 5, 0
(15)(2) (6)(5) 29(0)
30 30 0 0
23. 0, 0, 10, yes

0, 0, 10 3, 2, 0
0(3) 0(2) 10(0)
0000
0, 0, 10 1, 4, 0
24. 4, 12, 16, yes

4, 12, 16 1, 3, 2
4(1) 12(3) 16(2)
4 36 32 0
4, 12, 16 5, 1, 2
4(5) 12(1) 16(2)
20 12 32 0
25. 8, 8, 16, yes

8, 8, 16 3, 1, 2
8(3) 8(1) 16(2)
24 8 32 0
8, 8, 16 4, 4, 0
8(4) 8(4) 16(0)
32 32 0 0
26. 2, 14, 4, yes

2, 14, 4 4, 0, 2
2(4) 14(0) 4(2)
8080
2, 14, 4 7, 1, 0
2(7) 14(1) 4(0)
14 14 0 0
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
213

Chapter 8
27. Sample answer:

a , a , a .
a a1, a2, a3 and a
Let
1
2
3
i
a1

)
a
(a
a1
j

k
a2
a3
a2 a3
a2 a3
a2 a3 i
a1 a3
a1 a3 j
a1
a2
a1 a2 k

0i 0j 0k
0

28.
a
(b
c)
i
a1

(b1 c1)
j
a2
(b2 c2)

k
a3
(b3 c3)
a3
a1
i
(b3 c3)
(b1 c1)
(b 2 c )
2
2
a3
a1
j
(b3 c3)
(b1 c1)
a2

(b2 c2) k
[a2(b3 c3) a3(b2 c2)] i [a1(b3 c3) a3(b1 c1)]j

[a1(b2 c2) a2(b1 c1)]k
[(a2b3 a2c3) (a3b2 a3c2)]i [(a1b3 a1c3) (a3b1 a3c1)]j

[(a1b2 a1c2) (a2b1 a2c1)]k
[(a2b3 a3b2) (a2c3 a3c2)]i [(a1b3 a3b1) (a1c3 a3c1)]j

[(a1b2 a2b1) (a1c2 a2c1)]k
(a2b3 a3b2)i (a2c3 a3c2)i (a1b3 a3b1)j (a1c3 a3c1)j
(a c a c )k

(a1b2 a2b1)k
1 2
2 1
] [(a c a c )i
[(a2b3 a3b2)i (a1b3 a3b1)j (a1b2 a2b1)k
2 3
3 2

(a1c3 a3c1)j (a1c2 a2c1)]k
ab
2
2
a3
i
b3
ac
2
2
a3
i
c3
a1 a3
a a
j 1 2
k
b1 b3
b1 b2
a1 a3
a a
j 1 2
k
c1 c3
c1 c2

(a
b ) (a
c)
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
214

Chapter 8


32. The expression is false.
m

n

and n
m have the same
magnitude but are opposite in
direction.
33a.

34. 233
1
2
30
4
600 N
33b. 21 N m
35a.
o 120, 310, 60,

c 29, 18, 21
35b. $10,320
36a.
F
45
36b. 339 ft-lb

38a. 5 units3
38b. They are the same.
37a. Sample answer: 8, 7, 9

37b. The cross product of two
vectors is always a vector
perpendicular to the two
vectors and the plane in which
they lie.
19
29
39.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
215

Chapter 8
2 a
2 b
2
40. BA
2
b
cos (
2a
(a
b )2
(a
b )2)
1
1
2
2
2
2

a12 a22
b12 b22 2
a12 a22
( b12 b22) cos (a1 b1)2 (a2 b2)2
a12 a22 b12 b22 2( a12 a22) ( b12 b22) cos
a12 2a1b1 b12 a22 2a2b2 b22
a12 a22 b12 b22 2( a12 a22)( b12 b22) cos
()
()
()

2a1b1 2a2b2
2(
a12
a22)(
b12
b22) cos a1b1 a2b2
(
a12
a22)(
b12
b22) cos a1b1 a2b2
b
cos
a
a
b
41.
43.
45.
47.
b
cos
a
2, 0, 3
417

1

617

7

x y 0;
17
17
17
6
17
1.46 units; 14
17
13.1 meters; 13.7 meters
B
42. 8, 5, 89

44. a 8.9, B 5925,
C 8435
46. x 17.67

Page 511
1.
2.
115
2.3 cm
46
2.7 cm
1.6 cm, 1.7 cm
3.
5.
7.
9.
5, 5, 52

14, 8
0, yes
1, 5, 7, yes
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
4.
6.
8.
10.
216
11.4 mm, 24.5 mm

2, 0, 3, 13

6, 0, 25
11, no
6.7 m
Chapter 8
8-5 Applications with Vectors

Pages 516519
1. Sample answer: Pushing an
object up the slope requires less
force because the component of
the weight of the object in the
direction of motion is mg sin.
This is less than the weight mg
of the object, which is the force
that must be exerted to lift the
object straight up.
3. Sample answer: Forces are in
equilibrium if the resultant force
0.
is
5. 421.19 N, 19.3
7. 13.79 N, 11.57 N
9a.
4 mph
2. The tension increases.
4.
Current
17
23 knots
6. 111.8 N, 63.43
8. 74 N, 253
10.
42 N
12 mph
53
9b. 19.5
11.
Wind
12.
27
342 lb
94
256 mph
454 lb
13.
15.
17.
19.
21.
576.82 N, 42.5
199.19 km/h, 90
194.87 N, 25.62
220.5 lb, 16.7
39.8 N, 270
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
14.
16.
18.
20.
22.
217
99.87 mph, 334.3

at least 17.36 lb
44
37.5, 58.6 lb
20.6 ft/s2
Chapter 8
23. 19.9 N, 5.3 west of south
24a.
135 lb
165
75
70 lb
120
115 lb
24b. no; 134.5 lbs, 28.7 south of

west
26a. Sample answer: Decrease the
angle between the handle and
the lawn.
26b. Sample answer: Pushing the
lawnmower at a lower angle
may cause back pain.
28. 90.63 N
25. 1,542,690 N-m
27a. 9.5 south of east

27b. 18.2 mph
29. left side: 760 lb,
right side: 761 lb
30. Sample answer: Method b is

better. Vectors show that when
the rope is nearly straight then
the force exerted by the tractor
and the pole are much greater
than with the tractor alone.
32. 25 lb
34. 12, 6, 3
36. Sample answer:
y 1.4x 2 2x 3.9
38. A
31. 3192.5 tons

33. 2, no
35. 239.4 ft
37. 30% beef, 20% pork; $76
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
218

Chapter 8
8-6 Vectors and Parametric Equations

Pages 523525
1. a line through (3, 1) and (7, 1)
2. Sample answer: for every

single unit increment of t, x
increases 1 unit, y increases
2 units. Then, the parametric
equations of the line are x
3 t, y 6 2t.
4. x 4, y 11 t3, 8
x 3t 4, y 8t 11
3. a line with slope 1 going

through (0, 1) and (1, 0)
3
2
5. x 1, y 5 t7, 2
x 1 7t, y 5 2t
2
3
5
4
7. x t, y t 2
3
4
8. y x
4
9
9. y x 2
10.
t
x
y
1 2 2
0
2 1
1
6
0
2 10 1
11a. receiver: x 5, y 48 48t

defensive player: x 5 2t,
y 51 48t
11b. yes
13. x 1, y 4 t6, 10
x 1 6t, y 4 10t
15. x 1, y 5 t7, 2
x 1 7t, y 5 2t
17. x 3, y 5 t2, 5
x 3 2t, y 5 5t
3
4
5
2
6. x t, y t
x
O
12. x 5, y 7 t2, 0
x 5 2t, y 7
14. x 6, y 10 t3, 2
x 6 3t, y 10 2t
16. x 1, y t2, 4
x 1 2t, y 4t
18. x t, y 4t 5
7
4
19. x t, y t
20. x t, y 2t 3
21. x t, y 9t 1
22. x t, y t
23. x t, y 4t 2
24. x t, y t 6
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
2
3
11
3
1
2
219

Chapter 8
1
2
25. y x 1
26. y 6x 42
1
23
4
4
17
5
29. y x
2
2
28. y x 5
31a. x 11, y 4 t3, 7

31b. x 3t 11, y 7t 4
32.
1
4
27. y x
7
3
30. x 8
89
3
31c. y x
[5, 5] Tstep:1 [10, 10]

Xscl:1 [10, 10] Yscl:1
34.
33.
[10, 10] Tstep:1 [10, 10]

Xscl:1 [10, 10] Yscl:1
[10, 10] Tstep:1 [20, 20]

Xscl:2 [20, 20] Yscl:2
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
220

Chapter 8
35a. right of point (2, 4)
36.
2
3
35b. t
( 12 , 12 )
38a. Pallas: x 7 2t,

y 6 2t, z 1 t
Ceres: x 1 t, y 4 t,
z 1 2t
38b. yes, (1, 2, 3)
38c. no
40. 162.2 km/h, 47 53 4 SE
37a. missile 1: x 3 t, y 4
missile 2: x 2 t, y 2 2t
37b. yes
1
3
1
3
39. x t, y 1 4t,
z 1 9t
41. 3, no
42. No solution exists.
43. 1
44. y x
45. x y 4 0
46. D
2
3
4
3
8-7 Modeling Motion Using Parametric Equations

Pages 531533
1. Sample answers: a rocket
launched at 90 to the
horizontal; tip-off in basketball
3. The greater the angle of the
head of the golf club, the greater
the angle of initial velocity of the
ball.
5. 12.86 m/s
7. 7.05 m/s, 2.57 m/s
9. 32.5 ft/s, 56.29 ft/s

11. 891.77 ft/s, 802.96 ft/s
13. 55.11 yd/s, 41.53 yd/s
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
2. equal magnitude with opposite

direction
4. 32.14 ft/s
6. 38.16 ft/s, 23.85 ft /s

8a. x 440t, y 16t 2 3500
8b. See students graphs.
8c. about 14.8 s
8d. 6512 ft
10. 46.18 m/s, 8.73 m/s
12. 15.01 ft/s, 7.98 ft/s
14. 43.49 km/h, 14.98 km/h
221

Chapter 8
15a. x 175t cos 35,

y 175t sin 35 16t 2
15b. 899.31 ft or 299.77 yd
16. The greater the angle, the

greater the time the projectile
stays in the air. As the angle
increases from 0 to 45, the
horizontal distance increases.
As the angle increases from
45 to 90, the horizontal
distance decreases.
18. No, it is a parabolic path due to
the force of gravity.
20a. x 222.2t cos 45,
y 222.2t sin 45 4.9t 2
20b. 423.4 m
20c. 169 m/s or 608.4 km/h
22a. Sample graph:
17a. 158.32 ft/s

17b. 127 yd
19. Sample answer: No, the
projectile will travel four times
as far.
21a. 323.3 ft
21b. 312.4 ft
21c. 3.71 s
22b. See students work.

24a. x 155t cos 22
y 155t sin 22 16t 2 3
24b. About 36.12 ft; it will clear the
fence.
24c. 528.86 ft
26a. 1101.3 N
26b. 2725.9 N
28. (0.25, 0.5, 1)
23a. 140.7 ft/s

23b. 131.3 yd
25. y 6x 58
27. 37
29. B
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
222

Chapter 8
8-8 Transformation Matrices in Three-Dimensional Space

Pages 539542
1. It produces a reflection over the
yz-plane, and increases the
dimensions two-fold.
3. The transformations are the
same.
4ac. Transformation
Orientation
5a.
5b.
Size
Shape
no
no
translation
no
no
no
dilation
no
no
no
9 9 4 4 4 9 9 4
1 4 4 1 1 1 4 4
2 2 2 2 6 6 6 6
5c.
H
E
F
C
x
yes

B
2.
reflection
5 5 0 0 0 5 5 0
2 5 5 2 2 2 5 5
0 0 0 0 4 4 4 4
G
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
4 0 0
6a. D 0 4 0
0 0 4
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
T 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
6b. Sample
graph:
z
C
B
O
D
B
D C
D
G
A
F F
E
H
G
A
Reflection over the xz-plane.

5d. The dimensions of the resulting
figure are half the original.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
223
H
A
y
E
x

Chapter 8
7.
3 4 4
1 1 7
4 1 1
9.
1 4 4
0 1 1
4 2 1
2
3
2
2
2
3
2
3
2
3
7
4
8.
3
1
2
6
0
0
10.
3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4
2 1
1 2 2 2 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
z
F
D
H
A
C
B
G
E
O
y
translation 2 units along the

y-axis, and 4 units along the
z-axis
z
11.
F
D
12.
C
G
A
D
H
E
B
F
A
E
translation 1 unit along the

x-axis, 2 units along the
y-axis, and 2 units along the
z-axis
13.
z
F
D
A
E
14.
96 3O
G
12
B
x E
y
H
B
D
z6
3
3 6 9
A
y
B
H
F
C
G
no change
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
G
translation 1 unit along the

x-axis, 5 units along the y-axis,
and 3 units along the z-axis
C
H
C
reflection across the xy- and

xz-planes
224

Chapter 8
15.
16. The figure is twice the original

size.
E
B
H
A
G
C
F
D
reflection across all three

coordinate planes
17. The figure is three times the
original size and reflected over
the xy-plane.
19a.
2 0 0
0 2 0
0 0 5
18. The figure is three-fourths the

original size and reflected over
all three coordinate planes.
19b. The transformation will magnify

the x- and y-dimensions twofold, and the z-dimension
5-fold.
21.
0.5 0 0
0 0.5 0
0 0 0.5
23.6 23.6 23.6 23.6 23.6

72
72
72
72
72
0
0
0
0
0
20a.
43.6 159.6 270.6 325.6 374.6

2 11
10
14
1
27
53
59
37
52
20b.
20c. translation 23.6 units along the

x-axis and 72 units along the
y-axis
1 1 0
22a. Sample answer: 0 1 0
0 0 1
22b. Sample answer:

z
F
G
H
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
225
F
B
E
A
C
G
H
y
x
y
E
D
A

Chapter 8
3 0
0
0 2
0
1 0 4
23. The first transformation reflects

the figure over all three
coordinate planes. The second
transformation stretches the
dimensions along y- and z-axes
and skews it along the xy-plane.
24.
25a. dip-slip
26a. 107 ft
26b. Yes. Both stones take 3.06
seconds to reach the ground.
25b.
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6
1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2
2
5
48
5
5
2
27. y x
28.
29. 0.2
30. A
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
226

Chapter 8
Chapter 9 Polar Coordinates and Complex Numbers

9-1 Polar Coordinates
Pages 557560
2. Draw the angle in standard
position. Extend the terminal
side of the angle in the opposite
direction. Locate the point that
is r units from the pole along
this extension.
4. The points 3 units from the
origin in the opposite direction
are on the circle where r 3.
90
6.
60
120
1. There are infinitely many ways

to represent the angle . Also, r
can be positive or negative.
3. Sample answer: 60 and 300
5. All ordered pairs of the form

(r, ) where r 0.
150
30
180
330
210
240
7.
2
3
8.
5
6
B
4
3
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
3
2
90
300
60
30
180
1 2 3 4
7
6
120
270
150
0
1 2 3 4
240
5
3
227
330
210
11
6
1 2 3 4
270
300

Chapter 9
9.
2
3
13
6
25
7
19
2, , 2, , 2,
6
6
6
10. Sample answer: 2, ,
5
6
1 2 3 4
7
6
11
6
4
3
11.
5
3
3
2
120
90
150
1 2 3 4
240
120
270
90
0
1 2 3 4
11
6
7
6
300
4
3
5
3
3
2
14. 4.37
60
150
330
210
2
3
5
6
30
180
13.
12.
60
30
180
1 2 3 4
330
210
240
15a.
120
270
90
300
16.
60
150
5 10 15 20
240
270
60
180
330
240
300
30
1 2 3 4
210
330
210
90
150
30
180
120
270
300
15b. about 838 ft2
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
228

Chapter 9
17.
2
3
18.
5
6
90
120
60
150
30
F
0
180
1 2 3 4
2 4 6 8
G
4
3
19.
2
3
240
5
3
3
2
20.
5
6
330
210
11
6
7
6
270
2
3
300
5
6
0
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
J
7
6
7
6
11
6
4
3
21.
120
150
5
3
3
2
90
180
4
3
22.
60
1 2 3 4
5
3
3
2
2
3
5
6
30
11
6
1 2 3 4
L
330
210
240
23.
120
270
90
300
4
3
24.
60
150
1 2 3 4
210
240
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
270
5
3
3
2
120
90
60
150
30
180
11
6
7
6
30
180
1 2 3 4
N
330
210
330
240
300
229
270
300

Chapter 9
25.
2
3
26.
5
6
11
6
4
3
27.
0
1 2 3 4
90
120
4
3
11
6
5
3
3
2

3
60
150 R
7
, (2, 240), (2, 600)
2,
3
30
180
7
6
5
3
3
2
1 2 3 4
7
6
5
6
0
2
3
1 2 3 4
330
210
240
300
270
7
3
13
4
10
1, , 1, , 1,
3
3
3
29. Sample answer: (1.5, 540),

(1.5, 900), (1.5, 0),
(1.5, 360)
31. Sample answer: (4, 675),

(4, 1035), (4, 135),
(4, 495)
32.
90
120
60
150
30
180
1 2 3 4
240
2
3
34.
5
6
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
3
2
0
1 2 3 4
7
6
11
6
4
3
1 2 3 4
7
6
2
3
300
270
5
6
0
11
6
4
3
5
3
230
330
210
33.
3
2
5
3

Chapter 9
35.
90
120
36.
60
30
150
180
1 2 3 4
240
37.
270
2
3
38.
120
150
90
180
40.
30
1 2 3 4
240
270
120
270
90
300
60
30
180
1 2 3 4
240
r 2
or r 2

5.35
4.87
0, 60, 120
330
210
300
330
150
330
210
1 2 3 4
240
60
r0
60
210
5
3
3
2
90
300
30
180
11
6
39.
120
270
150
1 2 3 4
330
240
4
3
1 2 3 4
210
7
6
60
30
180
41.
43.
45.
47.
300
5
6
90
150
330
210
120
270
300
42. 5.63
44. 3.16
46. Sample answer: (5, 127)
48.
2
P1P2 r
r22
2r1r2 c
os (
)
1
2
2
r
2r1r2 c
os 0
1 r
2
2
r
r22
2r1r2
1
2
(r

1 r
2)
r1 r2
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
231

Chapter 9
49a. 17 knots
49b. 13 knots
50a.
2
3
5
6
1 2 3 4
11
6
7
6
4
3
50b. 15,599
52a.
51. The distance formula is

symmetric with respect to
(r1, 1) and (r2, 2). That is,
5
3
3
2
120
90
60
150

r22
r12
2r2r1 c
os (1
2)
2
2 2r
r

os[(

1 r2
1r2 c
2 1)]
2
r
r22
2r1r2 cos

(2
1).
1
30
180
2 4 6 8
330
210
240
270
300
52b. No; the planes are 3.44 miles

apart.
54. 11; no
53. about 22.0

1682

41
55.
56. cot2
57. 30
58. 5,
59. one; B 90, C 60,

c 16.1
61. y x 3
63. 11
60. 3 or 1; 0; 1

2
62. y-axis
64. {(3, 14), (2, 13), (1, 12),
(0, 11)}, yes
65. E
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
232

Chapter 9
9-2 Graphs of Polar Equations

Pages 565567
1. Sample answer: r sin 2
3. The polar coordinates of a point
are not unique. A point of
intersection may have one
representation that satisfies one
equation in a system, another
representation that satisfies the
other equation, but no
representation that satisfies both
simultaneously.
5. cardioid
90
120
60
150
2. 8; 2
4. Barbara is correct. The interval
0 is not always
sufficient. For example, the
interval 0 only
generates two of the four petals

2
for the rose r sin 2. r sin

is an example where values of
from 0 to 4 would have to be
considered.
6. limaon
90
60
120
30
180
150
180
330
210
240
330
240
7. rose
2 4 6 8
210
300
270
30
270
300
8. spiral of Archimedes
2
3
2
3
5
6
7
6
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
3
2
5
6
3 6 9 12
5
3
4
3
233
11
6
7
6
11
6
4
3
3
2
5
3

Chapter 9
9.
5
3
, 2,
1, 6 , 1,

6
2
2
3
10a.
5
6
4 8 12 16
11
6
7
6
4
3
5
3
3
2
11
6
7
6
4
3
5
6
2
3
3
2
5
3
14
3

12. cardioid
11. circle
90
120
150
240
270
120
3
2
90
60
30
180
1 2 3 4
240
5
3
330
210
11
6
4
3
300
150
5 10 15 20
7
6
270
14. lemniscate
5
6
330
240
300

2
3
2 4 6 8
210
330
210
30
180
1 2 3 4
60
150
30
180
90
120
60
270
300
16. rose
15. rose
120
90
120
60
150
1
240
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
270
30
180
240
300
234
330
210
330
210
60
150
30
180
90
270
300

Chapter 9

2
3
18. limaon
5
6
3
2
4 6 8
330
240
5
3
300
270
20. lemniscate
2
3
5
6
3
2
11
6
7
6
5
6
1 2 3 4
4
3
210
19. cardioid
2
3
30
180
11
6
7
6
60
150
4 8 12 16
4
3
90
120
11
6
7
6
5
3
4
3
21. rose
1 2 3 4
5
3
3
2
22. cardioid
90
120
150
30
180
270
30
180
330
210
60
150
240
90
120
60
1 2 3 4
330
210
300
240
300
270

2
23. Sample answer: r sin 3
24. Sample answer: r
25. (3, 0)
26. 1, , 1,
2
3
1 2 3 4
4
3
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
3
2
3
2
5
6
4
3
5
3
235
11
6
7
6
11
6
7
6
2
3
5
6

2
3
2
5
3

Chapter 9

3
27. (0, 0), (0, ), 3, ,
28. (1, 0.5), (1, 1.0), (1, 2.1),

(1, 2.6), (1, 3.7), (1, 4.2),
(1, 5.2), (1, 5.8)
5
3,
3
2
3
5
6
11
6
7
6
4
3
3
2
5
3
[2, 2] scl:1 by [2, 2] scl:1
29. (2, 3.5), (2, 5.9)
30. (3.6, 0.6), (2.0, 4.7)
[6, 6] scl:1 by [6, 6] scl:1
[4, 4] scl:1 by [4, 4] scl:1
31a. r 2 9 cos 2 or r 2 9 sin 2

31b. r 2 16 cos 2 or
r 2 16 sin 2
32.
120
90
60
150
30
180
2 4 6 8
330
210
240
270
300
This microphone will pick up

more sounds from behind than
the cardioid microphone.
33. 0 4
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
236

Chapter 9
34a. All screens are [1, 1] scl:1 by [1, 1] scl:1
When n 10, two more outer rings will appear.

34b. All screens are [1, 1] scl:1 by [1, 1] scl:1
When n 11, the innermost loop will be on the left and there will be an
additional outer ring.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
237

Chapter 9
35. Sample answer:

r 1 sin
37a. counterclockwise rotation by an
angle of
37b. rotation about the polar axis or
x-axis
37c. reflection about the origin
37d. a dilation by a factor of c
39. 12, 8, 7;
2, 3, 0 12, 8, 7 0,
1, 2, 4 12, 8, 7 0
41.
sin2 x

cos4 x cos2 x sin2 x
sin2 x

cos2 x(cos2 x sin2 x)
sin2 x

(cos2 x)(1)
sin2 x

cos2 x
tan2 x
tan2 x
tan2 x
tan2 x
36a. b
a
36b. b a 2b
36c. a 2b
(4, 765), (4, 135),
(4, 225)
40. 3.5 cm, 87
42. C = 1095 , b = 23.3, a = 11.1
tan2 x tan2 x
43. Bus
Train
NY
$240
$254
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
LA
$199
$322
Miami
$260
$426
44. A
238

Chapter 9
9-3 Polar and Rectangular Coordinates

Pages 571573
1. Sample answer: (22
, 45)
2. The quadrant that the point lies

in determines whether is
y
x
given by Arctan or
y
x
Arctan .
3. r 2sec
4. To convert from polar

coordinates to rectangular
coordinates, substitute r and
into the equations
x r cos and y r sin .
To convert from rectangular
coordinates to polar
coordinates,
2 y2

use the equation r x
y
x
to find r. If x
0, Arctan .
y
x
If x 0, Arctan .

2
If x 0, you can use or any

coterminal angle for .
y
y r sin
5.
3
2,
4
6. (5.39, 4.33)
8. (0.86, 2.35)
10. r 4 or r 4
12. x 1
7. (1, 3
)
9. r 2csc
11. x 2 y 2 36
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
x r cos
239

Chapter 9
13a.
90
120
60
150
7
4
14. 22
,
30
180
1 2 3 4
330
210
240
270
300
13b. No. The given point is on the

negative x-axis, directly behind
the microphone. The polar
pattern indicates that the
microphone does not pick up
any sound from this direction.
2
4
21 ,
3

3
15. 1,
16. 2,
17.
18. (8.54, 1.21)

20. (0, 3)
19. (8.06, 5.23)
2

4
2

4
21. ,
23.
25.
27.
29.
31.
33.
35.
3

2
1
2
22. ,
24.
26.
28.
30.
32.
34.
36.
(0, 2)
(9.00, 10.72)
r 5 csc
r 2 sin
r 4 sin
x2 y2 9
y2
(23
, 2)
r 7 sec
r 5 or r 5
r 2 sec 2
x2 y2 4
y 3
x
x 2 y 2 3x

4
37. xy 4
38.
39. x 2 y 2 y
40. (111.16, 305.40)
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
240

Chapter 9
41. 0.52 unit
42. Drop a perpendicular from the

point with polar coordinates (r, )
to the x-axis. r is the length
of the hypotenuse in the
resulting right triangle. x is the
length of the side adjacent to
x
angle , so cos . Solving
r
for x gives x r cos . y is the

length of the side opposite
y
r
angle , so sin . Solving

for y gives y r sin . (The
figure is drawn for a point in the
first quadrant, but the signs work
out correctly regardless of where
in the plane the point is located.)
y
(r, )
43. 75 m east; 118.30 m north
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
44a.
44b.
44c.
44d.
241
3.76, 1.37; 1.71, 4.70

5.47, 6.07
8.1747.98
8.17 sin(3.14t 47.98)

Chapter 9
45. Circle centered at (a, a) with

a;
radius 2
(x a)2 (y a)2 2a 2
46.
120
90
60
150
30
180
1 2 3 4
330
210
240

(2, 765), (2, 225),
(2, 585)
49. 0
270
300
48. 382.52 mph, 345 west of

south
50.
y
2
y 2 cos
O
1
90 180 270 360
2
3

2
51.
52. Sample answer:

y 0.07x 2 0.73x 1.36
54. y 60x 875
53. x 4 2x 3 4x 2 5x 10
55. C
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
242

Chapter 9
9-4 Polar Form of a Linear Equation

Pages 577579
1. The polar equation of a line is
p r cos( ). r and are the
variables. p is the length of the
normal segment from the line to
the origin and is the angle the
normal makes with the positive
x-axis.
3. The graph of the equation x k
is a vertical line. Since the line is
vertical, the x-axis is the normal
line through the origin.
Therefore, 0 or 180,
depending on whether k is
positive or negative,
respectively. The origin is k
units from the given vertical line,
so p k. The polar form of
the given line is k r cos( 0)
if k is positive or k
r cos( 180) if k is negative.
Both equations simplify to k r
cos .
5. 2 r cos( 307)
7. x 3
y 6 0
9.
2
2
3
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
3
2
1 2 3 4
240
5
3
243
330
210
11
6
4
3
30
180
2 4 6 8
7
6
95

10
6. r cos( 117)
150
0
4. You can use the extra ordered

pairs as a check on your work.
If all the ordered pairs you plot
are not collinear, then you have
made a mistake.
8. 2
x 2
y 4 0
10.
90
60
120
5
6
2. .
270
300

Chapter 9
5
6
12. 4 r cos( 106)
11a. (5, )
11b.
2
3
5
6
2 4 6 8
7
6
11
6
4
3
5
3
3
2
13. 3 r cos( 44)
14. 2.1 r cos( 307)
513

13
16. r cos( 309)
17. r cos( 108)
710

10
18. x 3
y 12 0
19. 2
x 2
y 8 0
21. 3
x y 2 0
23. x 3
y 10 0
20. x 2
22. 3
x y 22 0
24.
90
60
120
1041

41
15. r cos( 34)
150
30
180
3 6 9 12
330
210
240
25.
2
3
26.
5
6
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
3
2
60
0
1 2 3 4
330
210
11
6
4
3
90
300
30
180
1 2 3 4
7
6
120
270
150
0
240
5
3
244
270
300

Chapter 9
27.
90
120
150
2 4 6 8
240
2
3
0
2 4 6 8
7
6
300
270
330
210
2
3
5
6
30
180
29.
28.
60
11
6
4
3
3
2
5
3
513

13
30. r cos( 56)
5
6
2 4 6 8
7
6
11
6
4
3
3
2
5
3
31. 0.31 r cos( 2.25)
32a. 6 cm
32b. (6, 15)
34. 4 r cos( 90)
33. Sample answer:

2 r cos( 45) and
2 r cos( 135)
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
245

Chapter 9
35a.
120
90
36. k r sin( )
k r [sin cos cos sin ]
k r sin cos r cos sin
k y cos x sin
This is the equation of a line in
rectangular coordinates.
Solving the last equation for y
60
150
30
0
12
5
25
0
37
505
0
180
330
210
240
270
300
k
cos
yields y (tan )x .
35b. 124.43 r cos( 135)
The slope of the line shows that

is the angle the line makes
with the x-axis. To find the
length of the normal segment in
the figure, observe that the
complementary angle to in
the right triangle is 90 , so
the -coordinate of P in polar
coordinates is 180 (90 )
90. Substitute into the
original polar equation to find
the r-coordinate of P:
k r sin( 90 )
k r sin 90
kr
Therefore, k is the length of the
normal segment.
y
37. 32.36 r cos( 36)
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
38. x 2 y 2 36
246

Chapter 9
1
3
39. rose
40. x t, y t 2
41. about 20.42 ft2
42. 0
3
2
43. 0, , 4
44. 4

Page 579
1.
120
90
2.
60
150
2 4 6 8
240
3.
120
270
90
4.
2 4 6 8
270
6.
11
6
4
3
7. r 6 or r 6
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
7
6
5
2,
4
3
13
5
3
300
9. r cos( 113)
2
3
3
2
5
6
330
240
11
6
4
3
60
210
0
1 2 3 4
7
6
30
180
300
150
5.
330
210
5
6
30
180
2
3
3
2
5
3
3
4,
2
8. y 2
10

10
10. r cos( 252)
247

Chapter 9
9-5 Simplifying Complex Numbers

Pages 583585
1. Find the (positive) remainder
when the exponent is divided by
4. If the remainder is 0, the
answer is 1; if the remainder is
1, the answer is i; if the
remainder is 2, the answer is
1; and if the remainder is 3,
the answer is i.
2.
Imaginary
(b 0)
Reals
(b 0)
Pure
Imaginary
(a 0)
4. Sample answer: x 2 1 0
3. When you multiply the

denominators, you will be
multiplying a complex number
and its conjugate. This makes
the denominator of the product
a real number, so you can then
write the answer in the form
a bi.
5. 1
7. 4 4i
9. 1 9i
2
5
Complex Numbers (a bi )
6. 2
8. 3.5 10.4i
10. 3 4i
1
5
11. i
12. 3.7 7.4i N
13. 1
15. 1
17. 1 8i
14. i
16. 0
18. 9 7i
3
2
19. 2i
20. 7 4i
21. 5 10i
22. 15 8i
23. (2 35

) (27
5
)i
24. 8 33
i
4
3
5
5
12
5
27. i
13
13
26. i
29. x 2 4x 5 0
30. 12 31i
31. 12 16i
32.
10
17
25. i
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
11
17
28. x 2 1 0
248
6

1

3
6

3
3
2

6
i

Chapter 9
33.
23
26

2

i
25

15
5
15
24
169
10
169
35. i
37b. No
37c. The solutions need not be
complex conjugates because
the coefficients in the equation
are not all real.
37d.
(3 4i)2 8i(3 4i) 25 0
7 24i 24i 32 25 0
0 0
(3 4i)2 8i(3 4i) 25 0
7 24i 24i 32 25 0
0 0
39a. 1 2i, 2 i, 1 2i, 2 i,
1 2i
39b. 0.5 0.866i,
0.500 0.866i,
1.000 0.000i,
0.500 0.866i,
0.500 0.866i
41. c1 c2
2
3
9
25
36a.10 j ohms; 3 0j ohms

36b. 13 j ohms
36c. 0.13 0.07j siemens
38. f(x yi) (x yi) 2
x 2 2xyi y 2
(x 2 y 2) 2xyi
37a. 3 4i
43.
13
25
34. i
11
125
2
125
40. i
310

20
42. r cos( 162)

44. x 3, y 6 t 1, 4
5
6
7 14 21 28
11
6
7
6
4
3
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
3
2
5
3
249

Chapter 9
33
65
27
2
45. 6, , 5
46.
6
47. y 3.5 cos t
48. 221 ft
49.
51.
53.
55.
50. 15 ft by 30 ft by 3 ft
52. f 1(x) 7

x
54. (0, 7, 0)
quadratic
64
3, 11
A
9-6 The Complex Plane and Polar Form of Complex Numbers

Pages 589591

2
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

2
2. i cos i sin
1. To find the absolute value of

a bi, square a and b, add the
squares, then take the square
root of the sum.
3. Sample answer: z 1 i, z 2 i
4. The conjugate of a bi is
a bi.
(a
i)(a
b

bi)

a2 b2, so the friends
method gives the same answer.
Sample example: The absolute
22 32
value of 2 3i is
13
. Using the friends method,
the absolute value is
(2
i)(2
3

3i )
4

9 13
.
250

Chapter 9
6. 5

5. x 1, y 3
i
2
1
2 1
1
(2, 1)
2
7. 3

7
4
7
4
8. 22
cos i sin
i
2
(1, 2 )
1
2 1 O
1
2
10. 2(cos i sin )
9. 41
(cos 0.90 i sin 0.90)
11. 2 23
i
2
3
5
6
12. 1.98 0.28i
(4, 3 )
2
3
2 4 6 8
4
3
3
2
13.
2
3
3
2
(2, 3)
14.
0.63
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
1
11
6
4
3
3
2
5
3
7
6
3
2
( 2 , 2) 0
1 2 3 4
11
6
4
3
0
1 2 3 4
7
6
5
3
5
6
11
6
7
6
5
6
0.38i
0.90
0.36 1 1.30
1
5
3
251

Chapter 9
15a. about 18.03 N

15b. about 56.31
16. x 6, y 3
1
2
18. x 4, y 8
17. x , y 1
19. 13

20. 5
(2, 3)
(3, 4)
21. 26

22. 3
(0, 3)
(1, 5)
23. 6

(1, 5 )
24. 32

2
(4, 2 )
1
2 1 O
1
2

4

4
26. 32
cos i sin
25. 213

4
3
4
3
27. 2 cos i sin
28. 10(cos 5.36 i sin 5.36)
29. 17
(cos 2.90 i sin 2.90)
31. 25
(cos 2.03 i sin 2.03)
30. 29(cos 5.47 i sin 5.47)

32. 3(cos 0 i sin 0)
33. 42
(cos i sin )
34. 2 cos i sin
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
252
3
2
3
2

Chapter 9
32

2
32

2
3

2
35. i
2
3
2
3
(3, 4 )
6
5
6
7
6
3
2
37. 1 3
i
2
3
38. 9.60 2.79i
2
3
(2, 4 )
4
3
3
2
39. 2
2
i
2
3
3 6 9 12
(10, 6)
7
6
4
3
2
3
(2, 5 )
5
3
(2.5, 1)
6
1 2 3 4
5
6
3
2
40. 1.35 2.10i
11
6
5
3
5
6
11
6
5
6
0
1 2 3 4
(1,
)
6 11
6
5
3
3
2
4
3
5
3
5
6
0
1 2 3 4
7
6
11
6
4
3
1 2 3 4
5
6
7
6
1
2
36. i
1 2 3 4
7
6
11
6
4
3
41. 5
2
3
3
2
5
3
42. 3
2
3
2 4 6 8
7
6
3
2
5
3
(3, )
11
6
4
3
3
2
5
6
(5, 0) 0
11
6
4
3
5
6
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
7
6
0
1 2 3 4
7
6
5
3
11
6
4
3
253
3
2
5
3

Chapter 9
43.
44.
i i
0.44 0.5i
1
1
0.50 0.39i
0.60 0.39i
1
1
0.44 0.44i
1
0.25 i 1
45.
46a. 34.64 20j; 30 51.96j

46b. 64.64 71.96j
46c. v(t ) 96.73 sin(250t 48)
i
1
0.5 0.5i
1
0.5 0.5i
1
48a. 7.65 6.44j; 14.04 7.67j

48b. 21.69 14.11j ohms
48c. 25.88(cos 0.58 j sin 0.58)
ohms
47. The moduli are the same, but

the amplitudes are opposites.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
254

Chapter 9
49a. Translate 2 units to the right

and down 3 units.
49b. Rotate 90 counterclockwise
about the origin.
49c. Dilate by a factor of 3.
49d. Reflect about the real axis.
50a. Sample answer: let

z1 1 i and z2 3 4i.
Then z1z2 (1 i)(3 4i)
1 7i
50b.

4

4
z1 2 cos i sin
1.41(cos 0.79 i sin 0.79)

z2 5(cos 0.93 i sin 0.93)
z1z2 52
(cos 1.71 i sin 1.71)
7.07(cos 1.71 i sin 1.71)

50c. Sample answer: let
z1 2 4i and z2 1 3i.
Then
z1 25
(cos 5.18 i sin 5.18)
4.47(cos 5.18 i sin 5.18),

z2 10
(cos 1.89 i sin 1.89)
3.16(cos 1.89 i sin 1.89),

z1z2 (2 4i)(1 3i)
10 10i

4

4
= 102
cos i sin
14.14(cos 0.79 i sin 0.79)

50d. To multiply two complex
numbers in polar form, multiply
the moduli and add the
amplitudes. (In the sample
answer for 50c, note that 5.18
1.89 7.07, which is
coterminal with 0.79.)
32
32

,

2
2
51. 6 22i
52.
53. 58, 3i 7j

55. about 13.57 m/s
57. 4
54. 2 3

56. 41.8
58. as x , y , as x ,
y
59. D
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
255

Chapter 9
9-7 Products and Quotients of

Complex Numbers in Polar Form
Pages 596598
1. The modulus of the quotient is
the quotient of the moduli of the
two complex numbers. The
amplitude of the quotient is the
difference of the amplitudes of
the two complex numbers.
3. Addition and subtraction are
easier in rectangular form.
Multiplication and division are
easier in polar form. See
students work for examples.
2. Square the modulus of the

given complex number and
double its amplitude.
4. 4
3
4
5. i
6. 2
2
i

33
2
3
2
7. i

6
8. 12 43
i

6
9. 6 cos j sin volts
10. 28
3

12
1
12
11. 3i
12. i
13. 52
52
i
14. 18i

33
2
3
2
15. i
16. 3 33
i
17. 2
18. 1.46 0.32i
19. 3.10 2.53i
20. i
21. 2 2i
22. 63
6i
23. 4 43
i
24. 12i
25. 12
26. i
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
4
3
3

4
256
1
4

Chapter 9
22

3
27. i
28. 3 2j amps
29. 16 12j ohms
30. Start at z1 in the complex

plane. Since the modulus of z2
z
is 1, z1z2 and 1 will both have

z
2
the same modulus as z1.

z
Then z1z2 and 1 can be

z
2
located by rotating z1 by
6
counterclockwise and
clockwise, respectively.
2
3
5
6
z1
z2
z1z2
6
0
1 2 3 4
7
6
11
6
4
3
31a. The point is rotated

origin by an angle of .
3
2
5
3
31b. The point is rotated 60

origin.
32. Since a 1, the equation will be of the form z 2 bz c 0.

The coefficient c is the product of the solutions, which is
7
6
7
6
6(cos i sin ), or 33

3i in rectangular form. The
coefficient b is the opposite of the sum of the solutions, so convert the
solutions to rectangular form to do the addition.

3
23
33

2

3
5
6
5
6
b 3 cos i sin 2 cos i sin
i (3
i)
3
2
33
2
2
( 3
) ( )i
Therefore, the equation is
z2
33
2
23 3
i z (33 3i) 0.
2
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
257

Chapter 9
33. 13(cos 5.11 i sin 5.11)

35. about 27.21 lb
37. y arccos x
34. 3
x y 10 0
36. 0, 30
38. C
9-8 Powers and Roots of Complex Numbers

Pages 604606
1. Same results, 4 4i; answers
may vary.
3.
a ai
2. Finding a reciprocal is the same

as raising a number to the 1
power, so take the reciprocal of
the modulus and multiply the
amplitude by 1.
4. Shembala is correct. The polar
form of a ai is
a ai

4

4
a2
(cos i sin ).
a
a ai
O
a
By De Moivres Theorem, the

polar form of (a ai)2 is

2
a ai

2
2a 2(cos i sin ). Since

2
cos 0, this is a pure

5. 8i
7. 0.97 0.26i
9. 0.38 0.92i, 0.92 0.38i,
0.38 0.92i, 0.92 0.38i
i
imaginary number.
6. 644 960i
8. 0.82 1.02i
10. 0.47 1.22i, 1.29 0.20i,
0.82 1.02i
i
0.38 0.92i
0.47 1.22i
1
0.92 0.38i
1
1
O
1
1.29 0.20i
0.92 0.38i
0.38 0.92i
1
11. Escape set; the iterates escape

to infinity.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
0.82 1.02i
12. 27i
258

Chapter 9
13.
15.
17.
19.
21.
23.
162
162
i
8 83
i
0.03 0.07i
1.83 0.81i
0.96 0.76i
1.37 0.37i
14.
16.
18.
20.
22.
24.
16 16i
567 1944i
112 384i
0.71 0.71i
1.60 0.13i
0.91 0.61i
1
2
3

2
1
2
3

2
25. 0.71 0.71i
26. 1, i, i
27. 0.81 0.59i, 0.31 0.95i,

1, 0.31 0.95i, 0.81 0.59i
28. 22
, 22
i, 22
,22
i
29. 2
2
i, 2
2
i,
2
2
i, 2
2
i
30. 1.07 0.21i, 0.21 1.07i,

1.07 0.21i, 0.21 1.07i
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
259

Chapter 9
31. 0.59 1.03i, 1.03 0.59i,

0.59 1.03i, 1.03 0.59i
32. 0.75 1.51i, 1.20 1.18i,

1.49 0.78i, 0.28 1.66i,
1.66 0.25i
0.59 1.03i
1.03 0.59i
1
1
1.03 0.59i
0.59 1.03i
1
33. 1.26 0.24i, 0.43 1.21i,

0.83 0.97i, 1.26 0.24i,
0.43 1.21i, 0.83 0.97i
34. 1.59 0.10i, 1.05 1.19i,

0.10 1.59i, 1.19 1.05i,
1.59 0.10i, 1.05 1.19i,
0.10 1.59i, 1.19 1.05i
36a. 1
35. Prisoner set; the iterates

approach 0.
3

2
1
2
16
31
36b. sin , or about 0.9987
3

2
1
2
37. 1, i, i,
1
2
3

2
1
2
38a. 0.5 0.5i

38b. The square is rotated 90
counterclockwise and dilated
by a factor of 0.5.
40. 33
3i
3

2
1, i, i
39. The roots are the vertices of a
regular polygon. Since one of
the roots must be a positive real
number, a vertex of the polygon
lies on the positive real axis and
the polygon is symmetric about
the real axis. This means the
non-real complex roots occur in
conjugate pairs. Since the
imaginary part of the sum of two
complex conjugates is 0, the
imaginary part of the sum of all
the roots must be 0.
41. 5 i
42. x t, y 2t 7

2 2

43.
2
45. 800 large bears, 400 small bears
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
260
44. B 845 , a 181.9,

c 184.1
46. A

Chapter 9
Chapter 10 Conics
10-1 Introduction to Analytic Geometry
Pages 619-622
1. negative distances have no
meaning
3a. Yes; the distance from B to A is

a 5

and the distance from B
2
a 5

to C is also
.
2
3b. Yes; the distance from B to A is

a2
b 2 and the distance
2

b 2.
from C to A is also a
3c. No; the distance from A to B is

a2
b 2 , the distance from
A to C is a b, and the
distance from B to C is b2
.
5. 10; (5, 6)
7. 22
; (1, 3)
2. Use the distance formula to

show that the measure of the
distance from the midpoint to
either endpoint is the same.
4. (1) Show that two pairs of
opposite sides are parallel by
showing that slopes of the lines
through each pair of opposite
sides are equal. (2) Show that
two pairs of opposite sides are
congruent by showing that the
distances between the vertices
forming each pair of opposite
sides are equal. (3) Show that
one pair of opposite sides is
parallel and congruent by
showing that the slopes of the
lines through that pair of sides
are equal and that the distance
between the endpoints of each
pair of segments are equal.
(4) Show that the diagonals
bisect each other by showing
that the midpoints of the
diagonals coincide.
6. 5; (2, 1.5)
8. Yes; A

B
D
C
since AB 13
and DC 13
, and A
B
D
C

2
3
since the slope of A

B is

2
3
and the slope of D

C is also .
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
261

Chapter 10
9. Yes; X
Y
X
Z
, since XY
217
and XZ 217
,
therefore XYZ is isosceles.
10a.
y
D (c, a)
A(0, a)
E
B (0, 0)
C (c, 0)
(c 0
)2 (
a 0
)2
10b. BD
2 a2
c

AC
(c 0
)2 (
a 0
)2
2 a2
c

Thus, A
C
B
D
.
c2 a2
10c. The midpoint of A

C is , .

c
2
a
2
The midpoint of B
D is ( , ).

Therefore, the diagonals
intersect at their common
c
2
a
2
midpoint, E( , ). Thus,
A
EE

C
and B
E
E
D
.
10d. The diagonals of a rectangle
are congruent and bisect each
other.
12. 13; (1.5, 7)
11a. (40, 60)

11b. 2013
or about 72 yd
13. 210
; (0, 0)
15. 35
; (2, 4.5)
17. 16; (a, 1)
1
2
19. 5
; c 1, d
14. 82
; (4, 4)
16. 43
(52
, 3)
18. 8; (r 2, s)
20.
21. a 4
23. yes
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

9w 2
4; w 1,
5
w
2
22. (10, 6)
24. no
262

Chapter 10
25. 5
26. Yes, AB 4, BC 4, and

CA 4. Thus, A
B
B
C
C
A
.
Therefore the points A, B, and
C form an equilateral triangle.
27. E
G since EF 5
and HG 5
. E
F
H

F
H
G
since the slope of
1
2
1
2
E
F is and the slope of H

G
is . Thus the points form a
F G
F since the product of the slopes of E
parallelogram. E

F
and F
G
,
1
2
2
1
, is 1. Therefore, the points form a rectangle.

28. Let A(0, 0), B(b, c), and C(a, 0) be the
vertices of a triangle. Let D be the
midpoint of A
B
and E be the midpoint
of B
C
. The coordinates of D are
0b 0c
b c
, or , .
2
2
2 2

The coordinates of E are
B (b, c)
O A (0, 0)
ba c0
ba c
, or , .
2
2
2
2

C (a, 0) x

(a 0
)2 (
0 0
)2
a
2 or a
AC
DE
ba
b
c
c

2
2
2
2
2

a2
a
or
4
2
1
Since DE AC, the line segment joining the midpoints of two sides of
2
a triangle is equal in length to one-half the third side.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
263

Chapter 10
y
29. In trapezoid ABCD, let A and B have
coordinates (0, 0) and (b, 0), respectively.
D (b a, c)
To make the trapezoid isosceles, let C
have coordinates (b a, c) and let D
have coordinates (a, c).
AC
(a 0
)2 (
c 0
)2
2
a

c2
BD
(b a
b)2
(c
0)2
O A(0, 0)
2
a

c2
2
AC
a2
c 2 a

c 2 BD,
so the diagonals of an isosceles trapezoid are congruent.
30. In ABC, let the vertices be A(0, 0)
y
C ( a2, a)
and B(a, 0). Since A
C
and B
C
are
congruent sides, let the third vertex
a2
C (a, c)
B (b, 0)
be C , b . Let D be the midpoint

D
of A
C
and let E be the midpoint of B
C
.
The coordinates of D are:
a
0
2
b0
,
2
2
a4 b2
or , .
O A(0, 0)
B (a, 0)
The coordinates of E are:
a
a
2
b0
,
2
2
3a4
b
2
or , .
3a
b

0

0

4
2
9a
1

b
4
2
2
AE
b
0

a a4
2
9a
1

b
4
2
BD
Since AE BD, the medians to the congruent sides of an isosceles

triangle are congruent.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
264

Chapter 10
31. Let A and B have coordinates (0, 0)

and (b, 0) respectively. To make a
parallelogram, let C have coordinates
(a b, c) and let D have coordinates
(a, c). The midpoint of B
D
is
y
C (a b, c)
D (a, c)
ab 0c
ab c
, or , .

2
2
2
2
O A(0, 0)
C is
The midpoint of A
B (b, 0)
ab0 c0
ab c
, or , .

2
2
2
2
Since the diagonals have the same midpoint, the diagonals bisect each
other.
y
32. Let the vertices of quadrilateral ABCD

be A(a, e), B(b, f), C(c, g), and D(d, h).
The midpoints of A
B
, B
C
, C
D
, and D
A
,
a 2 b
ef
2
bc
2
fg
2

cd
2
gh
2
A(a, e)
respectively, are L , ,
M , , N , ,
a 2 d
eh
2
B (b, f )
M
N
D (d, h)
C (c, g)
and P , .
The slope of L
M is
fg
ef

2
2

bc
ab

2
2
ge
ca
fh
bd
or . The slope of N
P

is
eh
gh

2
2

ad
cd

2
2
The slope of M
N is
fg
gh

2
2

bc
cd

2
2
or . The slope of P
L
eg
ac
or .
is
eh
ef

2
2

ad
ab

2
2
hf
db
or .
These slopes are equal,

These slopes are equal,
so L
so M
M
N
P
.
N
P
L
.
Since L
M
N
P
and M
N
P
L
, PLMN is a parallelogram.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
265

Chapter 10
33. 16 units 2
34a.
20
10
20 10 O
10
20
30
10
34b. about 44.64 pixels; the regions

meet the criteria
35. Let the vertices of the isosceles
trapezoid have the coordinates
A(0, 0), B(2a, 0), C(2a 2c, 2b),
D(2c, 2b). The coordinates of
the midpoints are: P(a, 0),
Q(2a c, b), R(a, 2b), and
S(c, b).
y
D (2c, 2b)
C (2a 2c, 2b)
36a. Yes, the distance from the

fountain to the rosebushes is
241
or about 12.81 meters.
The distance from the
rosebushes to the bench is
410
or about 12.65 meters.
The distance from the bench
to the fountain is 237
or
about 12.17 meters.
1
2
36b. 1,
S
O A (0, 0)
B (2a, 0) x
PQ
(2a c
a
)2 (b

0
)2
2 b2
(a

c )

QR
(2a c
a
)2 (b

2
b)2
2 b2
(a

c )

RS (a

c
)2 (2b

b)2
2 b2
(a

c )

PS
(a c
)2 (
0 b
)2
2 b2
(a

c )

So, all of the sides are
congruent and quadrilateral
PQRS is a rhombus.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
266

Chapter 10
37a. Find a representation for MA

and for MB.
2 (
MA t
3t 1
5)2

t 2 9
t 2 90t

225

10t 2
90t
225
2 (
MB
(t 9)
3t 1
2)2

t 2 1
8t 81

9t 2
72
t 144

10t 2
90t
225
By setting these representations
equal to each other, you find a
value for t that would make the
two distances equal.
MA MB

10t 2
90t
225
10t 2
90t
225
Since the above equation is a
true statement, t can take on
any real values.
37b. A line; this line is the
perpendicular bisector of A
B
.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
267
38. 119 120i

Chapter 10
39. about 2021 N
40.
2 sec2 x

2 sec2 x
1
1

1 sin x
1 sin x
(1 sin x) (1 sin x)
2 sec2 x
(1 sin x)(1 sin x)
2
2 sec2 x
1 sin2 x
2
2 sec2 x
cos2 x
2 sec2 x
1
2
41. 54.9
42.
43. 4 2
44. 36
10-2 Circles
Pages 627630
1. complete the square on each
variable
3. Find the center of the circle,

(h, k), by finding the midpoint of
the diameter. Next find the
radius of the circle, r, by finding
the distance from the center to
one endpoint. Then write the
equation of the circle in standard
form as (x h)2 (y k)2 r 2.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
268
2. Sample answer:
(x 4)2 (y 9)2 1,
(x 4)2 (y 9)2 2,
(x 4)2 (y 9)2 3,
(x 4)2 (y 9)2 4,
(x 4)2 (y 9)2 5
4. The equation
x 2 y 2 8x 8y 36 0
written in standard form is
(x 4)2 (y 4)2 4. Since
a circle cannot have a negative
radius, the graph of the equation
is the empty set.

Chapter 10
6. x 2 y 2 81
5. Ramon; The square root of a

sum does not equal the sum of
the square roots.
(9, 0)
(0, 9)
8. (x 2)2 (y 7)2 100
7. (x 1)2 (y 4)2 16
(1, 8) y
(1, 4)
(3, 4)
(8, 7)
(2, 7)
10. (x 2)2 (y 2)2 8; (2, 2);

22
9. (x 5)2 (y 2)2 12
y
(2, 3)
(5,2 2 3)
O
(5, 2)
(5 2 3, 2)
12. (x 2)2 (y 1)2 25
11. (x 3)2 (y 4)2 5; (3, 4);

5

13. (x 4)2 (y 2)2 100
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
14. x 2 y 2 19252
269

Chapter 10
15. x 2 y 2 25
16. (x 4)2 (y 7)2 3

y
y (0, 5)
(4, 7)
(4
3, 7)
(4, 7 3)
(5, 0)
1
2
81
4
17. (x 1)2 (y 3)2
18. (x 5)2 y 2
y
y
O
(1, 6 22 )
(5, )
9
2
(5, 0)
2 2
,
2
3 )
(192, 0)
(1, 3)
19. (x 6)2 (y 1)2 36
20. (x 3)2 (y 2)2 16
(3, 2)
(6, 7)
O
(0, 1)
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
(3, 2)
(6, 1)
(7, 2)
270

Chapter 10
1 2
1
2
22. x 2 y
21. x 2 y 2 36
y
(0, 6)
(0, 12 )
(6, 0)
y
O
1
1, 2
1 2
3
(y 1)2
2
4
24. x
23. (x 2)2 (y 6)2 10
(0, 12 )
x
(2, 6
10 )
(1 2 3, 1)
( 12 , 1)
(2, 6)
(2
10, 6)
3 O
( 12 , 1
)
2
25. (x 1)2 (y 3)2 16
1 2
(y 1)2 9
4
26. x
x
(1, 3)
( 134, 1)
( 14 , 1)
(3, 3)
(1, 7)
( 14 , 2)
28. (x 3)2 (y 3)2 25;
(3, 3); 5
27. (x 7)2 (y 12)2 36

y
O
(7, 6)
(1, 12)
(7, 12)
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
271

Chapter 10
29. (x 7)2 (y 5)2 16;

(7, 5); 4
31. (x 5)2 (y 2)2 50; (5, 2),

52
16 y 76

132
61 , 67 ;
6
33. x
30. (x 3)2 (y 5)2 169;

(3, 5); 13
32. (x 3)2 (y 2)2 50;

(3, 2); 52
169
18
;
34. (x 1.4)2 (y 3.75)2 16.02
35. (x 4)2 (y 3)2 25
36. (x 2)2 (y 3)2 18
37. (x 2)2 (y 1)2 32
38. x
39. (x 5)2 (y 1)2 10
40. (x 2
)2 y 2 1 or
x2 y 2 1
42a.
41a. x 2 y 2 36
41b. 2x by 2
36 x2
41c. A(x) 4x
36
x2
41d.
1 2
5
17
y 2
2
2
2
[15.16, 15.16] scl:1 by [5, 5] scl:1
42b. a circle centered at (2, 3) with

radius 4
42c. (x 2)2 (y 3)2 16
42d. 2nd [DRAW] 9:Circle( 4 , 2 ,
6 );
[0, 10] scl: 1 by [0, 100] scl:20
41e. 4.2; 72 units2
[15.16, 15.16] scl:1 by [5, 5] scl:1
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
272

Chapter 10
43a.
43b.
45a.
45b.
x 2 y 2 144
about 145.50 in2
(x k)2 (y k)2 4
Sample graph:
y
44. (x 6.5)2 (y 4.5)2 32.5

46a. y
196
x2
46b. No, if x 7, then
y 147

12.1 ft, so the
truck cannot pass.
yx
45c. All the circles in this family

have a radius of 2 and centers
located on the line y x.
47. radius: 0; center: (4, 3); graph
is a point located at (4, 3)
48a. x 2 y 2 1,525,225
48b. approximately 4,792,000 ft2
48c. about 23%
50. 117
49a. x 2 y 2 25
49b. If P
A
P
B
, then A, P, and B
are on the circle x 2 y 2 25.
51. 20 15i
52. 15 ft horizontally, about 22 ft

vertically
54. 162 units2

53. y 2.5 cos

10 t
55. 137.5 ft
57a. 10 cases of drug A, 5 cases of
drug B
57b. $5700
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
56. y-axis
58. A
273

Chapter 10
10-3 Ellipses
Pages 637641
y2
25
x2
64
1. 1
2. Since the foci lie on the major

axis, determine if the major axis
is horizontal or vertical. If the a2
is the denominator of the x
terms, the major axis is
horizontal. If the a2 is the
denominator of the y terms, the
major axis is vertical.
4. In an ellipse, b 2 a 2 c 2 and
3. a circle, e 0
c
e.
a
c
e c ae c 2 a 2e 2;
a
b 2 a2 c 2 a2 a 2e 2
a 2(1 e 2)
2
(x 7)2
y
6.
1;
9
5. Shanice; an equation with only

one squared term cannot be the
equation of an ellipse.
36
foci: (7, 33

)
7. center: (0, 0); foci: (42

, 0);
vertices: (6, 0), (0, 2)
8. center: (0, 4); foci: (42

, 4);
vertices: (9, 4), (0, 11), (0, 3)
y
(0, 2)
(6, 0)
(6, 0)
(0, 2)
(0, 11)
(0, 4)
(9, 4)
(9, 4)
x
O
x
(0, 3)
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
274

Chapter 10
10. center: (1, 2); foci:

); vertices: (1, 1),
(1, 25
(1, 5), (3, 2), (1, 2)
9. center: (2, 1); foci: (2, 5),

(2, 3); vertices: (2, 6),
(2, 4), (1, 1), (5, 1)
(2, 6)
(1, 1)
(1, 2)
(2, 1)
(5, 1)
(1, 2)
(1, 1)
(3, 2)
(1, 5)
(2, 4)
(y 3)2
(x 2)2
x2
y2
16
15
2
(x 3)2
(y 1)

14.

1
36
32
(y 5)2
x2
16.
1;
25
49
11.

1
16
1
12. 1
(x 1)2
(y 2)2

13.

1
16
4
x2
y2
15. 2 2 1
1.524
1.517
, 5)
foci: (26
(x 2)2
y2

17.

1;
16
4
(x 3)2
(y 4)2

18.

1
25
64
, 0)
foci: (2 23
)
foci: (3, 4 39

(2, 1 3
(2, 1), (1, 1), (3, 1)
20. center: (6, 7), foci:

(6, 7 21
(16, 7), (6, 18), (6, 4)
y
y
(2, 3)
(3, 1)
(6, 18)
(2, 1)
(1, 1)
(4, 7)
(6, 7)
(16, 7)
(2, 1)
x
(6, 4)
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
275

Chapter 10

, 6); vertices: (0, 6),
(4 7
(8, 6), (4, 3), (4, 9)
22. center: (0, 0); foci: (0, 5

);
vertices: (0,3), (2, 0)
y
(0, 3)
y
x
(2, 0)
(4, 3)
(4, 6)
(0, 6)
(2, 0)
O
(0, 3)
(8, 6)
(4, 9)

(1, 3 3
(0, 3), (1, 1), (1, 5)
24. center: (3, 4); foci: (6, 4), (0, 4);

vertices: (8, 4), (2, 4), (3, 0),
(3, 8)
y
y
O
(3, 8)
(1, 1)
x
(3, 4)
(0, 3)
(1, 3)
(2, 3)
(8, 4)
(2, 4)
(1, 5)
26. center: (1, 3); foci: (1, 3);

vertices: (5, 3), (3, 3),
(1, 1), (1, 7)
25. center: (3, 1); foci: (3, 5),

(3, 3); vertices:
, 1), (3, 1 26
)
(3 22
(3, 1 2 6) y
(1, 1)
(1, 3) (5, 3)
(3, 1) (3 2 2, 1)
(3 2 2, 1)
(3, 0)
(3, 3)
x
(1, 7)
(3, 1 2
6)
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
276

Chapter 10
27. center: (2, 4); foci: (2 6

), 4);
vertices: (2 32
, 4),
(2 ,4 23
)
28. center: (3, 1); foci: (3, 1 5

);
vertices: (3, 4), (3, 2), (5, 1),
(1, 1)
y
(2, 4 2 3)
(3, 4)
(2, 4)
(2 3 2, 4)
(1, 1)
(2 3 2, 4)
O (2, 4 2 3)

(7 5
, 6); vertices:
(10, 6), (4, 6), (7, 4), (7, 8)
y
x
(0, 2)
O
(0, 5)
(7, 4)
(4, 5)
(4, 6)
(0, 12)
35.
37.
39.
41.
(y 1)2
x2
y2
49
45
2
(x 1)2
(y 2)
1
52
43
(y 2)2
(x 1)2

1
18
9
(y 7)
(x 4)
1
49
16
(y 5)2
(x 2)2
1
16
15
32. 1
x2
y2
1
64
36
(y 5)2
(x 2)2
1
16
81
2
2
x
y
1
100
75
y2
x2
1 or
4
1.75
2
y
x2
1
1.75
4
2
(x 3)2
y
1
51
100
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
(10, 6)
(7, 6)
(7, 8)
(x 3)
31.

1
25
49
33.
x
(3, 2)
(5, 1)
29. center: (0, 5);

foci: (0, 5 33
);
vertices: (4, 5), (0, 12), (0, 2)
(4, 5)
(3, 1)
34.
36.
38.
40.
(y 1)2
(x 1)2
42.

1
9
4
277

Chapter 10
43. (5, 3), (1, 3), (3, 2), (3, 4)

45. (1, 1), (5, 1), (2, 3), (2, 1)
47. The target ball should be placed
feet
opposite the pocket, 5
from the center along the major
axis of the ellipse. The cue ball
can be placed anywhere on the
side opposite the pocket. The
ellipse has semi-major axis of
length 3 ft and a semi-minor axis
of length 2 ft. Using the equation
c 2 a 2 b 2, the focus of the
ft from
ellipse is found to be 5
the center of the ellipse. Thus
the hole is located at one focus
of the ellipse. The reflective
properties of an ellipse should
ft
insure that a ball placed 5
from the center of the ellipse
and hit so that it rebounds once
off the wall should fall into the
pocket at the other focus of the
ellipse.
x2
2304
y2
529
44. (0, 1), (2, 1), (1, 1), (1, 3)

46. (4, 3), (6, 3), (1, 7), (1, 1)
48. A horizontal line; see students
work.
49a. 1
50a. A ab
49b. about 42 ft on either side of the

center along the major axis
49c. about 84 ft
50b. 6 units2
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
278

Chapter 10
52a. (7
, 0) from the center of
the arch
52b. With the string anchored by
thumbtacks at the foci of the
arch and the string held taut
by a pencil, the sum of the
distances from each
thumbtack to the pencil will
remain constant.
51. If (x, y) is a point on the ellipse,

then show that (x, y) is also
on the ellipse.
x2
y2
2 2 1
a
b
2
(x)
(y)2

1
a2
b2
x2
y2
2 2 1
a
b
Thus (x, y) is also a point on

the ellipse and the ellipse is
therefore symmetric with respect
to the origin.
53a. GOES 4; its eccentricity is
closest to 0
53b. 960 km
55. no
57. y 4 cos(2x 40)
59. 74, no
61.
g (x )
54. (x 5)2 (y 3)2 169;

(5, 3); 13
17
32
56.
58. A 1623, b 9.7, c 12.4
60. minimum
62. (2, 0), (0, 2), (2, 0), (0, 2)
63. C
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
279

Chapter 10
10-4 Hyperbolas
Pages 649652
1. The equations of both hyperbolas
and ellipses have x 2 terms and
y 2 terms. In an ellipse, the terms
are added and in a hyperbola
these terms are subtracted.
c
a
3. e , so ae c and a 2e 2 c 2.
Since c 2 a 2 b 2 we have
a 2e 2 a 2 b 2
a 2e 2 a 2 b 2
a 2(e 2 1) b 2
5. center: (0, 0); foci: (0, 29
);
vertices: (5, 0);
2
5
(5, 0) 4
8 4 O
4
4. With the equation in standard

form, if the first expression
contains x, the transverse
axis is horizontal. If the first
expression contains y, the
transverse axis is vertical.
6. center: (2, 3),
);
foci: (2, 3 25
vertices (2, 7), (2, 1);
asymptotes: y 3 2(x 2)
asymptotes: y x
8
2. b
y
(2, 7)
(5, 0)
4
x
(2, 3)
8
O
(2, 1)
(y 5)2
x2

8.

1
9
25
7. center: (2, 0); foci: (2, 6);

);
vertices: (2, 30
(x 2)
asymptotes: y 5
y
8
4
4 O
4
(2,
30)
(2, 0)
4
8x
30)
(2,
8
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
280

Chapter 10
9.
(y 4)2
(x 1)2

10.

1
4
25
(3, 3)
x
(3, 3)
(y 2)2
(x 3)2
y2
x2
18
18
2
x
y2
14a. 1
625
3600
11.

1
4
9
x2
36
12. 1
y2
64
13. 1
14b.
Plane
located
on this
branch
Station A
(65, 0)
60
40
Station B
(65, 0)
20
60 40 20 O
20
40
60 x
20
40
60
14c. (25.1, 6)
16. center: (0, 5); foci: (310
, 5);
vertices: (3, 5);
asymptotes: y 5 3x
15. center: (0, 0); foci: (229

, 0);
vertices: (10, 0);
2
5
asymptotes: y x
y
(0, 5)
8
(3, 5)
(3, 5)
(10, 0)
(10, 0)
16 8 O
4
16 x
8
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
281

Chapter 10
17. center: (0, 0), foci: (53

, 0);
vertices: (2, 0);
18. center: (1, 7);

);
foci: (1, 7 217
vertices: (1, 15), (1, 1);
asymptotes: y 7 4(x 1)
7
2
asymptotes: y x
8
4
(1, 15)
(2, 0)
(2, 0)
4 2 O
4
4x
(1, 7)
8
O
x
(1, 1)
19. center: (3, 1);

foci: (3 25
, 1),
vertices: (1, 1), (7, 1);
20. center: (3, 5);

foci: (3, 5 13
);
vertices: (3, 7), (3, 3);
1
2
asymptotes: y 1 (x 3)
2
3
y
(3, 7)
(3, 5)
O
(7, 1)
(3, 1)
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
(3, 3)
(1, 1)
282

Chapter 10
21. center: (2, 3); foci: (2, 3 41

),
vertices: (2, 8), (2, 2);
5
4
y
22. center: (1, 3);

foci (1 85
, 3),
(1 85
, 3);
vertices: (8, 3), (6, 3);
6
7
(2, 8)
y
(2, 3)
O
(6, 3)
(1, 3)
(8, 3)
O
(2, 2)
23.
(4, 2
34)
3
y 2 (x 4)
5
(4, 2)
(y 3)2
(x 4)2
24.

1
16
9
(4, 5)
3
y 2 (x 4)
5
(4, 1)
(4, 2
34)
25. 1
(x 4)2
y2

26.

1
1
4
27.
28.
x2
9
y2
9
y
(7, 7)
(6, 6)
O
(6, 6)
(7, 7)
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
283

Chapter 10
29.
30.
( 52, 52 )
( 43, 43 )
x
O
4, 4
3
3
( 52, 52 )
(y 2)2
(x 4)2

31.

1
4
9
2
x2
y2

32.

1
9
72
(x 3)2
(y 2)2
1
34.

49
16
(y 2)2
x
33.
1
16
9
(x 3)2
(y 1)2
(x 3)2
(y 1)2
x2
y2
32
32
(y 2)2
(x 4)2
1
37.

9
16
36.

1
4
9
y2
x2
39. 1
36
28
(y 3)2
(x 6)2

40.

1
25
11
35. 1
2x 2
81
38.

1
4
9
5(y 1)2
2y 2
81
5(x 1)2
41. 1
42.

1
64
16
43a.
44. In an equilateral hyperbola,

a b and c 2 a 2 b 2.
c2 a2 a2
ab
c2 2 a2
c a2
250
200
150
100
50
864 O
100
150
200
250
2 4 6 8 10P
c
a
Since e , we have
c
a
e
43b. 5.0 dm3

43c. 10.0 dm3
43d. V 2(original V)
a2
e
a
e 2

Thus the eccentricity of any
equilateral hyperbola is 2
.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
284

Chapter 10
x2
75
y2
100
45a. 2 2 1
46. approximately
45b. top: 106.07 ft; base: 273.00 ft
x2
y2

1
11002
10,5032
y
48a.
x2
25
y2
11
47. 1
48b. They are the same lines.

(y 2)2
(x 3)2
48c.

1
25
16
48d.
y
8
4
4 O
4
2
(x 2)2
y
49.
1
7
50. (x 2)2 (y 7)2 81
16
y
x
O
(2, 7)
(11, 7)
(2, 16)
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
285

Chapter 10
51.
52. (90, 208), (90, 152),

(90, 28)
D (3, 6)
A (1, 3)
C (6, 2)
O
B (2, 1)

(2 1
)2 (
1
3)2 5
BC
(2 6
)2 (
1
2)2 5
CD (6

3
)2 (2

6)2 5
2 (6
AD
(3 1)

3)2 5
AB
Thus, ABCD is a rhombus. The

63
slope of A
D
or and

31
4
31
the slope of A
B
or

1 2
4
3
. Thus, A
D is perpendicular

to A
B
and ABCD is a square.
53. 6; No, the inner product of the
two vectors is not zero.
55. about 346 m/s
57. C
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
54. x 3
y 6 0
56. 1.3, 0.6
286

Chapter 10
10-5 Parabolas
Pages 658661
2. (x 2)2 16(y 1)
1. The equation of a parabola will

have only one squared term,
while the equation of a
hyperbola will have two squared
terms.
3. The vertex and focus both lie on
the axis of symmetry. The
directrix and axis of symmetry
are perpendicular to each other.
The focus and the point on the
directrix collinear with the focus
are equidistant from the vertex.
5a. ellipse
5b. parabola
5c. hyperbola
5d. circle
4. (y 5)2 20(x 4)
6. vertex: (0, 1); focus: (0, 4);

directrix: y 2;
axis of symmetry: x 0
y
(0, 4)
(0, 1)
O
y 2
7. vertex: (1, 1); focus: (2, 1);

directrix: x 0;
axis of symmetry: y 1
8. vertex: (4, 2); focus: (4, 1);

directrix: y 3
y
y3
x 0
(4, 2)
(4, 1)
(2, 1)
O x
(1, 1)
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
287

Chapter 10
9. x 2 16y
10. (y 5)2 4(x 7)
(7, 5)
x
O
1
5
11. (x 4)2 (y 3)
12a.
x
O
(4, 3)
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
12b. 52 ft
12c. 3.6 s
14. vertex: (0, 3); focus: (0, 2);
directrix: y 4;
13. vertex: (0, 0); focus: (2, 0);

directrix: x 2;
y4
(0, 3)
(0, 2)
(2, 0)
x
O
x 2
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
288

Chapter 10
15. vertex: (0, 6); focus: (1, 6);

directrix: x 1
16. vertex: (1, 1); focus: (4, 1);

directrix: x 2; axis of
symmetry: y 1
x 1
x2
(1, 6)
(0, 6)
(4, 1)
(1, 1)
7
4
17. vertex: (2, 2); focus: 2, ;
18. vertex: (5, 3); focus: (5, 1);

directrix: y 5; axis of
symmetry: x 5
9
4
directrix: y ;
y
y5
1
2
3
7
2,

( 4)
(2, 2)
(5, 3)
(5, 1)
x
O
y 94
19. vertex: (4, 7); focus:
20. vertex: (1, 1); focus: (4, 1);

directrix: x 2;
72 , 7; directrix: x 92 ;

x 2
O
x
(1, 1)
9
2
(4, 1)
( 72 , 7)
(4, 7)
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
289

Chapter 10
1
2
21. vertex: (4, 1); focus: 4, ,
9
2
22. vertex: (3, 2); focus: 3, ;
5
2
1
2
directrix: y ; axis of
directrix: y ; axis of
symmetry: x 4
symmetry: x 3
(3, 92 )
(4, 12 )
O
(4, 1)
y 12 x
(3, 2)
y 52
23. vertex: (2, 4);

focus: (4, 4);
directrix: x 0;
24. (y 1)2 28(x 5)

y
8
(5, 1)
12 8 4 O
4
x0
8
(2, 4)
(4, 4)
25. (y 6)2 12(x 3)
26. (x 4)2 8(y 3)

y
y
16
12
(3, 6)
4
(4, 3)
O 4
8 4
4
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
290

Chapter 10
27. (x 4)2 (y 3)

y
28. (y 3)2 16(x 2)

y
(4, 3)
O
O
(2, 3)
29. (x 1)2 8(y 5)
30. (x 5)2 4(y 3)
y
O
x
(5, 3)
(1, 5)
31. (y 2)2 4(x 1)

y
(1, 2)
x
O
33a. 82
in.
33b. 410
in.
35a. The opening becomes
narrower.
35b. The opening becomes wider.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
3 2
1
y
2
4
32. x
( 32 , 0)
34a. $105
34b. $125
36a. Sample answer: x 2 9000y
36b. 67.6 ft
291

Chapter 10
(y k)2 4p(x h)
y 2 2ky k 2 4px 4ph
y 2 4px 2ky
k 2 4ph 0
y 2 Dx Ey F 0
38a. (y 2)2 8(x 3)

38b. (x 1)2 y 2 64
37.
(x h)2 4p(y k)
x 2 2hx h 2 4py 4pk
x 2 4py 2hx
h 2 4pk 0
x 2 Dx Ey F 0
39. center: (2, 3),
);
foci: (2, 3 41
vertices: (2, 8) and (2, 2);

, 5); vertices: (0, 3),
(21
(0, 7), (5, 5), (5, 5)
y
5
4
y
(2, 8)
(0, 3)
(2, 3)
(5, 5)
x
(0, 7)
(2, 2)
41.
2
3

2
(0, 5)
(5, 5)

3

6
5
6
3 6 9
7
6
0
11
6
4
3
3
2
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
5
3
292

Chapter 10
44. y 0 as x , y 0
as x
43. 5.5 cm
45. C

Page 661
1a.
AB
(6 3
)2 (
9 3
)2 45

2
2
BC
(9 6
) (
3 9
) 45

Since AB BC then triangle
ABC is isosceles.
1b. 19.42 units
3. center:(4, 3); radius: 3
y
2. (0.5, 7)
4. (x 5)2 (y 2)2 7
(4, 6)
(4, 3)
(7, 3)
6. center: (4, 5); vertices: (9, 5),

(1, 5), (4, 2), (4, 8);
foci: (8, 5), (0, 5)
5a. 2095.2 miles, 424.8 miles

5b.
x2
y2
1
27, 248,400
26,550,840.96
y
O
(1, 5)
(4, 2)
(4, 5)
(9, 5)
(4, 8)
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
293

Chapter 10
(x 1)2
9
(y 2)2
36
8. 1
7.
center: (1, 4),
);
vertices: (1, 4 2
);
foci: (1, 4 22
3

3
y
(1, 4 2)
(1, 4)
(1, 4 2)
9. vertex: (1, 1); focus (2, 1);

axis of symmetry: y 1;
directrix: x 0
y
10. (x 5)2 16(y 1)
x0
(1, 1)
(2, 1)
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
294

Chapter 10
10-6 Rectangular and Parametric Forms of Conic Sections

Pages 667669
1. For the general equation of a
conic, A and C have the same
sign and A C for an ellipse. A
and C have opposite signs for a
hyperbola. A C for a circle.
Either A 0 or C 0 for a
parabola.
3. Sample answer: y 2 x; y t,
x t 2,
t

2.
t

(x 1)2
9
y
(4, 1)
(1, 2)
(2, 1)
(1, 0) O
5. parabola; y 2 8(x 1)
(y 1)2
1
4. ellipse; 1
(1, 1)
6.
(x 2)2
5
y
(y 1)2
5
hyperbola; 1
(1, 0)
x
O
(2
5, 2)
(2
5, 2)
(2, 2)
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
295

Chapter 10
7. circle; (x 3)2 (y 6)2 4
8. y x 2 6x 2
y
(3, 8)
(5, 6)
(3, 6)
x2
4
y2
9
9. 1
y
t
t
10. Sample answer: x t,

y 2t 2 5t, t
t0
x
t
3
2
11. Sample answer: x 6 cos t,

y 6 sin t, 0 t 2
13. parabola; (x 3)2 4y
12. y 2 80x
14. circle; (x 4)2 (y 3)2 1
y
O
(3, 3)
(4, 3)
(4, 4)
(3, 0)
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
296

Chapter 10
(x 3)2
25
(y 1)2
9
16. ellipse; 1
15. hyperbola;
(y 4)2
(x 1)2
1
2
6
y
(3, 4)
(1, 4 2)
(3, 1)
(8, 1)
(2, 1)
(1, 4)
x
(3, 2)
(1, 4 2)
3
2
18. hyperbola; xy
17. parabola; (x 4)2 y

y
( 26 , 26 )
O
O
(4, 0)
(y 5)2
10
( 26 , 26 )
(x 4)2
4
20. circle; (x 4) 2 y 2 5
19. ellipse; 1
(4, 5
10)
(4,
5)
(2, 5)
(4, 5)
(4 5, 0)
(6, 5)
(4, 0)
(4, 5
10)
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
297

Chapter 10
(y
(x
1
9
8
y
1)2
2)2
1 2
2(x 2)
2
22. parabola; y
21. hyperbola;
( 2 , 12 )
(2, 4)
(2, 1)
O
(2, 2)
24. (x 2)2 (y 3)2 10
23. hyperbola;
(x 5)2
(y 2)2
1
4
1
y
y
(2, 3
10)
(5, 2)
(2
10, 3)
(2, 3)
(7, 2)
(3, 2)
25. y 2x 2 4x 1
26. x 2 y 2 1
y
t0
O
O
x2
9
27. x 2 y 2 1
y2
4
28. 1
y
t0
t0
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
298

Chapter 10
y2
4
29. x 2 1
30. y
y t0
x1

2
y
31. x 2 y 2 9
y 4 sin t, 0 t 2
35. Sample answer: x cos t,
y 4 sin t, 0 t 2
37. Sample answer: x t 2 2t 1,
y t,
t

39a. Sample answers: x t, y t 2,
t 0; y t; x t 2, t 0.
39b.

y 5 sin t, 0 t 2
y 5 sin t, 0 t 2
36. Sample answer: x t,
y t 2 4t 7,
t

38. Sample answer:
x 0.25(t 3)2 2, y t,

t

40a. x 2 y 2 36
40b. Sample answer: x 6 sin( t),
y 6 cos ( t), 0 t 2
40c. about 1131 ft
Tmin: [0, 5] step: 0.1 [7.58, 7.58]

scl:1 by [5, 5] scl:1
39c. yes
39d. There is usually more than one
parametric representation for
the graph of a rectangular
equation.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
299

Chapter 10
41a. Ellipse; point at (0, 0); the

equation is that of a degenerate
ellipse.
41b. Circle; point at (2, 3); the
equation is that of a degenerate
circle.
41c. Hyperbola; two intersecting
lines y 3x; the equation is
that of a degenerate hyperbola.
43a. x 2 y 2 36
43b. x 6 sin t, y 6 cos t,
0 t 4
43c.
42. The substitution for x must be a

function that allows x to take on
all the values stipulated by the
domain of the rectangular
equation. The domain of
y x 2 5 is all real numbers,
but using a substitution of
x t 2 would only allow values
of x such that x 0.
44. After drawing a vertical line
through (x, y) and a horizontal
line through the endpoint
opposite (x, y), two right
triangles are formed. Both
triangles contain an angle t,
since corresponding angles are
congruent when two parallel
lines are cut by a transversal.
Using the larger triangle,
x
a
Tmin: [0, 4] step: 0.1 [9.10, 9.10]

scl:1 by [6, 6] scl:1
cos t or x a cos t. Using

y
b
the smaller triangle, sin t

or y b sin t.
45. vertex: (5, 0); focus: (5, 3);
axis of symmetry: x 5,
directrix: y 3
46.
y
(5, 5)
x
(5, 5)
(5, 0)
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
O x
300

Chapter 10
47. (x 3)2 (y 2)2 16

y
48. 15 lb, 153

lb
(3, 2)
(7, 2)
(3, 2)
3

2
49. Car 1; the point (135, 19) is

about 9 units closer to the line
y 0.13x 37.8 than the
point (245, 16).
51. 685 units2
50.
53. 38.4
54. 78, yes
37
8
52.
1
3
1
1
y 7 (x 3); y x 6
3
3
55. y 4 (x 6) or
56. B
10-7 Transformations of Conics

Pages 674677
3

2
y
x y2
1
2
3

2
Replace y with x y.
x 3 (y 3)2
x
O
4. Ebony; B 2 4AC (63

) 2
4(7)(13)
0 and A C
3. 90 or 270
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
1
2
2. Replace x with x y.
1. Sample answers:
301

Chapter 10
5. circle;
x 2 y 2 6x 4y 6 0
6. parabola;
2x 2 9x y 14 0
7. hyperbola;
(x)2 23
xy (y)2 18 0
9. ellipse; 19
11. point
y
8. circle;
2(x)2 2(y)2 52
x 52
y 6 0
10. hyperbola; 11
12a. 3(x )2 23
x y (y)2
12x 123
y 0
12b.
O
(1, 4)
[10, 10] scl: 1 by [3, 10] scl: 1
13. parabola;
3x 2 14x y 18 0
15. ellipse;
3x 2 y 2 6x 6y 3 0
17. hyperbola;
9x 2 25 y 2 250y 850 0
19. parabola; (y )2 8x 0
21. parabola; (x )2 23
x y
2
3(y) 163
x 16y 0
23. circle; 2(x)2 2(y )2 5x
53
y 6 0
25. 23(x)2 23
x y 21(y)2
120 0
27. hyperbola; 6
29. ellipse; 18
31. parabola; 30
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
14. ellipse;
4x 2 5y 2 40x 60y 260 0
16. ellipse;
3x 2 y 2 6x 8y 13 0
18. parabola;
x 2 20x 4y 108 0
20. circle; (x )2 (y)2 4 0
22. hyperbola; (x)2 (y)2 16 0
24. hyperbola; (x )2 103
x y
2
11(y) 64 0
26. ellipse; 23
28. parabola; 27
30. ellipse; 27
32. parabola; 45
302

Chapter 10
33. line
34. point
y
y
(2, 1)
y 2x 3
35. intersecting lines
36. point
y
y 3x
(0, 0)
y 3x
37.
38.
[6.61, 14.6] scl:1 by [2, 12] scl:1
[7.58, 7.58] scl:1 by [5, 5] scl:1
39.
40.
[7.58, 7.58] scl:1 by [5, 5] scl:1
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
[8.31, 2.31] scl:1 by [2, 5] scl:1
303

Chapter 10
41.
42.
[10.58. 4.58] scl:1 by [2, 8] scl:1
[7.85, 7.85] scl:1 by [5, 5] scl:1
43a. T(1320, 1320)

43b. (x 1320)2 (y 1320)2
1,742,400
44a.
44b.
44c.
44d.
46a.
46b.
45. Let x xcos y sin and

y x sin y cos .
x2 y2 r2
(x cos y sin )2
(x sin y cos )2 r 2
(x)2cos2 xycos sin
(y)2sin2 (x )2sin2 xy cos
sin (y )2cos r 2
[(x)2 (y)2] cos2
[(x )2 (y )2] sin2 r 2
[(x)2 (y)2](cos2 sin2 ) r 2
[(x )2 (y )2](1) r 2
(x )2 (y )2 r 2
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
parabola; 360
ellipse; 180
hyperbola; 180
circle; any degree
elliptical
y
46c. 30
304

Chapter 10
47a. 30
48a.
(x)2
(y)2
47b. 1
4
8
4 O
4
8
(x 35
)2
y2
81
36
2
(x 35
)
(y)2
48c. 1
361
81
48b. 1
50. (x 2)2 25(y 3)2 1 or

(y 3)2 25(x 2)2 1
52. about 9.4 m/s
49. hyperbola
51.
90
120
60
30
150
180
1 2 3 4
330
210
240
270
300
53. cos 70
1
y2
54. 5615
3
y1
55.
57.
56. 9.6
43 , 32 , 12
58.
h (x )
59. B
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
305

Chapter 10
10-8 Systems of Second-Degree Equations and Inequalities

Pages 682684
1.
2. Sample answer: y x 2,
x 2 (y 3)2 9
3. The system contains equation(s)

that are equivalent. The graphs
coincide.
4. Graph each second-degree

inequality. The region in which
the graphs overlap represents
the solution to the system.
6. no solution
5. (3, 3), (1, 1)
y
(3, 3)
O
x
(1, 1)
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
306

Chapter 10
7. (2, 0)
8. (1, 1)
y
(2, 0)
9.
(1, 1)
(2, 0)
10.
y
4
O
x
12
4
8
12
11.
12a. x 2 y 2 680
x 2 y 2 288
12b. Sample answer: (21, 15)
y
8
4
40
8 4 O
4
20
8
40 20 O
20
(22, 14)
20
40 x
40
12c. 22 ft and 14 ft
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
307

Chapter 10
13. (1, 6.9)
14. (2, 1), (2, 1)
(1, 6.9)
(2, 1)
(2, 1)
(1, 6.9)
15. (1.5, 4), (2, 3)
16. (8, 6), (6, 8)

y
(8, 6)
(2, 3)
(1.5, 4)
(6, 8)
18. (1.3, 2.0), (1.3, 2.0)
17. no solution
y
(1.3, 2.0)
(1.3, 2.0)
x
(1.3, 2.0)
(1.3, 2.0)
19. (0, 1), (3, 2)
20. (3, 2), (3, 2), (2, 3), (2, 3)
(3, 2)
(2, 3)
(3, 2)
O
(0, 1)
x
(3, 2)
(2, 3)
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
308

Chapter 10
21. (0, 3), (2.4, 2.8)
22. (4.0, 0.5), (2.8, 2.9)
y
(0, 3)
(4, 0.5)
O
x
(2.8, 2.9)
(2.4, 2.8)
(2.4, 2.8)
23. (3, 1.3), (4, 1), (3, 1.3),

(4, 1)
24.
O
8 4
4
8
25.
26.
27.
28.
8
4
8 4 O
8x
4
8
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
309

Chapter 10
29.
30.
y
8
8 4 O
4
8 4 O
8x
4
8
31.
8
32.
4
8 4 O
8x
4
8
33.
34. (y 3)2 2(x 1),

y 2x 7
y
4
8 4 O
4
8
y2
25
35. x 2 y 2 8, xy 4
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
x2
16
x2
9
(y 1)2
4
36. 1, 1
310

Chapter 10
37a. 2x 2y 150
xy 800
37b. 0, 1, or 2
37c.
y
38a. x 2 9(y 4), y 0

y
38b.
80
40
80 40 O
O
40
80
40
80
38c. x 2 12(y 3), y 0
37d. 12.9 m by 62.1 m or

62.1 m by 12.9 m
39. (4, 3), (3, 4)
40a. x 2 y 2 2500,
x 2 (y 30)2 1600,
(x 35)2 (y 18)2 169
40b.
y
y
(3, 4)
80
40
O
80 40
(4, 3)
40
80x
40
40c. (40, 30)
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
311

Chapter 10
9
8
41.
42a.
4
8 4 O
4
8
42b. yes; (6, 2) or (6, 2)

42c. Earths surface:
x1 210
cos t and
y1 210
sin t ;
asteroid: x 2 0.25t 2 5 and
y2 t
42d.
Tmin 8, Tmax 8,

Tstep 0.13
[15.16, 15.16] scl:1 by [10, 10]
scl:1
43. 3(x)2 43

x y 7(y )2
90
45. 4
47. 1 and 2
44. 5x 4y 33 0
46. 3.14 m/s
48.
y
y (x 2)2 3
O
x
y
x32
49. No; the domain value 4 is

mapped to two elements in the
range, 0 and 3.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
50. E
312

Chapter 10
Chapter 11 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

11-1 Real Exponents
Pages 700703
1. The quantities are not the same.
When the negative is enclosed
inside of the parentheses and
the base is raised to an even
power, the answer is positive.
When the negative is not
enclosed inside of the
parentheses and the base is
raised to an even power, the
answer is negative.
3. Laura is correct. The negative
exponent of 10 represents a
fraction with a numerator of 1
and a denominator of a positive
power of 10. The product of this
fraction and a number between
1 and 10 is between 0 and 1.
256
81
2. If the base were negative and

the denominator were even,
then we would be taking an
even root of a negative number,
which is undefined as a real
number.
1
625
4.
5.
6. 6
7. 9
8. 8
81
a
9. 81a1 or
10. m n or m3n3mn

7

2
7

2
n1
11. 22n 3 2

13. 13x
4
15.
6b3c
3
17. pq 2r
2
pr
12.
14.
16.
18.
19. 4.717 1013m 2
20.
5

2
x 2y 42

a b c
15
15
x5y 3
82.1
1

2
5

4
1
1296
1
1296
21.
22. 225
23. 32
24.
512
343
25.
9
4
26. 9
27. 9
28. 3
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
3

4
313

Chapter 11
30. 2
or 2
29. 26
1

2
1
2
31.
32. 729
33. 36
34. 8
8
9
1
16
35.
36. 27n 6
37. 1
38. 8y 6
1
256x
39. 3pq 2r
40. 28x 8 or 8
41. 6x3
42. b2n
1

3
n

2
44. 316m 2n
43.
45.
4f 4gh1
4f 4g
or
h

a
a
46. x x 1
5

4
1

2
48.
47. 6x y
3

2
1

n
1

m
1

nm
m3n
2xy 2
a2b c
5
16

6
4q 3r 2
p

21
3
13
a b7
0.69
3
ab 2
a2bc
0.17
3.79
1

2
2

5
50.
52.
54.
56.
58.
60.
62.
64.
66.
68.
1

2
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
314
1
m
a
a a
mn
a

x y
17x 2yz
60r 10s7t
8

75a 5b3
3
2

nm 4mn

defd

2xy3
5x
4.68
1.64 1011 km3
1

n
49.
51.
53.
55.
57.
59.
61.
63.
65.
67.
1
6
1

mn
1

2
3

2
12

7
27

8

Chapter 11
0y1
1y3
y 3
If the exponent is less than 0,
the power is greater than 0 and
less than 1. If the exponent is
greater than 0 and less than 1,
the power is greater than 1 and
less than the base. If the
exponent is greater than 1, the
power is greater than the base.
Any number to the zero power
is 1. Thus, if the exponent is less
than zero, the power is less than
1. A power of a positive number
is never negative, so the power
is greater than 0.
Any number to the zero power
is 1 and to the first power is itself.
Thus, if the exponent is greater
than zero and less than 1, the
power is between 1 and the base.
Any number to the first power
is itself. Thus, if the exponent is
greater than 1, the power is
greater than the base.
71. 2, 6
69a.
69b.
69c.
69d.
70. carbon
72a.
Wind Speed
5
10
15
20
25
30
Wind Chill
0.8
12.7
22.6
29.9
35.3
39.2
72b. A 5-mile per hour increase in

the wind speed when the wind
is light has more of an effect
on perceived temperature than
a 5-mile per hour increase in
the wind speed when the wind
is heavy.
73a. 42,250,474.31 meters
73b. 35,870 kilometers
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
315

Chapter 11
74a. a ma n
m factors
n factors
aaa aaa
m n factors
aaa
am n
n factors
m factors
74b.
(am)n
m factors
m factors
aaa aaa aaa

m n factors
a a a a mn
m factors
74c.
(ab)m

ab ab ab
m factors
m factors
aa a bb b
a mb m
m factors

am
a m
a a
a

bm
b
b b
b
74d.
am
a
74e.
n
m factors
aa a
a mn
aa a
n factors
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
316

Chapter 11
75.
76. (3, 0), x 3
8
6
4
2
O
2
2
4
6
8
77. 1.31 0.14i
78. lemniscate
2
3

2

3

6
5
6
1 2 3 4
7
6
11
6
4
3
3
2
5
3
80. 1, 10, 11, 222

79. about 4.43 seconds
1
2
81. Sample answer: sin S .
82.
n where n is an integer
2
83. 25 m/h

85. 3; 5, 0, 5
84. 90, 270

86. abs. min.: (0.75, 1.88)
(2.9, 48)
50
50
(2.9, 48)
87. E
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
317

Chapter 11
11-2 Exponential Functions

Pages 708711
1. Power; In a power function the
variable is the base, in an
exponential function the variable
is the exponent.
3. If the base is greater than 1, the

equation represents exponential
growth. If base is between 0 and
1, the equation represents
exponential decay.
y
5.
y 3x
7.
y 3x
2. Both graphs are one-to-one,

have the domain of all reals, a
range of positive reals, a
horizontal asymptote of y 0,
a y-intercept of (0, 1), and no
vertical asymptote. The graph
of y bx is decreasing when
0 b 1 and increasing when
b 1.
4. The graphs of y 4x and
y 4x 3 are the same
except the graph of y 4x 3
is shifted down three units from
the graph of y 4x.
y
6.
8. $2109.38
x
y 2x 4
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
318

Chapter 11
9a. 0.45%
9b. 9,695,766
10.
11.
y 2x
12.
x
y 2x
y 2x
O
y
13.
14.
y 2x 3
y 2x 3
15.
y
O
16.
y ( 15 ) x
y 4x 2
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
319

Chapter 11
17.
18.
y
y 2x 4
y ( 12 ) x
19. B
21. A
23a. The graph of y 6x 4 is

shifted up four units from the
graph of y 6x.
23b. The graph of y 3x is a
reflection of the graph of y 3x
across the x-axis.
23c. The graph of y 7x is a
reflection of the graph of y 7x
across the y-axis.
12
23d. The graph of y
is a
reflection of the graph of

y 2x across the y-axis.
20. C
22a. The graph of y 5x is a
reflection of y 5x across the
x-axis. The graph of
y 5x is a reflection of
y 5x across the y-axis.
22b. The graph of y 5x 2 is
shifted up two units, while the
graph of y 5x 2 is shifted
down two units.
22c. The graph of y 10x
increases more quickly than
the graph of y 5x. The
graphs are not the same
because 52x 10x.
y
24a.
32
30
28
26
24
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
O 2 4 6 8 1012 141618 2022x
24b. $170,400
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
320

Chapter 11
25a. y (0.85)x
25b. y
26a.
26b.
26c.
26d.
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
995,550
2,065,690
139,735
166,280
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8x
25c. 14%
25d. No; The graph has an
asymptote at y 0, so the
percent of impurities, y, will
never reach 0.
27a. 2700 units
27b. 5800 units
28a. $846.05
28b. $956.35
28c. 30-year: $183,578; 20-year:
$108,524
28d. Sample answer: A borrower
might choose the 30-year
mortgage in order to have a
lower monthly payment. A
borrower might choose the
20-year mortgage in order to
have a lower interest expense.
30. The function y ax is
undefined when a 0 and x is
an even fractional exponent.
29a. $535,215.92
29b. $76,376.20
1
4
32.
31a. $50; $50.63; $50.94; $51.16;

$51.26
31b. Money Market Savings
31c. 4.88%
33. 15 r sin
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
34. 3; no because the inner product

does not equal 0.
321

Chapter 11
5
8
5
8
35. 3
cos i sin ;
36. 85 feet
0.66 1.60i
38. sin4 A cos2 A
cos4 A sin2 A
(sin2 A)2 cos2 A
cos4 A sin2 A
(1 cos2 A)2 cos2 A
cos4 A sin2 A
(1 2cos2 A cos4 A) cos2 A
cos4 A sin2 A
cos4 A 1 cos2 A
cos4 A sin2 A
cos4 A sin2 A
cos4 A sin2 A
40. about 521 feet
3 units left. The vertical
asymptote is now x 3. The
horizontal asymptote, y 0, is
unchanged.
37a.
y
(12, 8)
(7, 6)
37b. (2.5, 7)
39. 139,000 cm/s

41. Sample answer: y 948.4x
4960.6
43. E
11-3 The Number e

Pages 714717
1. C
3. Amount in an account with a

beginning balance of $3000 and
interest compounded
continuously at an annual rate of
5.5%.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
322
2. If k is positive, the equation

models growth. If k is negative,
the equation models decay.
4. reals, positive reals

Chapter 11
5. Sample answer: Continuously

compounded interest is a
continuous function, but interest
compounded monthly is a
discrete function.
7. $25,865.41
9a. 78.7F
9b. too cold; After 5 minutes, his
coffee will be about 90F.
6a. growth
6b. 33,430
6c. 361,931
8. 43%
10a.
10b. symmetric about y-axis

12a. 314 people
12b. after about 61 h
11a.
Interest
Compounded
Interest
Annually
Semi-annually
Quarterly
Monthly
Daily
Continuously
$80.00
$81.60
$82.43
$83.00
$83.28
$83.29
Effective
Annual
Yield
8%
8.16%
8.243%
8.3%
8.328%
8.329%
11b. continuously
r n
1
n
11c. E 1
11d. E e r 1
13a. 95%
13b. about 1.2 min
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
14a. 2.720551414; 2.718304481;

2.718282055
14b. 2 decimal places; 4 decimal
places; 6 decimal places
14c. always greater
323

Chapter 11
15a. 20.9%; 60.9%; 98.5%

15b. about 29 days
16a. all reals

16b. 0 f(x) 1
16c. c shifts the graph to the right
or left
15c. Sample answer: The probability

that a person who is going to
respond has responded
approaches 100% as t
approaches infinity. New ads
may be introduced after a high
percentage of those who will
respond have responded. The
graph appears to level off after
about 50 days. So, new ads
can be introduced after an ad
has run about 50 days.
17. $13,257.20
19. 6x 2 12xy 6y 2 2
x
2
y 0
21. 704.2 ft-lb
18. x
x 3y 3z
20. 26
(cos 3.34 i sin 3.34)
22. 2.4
8
3
13
2
4
3
23.
24. {x x }
25. J
(9, 6), K
(6, 18),
L
(6, 15), M
(9, 3); the dilated
image has sides that are 3 times
the length of the original figure.
27. {4, 2, 5}; {5, 7}; yes
26. (0, 6)
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
324
28. D

Chapter 11

Page 717
1
49
2.
1. 8
2xz 3
3w y
2
3
3. w 2xy 2z 3 or
2 2
4. a3b
5. 5b
a2
7. 2,126,157
9a. 271,292 ft3
9b. 2,560,257 ft3
3
3

2
6. 1.51 102 mm2

8. $4193.73
10. 18.3; 181; 200
11-4 Logarithmic Functions

Pages 722725
1. y 3x and log 3 x are similar in
that they are both continuous,
one-to-one, increasing and
inverses. y 3x and log 3 x are
not similar in that they are
inverses. The domain of one is
the range of another and the
range of one is the domain of
the other. y 3x has a
y-intercept and a horizontal
asymptote whereas y log 3 x
has a x-intercept and a vertical
asymptote.
3. Log5 x is an increasing function
and log 1 x is a decreasing
5
function.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
2. Let bx m, then logb m x.

(bx )p mp
b xp mp
logb b xp logb mp
xp logb mp
p logb m logb mp
4. Sean is correct. The product

property states that
logb mn logb m logb n.
325

Chapter 11
1
2
6. 9 27
5. In half-life applications r .
1
2
3

2
So, (1 r) becomes 1 or
12 . Thus, the formula N

12 t
N0(1 r)t becomes N N0 .

7.
1

25
1

2
8. log7 y 6
5
1
4
2
3
10. 4
9. log8
12. 3
14. 4
16. 8
18. y
11. 2
13. 32
15. 15
17. y
y log 1 x
2
y log6 x
19. 264 h
20. 27 3
21. 16 4
22. 74
23. 4 32
24. e x 65.98
25. (6
)4 36
26. log81 9
1

3
1
2401
1

2
5

2
1
2
3
2
28. log 512 3
27. log36 216
1

8
1
36
29. log6 2
30. log16 1 0
31. logx 14.36 1.238
32. 2
1
3
33.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
34. 5
326

Chapter 11
35. 3.5
36. 6
37. 1.5
38.
39.
41.
43.
45.
8
7
6
3
40.
42.
44.
46.
47.
1
3
48. 9
49. 4
51. 32
53. y
50. 5
52. 8
54.
4
3
16
12
8
2
20
15
10
5
y log4 x
O
5
y
y 3 log2 x
5 10 1520 2530 3540 x
10
15
20
55.
56.
y log2 x
y log5 (x 1)
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
327

Chapter 11
57.
58.
y log10 (x 1)
y 2 log2 x
59. 90 min
60. All powers of 1 are 1, so the

inverse of y 1x is not a
function.
61. Let logb m x and logb n y.

So, b x m and by n.
62a. 2 1
logb
logb
m

n
m

n
m

n
m

n
r 40
4
62b. 6.99%
62c. 10.04%
bx
xy

y b
bx y
xy
logb m logb n
64. Let y loga x, so x ay
x ay
logb x logb ay
logb x y logb a
63a. 2
1
8
63b. less light;
log x
b
y
log a
b
logb x
loga x
logb a
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
328

Chapter 11
65a.
66. about 9 days
16
15.5
P
15 log2.72 (14.7) 0.02h
14.5
14
13.5
13
12.5
4
2 O
4h
65b. 14.4 psi

65c. 16.84 psi
67. 69.6164
68. $891.26
(x 1)2
4
(y 2)2
9
69. ellipse; 1
70. (3 cos 2t, 3 sin 2t)
17
12
17
12
71. AB 6, BC 5, AC 5
72. 10 cos i sin ,
73. 64 27j volts
2.59 9.66i
74. parallel
2
31
481
75.
76. y 13 sin t 3.14 77
77. c 9.5, A 3820

,
B 3622
78. E
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
329

Chapter 11
11-5 Common Logarithms

Pages 730732
1. log 1 0 means log10 1 0.
So, 100 1.
log 10 1 means
log10 10 1. So, 101 10
3. antilog 2.835 102.835
683.9116
2. Write the number in scientific

notation. The exponent of the
power of 10 is the
characteristic.
4. log 15 1.1761
log 5 0.6990
log 3 0.4771
log 5 log 3 0.6990
0.4771 1.1761
6. 2.5229
8. 2.6274
10.
y
5. 4.9031
7. 2.0915
9. 74,816.95
y log (x 3)
11.
13.
15.
17.
1.1632
7.83
x 2.97
5.5850
12. 1.3023
14. 8.84
16. x 4.84
18a. 6.3
18b. 10 times; According to the
definition of logarithms, R in
Ta
the equation R log B

is an exponent of the base of
the logarithm, 10. 105 is ten
times greater than 104.
[10, 10] scl:1, [20, 100] scl:10
20. 4.0458
22. 1.2218
19. 5.6021
21. 0.0792
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
330

Chapter 11
23.
25.
27.
29.
31.
33.
35.
37.
39.
41.
43.
45.
47.
49.
51.
1.5563
2.3188
3.2553
2.9515
2.001
2.1745
4
0.7124
3.9069
18.6377
0.3434
0.2076
1x6
x 3.8725
x 3.6087
24.
26.
28.
30.
32.
34.
36.
38.
40.
42.
44.
46.
48.
50.
52.
5.0334
0.6124
1.9921
0.871
3.2769
3
1.7737
3.8890
6.5699
512
174.8279
x 9.2571
x 2.1719
0.1250
[10, 10] scl:1, [3, 3] scl:1
53.
54.
[1, 10] scl:1, [1, 3] scl:1
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
[10, 1] scl:1, [2, 10] scl:1
331

Chapter 11
56. 0.1975
58a.1.7 mi
58b. 6 psi
60a. 91,116
60b. 12 yr
62a. 120 dB
62b. 1 1010 W/m2
55. 0.3210
57. 2
59a. 1.58
59b. 0.0219
61. Sample answer: x is between 2
and 3 because 372 is between
100 and 1000, and log 100 2
and log 1000 3.
63. 3819 yr
pr
q
64. y
65. 3
66.
increasing from to
67. a
ab 2c 2
69. (2 5
, 11)
90
71.
120
3
68. (x 3)2 (y 1)2 5

70. x 2 y 2 36
72. 1, 1; 2
1.414
60
30
150
180
2 4 6
0
330
210
240
270
300
73. 31.68 cm2

75. neither; the graph of the function
is not symmetric with respect to
either the origin or the y-axis.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
332
74. (x 4)(x 3)(x 1)

76. D

Chapter 11
11-6 Natural Logarithms

Pages 735737
1. ln e 1 is the same as
loge e 1. And e1 e.
So, ln e 1.
3. ln 64 4.1589
ln 16 2.7726
ln 4 1.3863
ln 16 ln 4 2.7726 1.3863
4.1589
5.
7.
9.
11.
13.
15.
4.7217
1.5606
3.0339
0.9635
x 1.3863
13.57
2. The two logarithms have

different bases.
log 17 10 x 17 or
x 1.23
ln 17 e x 17 or x 2.83
4. The two equations represent the
same thing. A Per t is a
special case of the equation
N N0ekt and is used primarily
for computations involving
money.
6. 1.1394
8. 0.4570
10. 3.7856
12. 0.1386
14. 48.5186 t
16. x 26.90
[15, 30] scl:5, [50, 150] scl:10
[20, 20] scl:2, [4, 20] scl:2
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
333

Chapter 11
17a. 503.1 torrs

17b. 4.2km
19. 0.2705
21. 0.9657
23. 2.2322
25. 1.2134
27. 0.9966
29. 0.2417
31. 2.2266
33. 0.3219
35. 1.7593
37. 4.7549
39. 1.3155
41. 40.9933 t
43. 0.3466
45. x 1.7657
47. x 144.9985
18. 5.4931
20.
22.
24.
26.
28.
30.
32.
34.
36.
38.
40.
42.
44.
46.
48.
6.8876
0
10.4395
0.0233
146.4963
1.6199
3.1875
3.2246
2.3869
4.8940
3.6889
0.7613
y 42.9183
x 9.0474
3.76
[5, 5] scl:1, [50, 700] scl:50
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
334

Chapter 11
49. 7.64
50. t 133.14
[10, 10] scl:1, [3, 10] scl:1
[10, 15] scl:1, [100, 2000] scl:100
52. x 4.72
51. 2.14
[6, 6] scl:2, [4, 24] scl:2
[10, 10] scl:1, [10, 75] scl:5
54. 4.09 107 s
53. x 0.37
[5, 5] scl:1, [2, 5] scl:0.5
55. 324 hr
56a.
56b.
56c.
58a.
58b.
60a.
60b.
57. 0 or 1.0986
59. 70%
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
335
4.6821
0.1627
about 6.3 min
about 11 years
See students work.
0.000427
about 708 yr

Chapter 11
61. y is a logarithmic function of x.

The pattern in the table can be
determined by 3 y x which can
be expressed as log3 x y.
63. 16 8
62. 1.2844
64. (2.2, 0.9), (1.7, 1.1),

(2.2, 0.9), (1.7, 1.1)
3

4
65. 0.00765 N m
66. (0.25, 0)
229

529

329
68. x y 0;
67. 13, 7
29
29
29
3
29
0.56 units; 112
29
69. y 70 cos 4
70. 250
11-7 Modeling Real-World Data with Exponential

and Logarithmic Functions
Pages 744748
1. Replace N by 4N0 in the
equation N N0ekt, where N0 is
the amount invested and k is the
interest rate. Then solve for t.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
336
2. The data should be modeled

with an exponential function.
The points in the scatter plot
approach a horizontal
asymptote. Exponential
functions have horizontal
asymptotes, but logarithmic
functions do not.

Chapter 11
3. y 2e(ln 4)x or y 2e1.3863x;

ln y ln 2 (ln 4)x or
ln y 0.6931 1.3863x
5. 8.66 yr
4. 39.61 yr
6a. y 10.0170(0.9703)x
6b. y 10.0170e0.0301x
6c. 23.08 min
8. 13.86 yr
10. exponential; the graph has a
horizontal asymptote
12. logarithmic; the graph has a
vertical asymptote
14a. y 4.7818(1.7687)x
14b. y 4.7818e0.5702x
14c. 1.22 hours
16a. y 2137.5192(1.0534)x
16b. y 2137.5192e0.0520x
16c. 5.2%
18a. y 812.9099 515.8976 ln x
18b. The year 1960 would
correspond to x 0 and ln 0 is
undefined.
20a. 3.034%
20b. y 1000.0006(1.0303)x
20c. y 1000.0006e0.0299x
20d. 2.99%
7. 30.81 yr
9. 9.73 yr
11. logarithmic; the graph has a
vertical asymptote
13. exponential; the graph has a
horizontal asymptote
15a. y 1.0091(0.9805)x
15b. y 1.0091e0.0197x
15c. 35.10 min
17. y 40 14.4270 ln x
19. Take the square root of each

side.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
337

Chapter 11
21a.
x
In y
21b.
21c.
21d.
23a.
23b.
In x
In y
0
1.81
50
2.07
100
3.24
150
3.75
22a. The graph appears to have a

horizontal asymptote at y 2,
so you must subtract 2 from
each y-value before a
calculator can perform
exponential regression.
190
4.25
ln y 0.0137x 1.6833
y e0.0137x 1.6833
117.4 persons per square mile
ln y is a linear function of ln x.
6.21
4.49
6.91
4.84
8.52
5.65
9.21
5.99
22b. y 2 1.0003(2.5710)x
24. 297.5 minutes or about 5 hours
9.62
6.19
23c. ln y 0.4994ln x 1.3901

23d. y 4.0153x 0.4994
25. 0.01
26. 8

53
2
5
2
27a. $11.50
27b. $2645
29. about 109.6 ft
28. i
31. 4 units left and 8 units down

33. C
32. 50; 22
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
4 2i11

5
338

Chapter 11
Chapter 12 Sequences and Series

12-1 Arithmetic Sequences and Series
Pages 762765
1. 2, 2, 6, 10, 14; yes, there
is a common difference of 4.
2a.
an
1
O 1 2 3 4 5 6
1
2
3
3a. The number of houses sold

cannot be negative.
3b. $60,000
5. Neither student is correct, since
neither sequence has a common
difference. The difference
fluctuates between 1 and 1.
The second sequence has a
difference that fluctuates
between 2 and 2.
7. 9, 17, 25, 33
9. 38
11. 15
13. 9, 14, 19, 24
15. 21
17. 13, 19, 25, 31
19. 7.5, 9, 10.5, 12
21. b 12, b 16, b 20, b 24
23. 13n, 19n, 25n, 31n
25. 2a 16, 2a 23, 2a 30,
2a 37
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
339
2b. linear
2c. The common difference is 1.
This is the slope of the line
through the points of the
sequence.
4. negative
6. 21, 26, 31, 36
8.
10.
12.
14.
16.
18.
20.
22.
24.
26.
a 6, a 10, a 14, a 18
11
6
1435
342 seats
15, 26, 37, 48
0.2, 1.6, 3.4, 5.2
2x, 3x, 4x, 5x
5 2k, 5 3k, 5 4k, 5 5k
2 7
; 9 27
, 11 37
,

13 47
Chapter 12
27. 80
29. 13
28. 9.9
30. 21
31. 80
32. 8
2
3
4
34. 1
5
33. 4
35. 17 5

37. 42.2
39. 12, 16.5, 21
12 23

3
36. 16 10i
38. 227
40. 5, 2, 1, 4
24 3

3
41. 3
, , , 12
42. 2, 2.75, 3.5, 4.25, 5
11
1456
7
8n 14
Let d be the common difference.
Then, y x d,
z x 2d, and w x 3d.
Substitute these values into the
expression x w y and
simplify.
x (x 3d) (x d)
x 2d or z.
53. 12
44.
46.
48.
50.
52.
43.
45.
47.
49.
51.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
340
490
8
2n 3
15 data items per min
1325 bricks
54a. 360, 540, 720, 900

54b. The common difference
between each consecutive
term in the sequence is 180,
therefore the sequence is
arithmetic.
54c. 5940

Chapter 12
55a. 25
55b. 100
55c. Conjecture: The sum of the first
n terms of the sequence of
natural numbers is n 2.
Proof: Let an 2n 1. The
first term of the sequence of
natural numbers is 1, so
a1 1. Then, using the formula
for the sum of an arithmetic
series,
56. 810 feet
n
2
n
Sn [1 (2n 1)]
2
n
(2n) or n 2.
2
Sn (a1 an)
57. least: $101, greatest: $1001
58. 0
59. $285.77
60. (0, 5); (21

, 5); (5, 5),
(0, 3), (0, 7)
y
x
(0, 3)
(5, 5)
(5, 5)
(0, 5)
(0, 7)
61. 0.5(cos
) i sin
),
8
8
62. 7
0.46 0.19i
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
341

Chapter 12
63. 3
x y 10 0
64.
y
O
2 x
2
4
6
65. A 7028, a 4.2, b 1.5

67. y x 1
69. C
66. 23; 2 imaginary roots

68. A(1, 2), B(3, 0), C(4, 1)
12-2 Geometric Sequences and Series

Pages 771773
1. Both arithmetic and geometric
sequences are recursive. Each
term of an arithmetic sequence
is the sum of a fixed difference
and the previous term. Each
term of a geometric sequence is
the product of a common ratio
and the previous term.
3. If the first term in a geometric
sequence were zero, then
finding the common ratio would
mean dividing by zero. Division
by zero is undefined.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
2. The expression generates the

following sequence: 9, 27,
81,. The common ratio is
3, therefore it is a geometric
sequence.
4. Sample answer: The first term of

the series 5 10 20 is 5
and the sum of the first 6 terms
of the sequence is 105, but
105 is not greater than 5.
342

Chapter 12
5a. No; the ratio between the first

two terms is 2, but the ratio
between the next two terms is
3.
5b. Yes; the common ratio is 3

5c. Yes; the common ratio is x
6a.
Beginning
of Year
1
2
3
4
5
6
Value of
Computers
$27,500.00
15,125.00
8318.75
4575.31
2516.42
1384.03
6b.
Value
27,500
25,000
22,500
20,000
17,500
15,000
12,500
10,000
7500
5000
2500
0
3
Years
6c. an exponential function

3
2
27
4
81
8
243
16
8. ; , ,
7. 6; 144, 864, 5184

9. 4; 115.2, 460.8, 1843.2
10. 0.005103
3
2
11.
12. 0.3125, 0.625, 1.25
13. 1, 3, 9 ,27
15. $28,211.98; $39,795.78;
$79,185.19
17. 2.5; 125, 312.5, 781.25
14. 85.5
16. 0.2; 0.08, 0.016, 0.0032
2
5
6
125
12
625
18. 3; 6, 18, 54
24
3125
19. ; , ,
20. 0.5; 0.875, 0.4375, 0.21875
21. 2
; 12, 122
, 24
22. ; 3
, 1,
23. i; 1, i, 1
24. t 3; t 1, t 4, t 7
1
ab
1
a
b
a
b2
a
3

3
b3
a
81
2
25. , 3 , 5 , 7 , 9
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
3

3
26.
343

Chapter 12
243
2048
27.
28. 4 1011
29. 165

31. 82

33. 200, 40, 8
30. 0.1875
32. 486, 162, 54
34. 256, 192, 144, 108, 81
35. 2, 6, 18, 54
36. , 2, 7
4
7
605
3
11,605
39.
512
37.
38. 81.2448
40. 80(1 3
)
3
4
3
41a. bt b0 22t
42a. 3
,
41b. 30,720
41c. Sample answer: It is assumed
that favorable conditions are
maintained for the growth of the
bacteria, such as an adequate
food and oxygen supply,
appropriate surrounding
temperature, and adequate
room for growth.
43a. $11.79, $30.58, $205.72
43b. $7052.15
43c. Each payment made is
rounded to the nearest penny,
so the sum of the payments will
actually be more than the sum
found in b.
45. an 2(3)n1;
a2 3(a1) by definition
3(2)
6
42b. 26,244
80
13
44a.
44b. 5
46. 372,529
r 2 3
a
1
Then an a1r n 1.
So, an (2)(3)n 1.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
344

Chapter 12
47a. $25.05
47b. No. At the end of two years,
she will have only $615.23 in
her account.
47c. $30.48
48. 13th term;

a
r 2
a
1
r
1

27

1

81
3
an a1r n 1
1
81
6561 3n 1
(6561)(81) 3n 1
(38)(34) 3n 1
312 3n 1
12 n 1
13 n
6561 is the 13th term of the
sequence.
50. 2.3269
49. 13 weeks
51.

534
34
52. r cos( 121)
3
4
1
3
5
4
53. x t , y t
54.
55. y 25 sin(
t 3.14) 61
2
57. 6
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
56. no triangle
345

Chapter 12
12-3 Infinite Sequences and Series

Pages 780783
1a.
2a. See students work. Students

should draw the following
conclusions:
an
1.0
1 n
0
n
2
1 n
lim 0
n
4
lim
0.5

lim (1)n 1
O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10n
lim (2)n no limit
1b. The value of an approaches 1

as the value of n increases.
1c. lim
1d. lim
lim (5)n no limit
n1
1
n
n1
1; they are equal.
n
2b. If r 1, then lim r n 0.

n
If r 1, then lim r n 1.
n
If r 1 then lim r n does

n
not exist.
3. Sample answer: 2 4 8
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
4. Zonta is correct. As n
approaches infinity the
expression 2n 3 will continue
to grow larger and larger. Tyree
applied the method of dividing
by the highest powered term
incorrectly. Both the numerator
and the denominator of the
expression must be divided by
the highest-powered term. It is
not appropriate to apply this
method here since the
denominator of the expression
2n 3 is 1.
346

Chapter 12
5. 0
6. does not exist;

5 n2
2n
n
5
5
lim lim
n
2n
n
2
5
00
2
lim lim
5
1
n

2n
2
1

n
1
2
As n approaches infinity, n
becomes increasingly large, so
the sequence has no limit.
7
9
3
7
7.
8.
14
111
1
11. 1
8
10. 4
9. 5
12. does not exist; r 3

1
13. 125 m
2
5
14.
15. does not exist; Simplifying the

limit, we find that
16. 2
n3 2
2
n
n
n
2
1
lim lim 2 2 0 or 0,
n
n
n
n
lim
lim (n ).
2
but as n approaches infinity,

n becomes increasingly large, so
the sequence has no limit.
9
2
17.
18. 3
19. does not exist; Dividing by the

highest powered term, n 2, we
5
20. 0
8 2
n
n
find that lim
which
3
2
n

2
n
as n approaches infinity
800
00
8
0
simplifies to .
Since this fraction is undefined,
the limit does not exist.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
347

Chapter 12
21. 0
22. does not exist; Dividing by the

highest powered term, n, we
find that
(2)n

n
lim
4
n
1
n
lim
(2)n
1

4
n
1
n
which as n approaches infinity

1
(2)n
n
n
lim
1, but lim
4
n
1
has no limit since 2 1.

5n
n
(1)n
5n

lim
n2 n
n2
(1)n
5
lim
n n
n2
(1)n

n2
(1)n
4
9
23. 0; lim
2
n
lim
lim
lim
24.
As n increases, the value of the

numerator alternates between
1 and 1. As n approaches
infinity, the value of the
denominator becomes
increasingly large, causing the
value of the fraction to become
increasingly small. Thus the
terms of the sequence alternate
between smaller and smaller
positive and negative values,
approaching zero. So the
sequence has a limit of zero.
17
33
7
27. 6
27
10
27
5
28.
33
25.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
26.
348

Chapter 12
29
110
29.
30. The series is geometric, having

a common ratio of 0.1. Since
this ratio is less than 1, the sum
2
9
of the series exists and is .

31. 64
32. Does not exist; This series is

geometric with a common ratio
of 1.5. Since this ratio is greater
than 1, the sum of the series
does not exist.
34. Does not exist; The series is
arithmetic, having a general
term of 7 n. Since lim 7 n
33. 20
does not equal zero, this series

has no sum.
4
7
36.
35. Does not exist; This series is

geometric with a common ratio
of 2. Since this ratio is greater
than 1, the sum of the series
does not exist.
3
5
5
4
37. 3
38. (5
1)
39. 32 163
40a. 35, 14, 14, 5.6, 5.6

40b. about 82 m
42. 283
41a. The limit of a difference equals

the difference of the limits only
if the two limits exist. Since
n2
n
2n 1
n2
lim exists, this
n
2n 1
neither lim nor
property of limits does not

apply.
1
2
41b.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
349

Chapter 12
1
8
44a.
43. No; if n is even,

n
lim cos
, but if n is odd,
2
2
n
n
1
lim cos
.
2
2
n

1 n
8
8
7
8
44c. D
7
44b. D[1 ]
47. 2, 1 , ,
44d. 306.25 mg
46a. 31.0, 26.8, 23.1, 20.0, 17.3,
15.0, 12.9, 11.2, 9.7, 8.4
46b. 9.7; the model is 0.3 below the
actual statistic.
46c. 4.7
46d. yes; 0
46e. No, the number of students
per computer must be greater
than zero.
48. 9
49. (6, 2); (6 5

, 2); (8, 2),
50.
45a. 102
ft
45b. 40 202
ft or about 68 ft
1
3
8
9
16
27
1
2
(4, 2); y x 5,

2
2
3

3

6
5
6
1
2
y x 1
2 4 6 8
11
6
7
6
4
3
5
3
3
2
51. 42.75 miles, 117.46 miles
2
2

52.
53.
54. 1, 2, , ,
1
2
1
4
1
8
180
180
360
1
55. B
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
350

Chapter 12
12-4 Convergent and Divergent Series

Pages 790793
1a-c. See students work.
1d. In a geometric series where
r 1, each succeeding term
is larger than the one preceding
it. Therefore, the series
approaches
and thus, does
not converge.
3a. sn
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
4. Consider the infinite series an

1. If the lim an 0, the sum of
n
the series does not exist, and

thus the series is divergent. If
the lim an 0, the sum may
n
O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
3b. convergent
n2
3
3c.
n
3d. We can use the ratio test to
determine whether the series is
indeed convergent.
(n 1) 2
3
n2
3
an
n and an 1
n1
r
2. 16
(n 1) 2

n
1
3
lim
2
n
n

3n
(n 1) 2 3n
n
n
3
2
n 2n 1
r lim
3n 2
n
r lim
2
n1
1
n
n
r lim
3
n
1
r Since r 1, the
3
or may not exist and therefore

it cannot be determined from
this test whether the series is
convergent or divergent.
2. If the series is arithmetic then
it is divergent.
3. If the series is geometric
then the series converges
for r 1 and diverges for
r 1.
4. Ratio test: the series
converges for r 1 and
diverges for r 1. If r 1,
the test fails. This test can
only be used if all the terms
of the series are positive and
if the series can be
expressed in general form.
5. Comparison test: may only
be used if all the terms in the
series are positive.
series is convergent.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
351

Chapter 12
5.
7.
9.
11.
convergent
divergent
convergent
convergent
13. convergent
15. divergent
17. convergent
19. convergent
21. convergent
23. divergent
25. convergent
27. convergent
29. divergent
31a. No, MagicSoft let
a1 1,000,000 to arrive at their
figure. The first term of this
series is 1,000,000 0.70 or
700,000.
31b. $2.3 million
33a. Culture A: 1400 cells,
Culture B: 713 cells
33b. Culture B; at the end of one
month, culture A will have
produced 6000 cells while
culture B will have produced
9062 cells.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
352
6. test provides no information

8. divergent
10. convergent
12a. about 3727 m
12b. No, the sum of the infinite
series modeling this situation
is 3750. Thus, the spill will
spread no more than 3750
meters.
14. divergent
16. test provides no information
18. convergent
20. convergent
22. divergent
24. convergent
26. divergent
28. divergent
30. convergent
32. the harmonic series:
1
1
1
1
2
2n 1
2
34a.
n1
34b. 2 seconds

Chapter 12
4
3
1
3
1
35b.
36
1
1
35c. ,
432 5184
4
35d. at 4 oclock,
11
35a.
36.
approximately 21 min 49 s after

4:00
37. 162

39. 51.02
41. 3, 2
38. 11, 6, 1, 4, 9, 14, 19

40. 3
x y 1 0
42. E

Page 793
1. 25
3. 56, 84, 126, 189
5. 1
2. 860
4. 255
6. about 861 feet
2
45
7.
8. divergent
9. convergent
10. $2154.57
12-5 Sigma Notation and the nth Term

Pages 797800
2a. Sample answer: (1)n 1
2b. Sample answer: (1)n
1. Sample answer: The series

4 6 8 10 12 can be
4
represented by 2n 4
n0
or by
2n 2.
n1
4. (2) (1) 0 1 2 3; 3
3a. 9
3b. t b a 1
3c. 6
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
5
1
6
3d. 1
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
353

Chapter 12
1
2
5. 8 12 16 20 ; 56
1
4
1
8
1
16
15
16
6. 1 ; 1
5
135
15
45
7. 5
4
16
64
8.
5n
n1
43
5 ; 20
3
9.
(3k
k0
1)
10.
1 n

11.
3
2
n2

12.
60
13a.
389(0.63)n 1; about 1051 ft

n1
13b. about 1051 ft

15. 10 15 20 25; 70
1
2
14. (5) (3) (1) 1; 8
7
3
1
3
1
1
20. 1 3 9; 13
3
3
18. 5 3 2; 12
19. 16 32 64 128 256; 496

1
2
(3)n

n1
16. (6) (10) (14) (18)

(22) (26); 96
17. 6 12 20 30 42; 110
1
2
(8 6n)
n1
1
2
21. 4 16 64 ; 85
22. 8 16 32; 56
23. 6 24 120 720 5040;

5910
24. 4 3 2.25 1.6875

4(0.75)
; 16
8
16
32
2
25. 4 ;
5
25
125
5
26. (2 i 2) (3 i 3) (4 i 4)
(5 i 5) ;14
2
3
2
4
27.
(3k 3)
k1
28.
2k
k4
30.
12
29.
31.
2
k1
10
33.
(2)3 k

k0
3
5k
32.

5k 1
k2
34.

k2
36.
354
2k

2k 1
k1
(1)kk 2
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
(13 4k)
k0
35.
4k

k0

k!
k0
5

Chapter 12
37.

n0
32
(1)n 1
n
2
38.
k

39.
k
2 3
k1
40.
k

2
(k 1)!
k2 1

k
k1

3kk !
k2
1
a(a 1)
2

41.
3k !
k1
42.
43. a(a 1)(a 1)
44. a b
45. 43.64
46a.
500,000(0.35)n

n1
46b. 269,230 people

46c. about 53.8%
46d. The ad agency assumes that
the people who buy the tennis
shoes will be satisfied with their
purchase.
7
3k 33 34 37

k3
48a. false;
47a. 10
47b. 2
3b 37 38 39

b7
Since there are two 37 terms,
7

k3
3k

b7
3b
3a.
a3
48b. true;
(2n 3) 1 3
n2
13 49
9
(2m 5) 1 3

m3
13 49
Since 49 49,
8
(2m 5).
(2n 3) m
3
n2
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
355

Chapter 12
48c. true; 2 n 2 18 32
n3
98 270
7
2n 2 18 32

n3
98 270
Since 270 270,
7
2
n2
n3
10
48d. false;
2n 2.

n3
(5 n) 6 7
k1
15 105
9
(4 p) 4 5

p0
13 85
Since 85 105,
10
(4 p).
(5 n) p
0
k1
50a. 1-8 8, 4-7 7

50b. 9-6 6, 16-5 5, 25-4 4,
36-3 3, 49-2 2,
and 64-1 1
49a. 6!
49b. 120
49c. 24, LISTEN
50c.
51.
53.
55.
57.
52.
54.
56.
58.
divergent
82
, 16, 162
, 32
2
2
x (y 2) 49
52.57 ft/s, 26.79 ft/s
n 2; 204

n1
4 strokes
3
7 5i2

(217
13
)x (413

317
)y 917
413
0
59. D
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
356

Chapter 12
12-6 The Binomial Theorem

Pages 803805
1a. 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32
1b. 2n
2a. negative
2b. positive
2c. Even indexed terms are
negative and odd indexed
terms are positive.
4. The exponents must add to 12,
so the exponent of y is 12 7
or 5.
To find the coefficient of the term
use the formula
3. The sum of the exponents of

each term is n.
(x
y)n
x n ry r.

r !(n r)!
r0
n!
Evaluate the general term for

n 12 and r 5.
12!
x 7y 5 792x 7y 5.
5!7!
5. c 5 5c 4d 10c 3d 2 10c 2d 3
5cd 4 d 5
7. 125 75y 15y 2 y 3
9. 21a 2b 5
11a. 1
11b. 10
11c. 6
11d. 26
13. n 6 24n 5 240n 4 1280n 3
3840n 2 6144n 4096
15. 512 2304a 4608a 2
5376a 3 4032a 4 2016a 5
672a 6 144a 7 18a 8 a 9
17. 243 405x 270x 2 90x 3
15x 4 x 5
19. 8x 3 36x 2y 54xy 2 27y 3
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
6. a 6 18a 5 135a 4 540a 3

1215a 2 1458a 729
8. 81p 4 216p 3q 216p 2q 2
96pq 3 16q 4
10. 2523
x 6
12. a 8 8a7b 28a 6b 2 56a 5b 3
70a 4b 4 56a 3b 5 28a 2b 6
8ab 7 b 8
14. 81c 4 108c 3d 54c 2d 2
12cd 3 d 4
16. d 7 14d 6 84d 5 280d 4
560d 3 672d 2 448d 128
18. 256a 4 256a 3b 96a 2b 2
16ab 3 b 4
20. 81m 4 1082
m 3 108m 2
242
m 4
357

Chapter 12
1
32
21. c 3 6c 2c 15c 2 20cc

15c 6c 1
5
8
22. n 5 n 4 5n 3 20n 2
40n 32
24. p16 8p14q 28p12q 2
56p10q 3 70p 8q 4 56p 6q 5
28p 4q 6 8p 2q 7 q 8
26. 126x 5y 4
23. 81a 4 72a 3b 24a 2b 2

32
16
ab 3 b 4
9
81
25. x 6y 6 12x 5y 5z 3 60x 4y 4z 6

160x 3y 3z 9 240x 2y 2z 12
192xyz 15 64z 18
27. 1122
a 5
29. 145,152c 3d 6
31. 7,185,024p 6q 5
33. 163
560a 4b 3
15x 3y 7
70x 2y 2
Sample answer: Treat a b as
a single term and expand
[(a b) c]12 using the
Binomial Theorem. Then
evaluate each (a b)n term in
the expansion using the
Binomial Theorem.
36. Find the term for which both x s
have the same exponent. This
will occur for the middle term of
the expansion, the 4th term
when n 6. Use the Binomial
Theorem to find the 4th term for
28.
30.
32.
34.
35a. 495
35b. 2510
1 6
4x
the expansion of 3x .
135
6!
1 3
(3x)3
3!3!
4x
16
37a.Sample answer: 1 0.01

37b. Sample answer: 1.04060401
37c. 1.04060401; the two values are
equal.
39. convergent
38. 1 (1) (3) (5) (7)

(9); 24
41. $1100.65
43. 1681 feet

42. 6i 2j 5k
44. D
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
358
1
3
40. 1

Chapter 12
12-7 Special Sequences and Series

Pages 811814
2. Sample answer: 2 x 1.5
1. The approximation given in
Example 1 only used the first
five terms of the exponential
series. Using more terms of the
exponential series would give an
approximation closer to that
given by the calculator.
3. The problem seems to imply that 4. an 1 an an 1 for n 2
siblings mate. Genetically, this
can lead to problems. Another
problem is the assumption that
each birth produces only two
offspring, one male and one
female. Rabbits are more likely
to give birth to more than two
offspring and the ratio of male to
female births is not guaranteed
to be 1 to 1.
6. i 0.9702
5. i 1.9459
8. 3.85
7. 2.22
10. 2
e i
9. 0.0069; 0
12a. approximately 1.345P
11. 2e i
12b. No, in five years she will have
increased her savings by about
34.5%, not 100%.
12c. The approximation is accurate
to two decimal places.
14. i 1.1314
13. i 1.3863
16. i 3.4112
15. i 1.3863
18. i 7.0959
17. i 5.4723
20. 0.82
19. 2.99
22. 1.73
21. 39.33
24. 13.16
23. 24.02
26. 0.7071; 0.7071
25. 0.9760; 1
28. 1.0000; 1
27. 0.8660; 0.8660
3

4
2

3
29. 5e i
5

3
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
30. e i
359

2

Chapter 12

4
31. 2
e i
33. 2e i
35. 32
e i

6
32. 2e i
34. 8e i
36. Sample answer: A
transcendental number is one
that cannot be the root of an
algebraic equation with rational
coefficients. Examples are
and e.
38. See students work
3

4
7

6

4
eix eix

37.
2i
cos x i sin x (cos x i sin x)

2i
2i sin x

2i
sin x
eix eix

2
cos x i sin x cos x i sin x

2
2 cos x

2
cos x
39. If you add the numbers on the
diagonal lines as shown, the
sums are the terms of the
Fibonacci sequence.
1 2 3
1 1 2
55 89
,
34 55
8
13
1
1
1
1
3
4
5
6
3
6
10
15
1
4
10
20
.
.
.
1
5
15
21
13
34
21
2
1.75
1.5
1.25
1
0.75
0.5
0.25
13
8
Fn 1
2
3
8
5
40b. neither
40c. Fn
5
3
40a. , , , , , , , ,
1
6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
40d. yes; 1.618

40e. The two ratios are equivalent
to three decimal places.
40f. See students work.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
360

Chapter 12
41a. approximately $9572.29

41b. No, she will be short by more
than $30,000!
41c. about 42 years; 47 years old
41d. $20,882
43. 64x 6 192x 5y 240x 4y 2
160x 3y 3 60x 2y 4 12xy 5
y6
45a. 0.020 cm, 0.040 cm
45b. 0.005(2)n 1
45c. 2.56, 3.169 1027 cm
47. y 2 3x 7y 0
42a. Every third Fibonacci number

is an even number.
42b. Every fourth Fibonacci number
is a multiple of 3.
49. 75.5 N, 1448
50a. 10 radians per second

50b. 15.7 ft/s
52. C
44.
46. 2
15
15
48. 4 cos
i sin
8
8
51. 24 multiple choice, 6 essay
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
2k

k1
361

Chapter 12
12-8 Sequences and Iterations

Pages 819821
1. Iteration is repeated composition
of a function upon itself.
3. If the prisoner set is connected,

then the Julia set is the
boundary between the prisoner
set and the escape set. If the
prisoner set is disconnected then
the Julia set is the prisoner set.
5. 1, 7, 19, 43
7. 15 26i, 9 17.6i, 5.4
12.56i
9. 1 i, 2 5i, 19 23i
11. 5, 8, 17, 44
13. 1; 16; 121; 13,456
15. 0.08, 0.09, 0.07, 0.08
2. It is the sequence of iterates

produced when a complex
number is iterated for a function
f(z).
4. 1, 1, 1, 1
6. 5.6 i, 5.36i, 5.216i

8. 1 2i, 2 6i, 31 22i
10. 41, 39, 40, 40, 40, 40, 40, 40,
40, 40
12. 4; 16; 256; 65,536
14. 0, 1, 0, 1
16a. t1 2
t2 1
t3 2
t4 1

t10 1
1
2
2
7
16b. t1
16c. t1
t2 4
t2 7
1
2
2
7
t3
t3
t4 4

t4 7

t10 4
t10 7
16d. The values of the iterates
2
x0
alternate between and x0.

17. 3 8i, 9 14i, 21 26i
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
18. 11 2i, 25 6i, 53 14i

362

Chapter 12
19.
21.
23.
25.
27.
29.
5 2i, 13 2i, 29 2i
15 2i, 33 2i, 69 2i
1, 3 2i, 9 8i
3i, 8 3i, 56 45i
2i, 4 4i, 28i
2 i, 5 7i, 22 73i
1 6i, 5 14i, 13 30i

3.6 4i, 10.2 10i, 23.4 22i
2, 3, 8
4 2i, 15 18i, 96 542i
i, 1, 1
$2104, $2213.41, $2328.51,
$2449.59, $2576.97
32. 4 3i
34. See students work. Sample
topics for discussion are
judging soil quality and
detection of heat stress in
cows.
36. 2e i
20.
22.
24.
26.
28.
30.
31. about 54%

33. 2

3
35a. 1.414213562, 1.189207115,

1.090507733, 1.044273782
35b. f(z) z, z 0 2
35c. 1
35d. 1
37. 90,720a 4b 4
38. Convergent; the series is

1
4
geometric with r 1.
x2
4225
y2
4056
39. 1
40. about 16
41a.
42. infinite discontinuity

40 ft
56
42
41b. No, the height of the building is

about 62 feet for a total of
about 102 feet with the tower.
43. 92, 56
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
44. D
363

Chapter 12
12-9 Mathematical Induction

Pages 826828
1. The n 1 case shows that the
premise is true for an infinite
number of cases.
3a. Sn n(n 2)
3b. Since 3 is the first term in the
sequence of partial sums and
1(1 2) 3, the formula is
valid for n 1.
Since 8 is the second term in
the sequence of partial sums
and 2(2 2) 8, the formula
is valid for n 2.
Since 15 is the third term in the
sequence of partial sums and
3(3 2) 15, the formula is
valid for n 3.
3c. Sk k(k 2);
Sk 1 (k 1)(k 3)
5. Sample answer: If we wish to
prove that we can climb a ladder
with an indefinite number of
steps, we must prove the
following. First, we must show
that we can climb off the ground
to rung 1. Next, we must show
that if we can climb to rung k,
then we can climb to rung k 1.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
364
2. Provide a counterexample.
4. 8n 1 7r for some integer r.

Chapter 12
6. Step 1: Verify that the formula is valid for n 1.

Since 3 is the first term in the sequence and 1(1 2) 3, the formula
is valid for n 1.
Step 2: Assume that the formula is valid for n k and derive a formula
for n k 1.
Sk 3 5 7 (2k 1) k(k 2)
Sk 1 3 5 7 (2k 1) (2k 3) k(k 2) (2k 3)
k 2 4k 3
(k 1)(k 3)
Apply the original formula for n k 1.
(k 1)[(k 1) 2] (k 1)(k 3)
The formula gives the same result as adding the (k 1) term directly.
Thus if the formula is valid for n k, it is also valid for n k 1. Since
the formula is valid for n 1, it is also valid for n 2, n 3, and so on
indefinitely. Thus, the formula is valid for all positive integral values of n.
1
2
1
2
1
2
Since is the first term in the sequence and 1 1 , the formula

is valid for n 1.
for n k 1.
1
1
1
1
1
Sk 2 3
k 1
k
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
Sk 1 2 3
k1
k 1
k
2
2
2
1
2
1

k
k
2 1
2 2
2
1
1
1

or 1
k

1
k

1
k
2
2
2 1
When the original formula is applied for n k 1, the same result is

obtained. Thus if the formula is valid for n k, it is also valid for
n k 1. Since the formula is valid for n 1, it is also valid for
n 2, n 3, and so on indefinitely. Thus, the formula is valid for all
positive integral values of n.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
365

Chapter 12

Since 2 is the first term in the sequence and 2(21 1) 2, the formula
is valid for n 1.
for n k 1.
Sk 2 22 23 2k 2(2k 1)
Sk 1 2 22 23 2k 2k 1 2(2k 1) 2k 1
2 2k 1 2 or 2(2k 1 1)
9. Sn: 3n 1 2r for some integer r
Step 1: Verify that Sn is valid for n 1.
S1 31 1 or 2. Since 2 2 1, Sn is valid for n 1.
Step 2: Assume that Sn is valid for n k and show that it is also valid
for n k 1.
Sk 3k 1 2r
for some integer r
for some integer t
Sk 1 3k 1 1 2t
3k 1 2r
3(3k 1) 3 2r
3k 1 3 6r
3k 1 1 6r 2 or 2(3r 1)
Thus, 3k 1 1 2t, where t 3r 1 is an integer, and we have
shown that if Sn is valid, then Sk 1 is also valid. Since Sn is valid for
n 1, it is also valid for n 2, n 3, and so on indefinitely. Hence,
3n 1 is divisible by 2 for all integral values of n.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
366

Chapter 12
10a. 10, 15, 21, 28, 36

n(n 1)
2
10b.
10c. Step 1: Verify that the formula is valid for n 1.
1(1 1)(1 2)
Since 1 is the first term in the sequence and 1, the

6
formula is valid for n 1.
for n k 1.
k(k 1)
k(k 1)(k 2)
Sk 1 3 6
2
6
k(k 1)
(k 1)(k 2)
Sk 1 1 3 6
2
2
(k 1)(k 2)
k(k 1)(k 2)

6
2
k(k 1)(k 2) 3(k 1)(k 2)
(k 1)(k 2)(k 3)
or
6
6

(k 1)[(k 1) 1][(k 1) 2]
(k 1)(k 2)(k 3)

6
6
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
367

Chapter 12

(1)[3(1) 1]
Since 1 is the first term in the sequence and 1, the

2
for n k 1.
k(3k 1)
Sk 1 4 7 (3k 2)
2
k(3k 1)
Sk 1 1 4 7 (3k 2) (3k 1) (3k 1)
2
k(3k 1)
2(3k 1)
2
2
2
3k 5k 2
(k 1)(3k 2)
or
2
2


(k 1)[3(k 1) 1]
(k 1)(3k 2)

2
2
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
368

Chapter 12

Since 1 is the first term in the sequence and (1)[2(1) 1] 1, the
for n k 1.
Sk 1 5 9 (4k 3) k(2k 1)
Sk 1 1 5 9 (4k 3) (4k 1) k(2k 1) (4k 1)
2k 2 3k 1 or (k 1)(2k 1)
(k 1)[2(k 1) 1] (k 1)(2k 1)
1
2
1
2
1
2
Since is the first term in the sequence and 1 1 , the

for n k 1.
1
1
1
1
1
Sk
k
k 1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Sk 1
k1
k1
k
k 1
2
1
2
2
2 2
2
1
1

1
or
1
k

1
k

1
k
2
2
2 1

k1
k 1

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
369

Chapter 12

12(1 1)2
Since 1 is the first term in the sequence and 1, the formula

4
is valid for n 1.
for n k 1.
k 2(k 1)2
3

Sk 1 8 27 k
4
Sk 1 1 8 27 k 3 (k 1)3
k 2(k 1)2
4
2
k (k 1)2 4(k 1)3

4
2
2
(k 1) [k 4(k 1)]

4
(k 1)2(k 2 4k 4)
(k 1)2(k 2)2
or
4
4
(k 1)3

(k 1)2[(k 1) 1]2
(k 1)2(k 2)2

4
4
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
370

Chapter 12

1[2(1) 1][2(1) 1]
Since 1 is the first term in the sequence and 1,

3
the formula is valid for n 1.
for n k 1.
k(2k 1)(2k 1)
Sk 12 32 52 (2k 1)2
3
Sk 1 12 32 52 (2k 1)2 (2k 1)2
k(2k 1)(2k 1)
3
k(2k 1)(2k 1) 3(2k 1)2

3
[k(2k 1) 3(2k 1)](2k 1)

3
2
(2k 5k 3)(2k 1)
(2k 3)(k 1)(2k 1)
or
3
3
(2k 1)2

(k 1)[2(k 1) 1][2(k 1) 1]
(k 1)(2k 1)(2k 3)

3
3
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
371

Chapter 12

Since S1 1 and 21 1 1, the formula is valid for n 1.
for n k 1.
Sk 1 2 4 2k 1 2k 1
Sk 1 1 2 4 2k 1 2k 2k 1 2k
2(2k ) 1 or 2k 1 1
17. Sn 7n 5 6r for some integer r
for n k 1.
Sk 7k 5 6r
for some integer r
for some integer t
Sk 1 7k 1 5 6t
7k 5 6r
7(7k 5) 7 6r
7k 1 35 42r
7k 1 5 42r 30 or 6(7r 5)
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
372

Chapter 12
18. Sn 8n 1 7r for some integer r

for n k 1.
Sk 8k 1 7r
for some integer r
for some integer t
Sk 1 8k 1 1 7t
8k 1 7r
8(8k 1) 8 7r
8k 1 8 56r
8k 1 1 56r 7 or 7(8r 1)
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
373

Chapter 12
19. Sn 5n 2n 3r
for some integer r
for n k 1.
Sk 5k 2k 3r
for some integer r
for some integer t
Sk 1 5k 1 2k 1 3t
5k 2k 3r
5k 2k 3r
5k 5 (2k 3r)(2 3)
5k 1 2k 1 3(2k ) 6r 9r
5k 1 2k 1 2k 1 3(2k ) 6r 9r 2k 1
3(2k ) 15r
3(2k 5r)
Thus, 5k 1 2k 1 3t, where t 2k 5r is an integer, and we have
5n 2n is divisible by 3 for all integral values of n.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
374

Chapter 12

1
Since a is the first term in the sequence and [2a (1 1)d] a, the
2
for n k 1.
k
Sk a (a d) (a 2d) [a (k 1)d] [2a (k 1)d]
2
Sk 1 a (a d) (a 2d) [a (k 1)d] (a kd)

k
2
k[2a (k 1)d] 2(a kd)

2
2ak k(k 1)d 2a 2kd

2
(k 1)2a [k(k 1) 2k]d

2
(k 1)2a (k 2 k)d

2
(k 1)2a k(k 1)d
(k 1)
or (2a kd)
2
2
[2a (k 1)d] (a kd)


(k 1)
(k 1)
{2a [(k 1) 1]d} (2a kd)
2
2
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
375

Chapter 12

1
2
1
11
1
2
Since is the first term in the sequence and , the formula is

valid for n 1.
for n k 1.
1
1
1
1
k
Sk
1 2
2 3
3 4
k(k 1)
k1
1
1
1
1
1
Sk 1
1 2
2 3
3 4
k(k 1)
(k 1)(k 2)
1
k

k1
(k 1)(k 2)
k(k 2) 1

(k 1)(k 2)
k 2 2k 1

(k 1)(k 2)
(k 1)2
k1
or
(k 1)(k 2)
k2

(k 1)
k1

(k 1) 1
k2
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
376

Chapter 12
22. Sn 22n 1 32n 1 5r

for some integer r
S1 22(1) 1 32(1) 1 or 35. Since 35 5 7, Sn is valid for n 1.
for n k 1.
Sk 22k 1 32k 1 5r
for some integer r
for some integer t
Sk 1 22k 3 32k 3 5t
22k 1 32k 1 5r
22k 1 5r 32k 1
22k 1 22 (5r 32k 1)(32 5)
22k 3 45r 25r 32k 3 5(32k 1)
22k 3 32k 3 45r 25r 32k 3 5(32k 1) 32k 3
20r 5(32k 1) or 5(4 32k 1)
Thus, 22k 3 32k 3 5t, where t 4 32k 1 is an integer, and we
have shown that if Sn is valid, then Sk 1 is also valid. Since Sn is valid
for n 1, it is also valid for n 2, n 3, and so on indefinitely. Hence,
22n 1 32k 1 is divisible by 5 for all integral values of n.
Since S1 [r(cos i sin )]1 or r(cos i sin ) and
r 1[cos (1) i sin (1)] r(cos i sin ), the formula is valid for
n 1.
for n k 1.
That is, assume that [r(cos i sin )]k r k(cos k i sin k).
Multiply each side of the equation by r(cos i sin ).
[r(cos i sin )]k 1 [r k(cos k i sin k)] [r(cos i sin )]
r k 1[cos k cos (cos k)(i sin ) i sin k cos
i 2 sin k sin ]
r k 1[(cos k cos sin k sin ) i(sin k cos cos k sin )]
r k 1[cos (k 1) i sin (k 1)]
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
377

Chapter 12
24a.
24b.
24c.
24d.
24e.
1, 3, 5, 7,
2n 1
n2
Step 1: Verify that the formula is valid for n 1.
Since 1 is the first term in the sequence and 12 1, the formula is
valid for n 1.
for n k 1.
Sk 1 3 5 7 (2k 1) k 2
Sk 1 1 3 5 7 (2k 1) (2k 1) k 2 (2k 1)
k 2 2k 1 or (k 1)2
25. S1 n 2 5n 2r
for some positive integer r.
Step 1: Verify that S1 is valid for n 1.
S1 12 5 1 or 6. Since 6 2 3, S1 is valid for n 1.
Step 2: Assume that Sn is valid for n k and show that it is valid
for n k 1.
Sk k 2 5k 2r for some positive integer r
Sk 1 (k 1)2 5(k 1) 2t for some positive integer t
(k 1)2 5(k 1) k 2 2k 1 5k 5
(k 2 5k) (2k 6)
2r 2(k 3) or 2(r k 3)
Thus, k 2 5k 2t, where t r k 3 is an integer, and we have
n 2 5n is divisible by 2 for all positive integral values of n.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
378

Chapter 12
n(n 1)
2
26a.
n(n 1)
26b. Step 1: Verify that Sn 0 1 2 3 (n 1) is
2
valid for n 1.
1(1 1)
Since 0 is the first term in the sequence and 0, the formula

2
is valid for n = 1.
for n k 1.
k(k 1)
Sk 0 1 2 (k 1)
2
Sk 1 0 1 2 (k 1) k
k(k 1)
2
k(k 1) 2k

2
2
k k 2k
k(k 1)
or
2
2
k

(k 1)[(k 1) 1]
k(k 1)

2
2
Thus if the formula is valid for n k, it is also valid for n k 1.
Since the formula is valid for n 1, it is also valid for n 2, n 3,
and so on indefinitely. Thus, the formula is valid for all positive integral
values of n.
15(14)
2
26c. Yes, 15 people will require or 105 interactions and last

approximately 105(0.5) or 52.5 minutes.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
379

Chapter 12
n(n 1)
2!
27. Step 1: Verify that Sn (x y)n x n nx n 1y x n 2y 2

n(n 1)(n 2)
x n 3y 3 y n is valid for n 1.
3!
Since S1 (x y)1 x 1 y 1 or x y, Sn is valid for n 1.

for n k 1.
k(k 1)
2!
Sk (x y)k x k kx k 1y x k 2y 2
k(k 1)(k 2)
x k 3y 3 y k
3!
Sk 1 (x y)k (x y)
k(k 1)
2!
(x y)(x k kx k 1y x k

2y 2
k(k 1)(k 2)
x k 3y 3 y k)(x y)k 1
3!
k(k 1)
k(k 1)(k 2)
x(x k kx k 1y x k 2y 2 x k 3y 3 y k )
2!
3!
k(k 1)
k(k 1)(k 2)
y(x k kx k 1y x k 2y 2 x k 3y 3 y k )
2!
3!
k(k 1)
x k 1 kx ky x k 1y 2 xy k x ky kx k 1y 2
2!
k(k 1)
x k 2y 3 y k 1
2!
k(k 1)
x k 1 (k 1)x ky kx k 1y 2 x k 1y 2 y k 1
2!
k(k 1)
x k 1 (k 1)x ky x k 1y 2 y k 1
2!

n k 1. Since the formula is valid for n 1, it is also valid for n 2,
n 3, and so on indefinitely. Thus, the formula is valid for all positive
integral values of n.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
380

Chapter 12
28a. 0.9 0.09 0.009

9
10
10n 1
28c.
10n
28b.
n
10n 1
9

28d. Step 1: Verify that Sn: 0.9 0.09 0.009

is
10n
10n
valid for n 1.
101 1
Since 0.9 is the first term in the sequence and

0.9, the
101
for n k 1.
10k 1
9

Sk 0.9 0.09 0.009

k
k
10
10
9
9
Sk 1 0.9 0.09 0.009
k1
k
10
10
10k 1
9
10
10
k
10(10 1) 9

10k 1
10k 1 10 9
10k 1 1

or
10k 1
10k 1

k
k1

28e.
10n 1
1

lim
lim
n
n
10
10
n
1 0 or 1
Thus, 0.999 1.
5
2
29. 8 i, 16 i, 32 i
30.
(x 2)2
(y 5)2

31.

1; ellipse
4
25
3
33. y sin 2x
4
32. about 12,271.85 m2

34. 150, 210
35. B
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
381

Chapter 12
Chapter 13 Combinatorics and Probability

13-1 Permutations and Combinations
Pages 842845
1. Sample answer: Both are used
to determine the number of
arrangements of a group of
objects. But, order of the objects
is important in permutations.
When order of the objects is not
important, combinations are
computed.
3. Sam is correct. The room
assignments are an ordered
selection of 5 rooms from the 7
rooms. A permutation should be
used.
2. Select 2 jacks out of 4.

C(4, 2)
Select 3 queens out of 4.
C(4, 3)
number of hands
C(4, 2) C(4, 3)
4.
S
XL
6.
8.
10.
12.
14.
16.
5. 300
7. 720
9. 55,440
11. 15,504
13. 3,628,800
15a. 100,000
15b. 7290
15c. 999,900,000
17. 5040
independent
60
35
40
5005
48
18a. 9,000,000
18b. 78,125
18c. 1,000,000
18d. 10,000
20. independent
22. 40,320
19. dependent
21. dependent
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
blue ______S-blue
green______S-green
gray ______S-gray
blue ______M-blue
green______M-green
gray ______M-gray
blue ______L-blue
green______L-green
gray ______L-gray
blue ______XL-blue
green______XL-green
gray ______XL-gray
382

Chapter 13
23. 360
25. 840
27. 604,800
29. 6
31. 10
33. 6
35. 1
37. 168
39. 840
41. 2002
43. 420
45a. 22,308
45b. 144
45c. 792
47. 216,216
49.
P(n, n 1)
24. 60
26. 15,120
28. 10
30. 5
32. 252
34. 495
36. 3432
38. 1960
40. 1001
42. 18,564
44. 39,916,800
46a. 100,000
46b. 30,240
46c. 1600; 480
48a. 42! 1.4 1051
48b. 1.1 1010
48c. 5.8 109
50a. 720
50b. 48
P(n, n)
n!
n!

[n (n 1)]!
(n n)!
n!
n!
(0! 1)
1!
0!
n! n!
51a. 330
51b. 150
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
52. 45
383

Chapter 13
53a. 592
53b. Yes. Let h, t, and u be the
digits.
100h 10t u
100h 10u t
100t 10h u
100t 10u h
100u 10t h
100u 10h t
200(h t u)
20(h t u)
2(h t u)
222(h t u)
54. $2264.12, $2395.44, $2534.38
222(h t u)
37(h t u)
6
55. 3025
56. 2.26
57. 1.4
58. 4(x 1)2 8x1y 1 4(y1)2

2
x1 2
y1 0
59. (2, 180), (2, 0)

61. 0, 180, 360
63. a 7.7, B 63, C 90,
c 17.1
60. 19.80 ft/s, 19.80 ft/s

62. 8, 360, 30
64. A
13-2 Permutations with Repetitions and Circular Permutations

Pages 848851
1. The circular permutation has no
beginning or end. Therefore, the
number of different
1
arrangements is always of a
n
revolution.
3. Sample answer: The number of
permutations of n charms on a
bracelet with a clasp is n!.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
2. Sample answer: house or phone

numbers where some of the
digits repeat
4. 10,080
384

Chapter 13
14!
2! 4! 5! 2!
6. or 7,567,560
5. 22,680
7.
9.
11.
13.
15.
17.
19.
21.
23.
25.
27.
29.
31.
33.
8. circular; 5040
10. linear; 120
12. 10,080
14. 20,160
16. 59,875,200
18. 630
20. 1.88 1049
22. linear; 5.1 1012
24. circular; 24
26. linear; 720
28. circular; 40,320
30. circular; 1.22 1017
32. linear; 1.55 1025
34a. 720
34b. 5040
36a. 4,989,600
36b. Integral Calculus
38. 7
circular; 3,628,800
circular; 39,916,800
756
907,200
302,400
3780
126
circular; 39,916,800
circular; 40,320
circular; 5040
linear; 3,628,800
circular; 6,227,020,800
circular; 8.22 1033
2520
35. 46,200
37a. 7.85 1017
37b. 1.41 1051
37c. 6.04 1052
39. 20
41. x 8.69
40. 125x 3 75x 2 15x 1

42. (y 1) 2 12(x 6)
44. yes, 15, 6, 10;
2, 0, 3 15, 6, 10 0,
2, 5, 0 15, 6, 10 0
46. E
43. 44 58i
45. about 3.31 inches
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
385

Chapter 13
13-3 Probability and Odds

Pages 855858
1. The probability of the event
happening is 50-50.
3. Sample answer: The probability
of the successful outcome of an
event is the ratio of the number of
successful outcomes to the total
number of outcomes possible.
The odds of the successful
outcome of an event is the ratio
of the probability of its success to
the probability of its failure.
1
3
2. Answers will vary, see students

work.
4. Geraldo is correct.
3
23
10
21
7

11
12

23
1

4
6

13
10

13
1

5
4

5
7

195
77

260
1

4
1

9
11

184
28

197
5.
6.
7. 0
8.
4
31
18

17
3

13
5

13
1

2
7

10
1

130
3

13
1

36
2

3
11

4
22

53
9.
11.
13.
15.
17.
19.
21.
23.
25.
27.
29.
31.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
10.
12.
14.
16.
18.
20.
22.
24.
26.
28.
30.
32.
386
3
5
P(win) or 60%.

Chapter 13
92
233
4
35.
1
1
37.
5
1
39a.
720
999
39b.
1
21
41a.
1292
225
41b.
421
2
43.
9
34.
1
250
429
36.
3736
13
38.
27
1
40a.
4
1
40b.
1
331,142
42a. 0.791
418,890
133,784
42b.
75,661
45. 210
47. 2x
46. 181.3
48. (x 7)2 (y 2)2 109
33.
44. 120
5
5
49. 6 cos
i sin
,
4
4
32
32
i
50. 1, 3
51. B

Page 858
1.
3.
5.
7.
360,360
175,760,000
5832
4200
1
17
9.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
2.
4.
6.
8.
167,960
95,040
181,440
5040
3
19
10.
387

Chapter 13
13-4 Probabilities of Compound Events

Pages 863-867
1. The occurrence of one event
does not affect another for
independent events. The
occurrence of the first event
affects the occurrence of a
second for dependent events.
2a.
diamonds
aces
spades,
clubs,
hearts
2b. No, one of the aces can be an

ace of diamonds.
2c. P(ace or diamond)
P(ace) P(diamond)
P(ace and diamond)
1
72

work.
4. independent,
2
15
10
7. exclusive,
13
2
9. exclusive,
13
6. dependent,
2
5
20
8. inclusive,
27
5. dependent,
10. 0.025
11. 0.518
12. 0.029
13. 0.032
14.
435,643
560,175
34
39
5
18
15.
16. dependent,
25
81
1
36
8
20. dependent,
195
32
22. dependent,
819
256
24. independent,
2401
17. independent,
18. independent,
2
7
19. dependent,
19
1,160,054
35
23. independent,
1024
21. dependent,
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
388

Chapter 13
11
36
8
inclusive,
13
1
exclusive,
4
11
exclusive,
32
19
exclusive,
33
7
13
9
exclusive,
14
302
exclusive,
429
55
inclusive,
221
253

9996
25. inclusive,
26. inclusive,
27.
28.
29.
31.
33.
30.
32.
34.
2
221
55

221
4

7
71

210
1

21
5

7
4

5
59

143
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
41.
43.
45.
47.
49.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
40.
42.
44.
46.
48.
50.
389

13 10

52
1

21
17

30
1

42
11

42
29

60
10

21
9979

10,000

Chapter 13
531
1250
51.
52a.
P (A )
P (B )
P (C )
52b. P(A or B or C) P(A)

P(B) P(C) P(A and B)
P(A and C) P(B and C)
P(A and B and C). You must
add the intersection of all
three sets which have not
been accounted for.
54a. 0.346
53. 0.93
P(366, n)
366
1
2
54b. 1

n
54c. 5
1
5
56.
55a. exclusive
55b.
Dead
Battery
Flooded
Engine
4
5
55c.
57. 720
59. No, the spill will spread no more
than 2000 meters away.
61. $11.50, $2645
63. x 1, y 5 t 2, 4
65. B
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
58. 15,504
60. 6.7549
62. about 271.5 yards
64. 6326
390

Chapter 13
13-5 Conditional Probability

Pages 870874
2. S {J spades, Q spades,
K spades, J clubs, Q clubs,
K clubs}
1. Sample answer: If A and B

are independent events, then
P(AB) P(A). Thus, the
formula for conditional
probability becomes P(A)
P(A and B)
or P(A) P(B)
P(B)
P(A and B). This is the formula

for the probability of independent
events.
work.
1
4
1
8.
4
2
10.
5
13
12a.
20
17
12b.
25
31
12c.
50
2
14.
3
1
3
1
7.
7
1
9.
5
2
11.
5
6.
5.
69
70
2
13b.
25
1
13c.
25
1
15.
2
3
17.
5
5
19.
8
13a.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
2
13
4.
2
5
1
18.
8
1
20.
13
16.
391

Chapter 13
1
13
3
13
1

26
2

7
4

7
3

4
1

2
2

3
43

99
21.
22.
23. 0
24.
2
13
5

7
2

5
3

10
1

6
1

2
19

51
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
31.
33.
35.
37.
30.
32.
34.
36.
38a.
S U
C
15
25
5
155
5
6
38b.
39. A person buys something
B person asks questions
P(AB)
120

500

150

500
40. Sample answers: The rolls are

independent. The number
cubes do not have a memory,
whether they are fair or biased.
Probability does not guarantee
an outcome.
4
5
or
Four out of five people who ask

questions will make a purchase.
Therefore, they are more likely
to buy something if they ask
questions.
33
500
7
42b.
22
467
42c.
500
5
6
41.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
42a.
392

Chapter 13
42d. Sample answer: A chip from

CyberChip Corp. has the least
probability of being defective.
P(A and B)
P(B)
59
143
43. P(AB) by
44.
definition. So, if P(A) P(AB),

then by substitution
P(A and B)
P(B)
P(A) or
P(A and B) P(A) P(B).
Therefore, the events are
independent.
45. 126
47. They are reflections of each
other over the x-axis.
46. 1.5 0.75 0.375 ; 3

48.
y
6
4
2
64 O
2 4 6
4
6
49. y 5
50.
(4, 5)
(0, 3)
(4, 1)
51. 54.7 ft2
52. 12.7 m
1
2
54. x 2; f(x) is undefined when

x 2.
53. ft or 6 in.
55. B
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
393

Chapter 13
13-6 The Binomial Theorem and Probability

Pages 878880
1a. Yes, it meets all three
conditions.
1b. No, there are more than 2
possible outcomes.
1c. No, the events are not
independent.
3. First, determine P(right) and
P(wrong). Second, set up the
binomial expansion (pr pw)5.
Third, determine the term of the
expansion. Fourth, substitute the
probability values for pr and pw.
Last, compute the probability of
getting exactly 2 correct
answers.
625
648
1

7776
1029

2500
768

3125
1

81
65

81
15

128
1

1024
1

81
11

27
5.
7.
9.
11.
13.
15.
17.
19.
21.
23.
25. 0.058
27. 1.049 104
29. 0.201
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
2. Sample answer: the probabilities

derived from a simulation rather
than an actual event
3125
7776
4.
23
648
2401
8.
10,000
48,461
10.
50,000
6.
12. 0.1372
16
27
8

27
193

512
319

512
8

81
14.
16.
18.
20.
22.
24. 0.016
26. 0.46
28. 0.215
30. 0.166
394

Chapter 13
1
2
1
4
3
33.
8
32.
35. about 45%
36a. A success means that a

missile hits its target. There
are 6 trials and the probability
of success on each trial is
1
20% or .
31.
34a. The values of the function for

0 x 6 are the coefficients
of the binomial expansion.
34b. Change 6 nCr X to 8 nCr X on
the Y menu.
1077
36b.
3125
38a. 1 1020
38b. 6.4 106
40. 0.94
37. 0.0062
39. 0.807
2
3
42.
41a. 0.246
41b. 0.246
41c. 0.41
7
26
43.
44a. 80, 75, 70,

44b. T 80 5n
44c. 75F
46. (0, 3); (26
, 3); (7, 3),
(7, 3), (0, 2), (0, 8)
48. 2, 8; 217

50. 0; yes
45. 0.38
47. 0 i2

49. about 101.1 cm and 76.9 cm
51. 7/12
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
395

Chapter 13
Chapter 14 Statistics and Data Analysis

14-1 The Frequency Distribution
Pages 892896
1. A line plot, a bar graph, a
histogram, and a frequency
polygon all show data visually. A
line plot shows the frequency of
specific quantities by using
symbols and a bar graph shows
the frequency of specific
quantities by using bars. A
histogram is a special bar graph
in which the width of each bar
represents a class interval. A
frequency polygon shows the
frequency of a class interval
using a broken line graph.
3a. No; there would be too many
classes.
3b. Yes; there would be 9 classes.
3c. Yes; there would be 5 classes.
3d. No; there would only be 3
classes.
3e. No; there would only be 2
classes.
5a.
2. Choose an appropriate class

interval. Use tally marks to
determine the number of
elements in each class interval.
6a. 27
6c. Sample answer: 40, 45, 50,
55, 60, 65, 70
6d. Sample answer: 42.5, 47.5,
52.5, 57.5, 62.5, 67.5
6e. Sample answer:
Age
70+
60-69
1900
1999
50-59
40-49
30-39
Ages
40-45
45-50
50-55
55-60
60-65
65-70
20-29
10-19
0-9
16 12 8
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
0
0
Percent
8 12 16
396
Frequency
2
6
12
12
7
3

Chapter 14
5b. In 1999, there are larger

percents of older citizens than
in 1900.
6f. Sample answer:

Ages of Presidents
12
Frequency
8
4
0
40
60
50
70
Age
6g. Sample answer: 50-60

8a.
7a.

43026

43212

43214

43221
43220
ZIP Codes
Men

43229
Age
65+
Women
50-64
35-49
45414
20-34
16-19
80 60 40 20 0
0 20 40 60 80
Minutes Behind the Wheel
7b. 43220
7c. Sample answer: to determine
where most of their customers
live so they can target their
advertising accordingly
9a.
8b. Sample answer: Men spend

more hours driving than
women.
10a. 49
10c. Sample answer: 0, 10, 20, 30,
40, 50, 60
10d. Sample answer: 5, 15, 25, 35,
45, 55
Rental Revenue Year Sales Revenue

2005
2000
1997
1990
1985
10 8 6 4 2 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Dollars (in billions)
9b. Sales; the sales revenue is

growing at a faster rate than
the rental revenue.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
397

Chapter 14
10e. Sample answer:

Grams of Fat
0-10
10-20
20-30
30-40
40-50
50-60
Frequency
7
11
10
7
2
1
10f. Sample answer:

Grams of Fat in
Fast-Food Sandwiches
10
8
Frequency 6
4
2
0
10g.
12a.
12b.
12c.
11a. 56
40, 50, 60, 70, 80
11d. Sample answer: 15, 25, 35,
45, 55, 65, 75
11e. Sample answer:
Number of
Nations
10-20
20-30
30-40
40-50
50-60
60-70
70-80
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Grams of Fat
Sample answer: 10-20

619
Sample answer: 100
Sample answer:
Height (feet)
400-500
500-600
600-700
700-800
800-900
900-1000
1000-1100
Frequency
2
3
8
1
1
2
1
398
Frequency
5
4
2
3
1
2
3

Chapter 14
11f. Sample answer:
12d. Sample answer:
Olympic Winter
Games
Frequency 3
2
Frequency 4
2
0
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Number of Nations
0 400 600 800 1000

Height (feet)
12e. Sample answer; 400-500
11g. Sample answer:

Olympic Winter
Games
8
6
Frequency 4
2
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Number of Nations
13a. Sample answer:

American League
Year
1999
14. Sample answer: 0.1, 0.2, 0.3,

0.4, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.1, 1.2,
1.3, 1.4, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.1,
2.2, 2.3, 2.4
National League
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
1990
80 60 40 20 0
0 20 40 60 80
Greatest Number of Stolen Bases

for a Single Player
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
399

Chapter 14
13b. Sample answer:

Stolen Bases
30-40
40-50
50-60
60-70
70-80
Frequency
1
1
6
5
7
13c. Sample answer:
6
Frequency
4
2
0
30 40 50 60 70 80
Stolen Bases
13d. 7 players
13e. 2 players
15.
16a. The first interval on the vertical

axis represents $800,000, but
the other intervals represent
only $200,000. Therefore, the
sales for 1999 appear to be
twice the sales of 1998, but in
reality they are not.
16b.
Millions
of
Tons
$1,200,000
China
India
United States
Sales $800,000
$400,000
Wheat Rice Corn
$0
1999 2000
Year
16c. See students work.

18. about 29%
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
1998
400

Chapter 14
19. 14c 6d
y
21.
20. about 3.18

22. 32
9xy 36
x
O
14-2 Measures of Central Tendency

Pages 903907
1. Mean, median, mode; to find the
mean, add the values in a set of
data and divide the sum by the
number of values in the set. To
find the median, arrange the
values in a set of data from least
to greatest. If there is an odd
number of values in the set, the
median is the middle value. If
there is an even number of
values in the set, the median is
the mean of the two middle
values. To find the mode, find
the item of data that appears
more frequently than any other
in the set.
3. Write the stems 9, 10, 11, 12,
13, and 14 on the left. Write the
tens digits as leaves to the right
of the appropriate stems. Be
sure to order the leaves.
5. 30.75; 27.5; 10
7. about 10,323; 10,500; 10,700
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
401
2. Sample answer:
{1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 4, 5}
4. Tia; the median 2.5 and the

mode 2 do not represent the
greater numbers. The mean 8.5
is more representative of all 8
items in the data.
6. 28; 28.5; 31
8a. 120 members
8b. about 19.3
8c. 17-21
8d. about 20.1

Chapter 14
9a.
10. 155; 155; none
stem leaf
0 67779
1 3344567899
2 00011111338
3 011124468
4 11127
13 13
9b. 23.55
9c. 21
9d. 21
9e. Since the mean 23.55, the
median 21, and the mode 21
are all representative values,
any of them could be used as
an average.
11. 5.4; 3; 3
13. 10.75; 11; 5 and 18
15. 8.5; 8.5; 6 and 11
12. 19; 19; 19

14. 73.5; 73; 87
16a. 145 lb
16b. 145 lb
16c. Each will increase by 5 lb.
18. 6.95; 6.85; none
20.
stem
leaf
1
0555577
2
000555578
3
00555
4
6
10 10
5
5
22. 18.5
17. about 45.8; 45; 45

19. 1088; 1090; 1180
21a. $1485, $3480, $4650, $1650,

$2275, $1480, $780
21b. $15,800
21c. 100 employees
21d. about $158
21e. $150-$160
21f. $155
21g. Both values represent central
values of the data.
23. 3
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
24. 8
402

Chapter 14
25a. about 425.6

25b. 400-450
25c. about 420.5
27a.
27b.
27c.
27d.
Sample
Sample
Sample
Sample
9, 9}
answer:
answer:
answer:
answer:
{1,
{4,
{2,
{3,
2, 2, 2, 3}
5, 9}
10, 10, 12}
4, 5, 6,
26a. 3.92; 3.7; 3.6

26b. Only the mean would change.
It would increase to 4.6.
26c. The mean increases slightly;
the median increases slightly;
the mode stays the same.
28a.
stem leaf
0 11111112222223
333445556666
6677889999
1 00112369
2 013
3 01
4
52 52
5 2
28b.
28c.
28d.
28e.
29a.
29b.
29c.
29d.
29e.
about 215.2
200-220
about 213
about 215.9; 211
The mean calculated using the
frequency distribution is very
close to the one calculated with
the actual data. The median
calculated with the actual data
is less than the one calculated
with the frequency distribution.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
403
8.7
6
1
The mean 8.7 and the
median 6 are representative of
the data, but the mode 1 is not
representative of the data.
30a. 68 cm from the end
30b. 59 cm from the end

Chapter 14
31a.
31b.
31c.
31d.
31e.
31f.
$87,800
$61,500
$59,000
mean
mode
Median; The mean is affected
by the extreme values of
$162,000 and $226,000, and
only two people make less than
the mode.
31g. Sample answer: I have been
with the company for many
years, and I am still making
less than the mean salary.
33. He is shorter than the
mean (511.6) and the
median (511.5).
32a. about 3.04

32b. about 2.96
34.
22
20
18
16
Frequency
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
3
55
0 55 60 65 70 75
Speed Limit
35. dependent;
36. convergent
37. $40,305.56
38.
8
6
4
2
864 2
4
6
8
O
2 4 6 8x
39. A
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
404

Chapter 14
14-3 Measures of Variability

Pages 914917
1. The median of the data is 70, Q1
is 60, and Q3 is 100. The
interquartile range is 40 and the
semi-interquartile range is 20.
The outliers are 170 and 180.
The data in the first two quartiles
are close together in range. The
last two quartiles are more
diverse.
3. Both the mean deviation and the
standard deviation are measures
of the average amount by which
individual items of data deviate
from the mean of all the data.
The mean deviation uses the
absolute values of the
deviations. Standard deviation
uses the squares of the
deviations.
5. 16; 8
15
20
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
25
30
35
40
2. square the standard deviation
6. about $3.54; about $4.11
45
405

Chapter 14
7. 30,250; about 13,226.39
8a. 70.375; 69.65; about 4.25

8b. about 80.48; 79.8; about 17.06
8c. Los Angeles
55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105
Las Vegas
55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105
8d. Los Angeles

8e. Los Angeles is near an ocean;
Las Vegas is in a desert.
10. 9.5; 4.75
9. 7; 3.5
14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
11. 2.9; 1.45
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
12.
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
14. 0.672; about 0.73

16. 774
18. 81.8; about 9.69
13. 211; about 223.14

15. 20.25; about 25.31
17. about 19.33; about 6.48
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
406

Chapter 14
19. about 129.65; about 23.29
20a.
20b.
20c.
20d.
20e.
20f.
259 mi
129 mi; 360 mi
231 mi
115.5 mi
no
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
21. Sample answer: {15, 15, 15, 16,

17, 20, 24, 26, 30, 35, 45}
20g. The data in the upper quartile

is more diverse than the other
quartiles.
22a. 282
22b. 42; 770
22c. 728; 364
22d. no
22e.
0
22f.
22g.
22h.
22i.
22j.
23a. $2414, $2838, $4147

23b. 1733
23c. $20,480, $21,914
23d.
0
400
600
800
1000
about 404.42
about 316.97
about 118,712.56
about 344.55
There is a great variability
among the number of teams in
womens sports.
24a.
0
24b.
24c.
24d.
24e.
5000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000
23e. about 3507.18

23f. about 5643.35
23g. The data in the upper quartile
is diverse.
25a. 11
25b. about 2.94
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
200
100 200 300 400 500 600
about 67.87
about 14,065.48
about 118.60
The data in the upper quartile
is diverse.
26. yes; when the standard

deviation is less than 1; when
both equal 0 or 1
407

Chapter 14
28a. about 7.75

28b. 8.0
28c. 8.9
30. 40,320 ways
29a. 45
50, 60, 70
29d. Sample answer:
Programs Sold
20-30
30-40
40-50
50-60
60-70
Frequency
2
1
2
5
2
29e. Sample answer:

4
Frequency
2
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Programs
Sold
31. 3, 0.5, 0.75
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
32. C
408

Chapter 14

Page 917
2. Sample answer:
Exam Scores
50-60
60-70
70-80
80-90
90-100
3. Sample answer:
4. stem
leaf
5
45
6
224
7
156
8
024
9
023
54 54
Physics Exam
10
8
Frequency 6
4
2
0
5
789
5678999
35689
0 50 60 70 80 90 100
Exam Score
5. 81.1
7. 89
6. 84.5
8.
50
60
70
80
90
100
10. Sample answer: The data that

are less than the median are
more spread out than the data
greater than the median.
9. 10.42
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
Frequency
2
4
6
10
8
409

Chapter 14
14-4 The Normal Distribution

Pages 922925
2. X
1.5
1. The median, mean, and mode

are the same.
3.
4. Sample answer:
45 55 65 75 85 95 105
45 55 65 75 85 95 105
the second curve

5. 50th percentile
6a.
445 480 515 550 585 620 655
6b. 68.3%
6c. 445-655
6d. 191
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
410

Chapter 14
7a.
7b.
7c.
7d.
68.3%
92.9%
22.6-25.4
20.08-27.92
8a.
64 67 70 73 76 79 82
8b.
65 70 75 80 85 90 95
8c. Chemistry; the chemistry

grade is 3 standard deviations
above the class mean, while
the speech grade is only 2
standard deviations above the
class mean.
10a. 136.6
10b. 191
10c. 68.3
9a.
7.5 9 10.5 12 13.5 15 16.5
9b.
9c.
9d.
11a.
11b.
11c.
11d.
13a.
13b.
13c.
10.5-13.5
99.7%
95.5%
79.6-84.4
76.8-87.2
86.6%
31.1%
66.9%
28.6%
154
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
12a.
12b.
12c.
12d.
14a.
14b.
14c.
411
391.2-412.8
31.1%
72.9%
380.4-423.6
7.8%
64.45%
5.545

Chapter 14
1
64
3
32
15
64
5
16
15
64
3
32
1
64
15a. , , , , , ,
15b.
16a. 1.4 standard deviations above

the mean
16b. 78.8 percentile
20
15
Frequency
10
5
0
15c.
15d.
15e.
17a.
17b.
19a.
19b.
19c.
1 2 3 4 5
Number of Tails
3
about 1.2
They are similar.
0.8%
99.2%
72
58
68-71
18. 50.5 months

20a. a normal distribution with a
small standard deviation
20b. a normal distribution with a
large standard deviation
20c. a distribution where values
greater than the mean are
more spread out than values
less than the mean
20d. a distribution where all values
occur with the same frequency
22a. 148.5
22b. 110; 200
22c. 90
22d. 45
22e.
21a. about 2.55 mL

21b. 57.6%
100
23. about 48.2; 45; 42

25a. Sample answer: y 0.05x 3
2.22x 2 29.72x 366.92
25b. Sample answer: 2553 students
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
412
200
300
400
500
24. y sec(4 4) 3

26. E

Chapter 14
14-5 Sample Sets of Data

Pages 930932
1. A sample is a subset of a
population. However, a sample
must be similar in every way to
the population.
3. Use a larger sample.
2. Divide the standard deviation of

the sample by the square root
of the number of values in the
sample.
4. Tyler; every twentieth student to
enter the school should
produce a representative
sample. The senior English
class will not represent
underclassmen. The track team
will not represent students who
prefer other types of activities.
6. about 0.22
8. about 54.37-55.63
10. 0.2
5. 7.3
7. 42.85-47.15
9a. about 0.29
9b. about 27.30-27.70 min
9c. about 26.76-28.24 min
11. about 0.37
13. about 0.53
15. about 0.70
17. about 333.07-336.93
19. about 77.81-82.19
21. 67.34-68.66 in.
23. about 4524.21-4527.79
25. about 5.23-5.53
12. about 0.66

14. about 0.24
16. 10,000
18. 187.1-212.9
20. about 109.09-110.91
22. about 23.53-24.47
24. about 675.15-680.85
26a. 12.375
26b. about 3.37
26c. about 0.42
26d. about 11.55-13.20 min
26e. about 98.4%
28a. about 0.20
28b. about 15.81-16.59 mm
28c. about 15.69-16.71 mm
28d. about 15.94-16.46 mm
27. about 8.9%
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
413

Chapter 14
29a. 4.5
29b. 338.39-361.61 hours
29c. Sample answer: 338 hours;
there is only 0.5% chance the
mean is less than this number.
31a. about 0.57
31b. With a 5% level of confidence,
the average family in the town
will have their televisions on
from 2.98 to 5.22 hours.
31c. Sample answer: None; the
sample is too small to
generalize to the population of
the city.
33a. 750 h
33b. 64 h
30. 100 packages
35. 8.25; about 9.59
36. or 21,845.3125
37. 45
39. C
38. 45
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
32a. about 0.45

32b. about 42.38-43.02 crackers
32c. Sample answer: No; there is a
50% chance that the true
mean is in the interval.
However, since 43 is near one
end of the interval, they may
want to take another sample in
the near future.
34a. 6830 tires
34b. 4775 tires
34c. 5000 tires
34d. 225 tires
34e. 15 tires
349,525
16
414

Chapter 14
Chapter 15 Calculus
15-1 Limits
Pages 946948
1. Sample answer: The limit of f(x)
as x approaches a is the number
that the values of f(x) get closer
to as the values of x get closer
and closer to a.
3. Sample answer: If f(x) is

continuous at x a you can
plug a into the function. If the
function is not continuous, you
may be able to simplify it and
then plug in a. If neither of these
methods work, you can use a
calculator. Examples will vary.
5. 17
2. Sample answer: lim f(x) is the

x1
number that the values of f(x)
approach as x approaches 1.
f(1) is the number that you get
if you actually plug 1 into the
function. They are the same if
f(x) is continuous at x 1.
4. 3; 1
6. 1
3
4
1
4
7.
8.
4
15
9.
10. 1
12. 1; 1
11a. v (r )
0.16
0.14
0.12
0.10
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
v (r ) 0.65(0.52 r 2)
0.2
0.4 0.6
0.8 r
11b. 0 in./s
13. 0; undefined
15. 16
17. 0
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
14. 4; 2
16. 0
18. 1
415

Chapter 15
19. 10
20. 0
3
8
8
7
1
24.
2
21.
22.
23. 0
25. 1
27. 4
26. 1
28. 2
29. 3
30.
31.
33.
35.
37.
39.
1
24
1
5
2
0.5
a 2; letting c approach 0 moves
the foci together, so the ellipse
becomes a circle. a 2 is the
area of a circle of radius a.
4

0.5
4.5
7%
32.
34.
36.
38.
40.
1x
41. No; the graph of f(x) sin
42a.
oscillates infinitely many times

between 1 and 1 as x
approaches 0, so the values of
the function do not approach a
unique number.
x2
2
cos x
1
1
0.5
0.1
0.01
0.001
0.540302
0.877583
0.995004
0.999950
1.000000
0.5
0.875
0.995
0.99995
1.000000
42b. Yes; in the last three rows,

all the decimal places of
x2
2
1 agree with those of

cos x.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
416

Chapter 15
43. 64 ft/s
44a. e
44b. He ignored the exponent. As x
approaches 0 from the positive
1
x
side, approaches infinity. A

number close to 1 raised to a
large power need not be close
to 1. If x approaches 0 from
1
x
the negative side,

approaches negative infinity. A
number close to 1 raised to a
large negative power need not
be close to 1, either.
59,049
100,00
45. 15.68416.716 mm
46.
47. 90x 3y 2
48. 8y 6
(x 5)2
16
(y 2)2
9
49. 1
50.
120
90
60
150
30
180
1 2 3 4
330
210
240
51. 7, 6; 85

52. 14.6 rps
53. 1
54. ,
55. y as x ,
y as x
57. Yes; opposite sides have the
same slope.
56. 12
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
1
4
270
300
4
3
58. 243
417

Chapter 15
15-2 Derivatives and Antiderivatives

Pages 957960
2. Letting n 1 in the
1. 4x 3 is the derivative of x 4.
x 4 is an antiderivative of 4x 3.
1
n1
expression x n 1 results
x0
0
in , which is undefined.
4. f(x) 3
3. f(x h) means substitute the

quantity x h into the function.
On the other hand, f(x) h
means substitute x into the
function, then add h to the
result.Using f(x) h instead of
f(x h) in the definition of the
derivative results in:
f(x) h f(x)
h
h
h
hh
lim lim
lim 1
h
1
You would always get 1.
5. f(x) 2x 1
7. f(x) 3x 2 4x 3
6. f(x) 4x 3
8. f(x) 12x 3 6x 2 3
1
3
5
1
1
12. F(x) x 6 x 4 x 3
6
2
3
10. F(x) x 3 C
9. 4
1
4
4
3
1
2
11. F(x) x 4 x 3 x 2
13.
15.
17.
19.
3x C
$8
f(x) 7
f(x) 4
f(x) 3x 2 10x
14.
16.
18.
20.
4x C
f(x) 2
f(x) 3
f(x) 4x 5
f(x) 8
1
3
21. f(x) 2
22. f(x)
23. f(x) 6x 2

25. f(x) 3x 2 4x 5
24. f(x) x 1
26. f(x) 12x 3 21x 2 4x 7
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
418

Chapter 15
27. f(x) 6x 2 14x 6
28. f(x) 8x 16
29. f(x) 81x 2 216x 144
30. f(x) 2x 2 x 1
31. 3
33. 1
32. 7
34. 240
1
7
4
37. F(x) x 3 3x 2 7x C
3
5
9
39. F(x) 2x 4 x 3 x 2
3
2
36. F(x) x 2 4x C
2
3
3
2
35. F(x) x 7 C
38. F(x) 4x 3 3x 2 x C
1
20
2
9
40. F(x) x 5 x 3 4x C
3x C
1
7
5
2
41. F(x) 2x 3 x 2 21x C
2
3
4
5
42. F(x) x 7 x 6 x 5 C
1
3
43. F(x) x 3 2x 2 x C
44. F(x) x 2 x C
45. Any function of the form F(x)
46a. 81 ft/s
46b. 7 ft/s2
46c. When t 12 the cars velocity
is increasing at a rate of 7 ft/s
per second.
1
1
1
x 6 x 4 x 3 x C,
6
4
3
where C is a constant.
1
24
46d. s(t) 15t 2t 2 t 3

46e. 540 ft
48a. About 1.6. The total amount
spent in 2003 on health care
will be about $1.6 trillion.
48b. About 0.12. In 2003 the
amount spent on health care
will be increasing at a rate of
about $120 billion per year.
1
47. f(x) 2
x
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
419

Chapter 15
49a.v (t ) 80 32t
49b.
49c.
49d.
51a.
51b.
53a.
50. f(x) e x
48 ft/s
t 2.5 s
103 ft
r (p) p(100 2p)
25 cents
52. 4
1
2
54.
170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260
53b. See students work.

1
27
55.
56. about 96

53
2
1 2
7 2
169
y
6
6
18
57. x
5
2
58. i
59. x 8t 3, y 3t 2
60.
y 3 sin( 45)
90
180
1
2
3
2
270
360
450
1
2
62. , 1, , 3; 3, , 1
61. about 214.9 m

63. D

Page 960
2. 5
4. f(x) 2x
6. f(x) 6x 5
1. 36
3. 2
5. f(x) 0
7. R(M) CM M 2
1
2
1
3
9. F(x) x 4 x 3 8x C
1
7
3
2
2
3
10. F(x) x 5 x 4 x 2
5
2
8. F(x) x 3 x 2 6x C
5x C
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
420

Chapter 15
15-3 Area Under a Curve

Pages 966968
1. Sample answer: y x 4
2. Sample answer: Subdivide the

interval from a to b into n equal
subintervals, draw a rectangle
on each subinterval that touches
the graph at its upper right
corner, add up the areas of the
rectangles, and then find the
limit of the total area of the
rectangles as n approaches
infinity.
3. Lorena is correct. If the function

is decreasing, then the graph
will always be above the tops of
the rectangles, so the total area
of the rectangles will be less
than the area under the graph.
4. units2
8
3
1
4
81
8.
4
26
3
6. unit2
5. units2
7. 72
10. 4 units2
9a. 576 ft
9b. Yes; integration shows that the
ball would fall 1600 ft in
10 seconds of free-fall. Since
this exceeds the height of the
building, the ball must hit the
ground in less than
10 seconds.
11. 9 units2
12. 3 units2
13. 4 units2
14. units2
15. 312 units2
16. 625 units2
125
3
15
2
208
3
18. units2
17. units2
n
sin i n n
h i1
19. lim
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
20. 16
421

Chapter 15
64
3
27
2
21.
22.
23. 1088
24. 45
625
4
40
3
25.
26.
27. 10.125 ft2
28a. $40
28b. $400
29. 8000 ft3
30. unit2
31a. r (t )
32a. v (t )
1
6
160
15
120
v (t ) 3.5t 0.25t 2
80
r (t ) 50 36t 3t 2
10
40
v (t ) 1.2t 0.03t 2
31b. $1464
31c. $122
O
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10t
1
33. r 2
2
32b. the first one

34. f(x) 9x 2 2x 7
35. 0
36. 27
37.
u 1, 1, 10

i j 10k
38.
7
25
39. ,
2 5
41. C
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
40. 5.4 cm
422

Chapter 15
15-4 The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

Pages 972976
1.
f(x)dx represents all of the
2. Sample answer: Let a 0,

b 1, f(x) x, and g(x) x.
Then
functions that have f(x) as their
f(x)dx is a number;
b
derivative.
f(x)g(x)dx x dx 31 , but

f(x)dx g(x)dx
xdx xdx
b
it gives the area under the graph

of y f(x) from x a to x b.
a
b
a
1
0
1 1

2 2
1
.
4
3. If the C is included in the

antiderivative, it will appear as a
term in both F(b) and F(a) and
will be eliminated when they are
subtracted.
2
3
16
7. units2
3
26
9. units2
3
63
11.
2
4. Rose is correct; the order does

matter. Interchanging the order
multiplies the result by 1. In
symbols,
F(a) F(b) (F(b) F(a)).
So unless the answer is 0,
interchanging the order will give
the opposite of the right answer.
1
3
4
2
32
8. units2
5
5. x 3 2x 2 3x C
6. x 4 x 2 x C
10. 40
14
3
12.
13. 54
14. 2.5 J
1
6
1
17. x 3 x 2 4x C
3
1
2
19. x 5 x 3 3x C
5
3
16. x 8 C
15. x 6 C
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
3
4
1
2
7
2
3
20. x 6 x 4 x 3 8x C
3
2
3
18. x 3 x 2 6x C
423

Chapter 15
1
3
13
23. units2
3
22. 18 units2
25. 64 units2
26. unit2
21. x 3 3x 2 3x C
24. 4 units2
6
7
16
28. units2
3
20
3
3
29. unit2
4
27. units2
30. 92 units2
2976
5
31. 686
32.
33. 20
34. 104
34
3
9
37.
20
413
39.
6
15
41.
4
36.
43. 18
45a. 44,152.52; 44,100
45b. 338,358.38; 338,350
47a. All are negative
44. 6
46. 980,000 J
28
15
35.
38. 8
32
3
3
42.
2
40.
27
2
48.
22
3
22
47c.
3
47b.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
424

Chapter 15
49a.
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
4
3
50. R 3
f (x )
f (x ) 75 8x 21 x 2
49b. $93
49c. $105
51a. 4.1
1016 Nm2
51b. 6.3
109 J
53. f(x) 12x 5 6x
4
3
52.
54. 31.7%
253
4606
55.
56. $1475.76
57. (y 1)2 12(x 6)
58. 2 cos
i sin
; 1 3
i
3
3
60. A
59. 35.46 ft/s
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
425

Chapter 15

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Answer Key

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AMC Answer Key Masters

Chapter 1 Linear Relations and Functions

3. Determine whether a vertical

4. Keisha is correct. Since a

Advanced Mathematical Concepts

7. {(6, 1), (4, 0), (2, 4),

11. {3, 3, 6}; {6, 2, 0, 4}; no;

12a. domain : all reals; range: all

10. {3, 0, 1, 2}; {6, 0, 2, 4}; yes;

Advanced Mathematical Concepts

20. {(5, 5), {3, 3), (1, 1),

Advanced Mathematical Concepts

21. {(10, 0), (5, 0), {0, 0), (5, 0)};

22. {(4, 0), (5, 1), (8, 0), (13, 1)};

25. {(3, 4), (3, 2), (3, 0), (3, 1),

Advanced Mathematical Concepts

32. {4, 5, 6}; {4}; yes; Each x-value

33. {1}; {6, 2, 0, 4}; No; the

34. {0, 1, 4}; {2, 1, 0, 1, 2}; No;

Advanced Mathematical Concepts

52c. Yes; no member of the domain

1-2 Composition of Functions

3. No. [f g](x) is the function f (x)

Advanced Mathematical Concepts

10b. 233.15, 248.71, 255.37,

18. 25x 4 1; 5x 4 10x 2  5

22. all reals

Advanced Mathematical Concepts

29. Yes; If f(x) and g(x) are both

31a. h[f (x)], because you must

34a. (year, interest): (1, $400),

33b. r(v) 0.84v

33d. $52.94, $28.23, $99.72

35. {(1, 8), (0, 4), (2, 6), (5, 9)};

Advanced Mathematical Concepts

1-3 Graphing Linear Equations

2. 7; the line intercepts the x-axis

Advanced Mathematical Concepts

11a. (38.500, 173), (44.125, 188)

Advanced Mathematical Concepts

Advanced Mathematical Concepts

32. Sample answer: f (x) 5;

33a. 0.4 ohm

36. No; the product of two positives

35b. For each 1-degree increase in

-pascal increase in the

37a. 36; the software has no

38. A function with a slope of 0 has

Advanced Mathematical Concepts

44. No; the graph fails the vertical

45. {(3, 14), (2, 13), (1, 12),

Advanced Mathematical Concepts

1-4 Writing Linear Equations

Write in standard form.

3. 55 represents the hourly rate

5. Sample answer: When given the

Advanced Mathematical Concepts

25b. about 5.7 weeks

28a. See students work.

and (27, 37), y

18. 25x 4 1; 5x 4 10x 2 5

32. We are given y m1x b1

2. Graph the lines 3 2x y

8a. c(m) 45 0.4m

23a. 8x 10y 480