210 Equipments Components and Subsystems

2.
10 EQUIPMENT, COMPONENTS AND

Room 6.2
SUBSYSTEMS
Thursday, 15th September
(16.15 - 18.00)
Ch Pi B Chm: Pierre Boss
Rpt: Carsten Franke
2101 A cooperative smart sensor network for dynamic loading of overhead
lines - A. Vaccaro, D. Villacci
2102 DC supergrid implementation using compact very high capacity
superconductors for bulk power transport - J. Mccall, M. Ross, B. Gamble, superconductors for bulk power transport J. Mccall, M. Ross, B. Gamble,
S. Eckroad
2103 Experience with a dynamic rating system to increase the ampacity of
380 kV h d li M S h l R P ff H J D 380-kV overhead lines - M. Schmale, R. Puffer, H-J. Drger
2104 A smart substation as first step towards smarter distribution
networks - E.C.W. de Jong, P.T.M. Vaessen g,
2105 Influence of arc chamber paremeters on passive resonance circuit of
HVDC circuit breakers - M.M. Walter, C.M. Franck
2106 The automation of the future networks: from the substation
automation to the grid automation - E. Casale, C. Sabelli, M. Petrini
DC Supergrid Implementation Using Compact Very High
Capacity Superconductors for Bulk Power Transport
Jack McCall Mike Ross Bruce Gamble Steve Eckroad
American Superconductor Corp. Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI)
USA USA
CIGRE Symposium
Electric Power System of the Future
Bologna, 13-15 September 2011
Paper 2102
1
Todays Key Energy Challenge: Carrying
100s of Gigawatts of Green Power to Market g
Many Issues
Multiple Sources
Source: AWEA and SEIA,
Green Power Superhighways 2/2009
Multiple Destinations
Green Power Superhighways, 2/2009
Siting
Interconnections
Source: Friends of the Supergrid, 2011
Interconnections
Transmission Losses
Source: Desertec Foundation
Transmission Losses
The challenge of moving renewable power long distances needs another option
2
A New Transmission Option
Eff ti l U li it d Effectively Unlimited
Power Transfer Capacity
Underground and
Easy to Site
HTS
Cable
Highly Efficient
Cable
Super-
conductor
Cost Competitive
VSC
HVDC
Pipelines
Cost Competitive
U d d S it
A new option for connecting
Underground Security
diffuse sources of power to
remote load centers in a
controlled manner
Global Superconductor Cable Projects
2001 2002 1999 1998 1997 2010 2011 2013 2012 2000 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003
US/DTE 24kV(120m) DOE
US/EPRI 115kV(50m) US/LIPA 138kV(600m) DOE
US/LIPA 138kV(600m)
US/Nat.Grid 34.5kV(400m) DOE
( )
US/AEP 13.8kV(200m) DOE
US/Southwire 12.5kV(30m) DOE US/ENTERGY 13.8kV(1.6km)
US/ConEd 13.8kV(220m)
USProject
US/Tres Amigas 200kVDC
MEXICO 15kV(30m)
JAPAN 77kV(500m)
JAPAN 66kV(30M)
KOREA 22 9kV (30 )
JAPANPROJECTTEPCO 66kV(250m)
JAPAN 275kV(500m)
CHINA 10.5kV(75m)
KOREA 22.9kV(100m)
KOREA22.9kV(100m)
KOREA 22.9kV(30m)
KOREA/KEPCO 22.9kV(500m)
KOREA/KEPCO 154kV(100m)
KoreanProject
PoweredbyAMSCwire
CHINA 35kV(30m)
( )
CHINA 110kV(30m)
SHANGHAIPROJECT
ChinaProject
y
Poweredbyotherwire
ProjectinProcess
SPAIN 10kV(30m)
RUSSIA 20 kV(30m)
RUSSIA(100m)
SPAIN 20kV(30m)
Germany/RWE 11kV
4
AMSC Confidential and Proprietary
DENMARK 36kV(30m)
NETHERLANDS (6km)
Superconductor Cables are becoming globally accepted
Todays Transmission Options y p
SUITABLE TRANSMISSIONSOLUTIONS
Point-to-
Point
Multi-
terminal
VSC
Point-to-
Point
Multi-
terminal
VSC
Multi-Terminal
Superconductor
SUITABLE TRANSMISSION SOLUTIONS
Overhead Solutions Underground Solutions
TRANSMISSIONLINE POWER AND DISTANCE
AC
Point
HVDC
VSC
HVDC AC
Point
HVDC
VSC
HVDC
Superconductor
Pipeline
Low Power (<1GW) Short (<100 mile) lines
Low Power (<1GW) Moderate (100-400 mile) lines
Low Power (<1GW) Long (>400 mile) lines
TRANSMISSION LINE POWER AND DISTANCE
REQUIREMENTS
Moderate Power (1-5GW) Short (<100 mile) lines
Moderate Power (1-5GW) Moderate (100-400 mile) lines
Moderate Power (1-5GW) Long (>400 mile) lines
Hi h P (>5GW) Sh t (<100 il ) li High Power (>5GW) Short (<100 mile) lines
High Power (>5GW) Moderate (100-400 mile) lines
High Power (>5GW) Long (>400 mile) lines
No suitable solution for high power, long distance,
d d t i i
5
underground transmission
HVDC Superconductor Cables p
SUITABLE TRANSMISSIONSOLUTIONS
Point-to-
P i
Multi-
terminal
VSC
Point-to-
P i
Multi-
terminal
VSC
Multi-Terminal
S d TRANSMISSIONLINE POWER AND DISTANCE
SUITABLE TRANSMISSION SOLUTIONS
Overhead Solutions Underground Solutions
AC
Point
HVDC
VSC
HVDC AC
Point
HVDC
VSC
HVDC
Superconductor
Pipeline
Low Power (<1GW) Short (<100 mile) lines
Low Power (<1GW) Moderate (100-400 mile) lines
P ( 1G ) ( 400 il ) li
TRANSMISSION LINE POWER AND DISTANCE
REQUIREMENTS
Moderate Power (1-5GW) Short (<100 mile) lines
Moderate Power (1-5GW) Moderate (100-400 mile) lines
Moderate Power (1-5GW) Long (>400 mile) lines
High Power (>5GW) Short (<100 mile) lines
High Power (>5GW) Moderate (100-400 mile) lines
High Power (>5GW) Long (>400 mile) lines
DC superconductor cables are ideal for underground,
l di t hi h lti t i l t i i
66
long distance, high power, multi-terminal transmission
Key Operational of DC Superconductor Cables:
HIGH POWER CAPACITY and LOW LOSSES
No resistance and high current density
- Eliminates conductor ampacity concerns (voltage drop and I2R)
Allows deployment of lower voltage VSC terminals in
high power applications
Refrigeration losses are the only component of loss
- FIXED losses based on insulation system design
- Losses drop as a percent of line rating
with increased capacity with increased capacity
Allows for economical justification to
increase line rating for future expansion increase line rating for future expansion
- Similar to dark fibers in fiber optics cable
7
Operational Opportunities for DC Superconductor
Cables: ELECTRICAL EFFICIENCY
14%
Losses for 5GW Transmission
765kV OH, 2 Lines
8%
10%
12%
f

5
G
W
)
765kV OH, 3 Lines
+/-300kV Underground DC [6]
Overhead +/-800kV DC [7]
+/-200kV Superconductor Pipeline
4%
6%
8%
L
o
s
s
e
s

(
%

o
f
Optimized 765kV, 3 Lines [8]
0%
2%
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
L
Converter losses included @2%; cooling losses 22kW/km
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Length (miles)
@ ; g
Overall losses 2.75% for 5GW @1600km (2.4% for 10GW)
8
Loss advantage increases with distance and MW rating
Cost Analysis y
5GW, 1600km Superconductor DC Cable System
- 3 5 M/km - 3.5 M/km
- 5.8 M/km fully redundant
Costs include DC terminals refrigeration installation - Costs include DC terminals, refrigeration, installation
- Doubling capacity to 10GW line increases cost by <1/3
Cost Competitive with EHV AC
- 2.7 4.9 M/km
- Assuming 2 to 3 lines needed for same capacity
Long distance, high power superconductor DC cables
are cost competitive with EHV AC lines
9
Advantages of Superconductor Pipelines
Highest power capacity
Highest efficiency (lowest power losses) of any transmission Highest efficiency (lowest power losses) of any transmission
technology
Ideal for very long distances Ideal for very long distances
Capable of transferring power across asynchronous interconnections
Able to accept power from multiple distributed sources, and precisely
deliver power to multiple distributed destinations
U d d t ti ith i i i ht f i t Underground construction with minimum right of way requirement
Simplified cost allocation due to precise controllability of DC terminals
Minimizes interaction with existing AC grid, reducing costs and
increasing operational flexibility
Superconductor Electricity Pipelines are uniquely and ideally
suited to move renewable energy to distant load centers
Summaryy
DC superconductor cables and VSC HVDC
t i l ff ti f hi h terminals offer a new option for high power,
long distance transmission of electric power
Transmission grid of the future
11
Transmission grid of the future
Experience with a Dynamic Rating System to
Increase the Ampacity of 380-kV Overhead Lines Increase the Ampacity of 380-kV Overhead Lines
Cigr 2011 International Symposium Bologna Paper 2103
30 September 2011
M. Schmale, R. Puffer*, H.-J. Drger ( *: RWTH Aachen University, Germany)
Contents
Introduction
Implementation Concept
Results
Conclusions
30 September 2011 Cigr Bologna Symposium: Session 2.10 - Paper 2103 2
Contents
Introduction
Results
Conclusions
Transmission Capacity of Overhead Lines
Clearance as limiting factor
P t i fl i l Parameters influencing clearance:
- current
- ambient conditions (temperature, wind, sun) ( p , , )
Static rating, e. g.:
- 35C ambient temperature
- 0.6 m/s wind speed
- 900 W/m global radiation
it i l t f d t ampacity = nominal current of conductor
Dynamic rating:
- weather conditions measurement
clearance
weather conditions measurement
- current values
ampacity nominal current of conductor
Status of Dynamic Rating 220/380-kV
Sweden
D k
Field test Flensburg: first realisation
of dynamic rating (110-kV)
Sweden
Svenska
Kraftnt
Denmark
Energienet.dk
of dynamic rating (110-kV)
Refurbishment of extra high voltage
Hamburg
circuits (380-kV und 220-kV)
between Hamburg and Gieen
l t d
Dynamic
Lehrte
The Netherlands
TenneT
completed
Beginning of area wide
Dynamic
Rating
50Hertz
Transmission
Amprion
g g
operation spring 2011
Gieen
Ampacity limited by grid stability
(e. g. reactive power
compensation needed)
30 September 2011
compensation needed)
Cigr Bologna Symposium: Session 2.10 - Paper 2103 5
Contents
Introduction
Results
Conclusions
Real Time Monitoring of Overhead Lines
SCADA system substation control
TS
TS
control centre
.
.
.
transformer
substation (TS)
bay
TS
li it bi t d t online ampacity
calculation
ambient
conditions
data
transfer
Contents
Introduction
Results
Conclusions
Exemplary Ampacity Development Using
Dynamic Rating Dynamic Rating
175
150
t
y

[
%
]
150
a
m
p
a
c
i
t
125
n
d

s
t
a
t
i
c

115%
100
n
a
m
i
c

a
n
75
d
y
n
one month period
30 September 2011
one month period
1
st
March 2011 - 31
st
March 2011
Approach Verification
25%
Two circuits (green and blue)
20%
Two circuits (green and blue)
measured temperature higher
than calculated one
15%
n
c
y

[
%
] dynamic rating approach
on the safe side
10%
f
r
e
q
u
e
5%
0%
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
diff l l t d d d t t t [K]
30 September 2011
difference calculated - measured conductor temperature [K]
Load and Corresponding Ampacity
9
10
nominal current
(static rating)
7
8
9
weather depending
ampacity
5
6
7
c
y

[
%
]
ampacity
circuit load
3
4
5
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
1
2
3
0
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200
O % OHL load and ampacity [%]
Exemplary Ampacity Development
Using Dynamic Rating Using Dynamic Rating
6,000
]
period under consideration
5,000
a
c
i
t
y

[
A
]
p
1
st
October 2008 - 30
th
September 2010
ampacity
OHL i l ti
3 000
4,000
a
n
d

a
m
p
3,150 A
ampacity
OHL nominal rating
2,000
3,000
H
L

l
o
a
d

a
substation bottleneck
1,000
,
O
H
OHL load
93%
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
30 September 2011
frequency distribution [%]
Contents
Introduction
Results
Conclusions
Conclusions
Dynamic rating requirements:
- uprating substation equipment uprating substation equipment
- Protection equipment adaption
- grid stability check
Dynamic rating pros and cons:
- fewer new lines needed
- less environmental stress
- bottlenecks in the grid during retrofitting
St t f th t State of the art
Common practice at TenneT: No approval procedure for reinforcing existing
overhead lines
Area-wide use of dynamic rating
Thank you for your kind attention! Thank you for your kind attention!
Dr.-Ing. Michael Schmale
TenneT is Europes first cross-border grid operator for
electricity. With approximately 20,000 kilometres of (Extra)
High Voltage lines and 35 million end users in the
Netherlands and Germany we rank among the top five grid
operators in Europe. Our focus is to develop a north-west
European energy market and to integrate renewable energy.
Taking power further Taking power further.
www.tennet.eu
Session 2.10 Special Report Questions 1/2
How dynamic would the rating be? Are there different horizons with
different ratings? different ratings?
The rating is based on a 15 minute running mean value
How can this be used for a day-ahead planning? The unit commitment
of the generators is usually done 24 h ahead and thus, changes during
th d b li it d? the day may be limited?
Day-ahead planning is under implementation (next step)
What about interconnection points to other transmission operators?
Dynamic rating is already used on some tie lines to other TSOs,
on-going extension
Session 2.10 Special Report Questions 2/2
What about warning thresholds for the energy management systems
(EMS)? Are they supposed to change dynamically as well? (EMS)? Are they supposed to change dynamically as well?
Because of the wind cooling OHL dynamic rating allows to feed in
more wind power, EMS thresholds change also dynamically
How would the higher rating affect the aging of the equipment? Would it
b t h th i di ti ? be necessary to change the aging predictions?
Maximum allowed temperatures are not exceeded, a considerable
aging difference is not expected: However components have to be g g p p
checked periodically, consolidate findings will be presented
How about corona effects? Would they be increasingly observed?
Corona is depending on the voltage, dynamic rating influences only
the operational current
30 September 2011
the operational current
A t b t ti A smart substation..
..as first step towards smarter distribution networks.
CIGR Symposium
Paper 2104 Dr. E.C.W. de J ong Paper 2104 Dr. E.C.W. de J ong
Session 2.10 Equipments, Components and Subsystems
15 September 2011, Bologna , Italy
Content
Introduction
Trends towards future networks Trends towards future networks
New requirements for the electrical infrastructure
Distribution stations
Role in future networks
Intelligent components
Smart distribution station
Innovative features
Testing & application
2
Summary & Conclusions
Power grids of the future Power grids of the future
This under the prevailing conditions: This under the prevailing conditions:
Fossil fuel supplies are diminishing
Global energy demand is rising G gy g
Infrastructure assets are ageing
Security of energy supply remains vital y gy ppy
Sustainability requires:
Increased efficiency,
High penetration of renewable energy resources (RES)
Intelligent control to ensure stability and availability
Integration of RES into existing grid infrastructure
7
For (smart)grids this implies attention for:
Flexibility: user-centric, service orientated & designed for future
Accessibility: connect all users
R l ti d ti d d d l Real time: adaptive demand and supply
Reliable: security of supply in digital age
Economic best al e >inno ation efficienc &competition Economic: best value > innovation, efficiency & competition
8
Content
Introduction
Innovative features
9
Distribution stations Distribution stations
10
11
12
13
Content
Introduction
Innovative features
14
Smart substation prototype with research facilities
Smart substation
Aggregation of Customer Demand and
Supply
Guaranteeing Power Quality
Information Gateway between
Power
Matcher
Customers and Transmission Grid
Control Gateway between Customers
and Transmission Grid
16
Security of supply : UPS
Demand response : control of DER
Power Quality : monitoring and Power Quality : monitoring and
improving
Voltage level control
2 way communication
2 way communication
2-way communication
2-way communication
2-way power flow
2-way power flow
18
Impact on power system: p p y
Resistive harmonic damping
Demand response
Blue: RHD off
Red: RHD on
19
Testing - Flex Power Grid Lab
Operational testing
Safetytesting
20
Performance analysis
Testing - Flex Power Grid Lab
Results
Grid stabilisation
242 242
234
236
238
240
S
p
a
n
n
i
n
g

(
V
)
234
236
238
240
S
p
a
n
n
i
n
g

(
V
)
228
230
232
17-5 18-5 19-5 20-5 21-5 22-5 23-5 24-5
228
230
232
27-9 28-9 29-9 30-9 1-10 2-10 3-10 4-10
Without LV stabilisation With LV stabilisation
Datum
Datum
22
Results
Power Qualityy
n
s
a
t
i
o
n
s
v
a
r
i
a
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i
p
s
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y

v
a
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i
a
o
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g
e

v
o
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a
g
e

d
r
e
q
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e
n
c
l
i
c
k
e
r
H
D
V
o
V
o
F
r
F
l
T
H
A Very high quality
B high quality
C Acceptable quality
23
D Poor quality
E Very poor quality
F Extremely poor quality
Results
Power Qualityy
m
o
n
i
c
m
o
n
i
c
m
o
n
i
c
m
o
n
i
c
m
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c
H
D
r
d

H
a
r
m
t
h

H
a
r
m
t
h

H
a
r
m
1
t
h

H
a
r
m
3
t
h

H
a
r
m
T
H
3
r
5
t
7
t
1
1
1
3
A Very high quality
B high quality
C Acceptable quality
24
D Poor quality
E Very poor quality
F Extremely poor quality
Application
Field trials in live grid of Alliander since 1-1-2010
Content
Introduction
Innovative features
26
Summary & Conclusion
Capable of improving power quality of LV grid p p g p q y g
Reliable power distribution
Capability to manage fluctuations validated
Safe for operation as substation
27
Th k f tt ti Thank you for your attention
Erik.deJ ong@kema.com g@
+31 26 356 2794 www.kema.com
Innovative elements combined
Partners:
Power Matcher
ECN
SmartTrafo
Imtech Vonk
ESI
Exendis
ECN
Imtech Vonk
Alfen Alfen
Xanura
Eaton
Testing
FPGL b KEMA
Application
Liander
29
FPGLab - KEMA
Influence of arc chamber parameters on
i i it f HVDC i it passive resonance circuit of HVDC circuit
breakers
M. M. Walter, C. M. Franck
Fi i l t f ABB S it l d i t f ll k l d d
Friday, September 30, 2011 EEH (High Voltage Laboratory) M. M. Walter & C. M. Franck
Financial support of ABB Switzerland is gratefully acknowledged
Content Content
How to optimize arc chamber for fast interruption How to optimize arc chamber for fast interruption
of large DC currents?
How to create current zero through passive resonance?
H t d l th it hi ?
(*Pauli1999 / Nakao1988)
How to model the switching arc?
How should an optimal arc characteristics look like?
(*Mayr1943 / Schwarz 1939)
Criterion to mathematically rate parameter influence?
How can the arc characteristics be measured?
How do chamber parameters influence the arc characteristics?
(*Rjanto 1975/ Leu2000)
Friday, September 30, 2011 2 EEH (High Voltage Laboratory) M. M. Walter & C. M. Franck
How to create a CURRENT ZERO CROSSING with passive resonance? How to create a CURRENT ZERO CROSSING with passive resonance?
HVDC breaker:
(*B. Pauli 1999 Development of a High Current HVDC circuit breaker with fast fault clearing capability)
(*H. Nakao 1988 D.C. Current Interruption in HVDC SF6 Gas MRTB by means of self- excited oscillation ( p y
superimposed )
I0 Iarc
Uarc
I0
*
0
1
* 1 sin( * )
*
t
arc
I I e t
L C

(
~ +
(

Nominal current path
Commutation path
ic C L
AC circuit breaker
making switch for
commutation path
R
Energy absorbtion path
ie
switch for
energy absorber
energy absorber
0 t >
0
arc
dU
R
dI
+ <
current zero crossing
N ti di t f th U (I h t i ti
arc
dI
Negative gradient of the Uarc(Iarc) characteristics:
(Gradient of arc characteristics more negative than stray resistance of commutation circuit)
How MODLE A SWITCHING ARC in an HVDC circuit breaker? How MODLE A SWITCHING ARC in an HVDC circuit breaker?
(*O. Mayr 1943 Beitrge zur Theorie des statischen und dynamischen Lichtbogens)
Mayr arc:
*
H arc arc
P U I =
arc arc
g I U =
C
P
( )
Q
g f e =
1
1
c
H
g P
P g
t
| |
=
|
\ .
Ohm heating
Cooling
(convection / radiation / turbulence)
c
g
\ .
(*J.Schwarz 1939 Berechnung von Schaltvorgngen mit einer zweifach modifizierten Mayr Gleichung)
Schwarz arc:
( ) P f g = ( ) f g t =
Arc parameters are no constants but functions of the arc conductance
( )
C
P f g = ( ) f g t =
( )
0
*
C arc
P P I
o
=
( )
0
* g
|
t t =
such as:
such as:
Power loss P and time constant are functions of the conductance g
How should an OPTIMAL ARC CHARACTERISTICS look like? How should an OPTIMAL ARC CHARACTERISTICS look like?
Stationary case
Dynamic influence
( ) ( )
C arcS arc
P g U I Current voltage loops around stationary curve
Approaches resistive behavior for
c
arcS
P
U
g
=
*
arcS c
I P g =
high frequencies!
g
Inverse
region
Delay due to
region
Positive region
y
time constant
g
Transition
current It
Stationary arc characteristics: as steep as possible at high currents!
(*A. Stokes 1943 Electric arcs in open air) (*O. Mayr 1943 Beitrge zur Theorie des statischen und
dynamischen Lichtbogens)
Stationary arc characteristics: as steep as possible at high currents!
Time constant : as small as possible!
CRITERION to mathematically rate Parameter influence (stationary case) CRITERION to mathematically rate Parameter influence (stationary case)
Assumption: - Losses can be divided into positive loss components
- Stationary conditions
( )
cS k k arcS
k k
P P f I = =

Stationary conditions
0
k
P >
k k
( )
k arcS
f I
U U = =

Consequence: - Each loss mechanism contributes a positive voltage to the arc voltage
0 U >
arcS k
k k
arcS
U U
I
= =

Consequence: - An additional loss may cause a positive / neutral / or negative contribution
0
k
U >
* 1*
k
arcS k
arcS k arcS
df
I f
dU dU dI

= =

to the gradient of the arc characteristics
2
k k
arcS arcS arcS
dI dI I
= =

Important: how strongly losses increase with current
CRITERION to mathematically rate Parameter influence (stationary case) CRITERION to mathematically rate Parameter influence (stationary case)
Desired Losses
0
arc
arc
dU
dI
<
arc
dU
Neutral losses
0
arc
arc
dU
dI
=
Undesired Losses 0
arc
arc
dU
dI
>
3
arc
Not all kind of additional losses are desired in DC arc chambers
Minimize all losses, that strongly rise with the current
Experimental measurement of ARC CHAMBER PARAMETER influence? Experimental measurement of ARC CHAMBER PARAMETER influence?
Leu Method:
(*C. Leu 2000 Lichtbogenvorgnge beim Schalten kleiner induktiver Strme in SF6)
Each conductance value g has to be measured with at least two Each conductance value g has to be measured with at least two
different gradients dg/dt
Making switch
Experiment: Schwarz parameter Imprinted current
C0
Ls
Uarc
Cs
R0
Iarc
Making switch
Free burning vertical arc
di t
Imprinted oscillating current
and measured arc voltaget
- vary distance
- cupper / graphite electrodes
- constriction (nozzle)
Measure of parameter modifications on stationary dUarc/dIarc and on
Influence of Gap Distance on arc characteristics Influence of Gap Distance on arc characteristics
Results
Curves correspond relatively well with Stokes
Increase of Uarc with distance
Stronger negative dUarc/dIarc with larger distance for Iarc< It -> DESIRED EFFECT
Increase of with distance -> UNDESIRED EFFECT
Advantages and disadvantages of longer distance
Influence of CONSTRICTION on arc characteristics Influence of CONSTRICTION on arc characteristics
Results
Significant increase of arc voltage through constriction Significant increase of arc voltage through constriction
Larger dUarc/dIarc with constriction for Iarc< It -> UNDESIRED EFFECT
Increase of with distance -> UNDESIRED EFFECT
Constriction may disturb passive resonance
SUMMARY & CONCLUSION SUMMARY & CONCLUSION
Influence of cupper and graphite electrodes was not significant
Not all kind of additional losses are desirable in a DC arc chamber
Relevant is how strongly they rise with the current
Requirements of AC and DC breakers vary strongly
Q ti bl t AC b k i i th f HVDC b k Questionable to use AC breakers in main path of a HVDC breaker
Optimize arc chamber for DC interruption
Constriction may disturb passive resonance
OUTLOOK OUTLOOK
E i t ith bl d diff t l h
Model circuit breaker is under construction at ETH
Experiments with blown arcs and different nozzle shapes
Draw arcs instead of igniting wires
Simplify evaluation through more complex current waveforms
Flexible current source under construction at ETH
Enables independent study of dynamic and stationary arc behavior
Find criterion combining stationary and dynamic influence
Discussion Discussion
M. M . Walter
ETH Zrich
mwalter@ethz.ch
The automation of the future networks:
from the substation automation
to the grid automation

E.Casale, C. Sabelli, M. Petrini
TERNA

The Electric Power System of the Future
Integrating Supergrids and Microgrids
BOLOGNA, September 13-15, 2011
The evolution of substation automation systems in the
Italian transmission grid
The transition from electromechanical to digital technology
The Electric Power System of the Future - Integrating Supergrids and Microgrids
Until 2000: electromechanical substation protection and control systems
Logics made by means of wiring between electromechanical relays
1 signal trasmitted for each physical connection
1 function performed by each physical device

Early 2000: digital substation automation systems based on proprietary
architectures and protocols
Logics implemented on programmable microprocessors
Devices able to exchange information trough a local communication infrastructure
More functions performed by each physical device
Proprietary solutions hinder interoperability between devices coming from different
vendors

Since 2007: digital substation automation systems based on IEC 61850 standard
Interoperability between devices coming from different vendors is now possible
thanks to IEC 61850 standard
2
The evolution of Italian substation automation systems
Distribution of automation systems in transmission substations
according to technologies
(Total number of HV substations owned by the Italian TSO at december 2010: 431)
(*) Estimation
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
2010 2012 2015
Electromechanical
Digital (proprietary)
Digital (IEC 61850)
(*)
3
The impact of Dispersed Energy Resources on the power
system
Vertical
architecture
Substation
automation
Dispersed
Energy
Resources
Horizontal
architecture
Grid
Automation
4
From the substation automation to the grid automation
An example of grid automation system: the Italian Special Protection
Scheme
SAS
(in service)
Substation
SAS
(in service)
Substation
SAS
(in service)
Substation
SAS
(in service)
Substation
SAS
(in service)
Substation
SAS
(in service)
Substation
SPS
Remote Unit
SPS
Remote Unit
SPS
Remote Unit
SPS
Remote Unit
SPS
Remote Unit
SPS
Remote Unit
SPS
central system
5
Integration of SPS in an operating substation
equipped with an electromechanical protection & control system
PERIPHERAL
CUBICLE
HV
EQUIPMENT
PERIPHERAL
CUBICLE
HV
EQUIPMENT
PERIPHERAL
CUBICLE
HV
EQUIPMENT
SUBSTATION CUBICLES
Process
Bay
Substation
SPS
Remote Unit
SPS
central system
6
equipped with a digital SAS based on proprietary solutions
PERIPHERAL
DEVICES
HV
EQUIPMENT
SUBSTATION DEVICES
Process
Bay
Substation
SPS
Remote Unit
SPS
central system
PERIPHERAL
DEVICES
HV
EQUIPMENT
PERIPHERAL
DEVICES
HV
EQUIPMENT
Proprietary communication system
7
equipped with a digital SAS based on IEC 61850 standard
PERIPHERAL
DEVICES
HV
EQUIPMENT
SUBSTATION DEVICES
Process
Bay
Substation
SPS
Remote Unit
SPS
central system
PERIPHERAL
DEVICES
HV
EQUIPMENT
PERIPHERAL
DEVICES
HV
EQUIPMENT
IEC 61850 substation LAN
GOOSE
messages
8
The diffusion of digital technology and of the standard
IEC 61850 at substation level
Advantages:
Interoperability

Flexibility
Integration of new functions on operating SAS with a limited impact in terms of activities
to be done in the substation and in terms of outage of the substation

Scalability
The same solution can be applied to SASs developed by different system integrators

Availability of testing tools
Tools simulating components of the SAS facilitate commissioning activities

What can be improved, from our point of view:
More flexibility of devices and configuration tools
In order to meet specific requirements of utilities

Availability of vendor-independent configuration tools
In order to exploit the engineering effort during the whole SAS lifecycle

9
Towards the electric power system of the future
New concepts to control the electric power system of the future:
Multi Agent Systems
Virtual Power Plants

Enabling technologies:
Distribution of intelligence at substation level
Use of international standards (e.g. IEC 61850) to improve
interoperability
Implementation of communications not only from substations to
remote centers but also between substations

10
Conclusions
The availability of intelligence at substation level in combination with the
adoption of standard protocols are offering technologies and
opportunities to the electric power system of the future.

Next steps towards the automation of the power system of the future will
be:
development of new automation and control paradigms (e.g.
delocalization of functions usually processed by the remote control
centers);
realization of telecommunications infrastructure enabling a fast and
reliable exchange of information between devices and systems
located in different substations.
11
The automation of the future networks:
from the substation automation
to the grid automation

E.Casale, C. Sabelli, M. Petrini
TERNA

The Electric Power System of the Future
Integrating Supergrids and Microgrids
Questions from Special Reporter
What are the main problems of interpreting the IEC 61850 standard
from your perspective?

What is missing from your perspective regarding the IEC 61850
standard?

How can you distinguish between real problems and communication
problems when the Special Protection Scheme operates?

Why is the central system not becoming a bottleneck in the end?


210 Equipments Components and Subsystems

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