Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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ISBN: 99933-812-4-1
-/
(2004)
;
: chautari@mos.com.np
http://www.martinchautari.org.np
Introduction
Third, I must emphasise that the present Nepali-ThamiEnglish Dictionary is a compilation of Thangmi words from
what I call the Dolakha dialect of the language, and then
primarily as it is spoken in the village of Suspa. While there
are as many variations and dialects of Thangmi as there are
speakers and villages, two main dialects may be identified:
the Dolakha dialect spoken in and around Suspa, Lapilang
and Alampu on the one hand, and the Sindhupalcok
dialect which is spoken in Chokati, Latu and Piskar, on the
other. I have concentrated my linguistic research on the
eastern dialect of Thangmi - the one spoken in Dolakha - for
various reasons. First, it is the region in which I first settled
and spent the most time; second, because there are many
more speakers of this dialect than of the western or
Sindhupalcok dialect; and third, because every scholar has
to start somewhere! I see this book as a preliminary attempt
to gather together Thangmi words and I hope that many
more will follow. The Sindhupalcok dialect of Thangmi as
spoken in Chokati, Latu and Piskar is very worthy of study
and more research must be conducted on this little-studied
variety of the language. It is very important to understand
that the present dictionary is in no way meant to be
prescriptive: I am not suggesting that this, and only this, is
the Thangmi language or that other words which some
readers may know are not Thangmi because I have not
included them. This list contains words from only one
dialect, variation or style of Thangmi - a dialect which
happens to be fairly uniform and have the most speakers. I
am confident that while all Thangmi speakers will find that
they recognise a majority of the words contained in the list,
every reader will also find words which they think are
incorrect in spelling or meaning. Please keep a list of these
words, or send them to me at the address below, since I
hope that one day soon it will be possible to compile a
larger and more complete dictionary of the Thangmi
language. I hope that this word list, a first in the realm of
3
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English
English
uh-huh, yeah
to embrace, hug
Indian rhododendron,
Melastoma melabatricum;
Lyonia, Lyonia ovalifolia
dark
to become dark, get dark
uncooked husked rice for
ritual purposes, rice
offered in worship
incisor teeth
to be enough, feed to the
full
before, already, first, just
hook, hooked piece of
wood
surprise, shock
a block of wood on
which food is chopped
again, now, yet
folding together of two
palms
completely full, stuffed
,
,
a tightly-woven bamboo
basket for storing grain,
shaped rather like a huge
egg
to make a plate of food
for the deceased at
important rituals
again, now, yet
a species of small annual
plant which grows as a
weed among tea bushes,
Drymaria cordata
sour fruit
to be sour, have a sour
taste
bouquet grass, widely used
for making brooms and
sweeps, hysanolaena
agrestis
61
51
}
,
English
hornet with a black
body and a red head
other, other person
to cause someone to make
somebody or something
else wet
over there (far and down)
a little (uncountable)
less
small bag made of nettle
fibre
small bag made of nettle
fibre
Himalayan nettle,
Girardinia diversifolia
small bag made of nettle
fibre
hail
to set (of the sun, moon or
stars)
the day before yesterday
just, just now, presently,
at this time
just now
,
,
,
eye
81
71
English
English
English
nowadays, these days
eight
half
intestine
to dig or scratch oneself
with ones nails
to masturbate oneself
to clean or wash oneself
to wash oneself, bathe
oneself
to rinse oneself
to untie (rope), loosen,
take ones clothes off
to damage ones own eyes
downhill, downwards
(from speaker)
uphill, upward from the
speaker
uphill, upward from the
speaker
to cause to raise, cause to
climb
,
,
,
02
91
English
English
supine
22
12
,
,
, ,
, ,
English
English
to be upside down
a special kind of bread
used in the death ritual
to boil by submerging in
water
a long time ago, many
years ago
to be completely
exhausted and thus not
be in control of ones body
alone
one
one person
a species of bird whose
meat is used in the death
ritual
one day
a species of thorny bush
32
42
English
English
hand spindle
how big
in four days
anus
material, cloth
to get someone to comb
someones hair
,
,
finger
,
who (ergative case and
plural)
to become stiff from the
cold, be numbed
sickle, small knife
jackfruit, Artocarpus
heterophyllus; pineapple,
Ananas comosus
the Nepal or Indian
chestnut tree, Castanopsis
hystrix, Castanopsis indica
platform of boards, shed,
stall
half-cooked, half-raw
frozen solid, totally numb
white clay
rib, chest, breast
to call, shout, rumble,
make noise
to mutter, hum
62
52
English
English
comb
silky oak, Grevillea robusta
young (of wood), fresh,
unripe
locally-grown tobacco,
Nicotiana tabacum
to get a splinter
prickly apple, Catesbaea
spinosa
spine of a plant, thorn,
scale, splinter
cowardly, timid, irresolute
ticklish
a species of tree, Persea
odoratissima
fathers younger brother
,
,
,
72
,
,
English
English
pheasant
a species of tree,
Cephalanthus naucleoides
crofton weed, Eupatorium
adenophorum
black
a type of reproductive bee
which doesnt make honey
the black raspberry,
Rubus foliolosus
a species of plant, also
known as beggar tick in
English, Bidens pilosa
(
,
03
92
English
English
rooster, cockrel
hen, female chicken
broom
to crush, bruise, be
crushed, be bruised
to crush, bruise by falling
lame, unable to walk
to cause to be severely
beaten, make someone
thrash something or
someone
to fight with someone
to go and beat
to hit, strike, pound,
crush, beat, tear
to thresh, beat in a mortar
to tickle
how
with whom
23
13
English
English
who
to cause to tread on
to cause to ferment
elbow
mist, fog
to rot, become rotten,
suppurate
what
which one
what for, for what reason
what (plural)
what kind of
men, menfolk, male
a discrete part of the
Thangmi ritual of asking
for a bride
,
43
33
,
-
English
English
,
,
,
-
to go and eat
food
foot, leg
toe
to cause to bend, cause
to wrinkle
to be bent, become
wrinkled, shrink
worm-like insect found
around cow dung, maggot
open, spacious, wide
to feed, give food to
to cause to become happy
to be happy, smile
63
53
,
,
,
English
English
be quiet, silent
irrigated or wet field
to chase, chase away,
drive off, run down
time, when
to cause to amuse, cause
to play
to play
to cough
to look for, search, seek
beehive
to pierce, make a hole in
cage
henhouse
red pepper, Capsicum
frutscens
river, creek
to be opened
to miscarry a child, have
a miscarriage
a species of plant which
grows in and around a
marsh, bog or morass,
Lecanthus peduncularis
to open, uncover
to cause to snatch away
spoils, booty, loot
crab
earthworm
to arrive
beater for striking the
shamans drum
beater for striking the
shamans drum
to count
to smell (good or bad),
to stink
to smell, stink
to smell, be off (of food)
a species of green flying
insect which stinks when
touched
goat weed, Ageratum
conyzoides
story, words, chat
to cause to do
to do, make, build, cook
to do, make, prepare
to go and do
,
83
73
,
)
English
English
to make pregnant,
impregnate, make conceive
to be pregnant
pregnant female
hot, sticky (of weather)
inside of throat
wheat, Triticum sativum,
Triticum aestivum
knot
goitre
gizzard of a bird
tadpole
cow, female bovine
a species of plant used for
fodder
village (from Nepali)
villager
to sing
golden water pot
wall
cheek
to insult, be rude to, offend,
scold
gum(s)
air potato, Dioscorea
bulbifera
brain
soft pith of bamboo
watery, moist, molten,
soggy
to make soft by handling,
to cause to go soft
song
nest
to fall rolling, roll like a
ball
rectum, anal passage
to mutter, hum
the Nepalese rhododendron, Rhododendron
arboreum
testicle, gonad
sweet, tasty, sugary
to be sweet, taste nice
catapult, trap
,
04
93
(
,
English
English
24
14
English
English
)
)
,
(
(
,
44
34
English
English
,
,
to chew
bat
to cause to shine, cause to
glitter
bird
to cause to taste
hasty, fidgety, rash, naughty
striking pad for flint stone
to cause to lick
to thunder
cow or buffalo milk used
as an offering during
death ritual
to climb, ride (a horse)
hard, crunchy
,
,
64
54
English
English
to lick
uncooked rice, rice in
general, Oryza sativa
rice-pudding, porridge,
made for shamans before
going into trance
chewy, hard to chew
chewy, hard to chew
four
triangular straw basket in
which fermented maize is
stored during the prepartion
of beer
to have sexual intercourse
to have sexual intercourse
with one another
to copulate, fuck
to cry, screech or scream
to be unhappy
bamboo mat
to dig, scratch with nails
84
74
,
,
,
English
English
a species of tree
fireplace, hearth, cooking
place, stove
a certain type of stone
used to construct a fireplace
to suckle
to make a leak, cause to
drip
to leak, drip, penetrate
to drip
tadpole
a species of edible fish
smooth, flat, even
,
,
,
,
,
,
)
(
05
womenfolk, female
relatives
to enter (of a splinter),
squeeze in by force
to caste off ritual
pollution after a death
ritual
upper floor of a house,
roof
gum, tree resin
to cause to dip, cause to
soak
to clean, cleanse, immerse,
rinse
to steal, rob
stone resting place
mushroom
to be rent, be torn, be
lacerated
to be torn
to tear, rend, lacerate,
be torn
sticky, gluey, gummy
to be caught, stuck
to carry a child on ones
flank, squeeze under the
arm
94
English
English
six
surprise, shock
to be surprised, shocked,
dumbfounded, confused
splinter of wood
)
(
25
to scatter, broadcast
to thatch a roof, cover
wanton, desolate, forsaken,
weird
vomit, sick, puke
umbrella
chest, breast
to select, choose
to filter, strain beer,
squeeze through a net
to grope, feel ones way
around, grab for support
shade, shadow
skin, hide, leather
to chop (such as wood),
cut big things, prune
the flying male of the white
ant, very tasty when fried
quick, quickly
15
English
English
pubic hair
beer made of millet or
rice
to filter, strain beer
,
,
-
root
strong, young
in this manner, in this
way, like
beer mash
circular hand-driven
millstone, grindstone,
quern
to recover (from illness),
get better, survive, live
crotch, groin
cold
to be cold
knowledge
wittingly, knowingly
to go, leave, walk
I dont know
to understand, know
clever, knowing, able
tongue
Nepal aromatic leaf
garlic, Allium hypsistum,
Allium wallichii
to tease, deride, harrass,
joke
45
35
,
,
English
English
land leech
tapeworm
ritually polluted, impure
louse
to be fated to be
,
,
,
red-vented Bulbul,
Phycnonotus jocosus
son-in-law, younger
sisters husband
moon
firefly
whatsoever
first-born daughter
first-born son
to plough
joint(s) of the body
barley, Hordeum vulgare
mouse trap
daughters husbands
sister, younger sisters
husbands sister
,
)
65
55
English
English
hut
peid bushchat, Saxicola
caprata
corn spurrey, Spergula
arvensis
to break
on ones haunches
a piece or part of
something, splinter
bump, blow, swelling on
the head
top of a tree, mountain peak
shoot of a plant
head of a sprouting
mushroom or shoot of a
plant
plant shoots
to crouch down with ones
legs apart and groin showing
to quarrel with one another,
bicker
to bite, sting
a species of tree,
Oroxylum indicum
a species of tree,
Oroxylum indicum
hat, cap
to feel abandoned, lost,
indecisive
astringent, pungent
to mark, stain, stick
head
back of the head
far, distant
to cause to be plucked
to pluck, pick (from the
ground)
to cut, harvest, pick, pluck,
trim, prune
Nepal pepper, prickly
ash, Zanthoxlum armatum
clitoris
85
75
to shake (out)
glaring, scorching
(
)
)
(
(
English
English
backbone, spine
burp
to burp
to cause to burn, cause to
be spoiled
to spoil (of food), be
burned
fear
someone who is quickly
afraid
to scare, be afraid
round, spherical
06
95
English
English
rock, stone
,
)
,
traditional matress or
undersheet made from old
torn clothes, a kind of quilt
peak, hill
small tightly-woven
bamboo basket for storing
grain
to grunt (of a pig), roar
(of a tiger), snore
large-eyed bamboo basket
rope, string
26
16
,
,
English
English
you (plural)
,
,
partridge
they
you (personal pronoun)
towards
to pay
cooked vegetable curry
sharp, pointed
,
46
36
,
,
,
,
English
English
66
56
,
-
English
English
to run, flee
to burn with fury, blaze
garuga, Garuga pinnata
ten
tooth
elder brother
firewood, wood
to chop wood
pimple
hand-crafted wooden
spoon to stir millet paste
beard, facial hair
beans, pulses, Hyacinth
bean, Lablab purpureus
right hand
daytime, morning,
afternoon
86
76
English
English
to worship or make
offerings (from Nepali)
a species of shrub of
which the flower is used
in Thangmi wedding
rituals
a species of shrub of
which the flower is used
in Thangmi wedding
rituals
to show, point out, cause
to show
from, since
shit
to defecate
two
to cause to hurt, cause
pain
to be in a great deal of
pain
the tree, Ficus neriifolia
lean, thin, meagre,
without fat
porcupine
a species of wild chicken
with erect feathers
a trap for catching
porcupines
to milk (a cow or buffalo)
milk, breast
female breast
day
to give, pay
to be seen
to see
left hand, used for cleaning
self after ablutions
to bend something over,
fold
96
,
)
-
(
(
English
English
,
,
,
nose
nostril
to cross over, step over
naked, with no clothes
flat winnowing tray
made of bamboo
dance
27
17
)
)
(
(
English
English
to dance
vein (in the body),
tendon, ligament
grandson
granddaughter
granddaughters
husband
grandsons wife
central seed found
inside the maize kernal
to measure, fill
name
head strap for carrying
loads
emphatic word
to remove, cause to
appear, take out of
to remove, pull out,
take something out
to be healthy, get better
after being ill
in three days
to squeeze
to wring, squeeze
to fall asleep
to winnow
lemon, Otaheite orange,
Citrus limon
to extinguish, blow out,
put out
common fig, Ficus carica
to twist, wrench, wring off
to swallow
to suffocate
to appear, go out
complete darkness,
dead of night
forehead
to have enough sleep
from Nepali)
salt
to wash, bath, bath
someone
a Newar person
worker, slave, employee,
domestic help
,
47
37
,
)
(
)
(
,
English
English
nine
lukewarm, tepid
to send someone to
do something
to send, send away
,
to boil something to eat
to cook
to do, make, prepare
to have diarrhoea
to ask someone to rinse off
to cause someone to
rinse something
to clean, cleanse, immerse,
rinse
leg or wing of a bird
to throw something
violently, smash, beat
after, then, later
to follow, pursue,
come after
a species of edible
mushroom, Flammulina
velutipes
also
over there (medium
distance)
new person, foreigner,
visitor, outsider
inflorescence at the top of
the maize or rice blossom
the year after next
two years ago, the year
before last
to await, wait for
someone
over there (implying
movement)
to must, to have to
the day after tomorrow
to sit down cross-legged
to reverse, overturn,
turn upside down
change, day, turn, period,
time
on the other side
holding out one hand
67
57
(
)
English
English
to submerge in water
producing a gurgling
sound
,
)
,
)
87
to cause to enter
to enter, go inside, pass
through
landslide
five
lower leg, from the knee
to the foot, shin
to meet, receive, get
to cook, ripen, be ripe
a semi-useless field
located in or near a
precipitous hillside
womb
leaf
smooth, flat, even
weak alcohol
fart
to fart, break wind
water, sometimes alcohol
to drain, pour out, spill,
overflow
to splash water, throw
water out
to displace water, pour
water from one place to
another
water leech
indicum
to drink, such, draw
through a straw
to hit, strike, pound,
crush, beat, tear
upper back (from Nepali)
to grind, pound and grind
spicy
boil, pimple
urine, piss
to urinate, piss
77
,
,
,
,
English
English
foul-smelling
to grind down to a pulp,
pulverize, make into
powder
flour
pus
to be enough of something
when shared out
tailk (of an animal)
to wipe off, clean, wipe
down
to sweep with a broom,
wipe, clean
wiping the hands, wiping
something off
butterfly
vagina
the act of filling holes up
old
ancestor, elder
to fill up, bury, cover
to bury (a dead person),
hide something through
burial
the temple (of the head),
side of the head
to deliver
)
)
,
,
,
,
)
08
97
English
English
to burn
poorly-proportioned,
fat on top and thin at the
bottom
a cloth worn by women as
a skirt
heart-burn
pumpkin, summer or
winter squash, marrow,
Cucurbita maxima,
Cucurbita pepo
iron
to forge iron
a species of tree with big
spines, Homalium
napaulense
to bear fruit, ripen
to husk rice or millet in
a mortar, cleanse
to eat by throwing a
mouthful at a time into
the mouth
the act of exorcising
evil spirits
to throw, throw away
,
the act of burning,
singeing
last year
three years ago
to echo
hole, opening
18
a species of grasshopper
without wings
to cause to blossom,
make a flower open
to blossom, bloom,
flower, ripen
a species of small
grasshopper
grasshopper, locust
English
English
poorly-proportioned, fat
at the bottom and thin at
the top
spleen
thigh
a species of small bird
which resembles a wren
to untie, unfasten, undo
,
)
,
,
(
)
,
,
48
to blossom, flower
to swell, swell up,
enlarge in sickness
to be slipped off, untied,
unrolled
rough or course (of
foodstuffs)
flower
sepal of a flower (from
Nepali)
shell, eggshell, fruit skin
foot, base, root, trunk, tree
again, now, yet
to swell up into a blister
after a burn
the little bubble of air
which escape from the
earth after a big rain
storm
38
(
-
English
English
to do, make, build, cook
molar, jaw
to bend
to cause to survive
to cause to play,
cause to strike
to beat, play (the drum)
to ring, strike, sound,
chime
scraping together,
collecting carefully,
hoarding
to collect, gather together,
heap up
sweepings
to sweep with a broom,
wipe, clean
to explain
wick, lamp
to make, build, construct
gun, rifle
to boil and then dry
vegetables for preserving
to set fire, cause to light
strong, young
to burn
younger sister
younger sisters husband
deaf
the bulb of the arum lily,
Arum campanulatum
to live, survive, revive,
come to life
to flatten earth after
ploughing
to serve food, ladle rice,
deal out, distribute
rhesus monkey, Macaca
mulata
black-mouthed, whitebodied and long-tailed
monkey
(
68
58
English
English
to enclose, surround,
hedge, fence, hinder
to go for a walk with a
light
left over food, stale
food, something which
was cooked earlier
to add the leftover and
dried out millet paste from
a previous meal to a new
pot of hot water to reuse
it
to smell (good or bad), to
stink
to crow (of a rooster
or pheasant)
outside
Brahman
,
,
88
78
,
)
,
English
English
rim of a knife
to wake up, open
ones eyes
to wake up
hem
to hem (from Nepali)
the large wild lime, citron,
Citrus medica
partially husked rice
to be ill, be unwell
(
)
,
-
cat
seed
09
98
English
English
,
)
(
,
)
)
(
(
sparrow
javanica, used as
medicine
soya bean, Glycine max
ritual language for
soya beans and rice
to cause to fall away
to fall away (like a house
or wall after a landslide)
to inquire, ask
to be said, be named
to say, tell, order, inquire,
ask
to become full, be filled
later
tonight
just, previous, earlier,
already
just, just now, presently,
at this time
ladder, notched log or
bamboo trunk
marking nut, Semecarpus
nacardium, cashew nut
29
19
,
,
,
English
English
)
)
(
(
49
39
English
English
tomorrow
cush-cush, yam,
Dioscorea deltoidea,
Dioscorea trifida
inedible toad or frog
with webbed feet
,
)
I
to cause to rot
69
59
)
,
English
English
,
)
(
,
)
necklace
89
79
,
,
,
English
English
marrow
meat
to cut or slice meat into
pieces
to tear pieces of tough
meat off the bone
to make a sticking or
slurping sound with the
lips when eating
ritual bond friend
(female)
kidney
to mix in, stir up
to taste good
smooth, trim
an adult who wets his or
her bed
under, below
nipple
corpse, deceased, dead
person
a brown praying mantis
which cannot fly
radish, Raphanus sativus
soft, tender (of meat,
clothes, sheets, wool)
pestle and mortar
mouse, rat
deer
,
,
0 01
99
, ,
English
English
to thrive, flourish
to kiss
blood
to be happy, smile
flaming torch made of
wood chippings
to light a flaming torch
to put, place, position,
store
night
to become dark, get
dark
night, at night
red, orange, purple
a large red rodent that
lives in trees
good, clean, well, nice
leafy greens, particularly
of the Indian mustand
plant, Brassica juncea,
from Hindi palak
empty, gaping, open
anger
to become angry, get
angry
to be angry
Adams apple, part of
the throat which one uses
to swallow
to cry, weep
,
,
and
spirit, distilled liquor
2 01
1 01
English
English
tree
bread, flat pancake
to plant (paddy, millet
or vegetables)
body hair
,
)
(
)
(
(
to close, shut
pigweed, Amaranthus
viridis, Amaranthus albus
walking stick with handle
to taste
to mark, stain, stick
embarrassment, shame
to be embarrassed,
ashamed
to accidently brush
someone with ones foot
to take
mosquito
,
,
)
4 01
301
,
)
)
(
(
English
English
penis
to paint, plaster, smear
the act of smearing with
earth and cowdung
sticky, muddy, slippery
to hide something, conceal
to hide oneself
clothes
to undress someone,
take off their clothes
to dry clothes
to dry (of clothes)
to tear with ones teeth
to steal, plunder, pilfer
non-human numeral
classifier
forest, wood, jungle
a species of plant
,
,
5 01
bark of a species of
tree used to make paper,
Daphne bholua
squirrel
husband, boyfriend
anger, envy, jealousy
(
,
, ,
English
English
to cause to be captured
or held
to seize, hold, grab, catch
,
body
the parrot tree, East Indian
walnut, Albizia lebbek
to speak clearly
wife, girlfriend
to ejaculate
(
,
dream
to dream
all, each, every, totally
to be able
to be able, to finish work
or some task, complete
finished, exhausted, all out
to tease, deride, harrass,
joke
pincers
to be together, meet
with, together
to cause to finish
to be finished
until, up to
a bamboo drying rack
suspended above the fire
the whole area above
the fireplace in which the
cyapring is located
the whole area above the
fireplace in the cyapring
is situated
a species of bird with a
yellow beak and legs, a
black head, brown feathers
and a black tail ending in
white
to move oneself, be
transferred, advance
snake, serpent
to set fire to, light, kindle
a fire
the chir pine, Himalayan
long leaved pine, Pinus
roxburghii
father-in-law
8 01
701
,
,
)
,
,
English
English
0 11
9 01
,
-
English
English
pig
piglet
to cause to smell
to pull a face by pursing
the lips and sticking them
out
dry earth, dry mud
the edible dried leaves
of any green plant
to dry
to put to bed, cause to sleep
to sleep
gold
to cause to be heard,
cause to hear
epiphytic orchid
orange, Citrus sinensis
to dry someone or
something by the fire
to dry or warm
something or someone by
the fire
white
to become cold (of
food or drink)
to be honest, straight,
simple
honest, straight, simple
,
,
,
,
2 11
1 11
(
,
)
,
(
,
English
English
(
)
(
)
,
)
(
)
(
,
(
4 11
,
,
,
English
English
to be
to be, to become
to be (archaic form used
only to describe taste)
yes, okay
wind, storm, gale
to look at, look around
yes, is, be
5 11
(
(
(
(
)
)
(
)