Renement of Martian Surface

Mineralogy using Advanced

Factor Analysis Techniques
Nancy Thomas
Josh Bandeld
PlanetarYum May 22, 2013
Mineralogy &
Spectroscopy
Minerals indicate the
past conditions under
which they formed

Identication and
mapping through
spectroscopy

Minerals have unique
absorptions which allow
them to be identied
and distinguished from
one another
CRISM
Visible/near-infrared
(VNIR) spectral data
from the Mars
Reconnaissance Orbiter

Hyperspectral camera
that measures
reectance across 438
wavelengths from
1.0-3.9 m

Resolution of 18 m/pix
Typical CRISM Analysis
Index maps
identify regions
of high and low
concentrations
based on
relative depths
of absorption
features
4 km
CRISM BD2100 Index Map: Monohydrated Sulfates
Typical CRISM Analysis
Index maps
identify regions
of high and low
concentrations
based on
relative depths
of absorption
features
Region A
Region B
4 km
CRISM BD2100 Index Map: Monohydrated Sulfates
Typical CRISM Analysis
Average CRISM
reectance spectra
from a region of
interest and a
spectrally
unremarkable area

Ratio regions to reduce
CRISM noise and
atmospheric eects
0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6

/
F
Wavelength (m)
Avg. Region A
Avg. Region B
1
1.02
1.04
1.06
1.08
1.1
1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6
R
a
t
i
o
e
d

/
F
Wavelength (m)
Ratio of A/B
Typical CRISM Analysis
Compare the
ratioed CRISM
spectrum to a
laboratory
spectrum to
determine if the
spectral
endmember is
present
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6

/
F
Wavelength (m)
!"# Kieserite
$%&'( 9445 Ratio
S
c
a
l
e
d

I
/
F

Proposed CRISM Analysis

Spectral datasets contain large volumes of data with
variable mixtures of individual spectral endmembers

Proposed CRISM Analysis
Spectral datasets contain large volumes of data with
variable mixtures of individual spectral endmembers

It is dicult to identify and isolate these spectral
endmembers from the data since they are not often
separated from other components

Proposed CRISM Analysis
Spectral datasets contain large volumes of data with
variable mixtures of individual spectral endmembers

It is dicult to identify and isolate these spectral
endmembers from the data since they are not often
separated from other components

Factor analysis and target transformation can be
used to both identify the number of individual
components and test for the presence of and isolate
individual endmembers using a set of mixed spectra

Proposed CRISM Analysis
Spectral datasets contain large volumes of data with
variable mixtures of individual spectral endmembers

It is dicult to identify and isolate these spectral
endmembers from the data since they are not often
separated from other components

Factor analysis and target transformation can be
used to both identify the number of individual
components and test for the presence of and isolate
individual endmembers using a set of mixed spectra

Factor analysis assumes linear mixing
Factor Analysis
Bandeld et al. 2000
Factor Analysis
Factor analysis can be used to reduce a
complex set of data to just a few spectral
shapes

These spectral shapes can be combined in
various weightings to match all of the
mixed data as well as the spectral
endmembers
Factor Analysis
Set of mixed spectra
used to derive a set of
orthogonal
eigenvectors and
eigenvalues

The rst 10
eigenvectors derived
typically contain all
the spectral variations
present

We applied factor
analysis to a spectral
range of 120 spectral
bands from 1.8-2.6 m
225 mixed spectra from CRISM FRT 93BE

Factor Analysis
Set of mixed spectra
used to derive a set of
orthogonal
eigenvectors and
eigenvalues

The rst 10
eigenvectors derived
typically contain all
the spectral variations
present

We applied factor
analysis to a spectral
range of 120 spectral
bands from 1.8-2.6 m
Eigenvectors (plotted) and eigenvalues
(listed) from factor analysis on spectra
Target Transformation
Target transformation
reconstructs endmember
spectra using linear
combinations of the set
of eigenvectors

The algorithm generates
a least squares t of the
signicant eigenvectors
to laboratory spectra

A good spectral match
indicates the mineral
endmember may be
present in the set of
mixed spectra
Note: Oset for clarity
Automation
Factor analysis can be applied to the entire CRISM data set
Eigenvectors are generated from a sample of every 5 pixels
in a CRISM image
Target transformation is applied to a standard set of 12
spectral endmembers
Automation
Renement of Features
Magnesite Calcite Siderite
Target transformation is sensitive to spectral
features due to variable cation content
Summary
Raw CRISM data
Summary
Raw CRISM data
Factor Analysis
Summary
Raw CRISM data
Factor Analysis
10 Eigenvectors & values
Summary
Raw CRISM data
Factor Analysis
10 Eigenvectors & values
Target Transformation
Summary
Raw CRISM data
Factor Analysis
10 Eigenvectors & values
Target Transformation
Least-squares t to lab data
Summary
Automation
Target transformation performed on
12 sample endmembers
Implications
Factor analysis: fully utilizes statistical
variation across an image
Target transformation: a direct test for
the presence or absence of a given mineral
Automation: a global search for the
presence of mineral endmembers
Carbonates
Global map of detections Wray et al., 2011
Background: MOLA Topography
Carbonates
Global map of detections Wray et al., 2011
Nili Fossae
Background: MOLA Topography
Nili Fossae
Target transformation
conrms the presence of
Mg-rich carbonates in Nili
Fossae and renes the
characteristic 2.3 and 2.5
m absorption features

Top: spectra of carbonates
identied by Ehlmann et al.,
2008

Bottom: CRISM spectra of
carbonates in Nili Fossae
recovered using a laboratory
spectrum of magnesite as
the test vector
FRT 3FB9
FRT A09C
FRT 93BE
HRL 40FF
FRT B072
R
a
t
i
o
e
d

C
R
I
S
M

I
/
F

Ehlmann et al., 2008

Nili Fossae
Detections
Mg-rich carbonate
detections reported
by Ehlmann et al.,
2008

Carbonate detections

Phyllosilicates







Background: THEMIS
Daytime IR Mosaic
Nili Fossae
Detections
Mg-rich carbonates
identied using factor
analysis techniques

Carbonate detections










Background: THEMIS
Daytime IR Mosaic


Mg-rich carbonates
identied using factor
analysis techniques

Carbonate detections


New detections

Refuted detections






Background: THEMIS
Daytime IR Mosaic


Nili Fossae
Detections
Carbonates
Global map of detections Wray et al., 2011
Huygens Basin
Background: MOLA Topography
Huygens Basin
Wray et al. (2011)
reports Fe-/Ca-
carbonate on the
Huygens basin rim

Target transformation
shows no clear match
to any carbonate in
the spectral library
Wray et al., 2011
Carbonates
Global map of detections Wray et al., 2011
Leighton Crater
Background: MOLA Topography
Leighton Crater
Michalski and
Niles (2010) detect
Fe-/Ca-carbonate
in Leighton Crater

Target
transformation
returns ambiguous
results
0.3
0.32
0.34
0.36
0.38
0.4
1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6

/
F
Wavelength (m)
!"# Magnesite
$%&'( FRT A546
Talc/Saponite Ambiguity
In the VNIR, talc and saponite have similar
spectral features
Target transformation can be applied to
highlight dierences in the width and center
of the absorption
0.45
0.55
0.65
0.75
1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6

/
F
Wavelength (m)
Lab Saponite
CRISM FRT 5A3E
Serpentine
Currently testing for
the presence of
serpentine in Nili
Fossae as identied
by Ehlmann et al.
(2010)
The characteristic
2.32 m serpentine
spectral feature is
only present when all
ten eigenvectors are
used to t the lab
test vector
0.36
0.4
0.44
0.48
0.52
1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6

/
F
Wavelength (m)
!"# Serpentine
$%&'( FRT ABCB
0.36
0.4
0.44
0.48
0.52
1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6

/
F
Wavelength (m)
!"# Serpentine
$%&'( FRT ABCB
10 eigenvectors
8 eigenvectors
Serpentine
Currently testing for
the presence of
serpentine in Nili
Fossae as identied
by Ehlmann et al.
(2010)
The characteristic
2.32 m serpentine
spectral feature is
only present when all
ten eigenvectors are
used to t the lab
test vector
0.36
0.4
0.44
0.48
0.52
1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6

/
F
Wavelength (m)
!"# Serpentine
$%&'( FRT ABCB
0.36
0.4
0.44
0.48
0.52
1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6

/
F
Wavelength (m)
!"# Serpentine
$%&'( FRT ABCB
10 eigenvectors
8 eigenvectors
Phyllosilicates
Nili Fossae Cross Crater
Sulfates
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6

/
F
Wavelength (m)
!"# Gypsum
$%&'( FRT 285F
Valles Marineris North Pole
Summary
Detections:
Nili Fossae Mg-carbonates (approx. 5 new detections)
Phyllosilicates: nontronite, kaolinite, illite
Sulfates: gypsum, kieserite, rozenite
Talc
Hydrated silica (approx. 10 new detections)
Serpentine (?)
Non-detections:
Carbonates in Huygens Basin, Libya Montes, and
McLauglin Crater
Leighton Crater carbonates (ambiguous?)
Noise Removal
4 km 4 km
Original Image Cleaned Image
Above: noise removal process applied to CRISM FRT 3E12 carbonate index
Reconstruction of the original CRISM data using only the rst signicant
eigenvectors (in this case 10) showed signicant reductions of noise in the
spectral data.
Noise Removal
Reconstruction
of the original
CRISM data
using only the
rst 10
eigenvectors
showed an
improvement in
I/F ratios
Noise Removed
Note: Oset for clarity
Future Work
Target other wavelength regions to
identify more characteristic endmember
absorption features
Apply the automated technique to the
global CRISM data set
Quantitatively isolate endmembers using
Root Mean Square (RMS) values
Rene methodology for CRISM Multi-
spectral products (MSPs)
Thank you!
Questions?
Conclusions
Mineral spectra can be retrieved from
CRISM images using automated
techniques
Condent identications of surface
mineralogy
Removal of noise
We have conrmed and refuted previous
detections