Comparison of Thermomechanical Rolled

with Conventional Steels

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12.01.2010 Comparison of TM and N-steels
Advantages of TM-steel
Properties
Analysis
Toughness
Economics
Processing advantages, Preheating
Reduction of weight
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12.01.2010 Comparison of TM and N-steels

S 460 NL S 460 ML
acc.
EN 10025-3
Auxiliary
Data
acc.
EN 10025-4
Auxiliary
Data
C <0,20 0,17 <0,16 0,09
Si <0,60 0,45 <0,60 0,30
Mn 1,00 - 1,70 1,65 <1,70 1,50
P <0,030 0,015 <0,030 0,011
S <0,025 0,010 <0,025 0,005
Nb <0,05 - <0,05 <0,04
V <0,20 0,17 <0,12 <0,05
Mo <0,10 - <0,20 -
Ni <0,80 0,29 <0,45 0,25
CE 0,50 0,39
Pcm 0,29 0,20
CET 0,34 0,28

Carbon equivalents:
CE =C +Mn/6 +(Cr +Mo +V)/5 + (Ni+Cu)/15
Pcm =C +Si/30 +(Mn +Cu +Cr)/20 +Ni/60 +Mo/15 +V/10 +5B
CET =C +(Mn +Mo)/10 +(Cr +Cu)/20 +Ni/40

TM Low carbon content
Plate thickness 50 mm
Advantages of TM-steel - Analysis
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12.01.2010 Comparison of TM and N-steels
a) N b) Q+T
Microstructures for different process routes (exemplary)
c) TM d) TM
+ACC
20 m
20 m 20 m
20 m
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12.01.2010 Comparison of TM and N-steels
Typical carbon equivalents and microstructures for normalised and
thermomechanical rolled steels
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
0,20 0,25 0,30 0,35 0,40 0,45
Ceq
m
i
n
.

Y
S

i
n

M
P
a
C
eq
= C + Mn/6 +(Mo+Cr+V)/5 + (Cu+Ni)/15
normalized
S355N
TM
S355M
20 m
0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45
20 m
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12.01.2010 Comparison of TM and N-steels
TM High toughness / High safety
-120 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
S355J 2+N
S460ML
S690QL
C
h
a
r
p
y
-
V

[
J
]
Temperature [C]
Welding leads to
toughness
reduction
High toughness
in the base
material reduces
the risk of brittle
fracture and
gives saftey!
Advantages of TM-steel - toughness
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12.01.2010 Comparison of TM and N-steels
TM Cost efficiency Low preheating
Advantages of TM-steel - Processing advantages
Low preheating temperatures are not only a matter of costs!
Also in terms of job safety, low preheating temperatures are beneficial!
NO HOT SURFACES / NO HANDLING WITH GAS / BETTER WORKING CONDITIONS
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12.01.2010 Comparison of TM and N-steels
EN 1011-2:
Recommendations for arc welding of ferritic steels
( ) 328 Q 32 CET 53 HD 62
35
d
tanh 160 CET 697 T
35 . 0
p
+ +

+ =
Preheating is necessary to avoid: excessive hardening
Preheating is necessary to avoid: cold cracking
Advantages of TM-steel - Preheating
TM Low carbon content / Low preheating
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12.01.2010 Comparison of TM and N-steels
EN 1011-2:
Recommendations for arc welding of ferritic steels
( ) 328 Q 32 CET 53 HD 62
35
d
tanh 160 CET 697 T
35 . 0
p
+ +

+ =
T
p
- Preheating temperature [C]
CET - Carbon equivalent [%]: CET = C + (Mn + Mo)/10 + (Cr + Cu)/20 + Ni/40
d - Plate thickness [mm]
HD - Hydrogen content [cm/100 g]
Q - Heat input [kJ /mm]
Preheating is necessary to avoid: excessive hardening
Preheating is necessary to avoid: cold cracking
Advantages of TM-steel - Preheating
TM Low carbon content / Low preheating
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12.01.2010 Comparison of TM and N-steels
0 20 40 60 80
0
2
4
6
8
10
75C
50C
25C
typischer Bereich
fr H2 Gehalte
S355M S460M
Plate thickness [mm]
H
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
c
o
n
t
e
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t
o
f

w
e
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d
i
n
g
c
o
n
s
u
m
a
b
l
e
[
c
m
3
/
1
0
0
g
]
H
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
o
f

w
e
l
d
i
n
g
c
o
n
s
u
m
a
b
l
e
[
c
m
3
/
1
0
0
g
]
0 20 40 60 80
0
2
4
6
8
10
100C
75C
50C
25C
typischer Bereich
fr H2 Gehalte
Plate thickness [mm]
Calculated with Q = 2.5 kJ /mm (submerged arc welding) and for typical CETs
Advantages of TM-steel - Preheating
TM Low carbon content / Low preheating
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12.01.2010 Comparison of TM and N-steels
Avoiding
preheating
1.
No installations
No setting up time
No gas
TM Cost efficiency Low preheating
Advantages of TM-steel - Preheating
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12.01.2010 Comparison of TM and N-steels
Reducing preheating
temperatures
2.
Gas consumption
Heating time
Avoiding
preheating
1.
No installations
No setting up time
No gas
TM Cost efficiency Low preheating
Advantages of TM-steel - Preheating
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12.01.2010 Comparison of TM and N-steels
Reducing preheating
temperatures
2.
Gas consumption
Heating time
Avoiding
preheating
1.
No installations
No setting up time
No gas
Biggest potential
for reducing costs
TM Cost efficiency Low preheating
Advantages of TM-steel - Preheating
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12.01.2010 Comparison of TM and N-steels
Reducing preheating
temperatures
2.
Gas consumption
Heating time
Often underestimated,
but worth to think about
Avoiding
preheating
1.
No installations
No setting up time
No gas
Biggest potential
for reducing costs
TM Cost efficiency Low preheating
Advantages of TM-steel - Preheating
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12.01.2010 Comparison of TM and N-steels
Sauertal Bridge (Germany)
Box-girder-bridge
Length: 1195 m
Width: 27 m
11 Spans: 75 150 m
Tonnage: 13,000 t
Grade: S355J 2+N
3000 t > 25 mm thickness
TM Cost efficiency Low preheating
Advantages of TM-steel - Preheating
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12.01.2010 Comparison of TM and N-steels
Alternative:
S355J 2+N > S355M
No preheating
150,000 C = A - B BENEFIT
75,000 B = 3,000 x 25 /t B) Additional costs S355M (25 /t)
225,000 A = 30,000 h x 15 % x 50 /h A) Saving preheating times
Conditions:
30,000 h welding time
15 % for preheating
50 /h labour costs
TM Cost efficiency Low preheating
Advantages of TM-steel - Preheating
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12.01.2010 Comparison of TM and N-steels
S355NL
S355ML
changing
delivery
condition
t
1
t
2
t
1
= t
2
TM Cost efficiency Low preheating
Advantages of TM-steel - Reduction of weight
Possibility to avoid preheating!
no gas consumption
no set-up times
higher capacity in the work shop
0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5
-50
0
50
100
150
200
250
T
p

C
E
T

[

C
]
Carbon equivalent CET [%]
EN 1011-2:
T
pCET
= 750 x CET 150
0.01% CET ca. 7.5C
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12.01.2010 Comparison of TM and N-steels
TM Cost efficiency High strength
S460NL
S355NL
increasing
yield
strength
t
t
A
A,B ~ t
2


W
e
l
d
i
n
g

c
o
s
t
s
Plate thickness
~ t
Weight reduction (ca. 30%)
Bigger assembling units possible
Less holding times in the workshop
Less welding consumables
Reduction of welding time
Reduction of testing time
t
1
t
2
t
2
< t
1
Advantages of TM-steel - Reduction of weight
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12.01.2010 Comparison of TM and N-steels
S460NL
73 mm
73 mm
S355NL
f
y
= 315 Mpa
100 mm
S460ML
increasing
yield
strength
changing
delivery
condition
TM Cost efficiency High strength TM
Advantages of TM-steel - Reduction of weight
Weight reduction (ca. 30%)
Bigger assembling units possible
Less holding times in the workshop
Less welding consumables
Reduction of welding time
Reduction of testing time
Avoiding/Reducing preheating
Better weldability
High toughness reserves
=> High safety
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12.01.2010 Comparison of TM and N-steels
Thank you
for your
attention!