Emd Chapter 5

Institut fr Elektrische
Energiewandlung FB 18
TECHNISCHE
UNIVERSITT
DARMSTADT
Prof. A. Binder : Electrical Machines and Drives
5/1
5. The Slip-Ring Induction Machine
TECHNISCHE
UNIVERSITT
DARMSTADT
5/2
Active and reactive power in consumer arrow system
Active power
cos mUI P =
Reactive power
sin mUI Q =
1. < s 90 180

P < 0, Generator Q < 0, capacitive consumer
2. < s 0 90

P > 0, Motor Q < 0, capacitive consumer
3.
< s 90 0
P > 0, Motor Q > 0, inductive consumer
4.
< s 180 90
P < 0, Generator Q > 0, inductive consumer
1. 2. 3. 4.
TECHNISCHE
UNIVERSITT
DARMSTADT
5/3
Torque generation with sine wave current feeding
Sinusoidal phase current
Sinusoidal back EMF, resulting in
a) pulsating power per phase, but
b) smooth constant power and constant
torque for all three phases.
Using internal power per phase we get
constant resulting power:
) 3 / 4 cos(
) 3 / 4 cos(
) 3 / 2 cos(
) 3 / 2 cos(
) cos(
) cos(
) ( t e t e t e t e e e
o
+ + = t I t U t I t U t I t U t p
p p p
| |
(
+ +
(
+ + + = 1 )
3
8
2 cos(
2

1 )
3
4
2 cos(
2

1 ) 2 cos(
2

) (
t
e
t
e e
o
t
I U
t
I U
t
I U
t p
p p p
.
2

) ( const
I U
m t p
p
= =
o
n
I U
M
p
e

=
t 2

) 2 / 3 (
Assumption: Current and back
EMF in phase
TECHNISCHE
UNIVERSITT
DARMSTADT
5/4
Slip ring Induction machine
-

Stator and rotor house a three phase distributed AC winding
-

The three rotor phases are short circuited
-

The 3 stator phases are fed by three phase voltage & current system (I
s
, frequency f
s
),
and excite fundamental air gap field (amplitude B
o,s
), which rotates with speed n
syn
.
-

If rotor turns with n =

n
syn
( = ASYNCHRONOUSLY), then B
o,s
induces in rotor winding
the voltage U
rh
per phase, which drives rotor phase current I
c,r
.
-

Rotor phase current and stator air gap field produce via LORENTZ-force the torque M
e
.
TECHNISCHE
UNIVERSITT
DARMSTADT
5/5
Rotor frequency and slip
-

In rotary transformer (n = 0) rotor voltage is phase shifted to stator voltage, depending on
rotor position angle
r
: .
t j j
rh
t j
rh
s r s
e e U e U
e e
=

-

When rotor turns with n = const. > 0, rotor position angle will increase continuously:
0
2
r r
t n p t + =
-
0
) 2 (
r s r
j t p n j
rh
t j
rh
e e U e U
e t e +
=
Rotor frequency
p n f f
s r
=
-

Slip s (Definition):
s r
f s f =
p f
n p f
s
s
s
/
/
=
syn
syn
n
n n
s

=
TECHNISCHE
UNIVERSITT
DARMSTADT
5/6
Rotor voltage equation
-

CONSTANT speed = CONSTANT frequencies = STATIONARY machine performance = only
sinusoidal time functions of current and voltage = complex phasor calculus is used
( )
s s
t j
s s s s
I t i e I t I t i
s
= = ) ( 2 Re ) cos( 2 ) (
e
e
-

Rotor winding short circuited: u
r
= 0: (R
r
: winding resistance per rotor phase)
0 / /
,
= = + = + =
r r r r r r r i r r r
u dt d i R dt d u u u i R + +
+
r
: total flux linkage of one rotor phase:
a) Mutual induction of stator rotating field into rotor winding:
b) Self induction by rotor rotating air gap field: Rotor AC currents per phase I
r
,
oscillating with rotor frequency f
r
, excite rotor rotating field !
) cos(
) , (
, ,
t B t x B
r r r r r
e
o o
= ,
r r
I B ~
, o
s sr r
I M je
and induce a voltage into rotor phase winding
c) Self induction by rotor stray field with 3 components:
- harmonic fields: ,slot stray field L
r,oQ
, winding overhang stray field L
r,ob
r rh r
I L je
rh o r b r Q r r
L L L L
, , ,
o
o o o
+ + =
r rh o r r
I L j
,
o e
0 ) (
, , ,
= + + + + +
r r r b r Q r rh o r r r rh r s sr r
I R I L L L j I L j I M j
o o
o e e e
TECHNISCHE
UNIVERSITT
DARMSTADT
5/7
Stator voltage equation
-

Mutual induction: Rotor field B
o,r
rotates relatively to stator with synchronous speed:
p s p syn p r p syn r m
sf s n p f pn v v v t t t t + = + = + = 2 ) 1 ( 2 2 2
,
syn p s p s p
s
v f sf s
p
f
p v = = + = t t t 2 2 ) 1 ( 2
Hence it induces the stator winding with stator frequency f
s
:
-

Self induction: Stator air gap field B
o,s
leads to self induced stator voltage:
-

Self induction by stator stray fields (3 components):
Harmonic fields: , slot stray field L
s,oQ
, winding overhang stray field L
s,ob
-

resistive voltage drop at stator winding resistance R
s
r rs s
I M je
s sh s
I L je
sh o s b s Q s s
L L L L
, , ,
o
o o o
+ + =
s sh o s s
I L j
,
o e
-

Sum of all stator voltage components must balance the voltage at the winding terminals U
s
(voltage per phase), which is impressed by the feeding grid !
Stator voltage equation:
s s s b s Q s sh o s s s sh s r rs s
s
I R I L L L j I L j I M j U + + + + + = ) (
, , , o o
o e e e
TECHNISCHE
UNIVERSITT
DARMSTADT
5/8
Transfer ratio
-

Transfer ratio from stator to rotor winding:
r r w
s s w
N k
N k
,
,
=
we get with m
r
= m
s
= m ( = 3) :
sh
p
s w s
p
r w r
r r w
s s w
rh
L
p
l
m
k N
p
l
m
k N
N k
N k
L = =
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
o
t
t
o
t
t
2
2
,
2
0
2
2
,
2
0
2
,
,
2
2 2
sh
p
s w s
p
r w r s w s
r r w
s s w
sr
L
p
l
m
k N
p
l
m
k N k N
N k
N k
M = = =
o
t
t
o
t
t
2
2
,
2
0
2
, , 0
,
,
2 2
h rh sr sh
L L M L = = =
2
Magnetizing inductance L
h
-

in rotor voltage equation:
0 ) / ( ) / ( ) / (
2 2
,
2
= + + + I R I L j I L j I M j
r r r r r r h r r s sr r o
e e e
r r
R R
2
=
o o r r
L L
2
=
'
r r
I I
'
= /
r r
U U
'
=
Rotor voltage equation with :
0 =
' '
+
' '
+
'
+
r r r r s r h s s h s
I R I L js I L js I L js
o
e e e
( )
sr rs s r
M M m m = = :
( )
s r
se e =
TECHNISCHE
UNIVERSITT
DARMSTADT
5/9
Equivalent circuit diagram
-

Introducing transfer ratio in stator voltage equation:
s s s s s s h s r sr s s
I R I L j I L j I M j U + + + =
o
e e e ) / (
-
s s s s s s h s r h s s
I R I L j I L j I L j U + + +
'
=
o
e e e
r r r r s r h s s h s
I R I L js I L js I L js
' '
+
' '
+
'
+ =
o
e e e 0
) (
r s h s s s s s
I I jX I jX I R U
'
+ + + =
o
) ( 0
r s h r r r
r
I I jX I X j I
s
R
'
+ +
' '
+
'
'
=
o
Stator leakage reactance: , Rotor leakage reactance:
o o
e
s s s
L X =
o o
e
r s r
L X
'
=
'
Magnetizing reactance:
h s h
L X e =
-

T-equivalent circuit:
TECHNISCHE
UNIVERSITT
DARMSTADT
5/10
Geared doubly-fed induction wind generator
Second gear stage
Planetary primary gear stage
Planetary cog wheel
Induction generator
Generator shaft + coupling
Turbine shaft
Rotor slip rings
Source:
Winergy, Germany
TECHNISCHE
UNIVERSITT
DARMSTADT
5/11
Wind converter assembly
Wind speed &
direction
sensors
Water-jacket
cooled
induction
generator
Water pump
system
Pole
Blades
Spider
Nacelle
Brake Gear turbine shaft
Source:
Winergy
Germany
TECHNISCHE
UNIVERSITT
DARMSTADT
5/12
Phasor diagram (per phase)
-

" Magnetizing current" : represents the
resulting effect of stator and rotor air gap
field ( = resulting magnetizing air gap field).
r s m
I I I
'
+ =
-

Internal voltage U
h
: = Results from self
and mutual induction in stator and rotor
winding due to resulting magnetizing air
gap field (main flux)
m h s h
I L j U = e
-

Actually in rotor voltage & current change
with rotor frequency. By dividing with slip s
h m h s hr
U s I L s j s U = = / / e
stator frequency appears in rotor equation.
-

Hence we get fictive rotor
resistance
s R
r
/
TECHNISCHE
UNIVERSITT
DARMSTADT
5/13
Magnetizing air gap field and magnetizing current
-

Stator and rotor fundamental air gap field may be regarded as excited by sinusoidal
distributed current stator and rotor load. The superposition of both fundamentals
yields the resulting magnetizing fundamental air gap field wave.
-

Each sinusoidal distributed air gap field wave can be described by a space vector in the
machines axial cross section plane. Length of the space vector = amplitude of the field
wave, orientation of the space vector = position of north pole. Alternatively the space
vectors B or + or I are used.
TECHNISCHE
UNIVERSITT
DARMSTADT
5/14
Equivalent circuit parameters
-

Magnetizing and leakage inductance & -reactance: ,
rotor side:
o s h s
L L L + =
o s h s
X X X + =
o r h r
L L L
'
+ =
'
o r h r
X X X
'
+ =
'
,
-

Leakage is quantified (BLONDEL) by leakage coefficient o :
r s
h
r s
h
X X
X
L L
L
'
=
'
=
2 2
1 1 o
-

Rated data and per-unit values of parameters: Example:
rated voltage U
N
= 400 V (line-to-line !), rated current I
N
= 100 A, Star connection
Rated phase voltage V, rated phase current A 231 3 /
,
= =
N N ph
U U
100
,
= =
N N ph
I I
Rated apparent power: kVA
3 . 69 100 231 3 3
, ,
= = =
N ph N ph N
I U S
Rated impedance: Ohm 31 . 2 100 / 231 /
, ,
= = =
N ph N ph N
I U Z
Leakage coefficient o : shall be small: typically 0.08 ... 0.1.
Phase resistance: shall be small: , : only a few percent 3 ... 6% !
N s s
Z R r / =
N r r
Z R r /
'
=
'
Magnetizing inductance: shall be big ( = magnetic linkage of stator and rotor !): prop. 1/o
SMALL air gap: mechanical lower limit ca. 0.28 mm in small motors:
= 250% ... 300 %. 0 . 3 ... 5 . 2 / =
N h
Z X
Leakage inductance: : (0.08...0.1)
.
(2.5...3) = 0.2 ... 0.3.
s h r s
X X X X o o
o o
~ ~
'
+ ~
N s
Z X / o
TECHNISCHE
UNIVERSITT
DARMSTADT
5/15
Asynchronous energy conversion
- Electrical input power cos I U P
s s in , e
3 =
-

Resistive losses in stator winding:
2
,
3
s s s Cu
I R P =
- Air gap power:
2
3
r
r
s , Cu in , e
I
s
R
P P P
'
'
= =
o
-

Resistive losses in rotor winding:
o
sP I R I R P
r r r r r Cu
= = =
2 2
,
3 3
-

Mechanical output power:
o o
P s P P P
r Cu out m
) 1 (
, ,
= =
-

Electromagnetic torque
o
O P s M P
m e out m
) 1 (
,
= =
syn syn
e
P P
s
s
M
O
=
O
=
o o
1
1
The electromagnetic torque is proportional to air gap power.
TECHNISCHE
UNIVERSITT
DARMSTADT
5/16
Slip coupling mechanical analogy to induction machine
-

Driving input torque M at shat
no. 1 = output torque at second
shaft no.2.
-

Transmission of torque only
possible, if friction disc 2 has a
certain slip with respect to friction
disc 1.
Hence output speed O
2
is smaller
by the slip s than speed O
1
of
input shaft.
O
2
= (1 - s)O
1
.
-

Output power: P
2
= MO
2
is smaller by slip losses P
d
= sO
1
M than input power P
1
= MO
1
.
Induction machine Slip coupling
syn
O ,
m
O
1
O ,
2
O
m r , Cu
P , P , P
o 2 1
P , P , P
d
e
M
M
TECHNISCHE
UNIVERSITT
DARMSTADT
5/17
Stator and rotor current
-

Solution of the two linear equations of T-equivalent circuit: Unknowns
-

Solution for R
s
= 0:
-

Derivation of electromagnetic torque at R
s
= 0:
r
s
I I ,
r
h
s
s
s
s
s
I jX I jX I R U
'
+ + =
s
h
r
r
r
r
I jX I X j I
s
R
+
' '
+
'
= 0
) ( ) (
r s r s r s r s
r r
s s
R X X R s j X X s R R
X js R
U I
'
+
'
+
'

'
'
+
'
=
o
r
r
h
s r
X j
s
R
jX
I I
'
+
'
=
'
r r
r r
s
s
s
X js R
X js R
jX
U
I
o +
'
'
+
'
=
r r
h
s
s
r
X js R
X s
X
U
I
o +
'

=
2 2 2
2
2
2
) (

r r
r
s
h
s
s
s
syn
r r s
syn
e
X s R
R s
X
X
U
p
m
s
I R m P
M
'
+
'
'
=
= =
o
e O O
o
2 2
2
) (
1
r r
r r
s
s
s
s e
X s R
X R s
X
U
p
m M
'
+
'
' '
=
o
o
e
TECHNISCHE
UNIVERSITT
DARMSTADT
5/18
KLOSS formula for torque (at R
s
= 0)
-

Breakdown torque: Maximum of electromagnetic torque:
Breakdown slip s
b
Breakdown torque:
-

KLOSS formula:
Example:
Breakdown slip
0 / = ds dM
e
: 0 =
s
R
s
s
s
s
b
X
U
p m
M
o
o
e

=
1
2
2
b
b
b
e
s
s
s
s
M
M
+
=
2
r
r
b
X
R
s
'
'
=
o
: 0 =
s
R
. 2 . 0 =
b
s
TECHNISCHE
UNIVERSITT
DARMSTADT
5/19
Electromagnetic torque at R
s
> 0
-

From air gap power we derive electromagnetic torque:
-

Breakdown slip: : Breakdown slip s
b
in motor mode (s
b
> 0) and
generator mode (s
b
< 0) have the same absolute value:
-

Breakdown torque:
Motor breakdown torque is positive, generator breakdown torque is negative: In
generator mode stator resistive losses must also be covered by air gap power,
hence demanding a bigger air gap electromagnetic torque. Hence generator
breakdown torque is by that amount bigger than motor breakdown torque.
syn
r r s
syn
e
s
I R m P
M
O
=
O
=
2

o
2 2
2
) ( ) (
) 1 (
r s r s r s r s
r r s
s
s
s e
R X X sR X X s R R
R X X s
U
p
m M
'
+
'
+
'
'
' '
=
o
o
e
0 =
ds
dM
e
r
r
s s
s s
r
r
b
X
R
X R
X R
X
R
s
'
'
~
+
+
'
'
=
o o
2 2 2
2 2
) )( (
) 1 (
1
1
2 2 2 2 2 2
2
2
s s s s
s s s
s
s
s
s
b
X R X R
X
R
U
p m
M
o
e o e
e
+ +
+
=
TECHNISCHE
UNIVERSITT
DARMSTADT
5/20
Torque-speed and current-speed characteristic
-

Due to : M
e
and I
s
can be described in dependence of s as well as of n !
-

Example: R
s
/X
s
=1/100, R
r
/X
r
= 1.3/100, o = 0.067, X
s
= X
r
= 3Z
N
, Z
N
= U
ph,N
/I
ph,N
p f s n
s
= ) 1 (
TECHNISCHE
UNIVERSITT
DARMSTADT
5/21
Power flow in (a) motor- and (b) generator mode
-

Efficiency of induction machine: motor: , generator:
in e
out m
P
P
,
,
= q
in m
out e
P
P
,
,
= q
MOTOR GENERATOR
TECHNISCHE
UNIVERSITT
DARMSTADT
5/22
Stator current magnitude of induction motors (1)
-

No-load: No-load speed is synchronous speed: Slip is ZERO.
Example:
No-load current: ca. 1/3 of rated
current. At 100 A rated current the no-load current is ca. 33 A.
-

Locked rotor (Stand still): Slip is 1: (Locked rotor current, starting current"):
Example:
o = 0.08, x
s
= 2.6: i(s = 1) = 1/(2.6
.
0.08) = 4.8: starting current is 4.8-times rated
current. Bigger motors have smaller leakage flux, so bigger starting current: typically
5 ... 7-times rated current.
s
s
s s
s
s
X
U
j
jX R
U
s I ~
+
= = ) 0 (
s N s
N
s
N
s
x
j
Z X
U U
j s
I
I 1
/
/
) 0 ( = ~ =
3 1 1 : 15 . 3 15 . 0 0 . 3 ~ ~ = + ~ + =
S N S s h s
X I I x x x
o
s
s s
X
U j s I
~ =
o
1
) 1 (
s N s
N s
N
s
x
j
Z X
U U
j s
I
I
= ~ =
o o
1
/
/
) 1 (
TECHNISCHE
UNIVERSITT
DARMSTADT
5/23
Stator current magnitude of induction motors (2)
-

Rated operation:
Rated slip s
N
: Rated current (Thermal continuous duty):
We get rated torque !
Example:
Four-pole machine, 50 Hz: No-load speed n
syn
= 1500/min, Rated speed
n
N
= 1450/min, Rated slip s
N
= 0.033 = 3.3%.
-

Balance of stator and rotor ampere turns:
Rotor current nearly in opposite phase to stator current.
Example:
N N N N
s s s
r
N
r
h
s rN
I
j
j
I
j
j
I
x j
s
r
jx
I I ~
+
=
+
=
'
+
'
=
'
3 1
9 . 2
3
03 . 0
03 . 0
9 . 2
TECHNISCHE
UNIVERSITT
DARMSTADT
5/24
Current and torque diagram
Rather big no-load current for excitation of
magnetic field, hence: air gap between
stator and rotor should be as small as
possible
Very big starting current, but rather low
starting torque
Motor may be loaded at maximum only till
breakdown torque
Slip Stator current Torque
No load s = 0 I
0
= ca. 0.3I
N
M = 0
Rated point s = s
N
I
N
M
N

Break down s = s
b
I
b
= ca. 2.5I
N
M
b
= ca.2M
N

Starting s = 1 I
1
= ca. 4I
N
M
1
= ca.0.8M
N

TECHNISCHE
UNIVERSITT
DARMSTADT
5/25
Starting of slip-ring induction machine with
external rotor resistance
-

External resistance per phase are connected to rotor phase via slip rings and
carbon brush contacts. Hence rotor total resistance is increased. By that also the
starting torque is increased. Maximum starting torque is motor breakdown torque.
Starting slip s = 1 is then also breakdown slip. Starting current is reduced to
breakdown current.
-

By keeping , the parameters of the equivalent circuit remain
unchanged. .
-

External resistance R
v
per phase: We get the same stator current at slip s as in
case of R
v
= 0 at s*:
. / const s R
r
=
'
.
*
konst
s
R
s
R R
r v r
= =
+
TECHNISCHE
UNIVERSITT
DARMSTADT
5/26
Torque-speed characteristic of slip-ring induction motor
with external rotor resistance (M
b
/M
N
= 2.65)
Example: External rotor resistance R
v
= 4R
r
: Starting torque = Breakdown torque (case c).
TECHNISCHE
UNIVERSITT
DARMSTADT
5/27
How to define value of external rotor resistance ?
-

Demand: Starting torque (at s = 1) shall be breakdown torque:
Example:
Slip-ring induction machine: Data: M
b
/M
N
= 2.65, Breakdown slip 0.2
- Without external rotor resistance we get: Starting torque M
1
= 0.65M
N
= 0.24M
b
(case a).
- At R
v
/R
r
= 4 starting torque is breakdown torque ! (case c).
-

" Shear" (linear dilation by R
v
) of M(n)- resp. M(s)-characteristic. The torque
value M
e
at slip s* (and R
v
= 0) occurs at the new slip s !
-

Result: Improved (quicker) starting due to increased torque and decreased
current, BUT additional losses in external resistance. Advantage:These losses
occur OUTSIDE of machine, hence they do not heat up the rotor winding.
) 1
1
(
1
= =
+
b
r v
b
r v r
s
R R
s
R R R
r r v
R R R 4 ) 1
2 . 0
1
( = =
TECHNISCHE
UNIVERSITT
DARMSTADT
5/28
Variable speed operation of slip-ring induction machines
-

By changing the external rotor resistance, the M(n)-characteristic changes
and allows variable speed operation of slip-ring induction machine.
-

Example :
Compare Motor for elevator hoist" and Motor for pump":
Demand: Reducing of speed from n
syn
(100%) down to 60% !
Motor power balance (when neglecting stator resistive losses 3I
2
R
s
and iron
losses P
Fe
):
e syn e m m r v r Cu e syn in e
M n P nM P P I R P M P P t t
o o
2 2 3
2
, ,
= = + + = O = ~
TECHNISCHE
UNIVERSITT
DARMSTADT
5/29
M(n)-characteristic of variable speed slip-ring
induction machine
Square load torque:
e.g. pump
Small motor losses: USEFUL SOLUTION !
Constant load torque:
e.g. elevator
Big losses in motor: NOT USEFUL !
TECHNISCHE
UNIVERSITT
DARMSTADT
5/30
Variable speed operation of slip-ring induction machines
Elevator: Constant load torque: Reduction of speed by 40% = at the cost of
rotor losses of 40% of P
N
= BIG LOSSES = NOT USEFUL !
Pump: Quadratic load torque: Reduction of speed of 40 % = at the cost of
only 14% of P
N
= RATHER LOW LOSSES = USEFUL SOLUTION !
Still better: Inverter-fed induction machine: much lower losses (see later !)
Elevator Pump
Load torque
. konst M M
N s
= =
N syn s
M n n M =
2
) / (
Load torque at n/n
syn
= 0.6
N s
M M =
N s
M . M = 36 0
) 2 /( ) ( / ) (
N syn N
M n n P P n P t
o o o
=
1 0.36
N m
P n P
o
/ ) (
0.6 0.22
N r v r Cu
P I R P
o
/ ) 3 (
2
,
+
0.4 (! BIG) 0.14 (SMALL)

TECHNISCHE
UNIVERSITT
DARMSTADT
5/31
Stator current phasor locus: HEYLAND-circle (R
s
= 0)
-

Stator current phasor:
-

: Straight line in complex plane, parallel to Re-axis
-

Inverse = Inversion of G(s) yields a circle K(s):
-

Points P of straight line are transferred into points P of circle:
distance

. Centre of circle lies on -Im-axis.
-

Multiplication with negative real number : Circle is mirrored at -Im-axis:
-

Adding j/o : Circle is shifted to the right along Im-axis.
Multiplication with does not change position of circle, but only its diameter.
-

Circle points P
0
and P

: (No-load current)
(" ideal" short-circuit current)
|
|
.
|
\
|
'
+
'

'
=
'
+
'

'
+
'
=
o o
o
o
1 ) / 1 1 ( 1
j
R j X s
R
X
U
R j X s
X js R
X
U I
r r
r
s
s
r r
r r
s
s s
r r
R j X s s G
'
+
'
= o ) (
) (
) (
1
) (
1
) (
) (
) (
s Z
e
e s Z
s G
s K
s j
s j
= =
) ( 0 s Z P =
) ( / 1 0 s Z P =
r
R
'
) / 1 1 ( o
s s
X U /
s s
s
X jU s I / ) 0 ( = =
) /( ) (
s s
s
X jU s I o = =
TECHNISCHE
UNIVERSITT
DARMSTADT
5/32
Derivation of
HEYLAND-
circle
(R
s
= 0)
TECHNISCHE
UNIVERSITT
DARMSTADT
5/33
Torque and power line
-

Electric real power at motor operation: point P, slip s:
Real component of stator current phasor
-

Power balance:
-

At s = 1 it is n = 0; at s = 0 it is M
e
= 0. Hence mechanical power P
m
is zero in both points.
Connection line : Power line" : Partitions real current into and .
Section is proportional to mechanical power !
-

: At the points and torque M
e
is zero.
Connection line : Torque line" .
Section is proportional to electromagnetic torque.
-

Points at lower semi-circle: generator mode, real power is negative (cos < 0).
-

Break down points s
b,mot
and s
b,gen
(maximum torque) : maximum.
-

Stator current always lags behind stator voltage; hence induction machines are
always inductive elements in motor as well as in generator mode !
w s s s in e
I U m P
, ,
=
CB PC PB I I
s w s
+ = = = cos
,
) (
, ,
CB PC U m P P P
s s r Cu m in e
+ = + =
1 0
P P PC CB
PC
PB U m M P P
s s syn e in e
= = = O
o ,
P P
0
PB
0
P

P
PB
TECHNISCHE
UNIVERSITT
DARMSTADT
5/34
Torque and power line in HEYLAND-circle (R
s
= 0)
TECHNISCHE
UNIVERSITT
DARMSTADT
5/35
Stator current locus diagram for R
s
> 0 : OSSANNA-circle
-

Stator current locus diagram for R
s
> 0:
- Centre of circle M lies a little bit above of negative Im-axis.
- The distance is not circle diameter. Point P

is shifted slightly
above the Im-axis.
- Torque line lies above of -Im-axis.
- Circle diameter comprises points at s =0, at M and the diameter-point" P
C
- Electrical real power is proportional to real motor current component
(distance ):
P P
0
PA
cos
s s s s s e
I U m PA U m P = =
TECHNISCHE
UNIVERSITT
DARMSTADT
5/36
Loss balance in OSSANNA-circle (R
s
> 0)
- Loss balance at operation point P: Vertical line from P to circle
diameter yields new point D.
Cross-over point of vertical line with power line and torque line yields
points C and B.
- Air gap power gives torque:
- Distance BC gives rotor losses:
- Mechanical power:
- Stator resistive losses (in stator winding) are not directly visible as
distance.
We get them as difference of and :
syn
s s
e s s
PB U m
M PB U m P
O
= =
o
PC U m P
s s m
=
m s s r Cu
P P BC U m P = =
o ,
) (
,
PB PA U m P P P
s s e s Cu
= =
o
PA
PB
TECHNISCHE
UNIVERSITT
DARMSTADT
5/37
Torque and power line in OSSANNA-circle (R
s
> 0)
TECHNISCHE
UNIVERSITT
DARMSTADT
5/38
Simplified OSSANNA-circle: Circle centre M put on Im-axis
-

Centre of circle M assumed to be on -Im-axis (as it is with HEYLAND-circle), but
assumption R
s
> 0 still active !
-

Hence we have to distinguish points P
C

and P

.
a) Torque and power line, b) Motor and generator break down torque.
a)
b)
TECHNISCHE
UNIVERSITT
DARMSTADT
5/39
Circle parameterization according to slip values,
done with straight slip line"
Complex slip line G
s
(s) is generated
from three known operation points
(here: P
0
, P
1
and P

) and an
arbitrarily taken Centre of inversion
S, lying on the circle.
- Slip line is linear parameterized
in s.
- Slip line must be parallel to line
S-P

.
Intersection of connecting straight
line (from S and selected slip value
on slip line) with circle diagram
delivers the operation point for
selected slip s, hence the locus of
the stator current phasor for that
selected slip s.

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Institut fr Elektrische

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