CT ws11 en

Exercises
Communications TechnologyII
WS2011/2012
Henning Schepker
NW1, Room N2350, Tel.: 0421/218-62393
E-mail: schepker@ant.uni-bremen.de
Universitat Bremen, FB1
Institut f ur Telekommunikation und Hochfrequenztechnik
Arbeitsbereich Nachrichtentechnik
Prof. Dr.-Ing. A. Dekorsy
Postfach 33 04 40
D28334 Bremen
WWW-Server: http://www.ant.uni-bremen.de
Version February 2, 2012
I WS 2011/2012 Communications Technology II Exercises
Contents
1 Equalization 1
Exercise 1 (eq03): DFE-Equalizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Exercise 2 (eq08): Equalizer, T-spaced, T/2-spaced . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Exercise 3 (eq09): Equalizer, T-spaced . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Exercise 4 (eq11): Non-linear Equalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Exercise 5 (eq12): Linear Equalizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2 Viterbi 7
Exercise 6 (vit01): Viterbi for QPSK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Exercise 7 (vit08): Viterbi-Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Exercise 8 (vit10): Viterbi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Exercise 9 (vit14): ISI-Signal Space at QPSK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Exercise 10 (vit15): Error Event at Viterbi-Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3 Mobile Radio Channel 12
Exercise 11 (mobrad01): Mobile Radio Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4 OFDM 15
Exercise 14 (ofdm03): OFDM Error Probability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Exercise 15 (ofdm04): OFDM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Exercise 16 (ofdm05): OFDM WLAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Exercise 17 (ofdm08): OFDM LTE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Exercise 18 (ofdm09): OFDM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Communications Technology II Exercises WS 2011/2012 II
Conventions and Nomenclature
All references to passages in the text (chapter- and page numbers) refer to the book:
K.-D. Kammeyer: Nachrichten ubertragung, 2.Edition, B. G. Teubner Stuttgart,
1996, ISBN: 3-519-16142-7; References of equations of type (1.1.1) refer to the book,
too, whereas references of type (1) refer to the solutions of the exercises.
The functions rect () and tri () are dened analogous to:
N. Fliege: Systemtheorie, 1.Edition, B. G. Teubner Stuttgart, 1991, ISBN: 3-519-
06140-6.
Thus rect (t/T) has the temporal expanse T, whereas tri (t/T) is not zero for the
length of 2T.
The letters f and F represent frequencies (in Hertz), and angular frequencies (in
rad/s). The following relations are always valid: = 2f resp. = 2F.

0
(t) denotes the continuous(!) Dirac-pulse, whereas (i) represents the time-
discrete impulse sequence.
So called ideal low-, band- and highpass lter G(j) have value 1 in the respective
passing range and value 0 in the stop range.
If a time-discrete data sequence d(i) of rate 1/T stimulates a continues lter with
impulse response g(t), it has to be interpreted as
x(t) =
i=
d(i)
0
(t iT)
g(t) = T
i=
d(i) g(t iT).
Abbreviations
ACF auto-correlation function, sequence ISI inter-symbol interference
BW, BB bandwidth, baseband KKF cross-correlation function, sequence
BP bandpass AF audio frequency
DPCM dierential PCM PCM pulse-code modulation
F{} Fourier transform PR partial response
H{} Hilbert transform S/N = SNR signal-to-noise ratio
HP highpass LP lowpass
Availability on Internet
PDF-les of the exercises can be downloaded from:
http://www.ant.uni-bremen.de
1 WS 2011/2012 Communications Technology II Exercises
1 Equalization
Exercise 1 (eq03): DFE-Equalizer
Exam Communications Technology (University of Bremen) held on 10/12/00
The following symbol-rate model of a transmission system is given:
QPSK
Mod.
n i ( )
+
y i ( )
c i ( )
d i ( )
DFE
d i ( )
Decod.
QPSK Channel Equalizer
The channel has the symbol-rate impulse response c(i) =
1
2
[1; 1]. After equalization with
decision feedback (DFE) QPSK decoding is applied (Gray coding). At the receiver input an
E
b
/N
0
of 10 dB has been measured.
a) Draw the block diagram of the equalizer.
b) Find expressions for the received signal y(i) and the signal y
q
(i) at the detector input,
considering the source data d(i) and the noise n(i). Assume no wrong decisions have
been made.
c) Determine the bit error probability at the output of the system, assuming that all
previous decisions were correct.
Communications Technology II Exercises WS 2011/2012 2
1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6
10
4
10
3
10
2
10
1
10
0
x
e
r
f
c
(
x
)
Exercise 2 (eq08): Equalizer, T-spaced, T/2-spaced
The following transmission line is given:
d(i)
{+1, 1}
-
Bitrate 1/T
g(t)
-
c(t)
LTI-Channel
-
h(t)

?
-
k T/w
y(k)
The transmit channel has the impulse response c(t) =
0
(t) +
0
(t
T
2
). The joint impulse
response of transmit lter g(t) and receiver lter h(t) is the following triangular impulse:
-
6
g(t) h(t)
1
T 2T
t
@
@
@
@
@
@
a) Find the total impulse response
f
2
(k) = g(t) h(t) c(t)|
t=k
T
2
after sampling with double bit rate at the receiver output (w = 2).
b) The receive signal y(k) is passed through a T/2-spaced equalizer. The impulse response
of this T/2-equalizer is given by
e
T/2
= [0.75 0.25]
T
.
Determine the total impulse response at the output of the T/2-equalizer.
c) At the equalizer output sampling with the bit-rate is performed. Specify the sampling
phase such that the total impulse response of b) results in a distortionless system (even
or odd k?).
d) As an alternative, a symbol-rate equalizer (T-equalizer) is applied. Hence, the receive
lter output is sampled with bit-rate 1/T (w = 1). Find the symbol-rate impulse
response
f(i) = g(t) h(t) c(t)|
t=iT
.
The coecients of the T-equalizer are given by
e
T
= [0.0008 0.0026 0.6658 0.1998]
T
.
Determine the total impulse response at the output of the T-equalizer.
Exercise 3 (eq09): Equalizer, T-spaced
The symbol-rate model of a transmission system is described by the impulse response
f(i) = (i) + (i 1) ;
R , || < 1.
The receiver uses a symbol-rate equalizer with the impulse response
e(i) = (i) (i 1) +
2
(i 2)
3
(i 3).
This design is called Zero Forcing solution.
a) Find the total impulse response of the symbol-rate model and equalizer.
b) Depict the pole-zero plot of the total system.
c) Determine the output (S/N)
ISI
of the equalizer, as well as the maximum error, which
is caused by inter-symbol interference with two-level transmission.
d) Increase the order of the equalizer to n by continuing the Zero Forcing design.
Determine (S/N)
ISI
(at the equalizer output) based on and the order of the equalizer
n.
Exercise 4 (eq11): Non-linear Equalization
The symbol-rate model of a transmission channel is characterized by the impulse response as
f(i) = (i) + 0.5 (i 2).
The data transmission is bipolar. An equalization by means of quantized feedback is realized
at the receiver.
d(i)
x(i)
d(i)
y(i)
Entzerrer
n(i)
Channel
a) Draw the block diagram of the equalizer.
b) Assume a decision error occurs at i 2. For this case specify the signal y(i) at the
detector input at the time i.
Hint: A decision error occurs at i 2, for

d(i 2) = d(i 2)
c) Calculate the probability of a subsequent error, if the additive noise n(i) on the
transmission line is symmetrically distributed and has zero mean. What is the inuence
of the power of the noise on this probability?
Exercise 5 (eq12): Linear Equalizer
Exam Communications Technology (TUHH, new DPO) held on 10/06/04 (Problem 5)
The gure below illustrates a discrete time model of a digital communication link in the
equivalent baseband domain. QPSK modulated data, given by
d(i)
{1 + j, 1 j, 1 j, 1 + j},
is transmitted over a frequency selective channel with the impulse response
h(i) = {1, 0.5 e
j/4
}.
In order to equalize the channel, a linear equalizer e(i) is applied:
{
e(i) h(i)
d(i)
x(i) y(i)
w(i)
a) Which values can the distorted signal x(i) achieve? Sketch the admissible signal space
points for x(i) in the complex plain.
b) In order to mitigate the impact of inter-symbol interference (ISI), we apply a linear
lter at the receiver, with the impulse response
e(i) = {1, 0.5 e
j5/4
}.
Determine the impulse response of the overall system w(i) = h(i) e(i).
c) Which values can the equalized signal y(i) achieve? Sketch the admissible signal space
points for y(i) in the complex plain.
d) Determine and sketch the squared magnitude frequency response of the overall system
w(i) = h(i) e(i) for 0 < < . What shape would the squared magnitude frequency
response of the overall system have, if the linear lter is an ideal equalizer with respect
to the channel?
2 Viterbi
Exercise 6 (vit01): Viterbi for QPSK
Consider a QPSK transmission at symbol rate T with the symbol alphabet
d(i)
{1 j , 1 + j , +1 j , +1 + j}.
Transmit and receive lter are square-root cosine roll-o lter. Both lters fulll the 1
st
Nyquist criterion. The transmission is characterized by a multipath channel with impulse
response
c(t) = (t) + (t T).
The data at the receiver is detected by the Viterbi algorithm.
a) Sketch the Trellis diagram and determine all undistorted signal levels z
of the state
transitions in a table.
b) Sketch the appropriate path into the Trellis diagram for the symbol sequence given by
d(i) = {1 + j , 1 j , 1 j , 1 + j , 1 j} ; i = 1, , 5
and
d(i) = 1 j ; i 0 and i > 5.
c) At the receiver we obtain the sampled signal
y(i) = {0.5 + j , 2 + 0.5j , 3j , 2 , 2 + j} ; i = 1, , 5
after matched ltering. Calculate the sum metric (Euclidian distance, path cost) of
the path determined in problem b).
Exercise 7 (vit08): Viterbi-Detection
A data sequence d(i)
{1, 1} is modulated with a BPSK (symbol length T) and transmitted

on a multipath channel. The transmission and the reception lter are matched, together they
full the 1st Nyquist criterion. The impulse response of the channel is known as:
c(t) = (t) + (t T) + 0.5 (t 2 T) .
The data is transmitted in blocks, where one block consists of four data bits and two tail bits.
The two tail bits have the value 1. The transmissed data has to be recovered at the receiver
by MLSE.
a) Sketch the appropriate Trellis diagram.
b) After sampling we have the following sequence at the output of the receiver:
s(i) = 1.5; 0.5; 1.5; 2.5; 2.5; 0.5 ; i = 1...6 .
Perform a MLSE using the Trellis diagram from problem a) and mark the approriate
path.
c) Specify the approriate data sequence for i = 1...4.
Exercise 8 (vit10): Viterbi
A signal modulated by a linear modulation scheme is transmitted over a radio link and
distorted by a frequency selective multipath channel. After sampling at symbol rate the
Viterbi algorithm is applied, in order to recover the transmitted symbol sequence at the
receiver. The corresponding Trellis diagram is depicted in the gure below.
S
6
S
5
S
4
S
3
S
2
S
1
S
0
S
7
a) Determine the linear modulation scheme according to the depicted Trellis diagram.
How many taps does the channel have? Give the contents of the channel memory for
each state.
b) Determine the symbol sequence d(i), according to the solid line in the gure.
c) The dashed line represents an error event. Determine the error vector e and determine
the corresponding S/N loss factor
2
min
, if the product of the channel convolution
matrices is given by
F
H
F =
1 0 0.7
0 1 0
0.7 0 1
.
Exercise 9 (vit14): ISI-Signal Space at QPSK
Statistically independent, equally distributed QPSK symbols are transmitted on a channel
with a memory of 1
st
order. The real-valued symbol clock impulse response of the channel is
given as
f(i) = 0.8 (i) + 0.6 (i 1) .
Inter-symbol interference (ISI) occurs. The QPSK symbols are taken from the symbol
alphabet
d
1
=
1 + j
2
, d
2
=
1 + j
2
, d
3
=
1 j
2
, d
4
=
1 j
2
,
which results in the signal space diagram of transmission symbols shown below.
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
real
i
m
a
g

QPSK symbols
a) Sketch the block diagram of the symbol clock model for the transmission channel.
b) Calculate the resulting signal levels w
11
and w
42
at the output of the channel for the two
combinations of input symbols {d(i) = d
1
, d(i 1) = d
1
} resp. {d(i) = d
4
, d(i 1) =
d
2
}.
c) Sketch the signal space diagram at the output of the channel, which results from all
possible combinations of input symbols. You can avoid further calculations, if you draw
conclusions on the analogy of problem b).
d) Additional task for the exercise (not in the test):
Calculate the average signal powers at the input and output of the channel.
Exercise 10 (vit15): Error Event at Viterbi-Detection
The Trellis diagram of a 2
nd
order channel for binary transmission is given. The data symbols
belong to the alphabet d(i)
{0, 1} .
S
0
= {0,0}
S
1
= {0,1}
S
2
= {1,0}
S
3
= {1,1}
a) Determine the bit sequence that corresponds to the bold path (true data sequence).
b) At the receiver the data sequence corresponding to the dashed path is detected (in the
last step of the Trellis diagram both paths overlap). Determine the error vector.
c) Calculate the energy ACF of the error vector and then use it to determine the 3 3
auto-correlation matrix R
E
ee
.
d) Calculate the minimum eigenvalue of the matrix. How big is the S/N loss of the Viterbi
detection compared to a transmission on an AWGN channel?
3 Mobile Radio Channel
Exercise 11 (mobrad01): Mobile Radio Channel
Three reected radio signals are received by a car driving with a velocity of v = 100km/h, as
shown in the gure below. The relative delay of the signals can be neglected at rst and the
carrier frequency is f
0
= 2 GHz. The reection coecients r
0
, r
1
, r
2
are given in the gure
below.
Hint: Speed of light c
0
3 10
8
m/s
35
v
r
0
= 1
r
1
= 0.6
r
2
= 0.3
a) Calculate the Doppler frequencies f
D,
of the three signals.
b) Sketch the complete spectrum of the received signal in case of an unmodulated signal.
Now, the velocity of the car is v = 0km/h, so that no Doppler eect occurs. The reected
path components with reection coecients r
1
and r
2
have relative delays
1
,
2
, with
2
>
1
,
with respect to the direct path (
0
= 0), with coecient r
0
.
c) Sketch die impulse response h
K
(t) of the multipath channel.
d) Give the expression for the impulse response and calculate the channel transfer function
H
K
(j) of the multipath channel.
e) At the receiver the received signal is ltered with an ideal bandpass H
BP
(j) with
center frequency f
0
and bandwidth B. Calculate the equivalent lowpass description
H
TP
(j) of the overall transfer function H(j) = H
K
(j) H
BP
(j).
f) Illustrate the impact of the echos on the absolute transfer function |H
TP
(j)|.
(Short explanation please!).
Consider a BPSK data transmission, with d(i)
{1, 1}, over a at channel with the time-

variant channel coecient h(k)
y(k) = h(k) d(k) + n(k) .
The symbol duration is T
Baud
= 50ns, and the signal-to-noise power ratio is
E
b
N
0
=
E{|d(k)|
2
}
E{|n(k)|
2
}
= 7dB.
The channel h(k) can assume three states, which are characterized by the channel coecients
h
1
= 0.5 exp(j/4), h
2
= 0.8 exp(j/6), h
3
= 0.1 + j0.2 .
Furthermore, the states are characterized by an average probability of occurence P
=
Pr{h(k) = h
} with P
1
+ P
2
+ P
3
= 1.
Hint: Assume perfect channel state information and coherent detection at the receiver.
Use the graphic below to solve the following problems.
a) Determine the average bit error probability for uniformly distributed states, P
1
= P
2
= P
3
.
b) Determine the average bit error probability for the following probabilities of occurence:
P
1
= 0.6, P
2
= 0.3, P
3
= 0.1 .
c) Asumme perfect channel state information at the transmitter. What is the resulting
bit error probability, if the transmitter transmits only during the strongest channel
coecient?
d) Determie the average bit rate for part c).
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
10
8
10
7
10
6
10
5
10
4
10
3
10
2
10
1
10
0
x
e
r
f
c
(
x
)
A mobile radio channel scenario is given in the gure below.
45
1
= 0.5
0
= 1
1
= 1.4 km
0
= 600 m
Tx Rx
v
a) Determine the impulse response of the equivalent low-pass channel for a stationary
vehicle. The carrier frequency is f
0
= 1 GHz.
Hint: Speed of light c
0
= 3 10
8
m/s
b) Determine the channel transfer function of the equivalent low-pass channel. Determine
the minimum and the maximum of its absolute value and the corresponding frequencies.
Sketch the absolute value of the transfer function.
c) Now the vehicle has a speed of v = 150 km/h. Give an expression for the received
equivalent low-pass signal r(t) for an arbitrary transmitted low-pass signal s(t).
4 OFDM
Exercise 14 (ofdm03): OFDM Error Probability
An OFDM system with 2048 active subcarriers is used for wireless transmission. The
interval between two subcarriers is 250Hz and the guard interval has a length of 2ms. BPSK
modulation is used for each subcarrier.
a) Determine the bandwith and transmission rate of the entire system.
b) An IDFT with the length 4096 is used to create the OFDM signal. Determine the
sampling frequency of the output signal and how many samples fall into the guard
interval.
c) The required bandpass energy of an OFDM symbol at the transmitter is E
OFDM
=
1.4Ws. White Gaussian noise with a power spectrum of N
0
/2 = 6 10
5
Ws is added in
the bandpass. Determine the E
b
/N
0
in dB. Specify the bit error rate of the transmission
system. Calculate the average power emitted by the transmitter.
Hint: Take required values of the erfc-function from the graphic in the textbook.
Exercise 15 (ofdm04): OFDM
An OFDM system is operating within a bandwidth of B = 6MHz on N
c
= 16 subcarriers
with a bandwidth eciency of u = 0.8. The transmitted data is modulated with a 8-PSK.
a) Determine the data rate R of the system.
b) How large is the maximum delay
max
for the channel? Justify your calculations.
Utilizing the same system parameters, the transmission now uses a data rate of R =
13.5Mbit/s.
c) How many of the 16 subcarriers are needed to achieve the given data rate?
A channel estimation yields the impulse response given as:
h(k) = 1 (k) + 0.5 (k 1)
d) Which subcarriers do you suggest to be switched o?
Hint: The center frequency of the rst subcarrier is located at = 0 .
Exercise 16 (ofdm05): OFDM WLAN
An OFDM system is used for a wireless computer network (WLAN, Wireless Local Area
Network). A transmission rate of 32Mbit/s is required. The maximum length of the channel
impulse response is 800ns.
a) Determine the distance of the subcarriers, if the guard interval is 20% of the overall
symbol duration.
b) Calculate the S/N loss due to the insertion of the guard interval (Violation of the
matched-lter criterion!).
c) The bandwidth of the channel is 20MHz. Determine the number of subcarriers for the
transmitted signal.
d) From the modulation methods BPSK, QPSK, 8PSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM choose the
one that just reaches the required transmission rate. Give a calculation for justycation.
Exercise 17 (ofdm08): OFDM LTE
The upcoming enhancement of the UMTS system is currently specied under the name Long
Term Evolution (LTE), which applies the transmission scheme OFDM. For this technology a
maximum bandwidth of 30.72MHz and a FFT length of 2048 are specied. The duration of
the OFDM core symbol is specied as 66.67s, the duration of the cyclic prex is 16.67s.
a) State one advantage and one disadvantages of using OFDM as transmission scheme.
b) Determine the subcarrier spacing f and the bandwidth eciency . What is the
maximum allowable delay spread of a channel to guarantee that no inter-symbol
interference occurs?
c) How many subcarriers must be switched o or allocated with zeros, if a maximum
bandwidth of 18MHz must not be exceeded? Determine the maximum data rate that
can be transmitted with this bandwidth, if 64-QAM modulation is applied.
d) To create the OFDMsignal at this bandwidth an IFFTof length 2048 is used. Determine
the sampling frequency at the output of the IFFT and the number of sampling points
that appear in the guard interval.
Exercise 18 (ofdm09): OFDM
An OFDM system with a minimum bitrate of R
b
= 10 Mbit/s is to be realized. Due to the
channels frequency selectivity the subcarrier spacing may not exceed f = 10 kHz. An SNR
loss of
2
= 1 dB due to the cyclic prex is allowed.
a) Determine the maximal duration of the cyclic prex.
b) Each subcarrier is modulated using QPSK. The cyclic prex has the duration calculated
in problem a). Determine the number of subcarriers that are required to achieve the
desired bitrate.
c) Implementation constraints demand an FFT length, which is the number of subcarriers
rounded to the next largest power of two. Which sampling frequency do you need to
provide now?
d) Determine the maximal data rate when the number of subcarriers is identical to the
FFT length in problem c).
e) The channel transfer function is to be estimated via scattered pilot symbols. Determine
the maximal spacing n
Pi
between subsequent pilot symbols in the frequency direction,
if the maximal echo delay of the channel
max
equals the guard duration.

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Exercises

{1, 1} is modulated with a BPSK (symbol length T) and transmitted

{1, 1}, over a at channel with the time-

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