Research Opportunities in Water Research Opportunities in Water

Sector Sector A National Perspective A National Perspective Sector Sector A National Perspective A National Perspective
Dr. M. Prithviraj Dr. M. Prithviraj
Karnataka State Council For Science & Karnataka State Council For Science &
Technology, IISc., Bangalore Technology, IISc., Bangalore
Water Water Water Water
UU D i ki I i i I d D i ki I i i I d Uses Uses Drinking, Irrigation, Industry, Drinking, Irrigation, Industry,
Entertainment Entertainment
Sources Sources Surface water bodies Surface water bodies Sources Sources Surface water bodies, Surface water bodies,
Groundwater, Glaciers & Ice caps Groundwater, Glaciers & Ice caps
Issues Issues Quantity & Quality Quantity & Quality
Contamination Contamination natural & natural & Contamination Contamination - -natural & natural &
Anthropogenic Anthropogenic
Concerns Concerns Regulation, Improvement in Regulation, Improvement in g , p g , p
Quality/ Quantity, Optimization Quality/ Quantity, Optimization
Techniques, Environment Techniques, Environment
Management Management Management Management
3%
Un Un--even distribution of water has lead even distribution of water has lead
to inadequacy and inaccessibility of to inadequacy and inaccessibility of 3 %
1%
to inadequacy and inaccessibility of to inadequacy and inaccessibility of
safe water supplies to more than 1.2 safe water supplies to more than 1.2
billion people around the world billion people around the world
1 %
73 % is consumed for 73 % is consumed for
agriculture, 20 % for
industry and the rest,
for domestic and
ESS - DST, Govt. of India
for domestic and
recreational needs
Trends in Water Use
Last 3 centuries - human use for water has risen by 35
times. times.
Total worldwide water withdrawals between 1900 and
1990 indicate a two-fold increase to that of the population
Growth
In Asia, per capita water availability shows a decline of
40-60% between 1955 and 1990.
Projections suggest that by 2025 most Asian countries
will have severe human misery arising out of water will have severe human misery arising out of water
shortage like hunger, despair and widespread epidemics
and environmental degradation
ESS - DST, Govt. of India
Water & Development
Water influences agriculture, economic development, employment,
housing, health and numerous other sectors.
W t R D l t t k l i th t t f li it d Water Resources Development takes place in the context of limited
funds, competing priorities, human resources and other institutional
limitations, thereby making water one of the hottest issues today.
Concerns
How to balance the many conflicting interests involved in water How to balance the many conflicting interests involved in water
allocation?
How to protect the environment and prevent wastage of water and p p g
encourage behavior that supports sustainable use?
How to provide an equitable distribution system?
ESS - DST, Govt. of India
Agenda 21
In Chapter 18 theAgenda 21, prepared at Rio, very clearly states that:
The holistic management of freshwater as a finite and vulnerable resource,
and the integration of sectoral water plans and programmes within the
framework of national economic and social policy, are of paramount
importance for action in the 1990s and beyond 'While in the past there was importance for action in the 1990s and beyond. While in the past there was
a tendency to regard water problems as being local or regional in nature,
there is a growing recognition that their increasingly widespread occurrence
is quickly adding up to a crisis of global importance' (CSD, 1994, p. 3).
It also identifies and approves the following seven areas for action
at the national and international levels:
Integrated water resources development and management
Water resources assessment
Protection of water resources, water quality and aquatic
ecosystems ecosystems
Drinking water supply and sanitation
Water and sustainable urban development
Water for sustainable food production and rural development
d and
Impacts of climate change on -water resources
Indias water endowments
16 % of the worlds population, but only
4% percent of its water resources.
About 12% of total geographical area of About 12% of total geographical area of
the country is flood-prone, while 16% of
countrys geographical area is drought
prone.
Why this gap between
?
Why this gap between
available and utilisable
water resource?
The geographic spread of rainfall in India The geographic spread of rainfall in India
is erratic and uneven
Ranges from 11,000 millimeter annually in
some parts to 100 millimeter in Western
India.
Another problem is the temporal pattern of Another problem is the temporal pattern of
rainfall.
Much of India remains dry for nine months
of the year, receiving large quantum of
rains during the monsoon season causing
deluge in some parts of the country.
Indian Scenario Indian Scenario -- Water Water -- Stress Stress
intensive agriculture intensive agriculture gg
industrial development industrial development (3 (3 4 % to 10 %) 4 % to 10 %)
urbanization urbanization
uneven distribution of rainfall in time and space uneven distribution of rainfall in time and space
failure of monsoon failure of monsoon
increase in the sources and extent of contamination increase in the sources and extent of contamination
liberalized policies of Government and financial liberalized policies of Government and financial
institutions institutions institutions institutions
CLIMATE CHANGE CLIMATE CHANGE
Water Water Todays Problem Todays Problem yy
Indiscriminate development and exploitation of Indiscriminate development and exploitation of
ground water resources ground water resources Quality and Quantity issues Quality and Quantity issues
Lack of regulatory mechanism Lack of regulatory mechanism Lack of regulatory mechanism Lack of regulatory mechanism
No proper scientific approach in water resource No proper scientific approach in water resource
development development to be noted to be noted
Popularity measure like free power Popularity measure like free power --
Globalization Globalization water export water export
Unscientific Unscientific agricultural practices, disposal of agricultural practices, disposal of
industrial & domestic waste industrial & domestic waste
Urban Flooding Urban Flooding Urban Flooding Urban Flooding
Effects of Climate Change - India g
Erratic monsoons
Severe cyclonic activity leading to floods
Increased dry spell and incidences of draughts
Heat & cold wave conditions
Alarming rates in glacial melts g g
Lower snow fall
Thawing of permafrost land Thawing of permafrost land
Increase in sea level
Loss of mangrove and other coastal ecosystem.
National Water Resource Development
Government of India
Ministry of Water Resources
Provide necessary directions for implementation of schemes Provide necessary directions for implementation of schemes
Frame policies for development, regulation and protection of Frame policies for development, regulation and protection of
the resource the resource the resource the resource
ESS - DST, Govt. of India
Ministry of WaterResources y
National Commission for Integrated Water Resources
Development Plan (13
th
of September 1996 )
Water resource development in India should be so designed Water resource development in India should be so designed
that it meets the requirement of the projected demand for
food security and promotion of general health of the
perspective population in 2050 p p p p
National Water Policy National Water Policy
Fi t N ti l W t P li d t d b N ti l W t First National Water Policy was adopted by National Water
Resources Council in 1987.
This was subsequently revised and updated in April 2002.
The Union Government on J anuary 31 2012 released the draft
National Water Policy 2012.
Th d ft li i t d th b it f Mi i t f W t The draft policy is posted on the website of Ministry of Water
Resources for comments till February 29.
After carrying necessary modifications, it would be placed before y g y p
National Water Board and National Water Resources Council for
finalization and adoption.
Water Resource Development Policy
Driving Concerns
Present Water Usage
92% - Agriculture
3% - Industry
5% - Domestic purposes
Demand from the industrial and domestic sectors is expected to
increase with the growing population, urbanization and
industrialization.
Policy Aimsat:
1. Maximise the conversion of available water of 1000
BCM to utilizable water.
2. Optimise the use of utilizable water to yield maximum
benefits.
3. Prevent the resource from being rendered unfit for use
ESS - DST, Govt. of India
through pollution control.
DSTs R&DInitiatives DSTs R&DInitiatives -- Projects Supported Projects Supported DST s R&D Initiatives DST s R&D Initiatives Projects Supported Projects Supported
Maximisation of available water to utilizable water Maximisation of available water to utilizable water
Rejuvenation of surface water bodies Rejuvenation of surface water bodies
Location of Water Harvesting Structures Location of Water Harvesting Structures
Artificial Groundwater Recharge Artificial Groundwater Recharge
Sustainable Development of Groundwater Resources Sustainable Development of Groundwater Resources
Optimisation of utilizable water to yield maximum Optimisation of utilizable water to yield maximum
benefits benefits
Landuse Planning Landuse Planninggg
Precision Agriculture Precision Agriculture
Pollution control Pollution control Prevention of water resource being Prevention of water resource being
rendered unfit for use rendered unfit for use rendered unfit for use rendered unfit for use
-- Land Management Land Management
-- Conservation of Surface water bodies Conservation of Surface water bodies
G d t t i ti &S li it I i G d t t i ti &S li it I i -- Groundwater contamination & Salinity Ingression Groundwater contamination & Salinity Ingression
Salient features of the Draft Water Policy Salient features of the Draft Water Policy
The Government has drafted the Water Policy after holding The Government has drafted the Water Policy after holding
consultations with all stakeholders consultations with all stakeholders in the water sector in the water sector
Emphasises the need for a Emphasises the need for a national water framework law national water framework law, ,
comprehensive legislation for optimum development of inter comprehensive legislation for optimum development of inter--State rivers State rivers
and river valleys, and river valleys,
The draft policy has termed water as an "economic good" and is The draft policy has termed water as an "economic good" and is
supporting pricing of water to maximise its value supporting pricing of water to maximise its value. .
Stipulated need and approaches towards enhancing water availability Stipulated need and approaches towards enhancing water availability
besides emphasising on besides emphasising on water use efficiency water use efficiency. .
The new policy, shifts the role of the state from Service Provider to The new policy, shifts the role of the state from Service Provider to
that of a that of a regulator of services regulator of services and facilitator for strengthening the and facilitator for strengthening the
institutions responsible for planning, implementation and management institutions responsible for planning, implementation and management
of water resources of water resources
Proposes Proposes transfer of water related services to the community and/or transfer of water related services to the community and/or
private sector private sector with appropriate Public Private Partnership model with appropriate Public Private Partnership model
Cont .. Cont ..
Proposed a system to evolve Proposed a system to evolve benchmarks for water uses benchmarks for water uses for different for different
purposes purposes
Proposes development of Proposes development of water auditing water auditing to ensure efficient use of to ensure efficient use of
water water
Proposes setting up of Water Regulatory Authority and adequate Proposes setting up of Water Regulatory Authority and adequate
water pricing to water pricing to incentivize recycle and re incentivize recycle and re--use use..
Recommends Recommends portion of river to be kept aside to meet ecological portion of river to be kept aside to meet ecological
needs needs ensuring that the proportional low and high flow releases ensuring that the proportional low and high flow releases
correspond in time closely to the natural flow regime. correspond in time closely to the natural flow regime.
Has recognized the need to Has recognized the need to adapt to climate change scenario adapt to climate change scenario in in
planning and implementation of water resources projects planning and implementation of water resources projects
Recommends Recommends mapping of the aquifers mapping of the aquifers to know the quantum and to know the quantum and pp g q pp g q qq
quality of ground water resources quality of ground water resources
Water Users Associations be given statutory powers to collect and Water Users Associations be given statutory powers to collect and
retain a portion of water charges, manage and maintain the retain a portion of water charges, manage and maintain the p g , g p g , g
distribution system in their jurisdiction distribution system in their jurisdiction
Cont Cont
Proposes Proposes reversal of heavy under reversal of heavy under pricing of electricity pricing of electricity Proposes Proposes reversal of heavy under reversal of heavy under--pricing of electricity pricing of electricity
Emphasizes the need for Emphasizes the need for restoration of encroached water bodies restoration of encroached water bodies
with community participation with community participation
Proposes setting aside a percentage of the costs of infrastructure Proposes setting aside a percentage of the costs of infrastructure Proposes setting aside a percentage of the costs of infrastructure Proposes setting aside a percentage of the costs of infrastructure
development and collected water charges, for development and collected water charges, for repair and repair and
maintenance maintenance for longer periods. for longer periods.
Proposes to Proposes to remove the large disparity between stipulations for remove the large disparity between stipulations for pp g p y p g p y p
water supply in urban and in rural areas water supply in urban and in rural areas and aims to bring equality and aims to bring equality
between rural and urban people between rural and urban people
Proposed a Proposed a forum at the national level forum at the national level to deliberate upon issues to deliberate upon issues
l ti t t d l l ti t t d l ti d ti d relating to water and evolve consensus, co relating to water and evolve consensus, co- -operation and operation and
reconciliation amongst party States. reconciliation amongst party States.
A similar mechanism is recommended to be established within each A similar mechanism is recommended to be established within each
State to amicably resolve differences in competing demands for State to amicably resolve differences in competing demands for State to amicably resolve differences in competing demands for State to amicably resolve differences in competing demands for
water amongst different users of water, as also between different water amongst different users of water, as also between different
parts of the State parts of the State
Proposes appropriate Proposes appropriate institutional arrangements for each river institutional arrangements for each river p pp p p pp p gg
basin to collect and collate all data basin to collect and collate all data on regular basis w.r.t water on regular basis w.r.t water
budgets and water accounts based on the hydrologic balances budgets and water accounts based on the hydrologic balances
Initiatives of DST to support R&D Initiatives of DST to support R&D
in in
Water Sector Water Sector
If we are not careful the Day is not
Too Far
Chandrayan I -Seeks to explore
and exploit water on the Moon ! and exploit water on the Moon !
Science & Technology address Future Challenges on Water Science & Technology address Future Challenges on Water
The future depends on objective water science & technology
that can lead to innovative and cost-effective solutions &
support the countrys scientific strategies to alienate the y g
mounting stress on the water resources
Supreme Court of India judgment dated Supreme Court of India judgment dated 28 04 2009 28 04 2009 Supreme Court of India judgment dated Supreme Court of India judgment dated 28.04.2009 28.04.2009
w.r.t the w.r.t the WRIT PETITION(C) NO.230 OF 2001 WRIT PETITION(C) NO.230 OF 2001
directed the Union Government of India to address the water directed the Union Government of India to address the water
shortage problembeing faced by this country on a war footing shortage problembeing faced by this country on a war footing shortage problem being faced by this country on a war footing shortage problem being faced by this country on a war footing
directed the constitution of an Expert Committee with the Secretary directed the constitution of an Expert Committee with the Secretary
S i d T h l it Ch i d S t W t S i d T h l it Ch i d S t W t Science and Technology as its Chairman, and Secretary Water Science and Technology as its Chairman, and Secretary Water
Resources Ministry as member and other Secretaries of relevant Resources Ministry as member and other Secretaries of relevant
ministries, and eminent scientists in this area of science (both from ministries, and eminent scientists in this area of science (both from
India and abroad) as members India and abroad) as members India and abroad) as members India and abroad) as members
finding S&T based solutions to the looming water crisis of India finding S&T based solutions to the looming water crisis of India
Supreme Courts order Supreme Courts order -- states states
that the Central and State Governments should provide that the Central and State Governments should provide
the necessary financial, technical and administrative the necessary financial, technical and administrative y , y ,
support to this Committee for execution of their duties. support to this Committee for execution of their duties.
And the court proposes to monitor this case once in And the court proposes to monitor this case once in And the court proposes to monitor this case once in And the court proposes to monitor this case once in
every two months by seeking a progress on the activity every two months by seeking a progress on the activity
from the Chairman of the Committee who is requested to from the Chairman of the Committee who is requested to
be personally present in the court be personally present in the court be personally present in the court. be personally present in the court.
Research aims indicated by the Research aims indicated by the
H S C t f I di H S C t f I di Hon. Supreme Court of India Hon. Supreme Court of India
Find ways of Find ways of converting saline water to potable water converting saline water to potable water Find ways of Find ways of converting saline water to potable water converting saline water to potable water
through inexpensive techniques through inexpensive techniques to address water to address water
problem in the coastal states & Islands where ample sea problem in the coastal states & Islands where ample sea
water reserves are available water reserves are available water reserves are available water reserves are available
methods of methods of harnessing and managing monsoon harnessing and managing monsoon rain rain
water and manage the water and manage the flood waters flood waters
find effective find effective rain water harvesting rain water harvesting techniques, techniques,
improve/develop improve/develop technologies for efficient treatment of technologies for efficient treatment of
waste water re waste water re--use use
protect and protect and preserve the ecology preserve the ecology, including aquatic , including aquatic
ecology ecology ecology ecology
Perceived objectives of the S&T Mission Perceived objectives of the S&T Mission
WAR F W t WAR F W t WAR For Water WAR For Water
The S&T mission may focus primarily on The S&T mission may focus primarily on The S&T mission may focus primarily on The S&T mission may focus primarily on
Provision of clean and safe drinking water to the citizens Provision of clean and safe drinking water to the citizens Provision of clean and safe drinking water to the citizens Provision of clean and safe drinking water to the citizens
of India be it the Urban rich / poor or the rural folks in of India be it the Urban rich / poor or the rural folks in
adequate quantity. adequate quantity.
Development and convergence of appropriate Development and convergence of appropriate Development and convergence of appropriate Development and convergence of appropriate
technologies and modalities to limit the water demand to technologies and modalities to limit the water demand to
match sustainable supply match sustainable supply
Conserve and protect aquatic ecosystems Conserve and protect aquatic ecosystems
Ensure sufficient water for sustainable agriculture Ensure sufficient water for sustainable agriculture
Problems associated with water can be broadly categorized Problems associated with water can be broadly categorized
as: as:
a) availability of water, a) availability of water,
b) poor quality of water for the intended use, and b) poor quality of water for the intended use, and
c) indiscriminate use of a valuable natural resource c) indiscriminate use of a valuable natural resource c) indiscriminate use of a valuable natural resource c) indiscriminate use of a valuable natural resource
namely water. namely water.
ff
WWinning water fromsustainable resources inning water fromsustainable resources
Approach for solving the problem Approach for solving the problem
WWinning water from sustainable resources, inning water from sustainable resources,
AAugmentation ugmentation of of quality quality of of water water from from available available and and
accessible accessible sources sources and and
RRenovation for recycle enovation for recycle RRenovation for recycle. enovation for recycle.
WAR for WATER WAR for WATER
Mission Activities Initiated - J une 2009
Targets of WAR for Water g
Find Find appropriate appropriate and and multiple multiple solutions solutions to to win, win,
augment augment and and recycle recycle water water for for various various conditions conditions
of of input input water water quality, quality, nature nature of of uses uses and and quantity quantity pp q y, q y, q y q y
of of water water required required for for different different uses uses complete complete with with
revenue revenue models models
Provide Provide inputs inputs for for replication replication of of technologies technologies or or
solutions solutions to to the the other other arms arms of of the the Government Government solutions solutions to to the the other other arms arms of of the the Government Government
Mission Implementation Strategy
Enlistment of Enlistment of water challenges water challenges for research (under Field for research (under Field
Conditions) Conditions)
Selection of ~25 locations with a specific water challenge Selection of ~25 locations with a specific water challenge Selection of ~25 locations with a specific water challenge Selection of ~25 locations with a specific water challenge
containing a containing a population of 10,000 population of 10,000
Collection of Collection of site specific site specific conditions conditions
Inviting Inviting Technology solution providers Technology solution providers through tender & through tender & Inviting Inviting Technology solution providers Technology solution providers through tender & through tender &
evaluation of available technological solutions evaluation of available technological solutions
Selection of appropriate technology solutions Selection of appropriate technology solutions for each water for each water
challenge challenge
Proving the technical viability at 10,000 population scale through Proving the technical viability at 10,000 population scale through
Pilot trials Pilot trials
Evaluation of the best revenue model Evaluation of the best revenue model for sustainability for sustainability
Scaling of successful solutions for 1,00,000 population in the Scaling of successful solutions for 1,00,000 population in the
contiguous area contiguous area
Submission of Final Research Finding Submission of Final Research Finding to the Supreme Court to the Supreme Court
Replication of viable solutions in non Replication of viable solutions in non--contiguous areas contiguous areas this will this will
be done beyond September 2011 by the line ministry. be done beyond September 2011 by the line ministry.
Water Challenges Identified Water Challenges Identified Water Challenges Identified Water Challenges Identified
1. 1. Low per capita availability Low per capita availability
Q li d fi i f il bl f ifi d Q li d fi i f il bl f ifi d 2. 2. Quality deficit of available water for specified uses Quality deficit of available water for specified uses
3. 3. Geological contamination through arsenic Geological contamination through arsenic
4. 4. Contamination through fluoride Contamination through fluoride
55 Contamination through iron Contamination through iron 5. 5. Contamination through iron Contamination through iron
6. 6. Contamination through multiple species Contamination through multiple species
7. 7. Biological contamination Biological contamination
88 Alkali metal ion salinity Alkali metal ion salinity 8. 8. Alkali metal ion salinity Alkali metal ion salinity
9. 9. Alkaline earth metal salt salinity and hardness Alkaline earth metal salt salinity and hardness
10. 10.Storage capacity for seasonally available water Storage capacity for seasonally available water
11. 11.Surface run Surface run--off on account of nature of geological terrain off on account of nature of geological terrain g g g g
12. 12.Water body disuse Water body disuse
13. 13.Mismatched rates withdrawal and recharging capacity Mismatched rates withdrawal and recharging capacity
14. 14.Non Non--optimal use of water in agriculture optimal use of water in agriculture
15. 15.Non Non--optimal use of water in industrial sector optimal use of water in industrial sector
16. 16.Unplanned water use and demand Unplanned water use and demand
Water Challenges Identified Water Challenges Identified Water Challenges Identified Water Challenges Identified
17. 17. Contamination of water on account of pesticide and other use Contamination of water on account of pesticide and other use--
derived residues derived residues
18. 18. Deficit of assurance for drinking water quality Deficit of assurance for drinking water quality
19. 19. Sea water intrusion in coastal areas Sea water intrusion in coastal areas
20 20 Evaporation loss fromwater bodies Evaporation loss fromwater bodies 20. 20. Evaporation loss from water bodies Evaporation loss from water bodies
21. 21. Non Non--sustainable water cycle management sustainable water cycle management
22. 22. Reject management from water related technologies Reject management from water related technologies
23. 23. Water winning and mining in water starved areas Water winning and mining in water starved areas
24. 24. River flood management and River flood management and
25. 25. Wetland management. Wetland management. gg
Data Collection on Sites Data Collection on Sites
Sit Di t ib ti (110) Sit Di t ib ti (110) Site Distribution (110) Site Distribution (110)
Water Challenge Water Challenge- -wise wise
Lowper capita availability
32%
30%
Low per capita availability
Alkaline earth metal salt
salinity and hardness
32%
30%
y
Contamination through multiple
species
15%
12%
11%
Contamination through fluoride
Others
Mission Deliverables Finally
Cost effective, Socially Acceptable and Environment Cost effective, Socially Acceptable and Environment
safe safe Technology Solutions Technology Solutions for for::
Saline to Fresh Water Saline to Fresh Water
Water winning technologies from multiple sources Water winning technologies from multiple sources
Rain water harvesting and utilization Rain water harvesting and utilization Rain water harvesting and utilization Rain water harvesting and utilization
Flood and drought forecast and harnessing water resources Flood and drought forecast and harnessing water resources
Quality augmentation and assurance of water Quality augmentation and assurance of water
Water recycling and renovation for multiple use Water recycling and renovation for multiple use Water recycling and renovation for multiple use Water recycling and renovation for multiple use
Hard and Long term technology options Hard and Long term technology options
Biotechnology options for water recovery and renovation Biotechnology options for water recovery and renovation
These solutions will be delivered to concerned These solutions will be delivered to concerned
departments for adoption departments for adoption
First war for water First war for water
More exhaustive exercise More exhaustive exercise BSS and its out BSS and its out
come. come.
Water Technology initiative of DST Water Technology initiative of DST
J NU J NU Wetland Conf. Wetland Conf.
Water Cycle Interaction and their Water Cycle Interaction and their
recommendations recommendations
Indo Indo EU EU Indo Indo--EU EU
RWH RWH Effect on society and Ground water Effect on society and Ground water
regime regime regime regime
Earth System Sciences Program Earth System Sciences Program
Brain Storming Session on TRAINING AND RESEARCH IN WATER Brain Storming Session on TRAINING AND RESEARCH IN WATER
RESOURCES RESOURCES -- 22
nd nd
& 3 & 3
rd rd
November 2005 at Andhra University November 2005 at Andhra University
Waltair. Around 30 Academicians and Researchers participated and Waltair. Around 30 Academicians and Researchers participated and p p p p
deliberated on Strategies for Manpower Development. deliberated on Strategies for Manpower Development.
4th PAC meeting at Nainithal in April 2006 4th PAC meeting at Nainithal in April 2006 reported reported -- directed directed
design of a series of training programmes in water resources. design of a series of training programmes in water resources.
Organise a discussion on research initiatives that need to be taken up to Organise a discussion on research initiatives that need to be taken up to
address the pertinent water resources problems of the country. address the pertinent water resources problems of the country.
Two Two--day Discussion Meet day Discussion Meet -- organized at the Department of Civil organized at the Department of Civil
Engineering, Indian Institute of Science (IISC), Bangalore on 16th Engineering, Indian Institute of Science (IISC), Bangalore on 16th
and 17th of February 2007 to sharpen the research areas in water and 17th of February 2007 to sharpen the research areas in water and 17th of February, 2007 to sharpen the research areas in water and 17th of February, 2007 to sharpen the research areas in water
resources. resources.
Thrust Area document on Research Issues and Capacity Building Thrust Area document on Research Issues and Capacity Building
in Water Resources in Water Resources -- for wider circulation amongst academicians for wider circulation amongst academicians
and young researchers. and young researchers.
Outcome Outcome
Discussions culminated in the development of Discussions culminated in the development of Discussions culminated in the development of Discussions culminated in the development of
seven training seven training programmes programmes & identification of areas & identification of areas
of research that need to be strengthened or of research that need to be strengthened or
initiated. initiated. initiated. initiated.
identified research topics identified research topics in the light of the in the light of the
changing water resources research in the international changing water resources research in the international
scenario, scenario,
our local and national societal needs and the associated our local and national societal needs and the associated
political and socio political and socio economic conditions economic conditions political and socio political and socio--economic conditions. economic conditions.
scientific issues like climate change, scientific issues like climate change,
and the drastic changes taking place in agricultural and the drastic changes taking place in agricultural
practices and industrialization practices and industrialization practices and industrialization. practices and industrialization.
Water Water Training Programs Training Programs
1.Hard Rock Hydrology 1.Hard Rock Hydrology -- NGRI, IISc & CGWB NGRI, IISc & CGWB y gy y gy
2.Urban and Industrial Hydrology 2.Urban and Industrial Hydrology -- BITS, Ranchi, J NU, New BITS, Ranchi, J NU, New
Delhi Delhi
3 Coastal and Island Hydrology 3 Coastal and Island Hydrology -- Andhra University Andhra University 3.Coastal and Island Hydrology 3.Coastal and Island Hydrology Andhra University, Andhra University,
Visakhapatnam & NIH, DRC, Kakinada Visakhapatnam & NIH, DRC, Kakinada
4.Alluvial Hydrology 4.Alluvial Hydrology -- Anna University, Chennai & IIT, Khagarpur Anna University, Chennai & IIT, Khagarpur
5 Mountain Hydrology 5 Mountain Hydrology NIH R k NIH R k 5.Mountain Hydrology 5.Mountain Hydrology -- NIH, Roorkee NIH, Roorkee
6.Arid Zone Hydrology 6.Arid Zone Hydrology -- NIH, Roorkee NIH, Roorkee
7.Predictions in Ungauged Basins (PUB) 7.Predictions in Ungauged Basins (PUB) -- Andhra University, Andhra University, g g ( ) g g ( ) y, y,
Visakhapatnam & BITS, Pilani Visakhapatnam & BITS, Pilani
Identified Research Areas Identified Research Areas
Vadose zone Research Vadose zone Research
Base Flowand Ground Water Run off Base Flowand Ground Water Run off Base Flow and Ground Water Run off Base Flow and Ground Water Run off
Identification Mapping of Major Indian Aquifers Identification Mapping of Major Indian Aquifers
Coastal aquifer systems and submarine Ground water Coastal aquifer systems and submarine Ground water
Discharges Discharges gg
S & T Inputs to ensure safe drinking water and sanitation S & T Inputs to ensure safe drinking water and sanitation
Urban hydrology Urban hydrology
Eco Eco--hydrology including Water Quality and Remediation hydrology including Water Quality and Remediation
t di t di studies studies
Transformation of complex scientific Functions into user Transformation of complex scientific Functions into user
friendly thumb rules friendly thumb rules
Cost effective Instrumentation for automatic data collection Cost effective Instrumentation for automatic data collection Cost effective Instrumentation for automatic data collection Cost effective Instrumentation for automatic data collection
and transmission and transmission
Cost effective and adoptive technologies for water access Cost effective and adoptive technologies for water access
and treatment and treatment
F t i t f i t l t i t/ t F t i t f i t l t i t/ t Foot print of virtual water import/ export Foot print of virtual water import/ export
Vadose Zone Research Vadose Zone Research Vadose Zone Research Vadose Zone Research
Focal themes: Focal themes: Focal themes: Focal themes:
Calibration of satellite data for the determination of Soil Calibration of satellite data for the determination of Soil
moisture for different soil and agro moisture for different soil and agro--climatic zones climatic zones
Fluid dynamics in unsaturated zone at watershed scale Fluid dynamics in unsaturated zone at watershed scale Fluid dynamics in unsaturated zone at watershed scale Fluid dynamics in unsaturated zone at watershed scale
Bio Bio--geo chemical processes of the vadose zone at geo chemical processes of the vadose zone at
watershed scale watershed scale
Base flow and ground water run off Base flow and ground water run off
Research themes with a focus on climatic and geomorphic controls on
base flow at watershed scale demand the immediate attention of the
hydrological community.
Identification of locations/areas of base flow
Quantitative estimates
Contribution to stream flow conditions vis--vis Ground water
ffluctuations under natural and controlled conditions
Climatic changes and base flow
Focal theme: Focal theme:
Climatic, geomorphic and anthropogenic controls on base flow at
watershed scale
Identification and mapping of major Indian aquifers Identification and mapping of major Indian aquifers
Discrete information is available on the characterization Discrete information is available on the characterization
of aquifers at point and local scales no attempt has of aquifers at point and local scales no attempt has of aquifers at point and local scales, no attempt has of aquifers at point and local scales, no attempt has
been made to identify and map the major aquifers of the been made to identify and map the major aquifers of the
country. country.
It is essential for the research community to generate It is essential for the research community to generate
and standardize effective technologies for the mapping and standardize effective technologies for the mapping
of major aquifers with special reference to the of major aquifers with special reference to the j q p j q p
assessment of their water reserves. assessment of their water reserves.
Estimation of aquifer withdrawals and recharges on Estimation of aquifer withdrawals and recharges on
b i l th h th li ti f i it b i l th h th li ti f i it basin scale through the application of micro gravity basin scale through the application of micro gravity
measurements through satellite remote sensing. measurements through satellite remote sensing.
Coastal aquifer systems and submarine Coastal aquifer systems and submarine
ground water discharges ground water discharges ground water discharges ground water discharges
Sea water intrusion Sea water intrusion Sea water intrusion Sea water intrusion
Chemical property changes and associated Chemical property changes and associated
dynamics dynamics yy
Impact of anthropogenic activities along the Impact of anthropogenic activities along the
coast coast
Estuarine hydrodynamics Estuarine hydrodynamics
Urban hydrology Urban hydrology
Cost effective Precession Techniques for the generation of Cost effective Precession Techniques for the generation of
DEMs DEMs
Rainfall run Rainfall run- -off studies off studies
Models for flash floods Models for flash floods
Assessment and mapping of fluid flows Assessment and mapping of fluid flows
Assessment of water use and demands visa Assessment of water use and demands visa--aa- -vis population vis population
growth and associated developmental activities including growth and associated developmental activities including g owt a dassoc ateddeveop e ta act v t es c ud g g owt a dassoc ateddeveop e ta act v t es c ud g
industrialization industrialization
Health and ecological studies with special reference to Health and ecological studies with special reference to
sanitation sanitation
Micro zonation for groundwater resources Micro zonation for groundwater resources
Decision Support Systems Decision Support Systems
Ecohydrology Ecohydrology
Hydrology and ecology cannot be separated. Hydrology and ecology cannot be separated.
It is time to demonstrate the application of ecohydrology to address It is time to demonstrate the application of ecohydrology to address
the problems surrounding water, environment and people. the problems surrounding water, environment and people.
Focal theme: Focal theme:
Fate and transport of solute in saturated and Fate and transport of solute in saturated and Fate and transport of solute in saturated and Fate and transport of solute in saturated and
unsaturated media unsaturated media
Characterization and remediation of aquatic Characterization and remediation of aquatic qq
systems systems
Transformation of complex scientific Functions into Transformation of complex scientific Functions into
user friendly thumb rules
Cost effective and adoptive technologies for water
access and treatment access and treatment
Foot print of virtual water import/ export
Cost effective Instrumentation for automatic data collection
and transmission and transmission
ELEVENTH FIVE YEAR PLAN ELEVENTH FIVE YEAR PLAN 2007 2007 12 12 ELEVENTH FIVE YEAR PLAN ELEVENTH FIVE YEAR PLAN-- 2007 2007--12 12
Water Technology Initiative: Water Technology Initiative: gy gy
Design and development of low cost solutions and Design and development of low cost solutions and
technologies for provision of safe drinking water and water technologies for provision of safe drinking water and water
for domestic use. for domestic use.
Since quality is the main consideration of safe drinking water Since quality is the main consideration of safe drinking water
research, technologies which employ research, technologies which employ nano materials and nano materials and
filtration technologies are being focused filtration technologies are being focused. .
The initiative also included the The initiative also included the pilot testing of a credible number pilot testing of a credible number
of products and referencing of selected technologies to the of products and referencing of selected technologies to the
social contexts of the application regions social contexts of the application regions..
Technology Outreach For Inclusive Technology Outreach For Inclusive Technology Outreach For Inclusive Technology Outreach For Inclusive
Growth of Rural India Growth of Rural India
Water and Energy Technologies: Water and Energy Technologies:
Recognising ater and energ sec rit of the nation Recognising ater and energ sec rit of the nation Recognising water and energy security of the nation Recognising water and energy security of the nation
form two ideal areas for the S&T landscape in the form two ideal areas for the S&T landscape in the
country country program aims to provide a protective cover program aims to provide a protective cover
through a combination of incremental , systemic and through a combination of incremental , systemic and
leap leap--frog innovations. frog innovations.
Some of those areas which are of concern to a vast Some of those areas which are of concern to a vast Some of those areas which are of concern to a vast Some of those areas which are of concern to a vast
majority of population must gain higher priority over majority of population must gain higher priority over
other areas other areas North Eastern part of India. North Eastern part of India.
Ministry of Science & Technology Ministry of Science & Technology
Facilitate the development of new technologies; rationalize the cost Facilitate the development of new technologies; rationalize the cost
Ministry of Science & Technology Ministry of Science & Technology
of proven technologies, upscale production and demonstration for of proven technologies, upscale production and demonstration for
adoption at the community level. adoption at the community level.
Research for knowledge generation Research for knowledge generation
Spatial and non Spatial and non--spatial data generation / collection, format spatial data generation / collection, format
i ll ti d f h ldi f h i t i ll ti d f h ldi f h i t conversion, collation and safe holding for sharing amongst users conversion, collation and safe holding for sharing amongst users
Development of simulation models and scenario generation tools Development of simulation models and scenario generation tools
Create awareness amongst the target groups Create awareness amongst the target groups Create awareness amongst the target groups Create awareness amongst the target groups
Technology foresight and forecast Technology foresight and forecast
Roles and Responsibilities of the Ministries and Departments Roles and Responsibilities of the Ministries and Departments
in Augmenting the Water Resources of India in Augmenting the Water Resources of India g g g g
Ministry of Earth Sciences Ministry of Earth Sciences yy
Map the Gross Hydrological Cycle over India Map the Gross Hydrological Cycle over India
Evaluation & Mapping of Evaporation and Evapo Evaluation & Mapping of Evaporation and Evapo--
transpiration transpiration transpiration transpiration
Development of Decision Support Systems, Development of Decision Support Systems,
Mathematical Modelling Mathematical Modelling
deployment of proven technologies for water conversion deployment of proven technologies for water conversion
/ purification, / purification,
Cloud seeding for inducing rain Cloud seeding for inducing rain
Ministry of Environment & Forests Ministry of Environment & Forests
protection of the aquatic environment on a war protection of the aquatic environment on a war
footing footing
Improve forest cover to improve precipitation & Improve forest cover to improve precipitation &
infiltration for better surface & groundwater infiltration for better surface & groundwater
resource generation resource generation resource generation resource generation
Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Council for Scientific and Industrial Research
Development of inexpensive technologies for conversion Development of inexpensive technologies for conversion p p g p p g
of waste/grey/saline water for domestic and Industrial of waste/grey/saline water for domestic and Industrial
use use
Comparative assessment of indigenous and imported Comparative assessment of indigenous and imported Comparative assessment of indigenous and imported Comparative assessment of indigenous and imported
technologies technologies
Preparation of technical viability summary of successful Preparation of technical viability summary of successful
CSIR technologies CSIR technologies CSIR technologies CSIR technologies
Purification of Arsenic and Fluoride contaminated water Purification of Arsenic and Fluoride contaminated water
and making it available for human use and making it available for human use
Development and application of new methods of water Development and application of new methods of water
management (NIH) management (NIH)
Ministry of Agriculture Ministry of Agriculture
develop specific agriculture practice for different agro develop specific agriculture practice for different agro--
climatic regions focusing on water savings climatic regions focusing on water savings
contribute to the water saving strategy by contribute to the water saving strategy by contribute to the water saving strategy by contribute to the water saving strategy by
developing new systems of cultivation developing new systems of cultivation
micro micro--irrigation irrigation
development of newvarieties of crops that can growin water development of newvarieties of crops that can growin water development of new varieties of crops that can grow in water development of new varieties of crops that can grow in water
deficient conditions deficient conditions
develop cost effective materials for water retention (like super develop cost effective materials for water retention (like super
absorbent polymers, hydrogels etc.) absorbent polymers, hydrogels etc.) absorbent polymers, hydrogels etc.) absorbent polymers, hydrogels etc.)
improve conveyance efficiency improve conveyance efficiency
Prescribe adequate quantity and frequency of application Prescribe adequate quantity and frequency of application
of such pesticides / fertilizers that are effective on crops of such pesticides / fertilizers that are effective on crops of such pesticides / fertilizers that are effective on crops of such pesticides / fertilizers that are effective on crops
but does not contaminate the groundwater but does not contaminate the groundwater
development of easily degradable chemicals and organic development of easily degradable chemicals and organic
f i ti f d i ll ti f th h ll f i ti f d i ll ti f th h ll farming practices for reducing pollution of the shallow farming practices for reducing pollution of the shallow
aquifers aquifers
Ministry of Health Ministry of Health Ministry of Health Ministry of Health
Work to stabilize the Population of India around 1640 Work to stabilize the Population of India around 1640 Work to stabilize the Population of India around 1640 Work to stabilize the Population of India around 1640
million by 2050 to ensure sufficient availability of water million by 2050 to ensure sufficient availability of water
Standardisation of the water quality thresholds of fluride Standardisation of the water quality thresholds of fluride
&arsenic contents for safe cons mption &arsenic contents for safe cons mption & arsenic contents for safe consumption & arsenic contents for safe consumption
Sanitation improvement for better health at the Sanitation improvement for better health at the
community level community level
Development of safer and efficient techniques for control Development of safer and efficient techniques for control
of water borne diseases of water borne diseases
Ministry of Rural Development Ministry of Rural Development Ministry of Rural Development Ministry of Rural Development
Work closely with the scientific ministries and ensure the Work closely with the scientific ministries and ensure the
adoption of developed technologies and new techniques adoption of developed technologies and new techniques
at the comm nit le el for pro iding safe ater for at the comm nit le el for pro iding safe ater for at the community level for providing safe water for at the community level for providing safe water for
domestic use and livestock requirement. domestic use and livestock requirement.
Preservation of hygiene, health and ecology and Preservation of hygiene, health and ecology and
protection of water sources at the village level. protection of water sources at the village level.
Give impetus to traditional water harvesting, collection Give impetus to traditional water harvesting, collection
and protection systems, characteristic of the region. and protection systems, characteristic of the region. p y , g p y , g
Ministry of Urban Development Ministry of Urban Development y p y p
Work towards provision of safe and sufficient domestic Work towards provision of safe and sufficient domestic
water water water water
protection of aquifers through regulation protection of aquifers through regulation
ensure sustainable use of the scarce resource ensure sustainable use of the scarce resource
management of storm water management of storm water
tackle pollution issues through town planning / industrial tackle pollution issues through town planning / industrial
zoning zoning zoning zoning
sanitation and solid waste management technologies sanitation and solid waste management technologies
Ensure groundwater augmentation through rain water Ensure groundwater augmentation through rain water
h ti t t i h ti t t i harvesting strategies. harvesting strategies.
Help design water governance policies. Help design water governance policies.
Mi i t f C Mi i t f C Ministry of Commerce Ministry of Commerce
Frame policy to reduce virtual water export Frame policy to reduce virtual water export
and increase virtual water import. and increase virtual water import.
Ministry of Mines Ministry of Mines
Through the Geological Survey of India Through the Geological Survey of India Through the Geological Survey of India, Through the Geological Survey of India,
can support the mission to Map the can support the mission to Map the
Aquifers and other natural water bodies Aquifers and other natural water bodies Aquifers and other natural water bodies. Aquifers and other natural water bodies.
Department of Biotechnology Department of Biotechnology Department of Biotechnology Department of Biotechnology
Development of crop varieties which consume less water Development of crop varieties which consume less water p p p p
for their cultivation and varieties that can withstand water for their cultivation and varieties that can withstand water
stress (draught). stress (draught).
Identification and isolation of suitable microbes for Identification and isolation of suitable microbes for Identification and isolation of suitable microbes for Identification and isolation of suitable microbes for
biodegradation of pollutants biodegradation of pollutants
Development of methods for bioremediation of effluents, Development of methods for bioremediation of effluents,
application of biotechnology application of biotechnology application of biotechnology application of biotechnology
Nanotechnology in water purification / remediation. Nanotechnology in water purification / remediation.
Work towards evolving gestimates of water demands of Work towards evolving gestimates of water demands of g g g g
major life forms. major life forms.
Department of Space Department of Space
Satellite based technology for mapping of Satellite based technology for mapping of
surface water bodies surface water bodies
estimation of reserves estimation of reserves
status of surface water bodies status of surface water bodies
groundwater potential areas feasible for exploitation groundwater potential areas feasible for exploitation groundwater potential areas feasible for exploitation groundwater potential areas feasible for exploitation
estimation of evapo estimation of evapo--transpiration transpiration
Monitor Monitor
landuse and landcover changes landuse and landcover changes landuse and landcover changes landuse and landcover changes
soil moisture conditions soil moisture conditions
vegetation stress vegetation stress
f th t d l t l ti iti f th t d l t l ti iti progress of the water developmental activities progress of the water developmental activities
responses of the land to specific scientific interventions responses of the land to specific scientific interventions
RESEARCH PRIORITIES
Meteorology - Countrywide collection of climatic parametes - refinements of
climate models suitable cost effective sensors to be developed for
d ifi ti f th t ti it i t k densification of the automatic monitoring networks.
Agriculture - Better methods in agriculture, New crop verities - sustain and
withstand water deficient conditions, develop cost effective materials for , p
water retention (like super absorbent polymers, hydrogels etc.), improve
conveyance efficiency, reduce evapotranspiration, increase soil
moisture, micro-irrigation methods, bio-remediation etc. Design of new
water harvesting & storage structures water harvesting & storage structures.
Industry - cost effective water recycling techniques, re-use and end of pipe
solutions for polluted waters.
Domestic - New technologies for more efficient use of all waters,
Development of low cost filters for use by urban poor and rural population
for safe drinking water low water use techologies design for rainwater for safe drinking water, low water use techologies, design for rainwater
harvesting.
Health - Technical advances in membrane separation, innovative biological
treatment, safe irradiation techniques for efficient control of disease, and
protection of the environment Application of biotechnology and protection of the environment. Application of biotechnology and
nanotechnology in water purification / remediation.
Environmental Protection Characterization, protection, and remediation of p
aquifer systems with respect to their health and quality, develop alternate
strategies for reducing pollution, improved techniques for grey water use,
protection of aquatic environment from pollution,
Urban - Pollution control, zoning of industries, efficient management and use
of storm water, design of recharge structures, better technologies for
waste water treatment, Micro zonation of urban aquifers,
Water users community Develop nominal cost tools for water quality
assesment, quality improvement, tools for training to the stake holders
etc.
Nation wide mapping - major aquifers, Soil Moisture, Evapotranspiration -
development of technologies for rapid data / information generation
(Remote Sensing) fromlarge areas are one priority area of research (Remote Sensing) from large areas are one priority area of research,
development of suitable statistical sampling techniques taking into
consideration the agro-climatic condition and other factors,
improvement of sensors, data communication and storage devices,
computing devices etc.
Policy Makers Development of suitable technologies for visualization,
comparison statistical analysis decision support systems comparison, statistical analysis decision support systems.
Water is Essential for Life on Earth Water is Essential for Life on Earth
Save Water by J udicious use and
adoption of simple techniques
Thanks for your Attention !!!