Answers - Work and Energy

1.


Work equals the force F times the displacement s times the cosine of the angle F,s between
the force F and the displacement s:
W = (Fs cos F,s)
If we rewrite work as
W = (F cos F,s)s
we see from Fig. 1b above that we may say, alternatively, that work is the component of the
force, F cos F,s, in the direction of the displacement times the displacement. From Fig. 1c
above we find we may also write
W = F (s cos F,s)
or work is the product of the force and the component of the displacement,
(s cos F,s), in the direction of the force.


2.



In general, W = (Fs cos F,s)
a. For the girl, W =18 N(4 m)(cos 0
o
) =18 N(4 m)(1) = 72 J
b. For the boy, W = 12 N(4 m)(cos 180
o
) = 12 N(4 m)(-1) = -48 J
c. You can find the work done by the net force in two ways:
i. Since work is a scalar quantity, add the work done by each algebraically,
that is, 72 J - 48 J = 24 J.
ii. First find the net force. Taking to the right to be positive,

F
net
= 18 N - 12 N = 6 N to the right
F
net
, s = 0
o

Work done by net force = 6 N(4 m) cos 0
o
= 6 N(4 m)(1) = 24 J

3.


If you do not raise the object or increase its velocity, there is no increase in the objects
potential energy or in its kinetic energy. The physicists definition of work demands that when
you do work on an object its energy increases. For the situation in Fig. 1 above, you are
exerting a force through a distance, but you do no work. For this reason, we define work W as
the force F times the displacement s times the angle between F and s or F,s. In Fig. 1,
F,s = 90
o
and cos 90
o
= 0. With this definition of work, we correctly predict that no work is
done by moving an object horizontally without increasing its speed. You may tire while
moving the object because your tensed muscles are continually contracting and relaxing in
minute movements. You, however, have done no work on the object as defined in a physical
sense.


4. The force that produces a centripetal acceleration is always in toward the center or
perpendicular to the path. The angle between the tension and the displacement is 90
o
. Since
cos 90
o
= 0, no work is done by the tension in the string. Also note that the potential energy
and the kinetic energy of the object does not change.


5.

a. The angle between F and s is 0
o
.
The work done by F = Fs cos 0
o
= 12 N(4 m)(1) = 48 J.
b. The angle between F
N
and s is 90
o
.
The work done by F
N
= F
N
s cos 90
o
= F
N
s(0) = 0.
c. The angle between mg and s is -90
o
.
The work done by mg = mgs cos -90
o
= mgs(0) = 0.
d. To find the frictional force f, notice that:

(F
net
)
y
= ma
y
= m(0) = 0
F
N
- mg = 0 and F
N
= mg
f =
k
F
N
= 0.50(mg) = 0.50(20 N) = 10 N.

The angle between f and s is 180
o
.
The work done by f = fs cos 180
o
= 10 N(4 m)(-1) = - 40 J.
e. The work done by the net force = 48 J - 40 J = 8 J or
(F
net
)
x
= 12 N - 10 N = 2 N.
Work done by net force = 2 N(4 m)cos 0
0
= 8 J.


6. For the raindrop to fall with a constant speed, the net force acting on the drop
must equal 0. Thus mg - f = 0 or mg = f, where f is the frictional force of the air
on the drop and I have taken down as positive. Work = Force(displacement)
F,s. The gravitational force mg is in the same direction as the displacement s.

Work by gravitational force equals:
mgs cos 0
o
= mgs = 3.35 x 10
-5
kg(10 m/s
2
)(100 m)(1) = 3.35 x 10
-2
J.
The frictional force of the air is opposite to the direction of the displacement s. Work by
frictional force of air = fs cos 180
o
= -3.35 x 10
-2
J.


7. Kinetic energy K = 1/2 mv
2
= 1/2(52 kg)(14.0 m/s)
2
= 51 x 10
2
J.


8. a. v v = (v)(v) cos v, v = v
2
cos 0
o
= v
2
(1) = v
2
.
b. d(v v) = v

dv + dv v = 2v dv because the order of the vectors in a dot or
scalar product does not matter. The scalar product is commutative. d(v
2
) = 2v dv.
Since v

v = v
2
, d(v v) = d(v
2
) = 2v dv.

9. a. Work done by net force =
(F
net
) x cos 0
0
= (ma)x. (Equation 1)

For motion along the x axis with constant acceleration,
v
f
2
= v
o
2
+ 2ax or
ax = 1/2(v
f
2
- v
o
2
) (Equation 2).
Substituting ax from Eq. 2 into Eq. 1: Work done by net force
= m{1/2(v
f
2
- v
o
2
)}
= 1/2 mv
f
2
- 1/2 mv
o
2
= change in kinetic energy.

b. F
net
ds = m dv/dt ds = m dv/dt v dt = m v dv

In the above equation, we have used the definition ds = v dt and the result of #8 that v
dv = v dv.


10. Work done by net force = 8 J = 1/2 (2.0 kg)v
f
2
- 1/2 (2.0 kg)v
o
2
.
8 J = 8 N-m = 8 kg(m/s
2
)(m) = 1 kg v
f
2
- 1/2 (2.0 kg)(0) or v
f
= 2(2)
1/2
m/s.


11.


F, ds = and ds cos = dy, as shown in Fig. 3 above. F
.
ds = (-mg)dy.
The work done in going from A to B .


12. From work energy theorem,
Work done = 1/2 mv
B
2
- 1/2 mv
A
2

From #11,
mgh = 1/2 mv
B
2
- 1/2 mv
A
2

v
B
= (2gh + v
A
2
)
1/2


13.

a. In the figure, we take the Y-axis perpendicular to the incline.

(F
net
)
y
= ma
y

F
N
- mg cos 37
o
= m(0)
F
N
= mg cos 37
o
= (2.0 kg)(10 m/s
2
)(0.8) =16 N
f =
k
F
N
= 0.50(16 N) = 8.0 N
b. Work done by F = Fs cos F,s = 30N(4m)(cos 0
o
) = 30 N(4.0 m)(1) =120 J.
c. Work done by F
N
= F
N
s cos 90
o
= F
N
s(0) = 0.
d. Angle between mg and s = -(90 + 37)
o
.
Work done by mg = mgs cos mg,s
= 2.0 kg(10 m/s
2
)(4.0 m)cos {-127
o
)}
= 2.0 kg(10 m/s
2
)(4.0 m) (-0.6) = -48 J.
e. Work done by friction = f(s)cos 180
o
= 8.0 N(4.0 m)(-1) = -32 J
f. Work by net force =120 J - 32 J + 0 - 48 J = 40 J.
g. By work-energy theorem, work done by net force =
40 J = K = 1/2 mv
f
2
- 1/2 mv
i
2
= 1/2(2kg)v
f
2
- 0.
40 J = 40 N-m = 40 (kg-m/s
2
)-m = 40 kg-m
2
/s
2
= (kg)v
f
2
.
v
f
= (40)
1/2
m/s.


14.

a. For the Y-axis, (F
net
)
y
= ma
y.
From the figure,

F
N
- F sin 37
o
- mg = 0
F
N
= F sin 37
o
+ mg
F
N
= (30 N)(0.6) + 20 N = 38 N.
f =
k
F
N
= (0.50)(38 N) = 19 N
b. Work by f = fs cos f, s = (19 N)(4.0 m)(cos 180
o
) = -76 N
c. Work done by F = Fs cos F,s = 30 N(4.0 m)(cos 37
o
) =120 J(0.8) = 96 J
d. Work done by F
N
= F
N
s cos F
N
,s = F
N
s cos 90
o
= F
N
s (0) = 0
e. Work done by mg = mgs cos mg, s = mgs cos (-90
o
) = mgs (0) = 0.
f. Net work done = Work by f

+ Work by F + Work by F
N
+ Work by mg
= -76 J + 96 J + 0 + 0 = 20 J
g. By work energy theorem,
Work done by net force = kinetic energy = K
f
- K
i
= 1/2 mv
f
2
- 1/2 mv
i
2

20 J = 1/2 (2 kg)v
f
2
- 0
v
f
= (20 J/kg)
1/2
= (20 N-m/kg)
1/2
= {20 (kg-m/s
2
)(m/kg)}
1/2

= 20 m/s = 25 m/s.

15. Work = force(displacement) cos F,s
a. The angle between the force exerted by the person and the displacement is 0
o
. Work
by person =10 N(1.0 m) = 10 J.
b. The gravitational force = mg = 1.0 kg(10 m/s
2
) = 10 N. To lift the object with a
constant velocity the force of the person must be equal in magnitude to the
gravitational force. The angle between mg and s is 180
o
. Work done by gravity = 10
N(1.0 m)cos 180
o
= -10 J.
c. Increase in potential energy = mgh, where h is the height to which the object is
raised = 10 J. The increase in the potential energy equals the work done by the
person in raising the object with a constant velocity or it equals the negative of the
work done by the gravitational force.
d. The increase in kinetic energy is zero because the work done by the net force is zero.

16. a. Now work done by person = 12 N(1.0 m) = 12 J.
b. Work done by gravitational force still equals -10 J.
c. Increase in potential energy equals the negative of the work done by the
gravitational force = 10 J.
d. Work done by the net force = 12 J - 10 J = 2 J = increase in kinetic energy.

17. a. Work done by friction = fs cos 180
o
= 72 N(3.0 m)(-1) = -216 J.
b. Work by net force = work done by friction = change in kinetic energy

-216 J = 1/2 (12 kg)v
2
3.0m
- 1/2(12 kg)(10 m/s)
2

-216 J + 600 J = 1/2(12 kg)v
2
3.0m
.
V
3.0m
= 8.0 m/s
2
.
c. Work done by friction = 72 N(s)(-1) = change in kinetic energy = 0 - 600 J.
s = 8.3 m

18.


For the figure above,
a. sine of the angle of incline = 1.0/2.0. Angle of incline = 30
o
. For motion of the
object with constant velocity, the net force in that direction must be zero.

F
net up the plane
= ma = m(0)
F - mg sin 30
o
= 0 Force of person =
F = mg sin 30
o
= 2.0 kg(10 m/s
2
)(1/2) = 10 N.

The angle between the force of the person and the displacement is 0
o
. Work done by
person in moving the object up the plane of 2.0 m with a constant velocity = 10
N(2.0 m)(cos 0
o
) = 10 N(2.0 m)(1) = 20 J.
b. The component of the force of gravity down the plane is
mg sin 30
o
= 10 N.
The angle between this component and the displacement up the incline is 180
o
. The
work done by the gravitational force =
(10 N)(2.0 m)(-1) = -20 J.
The work done by the net force = work done by person + work done by gravitational
force = increase in kinetic energy. Work done by person =
increase in kinetic energy - work done by gravitational force
= {1/2 (2.0 kg)(3.0 m/s
2
)
2
- 0} - (-20 J) = 29 J.
c. Again, F
net up the plane
= ma = m(0) = 0, but now there is a frictional force of 3.0 N so
that F - mg sin 30
o
- 3.0 N = 0, or F = 13 N.

Work done by person = 13 N(2.0 m)(1)
= 26 J.

19.


Take U
f
at the bottom of the incline = 0.
Work done by friction = fs cos 180
o
= (U
f
+ K
f
) - (U
i
+ K
i
).
f(125 m)(-1) = {0 +(1/2)(1.0 kg)(25 m/s)
2
} - {1.0 kg)(10 m/s
2
)(62.5 m) + 0}.
-125 m f = 312.5 J - 625 J = -312.5 J.
f = 2.5 N


20.
The total energy E = U + K or K = E - U = {-21.7 - (-43.4)}10
-19
J.
K = 21.7 x 10
-19
J. While the total and potential energy are negative, classically the kinetic
energy must always be positive.


21.
a. Acceleration a = v/t = (0.20 - 0)m/s/0.50 s = 0.40 m/s
2
.
F = ma = 2000 kg(0.40 m/s
2
) = 800 N.
b. K = 1/2(2000 kg)(0.20 m/s)
2
= 40 J.
c. Work done by net force = change in kinetic energy = 40 J.
d. Work = Fs = 800 N s = 40 J. s = 40 J/800 N = 0.05 m.

22. a. i
.
i = (1)(1) cos 0
o
= 1
b. i
.
j = j
.
i = (1)(1) cos 90
o
= 0
c. j
.
j = (1)(1) cos 0
o
= 1
d. W = F
.
s = 20 N j
.
4 m i = 80 J(j
.
i) = 0
e. W = F
.
s= (3i + 4j)N
.
(2i - 2j)m
= 6J(i
.
i) - 6J(i
.
j) + 8J(j
.
i) - 8J(j
.
j)
= 6 J - 0 + 0 - 8 J = -2 J

23.


Work done = F
x
dx = area under curve. I have added the calculations of the areas to Fig. 4
above. As shown in the figure,
a. the work done from x = 0 to x = 1.0 m is 4.0 J,
b. the work done in going from x = 1.0 m to x = 2.0 m is 2.0 J + 4.0 J = 6.0 J, and
c. the work done in going from x = 2.0 m to x = 3.0 m is 4.0 J. From the work-energy
theorem the work done equals the change in kinetic energy.
d. From x = 0 to x = 1.0 m, work done = 4.0 J = 1/2 mv
1
2
- 0, since v
o
= 0. 4.0 J =
1/2(2.0 kg)v
1
2
or v
1
= 2.0 m/s.
e. From x = 1.0 m to x = 2.0m, work done = 6.0 J = 1/2 mv
2
2
- 1/2 mv
1
2

= 1/2(2.0 kg)v
2
2
- 1/2(2.0 kg)(4.0 m
2
/s
2
) or 6.0 J = 1 kg v
2
2
- 4.0 J.
6.0 J + 4.0 J = 10 J = 10 kg(m/s)
2
= 1.0 kg v
2
2
and v
2
= (10)
1/2
m/s.
f. From x = 2.0 m to 3.0 m, work done = 4.0 J = 1/2 mv
3
2
- 1/2 mv
2
2

4.0 J = 1/2(2.0 kg)v
3
2
- 10 J
14 J = 1/2(2.0 kg)v
3
2
and v
3
= (14)
1/2
m/s.

24.


dW = F
.
ds = (4.0 N + 6.0 N/m x)i
.
dx i = (4.0 N + 6.0 N/m x)dx since i
.
i = 1.


You can also find the work done from the area under the curve of F
x
as a function of x, as is
shown in the Fig. for #24 above.


25.


When the mass m = 0.50 kg is attached to the spring and it comes to rest,
F
net
= ma = m(0).

For up positive, kx - mg = 0 or (50 N/m)x - (0.50 kg)(10 m/s
2
) = 0
and x = 5.0 N/(50 N/m) = 0.10 m.

The new equilibrium length = (0.50 + 0.10)m = 0.60 m.


26. a. F
net
= ma
T = mv
2
/r = (1.0 kg)(1.0 m/s)
2
/1.0 m = 1.0 N
b. The tension equals the force due to the spring = kx = 1.0 N,
where x = R - relaxed length = 1.0 m - 0.9 = 0.1 m.
k = 1.0 N/x = 1.0 N/0.1 m = 10 N/m
c. Now kx = mv
2
/R or (10 N/m)(R

- 0.9 m) = 1.0 kg(2.0 m/s)
2
/R

or
10 N/m (R)(R - 0.9 m) = 4.0 N-m
10 R
2
- 9 R m - 4.0 m
2
= 0.
R = {9m (81 m
2
+ 160 m
2
)
1/2
}/20 = 1.23 m.
d. Work to increase the kinetic energy of the mass
= 1/2 m(v
2
- v
2
)
= 1/2 (1.0 kg)(4.0 - 1.0)m
2
/s
2
= 1.5 J

x = R - R = 1.23 m - 1.00 m = 0.23 m

Work to stretch spring
= 1/2 k(x
2
- x
2
)
= 1/2(10 N/m)(0.053 - 0.010) = 0.21 J.

Total work done = (1.5 + 0.2)J = 1.7 J



27. a. F
c

.
ds = -kx
2
i
.
dx i = -kx
2
dx.

b. Let x
i
= 0 and U
i
= 0, x
f
= x and U
f
= U.
Then U(x) = 1/3 kx
3
.

28.

where E = the total mechanical energy.

(c) If the nonconservative force F
nc
= 0,
E
f
= E
i and

U
f
+ K
f
= U
i
+ K
i


29.


Since the incline is frictionless and no other nonconservative force acts on the object, energy
is conserved. Take the initial point i at the top of the incline and the final point f at the bottom
of the incline. Let U
f
= 0. At the initial point the potential energy is mgh, where h is the
vertical height above the bottom of the incline. The object being released from the top of the
incline means that its initial velocity v
i
is zero so that K
i
= 1/2 mv
i
2
= 0. From conservation of
energy,
U
i
+ K
i
= U
f
+ K
f

2.0 kg(10 m/s
2
)(3 m) + 0 = 0 + 1/2(2.0 kg) v
f
2
60 m
2
/s
2
= v
f
2
or
v
f
= (60)
1/2
m/s = 7.7 m/s

30.


At the bottom of the incline U
f
= 0 and U
i
= mgh. K
i
still = 0. With the frictional force, a
nonconservative force acting on the block, mechanical energy is not conserved.

(F
net
)
y
= ma
y
= m(0)
F
N
= mg cos
f
k
=
k
F
N
=
k
mg cos =
k
mg(4/5)

Since the distance down the plane s = 5 m and cos f
k
,s = 180
o
, the work by friction =
(f
k
) s cos f
k
, s=
{
k
mg cos }s cos 180
o
=

(1/4)(2 kg)(10 m/s
2
)(4/5)}(5m)(-1)=-20 J.
Work done by friction =
(U
f
+ K
f
) - (U
i
+ K
i
)
-20 J = (0 + 1/2 mv
f

2
) - (mgh + 0)
-20 J = 1/2(2 kg)v
f

2
- (2 kg)(10 m/s
2
)(3 m) = 1kg v
f

2
- 60 J
40 J = 40 N-m = 40 kg m
2
/s
2
= v
f

2
kg
v
f
= (40)
1/2
m/s = 6.3 m/s


31. Now take at bottom of incline, U
i
= 0 and K
i
= 60 J.

After the spring has maximum compression,
U
f
= 1/2 kx
2
=1/2(480 N/m)x
2
and
K
f
= 0.

0 + 60 J = 240 N/m x
2
+ 0. x
2
= 1/4 m
2
and x = 1/2 m.


32.

a. From Fig. 9 above, at y = 0.750 m, U = 12.0 J.
b. Since at all times E = 16.0 J = U + K = U(0.750m) + K(0.750 m) =
12.0 J + K(0.750 m) or K(0.750m) = 4.0 J.
c. U = mgh or, at 0.750 m, 12.0 J = m(10 m/s
2
)(0.75 m) or m = 1.6 kg.
d. K = 1/2 mv
2
= 1/2(1.6kg)v
2
= 4.0 J or v = (5)
1/2
m/s.

33.

a. From Fig. 10 above, at x = 0.025 m, U = 0.050 J.
b. E = 0.200 J = U + K = 0.050 J + K. K = 0.150 J.
c. U = 0.050 J = 1/2 kx
2
= 1/2 k(0.025 m)
2
or
k = 0.10 J/6.25 x 10
-4
m
2
= 160 N/m.
d. K = 0.150 J = 1/2 mv
2
= 1/2(0.30kg)v
2
or
v
2
= 2(0.150)/0.30 m
2
/s
2
= 1.0 m
2
/s
2
or v = 1.0 m/s.
e. E = 0.200 J =1/2 kx
max
2
= 1/2 (160 N/m)x
max
2
or
x
max
= (25 x 10
-4
)
1/2
m = 0.05m.
f. v is a maximum when the potential energy is a minimum.
This occurs for x = 0 and, therefore, U = 0
with K = E = 0.200 J = 1/2 mv
max
2
= 1/2(0.30kg)v
max
2
.
v
max
= 1.15 m/s.

34.

a. (F
net
)
y
= ma
y
= m(0) = 0
F
N
- mg = 0 or F
N
= mg
f =
k
F
N
=
k
mg

Work done by f = fs cos f, s = fx cos 180
o
=
k
mgx(-1) = -0.30(1.0 kg)(10 m/s
2
)x

Work done by friction = (U
af
+ K
af
) - (U
ai
+ K
ai
)
-3.0x N = (1/2 kx
2
+ 0) - (0 + 1/2 mv
ia
2
)
-3.0xN = 1/2 (10N/m x
2
) - 1/2 (1.0 kg)(16 m
2
/s
2
)
-3.0x m = 5.0x
2
- 8.0 m
2
. 5.0x
2
+ 3.0x m - 8.0 m
2
= 0
x = {-3.0 m (9 m
2
+160 m
2
)
1/2
}/10 and x = 1.0 m
b. Work done by friction = (U
bf
+ K
bf
) - (U
bi
+ K
bi
)
-3.0xN = (0 + 1/2 mv
bf
2
) - (1/2 kx
2
+ 0)
-3.0(1.0 m)N = 1/2(1.0 kg)v
bf
2
- 1/2(10N/m)(1.0 m)
2
-3.0 J = 1/2 kg v
bf
2
- 5.0 J or 2.0 J = 1/2 kg v
bf
2
and
4.0(m/s)
2
= v
bf
2

v
bf
= 2.0 m/s
c. Work done by friction = (U
cf
+ K
cf
) - (U
ci
+ K
ci
)
-3.0d
c
N = (0 + 0) - (0 + 1/2 mv
ci
) = -1/2 (1.0 kg)(4.0 m
2
/s
2
) = -2.0 J
d
c
= 2/3 m

35.

a. I took the gravitational potential energy = U
gf
= 0 at the final position.
b. This makes the initial gravitational potential energy (see Fig. 12f above) equal mgh,
where h = (x + 1 m)sin 37
o
.
U
i
= 20N(x + 1m)3/5 = 12N(x + 1m).
c. K
i
= 0 because the block is released from rest.
d. In Fig. 12i above, taking the Y-axis perpendicular to the plane,

(F
net
)
y
= ma
y

F
N
- mg cos 37
o
= m(0) = 0 or
F
N
= mg cos 37
o
= 20 N (4/5) = 16 N
f = F
N
= 1/8(16 N) = 2.0 N.
e. While in the final position, the gravitational potential energy is zero, the spring
potential energy = 1/2 kx
2
=1/2(120 N/m)x
2
= 60 N/m x
2
.
f. When the spring has maximum compression, the block comes to rest
so K
f
= 0.
g. Work done by frictional force = f
.
d = fd cos 180
o
= -(2N)(x + 1 m).
h. Work done by f = (U
f
+ K
f
) - (U
i
+ K
i
)
-2.0 N(x + 1m) = (60 N/m x
2
+ 0) - {(12N)(x + 1m) + 0}
10 N(x + 1m) = 10x N + 10J = 60 N/m x
2
or
6.0 x
2
- 1.0x m -1.0 m
2
= 0 or
x
2
- (1/6) x m - 1/6 m
2

and (x - 1/2 m)(x + 1/3 m) = 0
or x = 1/2 m

i.


36.

a. We use conservation of energy to solve the problem. We take the gravitational
potential energy equal to 0 at the bottom of the loop-the-loop (Fig. 13 above). The
block is released at the initial position i so the kinetic energy there is zero. The block
will make it around the loop-the-loop if it can stay on the loop as it gets to the top of
the loop. For this reason we take the top of the loop as the final position f.
U
i
+ K
i
= U
f
+ K
f

mgh + 0 = 2mgR + 1/2 mv
f
2
or
mgh = 2mgR + 1/2 mv
f
2
(Equation 1)
At the top, the acceleration is in toward the center.
F
net
= ma or
mg + F
N
= mv
f
2
/R
For the minimum height h, we want the minimum velocity v
f
, so we set the normal
force F
N
= 0. Then,
mg = mv
f
2
/R or mv
f
2
= mgR (Equation 2)

Substituting Eq. 2 into Eq. 1:
mgh = 2mgR + mgR = 5/2 mgR or h = 5R/2

b. At P, the potential energy = mgR.
U
i
+ K
i
= U
P
+ K
P
or
mg(5/2 R) + 0 = mgR + 1/2 mv
P
2
or
mg(3/2)R =1/2 mv
P
2
or
mv
P
2
= 3mgR
At P, the normal force produces the centripetal acceleration into the center of the
circle. At P, mg is down.
F
net
= ma
F
N
= mv
P
2
/R = {3mgR}/R = 3mg



37.


In Fig. 14 above, I show the forces acting on the bob. One force is the tension in the string.
This force is always in toward the center of the arc. The other force is the weight of the bob
mg. At point i and f, mg is neither away from the center of the circle nor tangent to the arc,
so we take components of mg. At c, T is up and mg is down. In Fig. 14 at the initial point i, I
have drawn X
i
and Y
i
axes. I take the Y axis in the direction of the centripetal acceleration.
There is also an acceleration in the X direction, because there is an increase in the magnitude
of the velocity. Later we shall refer to this as the tangential acceleration.
At i (F
net
)
y
= ma
y

T
i
- mg cos = mv
i
2
/L = m(0)/L,
because the object is at rest at i. Then, T
i
= mg cos . If you look at Fig. 14, you see that T
f

= mg cos because v
f
also equals zero. In both cases, for the tangential direction,
(Fnet)
x
= ma
tangential
or
- mg sin = ma
tangential

At c, Tc is in toward the center of the circle and mg is away from the center. Taking the
positive direction as that of the centripetal acceleration in toward the center of the circle,
F
net
= ma
T
c
- mg = mv
c
2
/L or
T
c
= mg + mv
c
2
/L (Equation 1)



Clearly to find T
c
, we must find v
c
. We turn to conservation of energy. We set the potential
energy = 0 at the lowest point so that U
c
= 0. The method of finding the height of point i
above c is shown in Fig. 14 immediately above. L is the hypotenuse of the triangle in Fig. 14
and the side adjacent is L cos . The height of i above c is then L - L cos = L(1 - cos ).
From conservation of energy,
U
i
+ K
i
= U
c
+ K
c

mgL(1 - cos ) + 0 = 0 + 1/2 (m)(v
c
)
2
or
mv
c
2
/L = 2mg(1 - cos ) (Equation 2)
Substituting Eq. 2 into Eq. 1,
T
c
= mg + 2mg(1 - cos ) = mg(3 - 2 cos )


38.

a. Start with conservation of energy because we are told the surface is frictionless.
U
i
+ K
i
= U
t
+ K
t
. Taking U
i
= 0,
0 + 1/2(mv
o
2
) = 2mgR + 1/2 mv
t
2
,

where t is at the top of the circle, a distance of 2R above i.

mv
o
2
= mv
t
2
+ 4mgR (Equation 1)
What does it mean that "m makes it around the circle"? If it makes it by the highest
point t, everything is swell. Look at the forces acting on m at the highest point (Fig.
15 above). At t with the net force and the acceleration into the center of the circle,
down is positive.
F
net
= ma
mg + F
N
= mv
t
2
/R

The minimum value of v
t
and v
o
is for F
N
= 0 or
mgR = mv
t
2
(Equation 2)
Substituting the value of mv
t
2
from Eq. 2 into Eq. 1,
mv
o
2
= mgR + 4mgR = 5mgR or
v
o
= (5gR)
1/2


b.


Now we look at energy conditions at P and the forces acting on the object at P. We
draw a new diagram, to show the forces at P and decide the conditions that allow the
object to lose its circular path. Just before the object departs from its path, the
normal force goes to zero. The conditions are shown in Fig. 15 immediately above.
The two forces acting on the object at P are the weight mg and the normal force F
N
.
There must be a net force in toward the center of the circle to change the direction of
the velocity. The normal force F
N
is perpendicular to the surface and inward, but mg
is neither radially inward nor tangent to the circle. We must find the component of
mg in to the center of the circle. From Fig. 15, we see this is mg sin. The
centripetal acceleration is also in this direction.
(F
net
)
in to center
= ma
mg sin + F
N
= mv
P
2
/R
When the object leaves the surface, F
N
= 0
and mgR sin = mv
P
2
(Equation 3)

We don't know the value of or v
P
, so we turn to conservation of energy.

From (a) we know that v
o
= (5gR)
1/2
.
We take v
i
= 4v
o
/5 = (4/5)(5gR)
1/2
.
So v
i
2
= (4/5)
2
{(5gR)
1/2
}
2
= (16/25)(5gR).

As shown in Fig. 15, the vertical height of point P above i is:
(R + R sin ) = R(1 + sin ).
U
i
+ K
i
= U
P
+ K
P
0 + 1/2(m)(16/25)(5gR) = mgR(1 + sin ) + 1/2 mv
P
2
(Equation 4)
Substituting Eq. 3 into Eq. 4 and doing a little arithmetic, we find:
8mgR/5 = mgR + mgR sin + (1/2)mgR sin or
8mgR/5 - 5mgR/5 = 3mgR/5 = 3mgR sin /2
so sin = 2/5 and = 24
o
.


39.



We choose different potential energy positions for the potential energy

equal to zero for m
1
and m
2
. Notice that when m
2
moves down, m
1
moves up the incline. Since we always take
the lowest position for the zero of potential energy, the position of m
1
in Fig. 16 (above
left) is its lowest position and we take the potential energy of m
1
equal to zero there. The
position of m
2
in Fig. 16 is its highest position. Thus we take its zero potential at a point 2.5
m below where it is in Fig. 16 or its dashed position in Fig. 16 (above right). Mechanical
energy is not conserved.

(F
net
)
y
= m
1
a
y
F
N
- m
1
g cos 37
o
= m
1
(0) = 0 or
F
N
= m
1
g cos 37
o
= m
1
g(4/5).
f = F
N
= 0.55(m
1
g)(4/5) =
0.55(2.0 kg)(10 m/s
2
)(4/5) = 8.8 N.

The work done by friction = f(d) cos f,d = fd cos 180
o

= -fd = -8.8 N(2.5 m) = -22 J.

In the final position f
2
, the potential energy (U
2
)
f
of m
2
is zero, but in the final position f
1
, the
potential energy for m
1
is m
1
gh
1
, where h
1
= the vertical height above the initial position.
Since it goes up the plane 2.5 m and the plane is inclined at 37
o
, the vertical height h
1
= 2.5
m sin 37
o
= 2.5 m (3/5) =1.5 m.

(U
1
)
f
= (m
1
g)h
1
= (20 N)1.5 m = 30 J. For the system U
f
= (U
1
)
f
+ (U
2
)
f
= 30 J + 0 = 30 J.
Since both blocks move together, their final speed v
f
is the same. The final kinetic energy of
the system K
f
= (1/2)(m
1
+ m
2
)v
f
2
= 1/2(6.0 kg) v
f
2
. The initial potential energy (U
1
)
i
of m
1

at i
1
is zero. The initial potential energy of m
2
at i
2
is (U
2
)
i
= m
2
g(2.5 m) = (4.0 kg)(10
m/s
2
)(2.5 m) = 100 J. For the system, U
i
= 100 J. Both blocks were initially at rest. For the
system K
i
= 0. Again,
Work by friction = { U
f
+ K
f
} - { U
i
+ K
i
}

-22 J = {30 J + 3.0 kg(v
f
2
)} - {100 J + 0 }
-22 J - 30 J + 100 J = 48 J = 48 N-m = 3.0 kg v
f
2

48 kg-m
2
/s
2
= 3.0 kg v
f
2
or
v
f
2
=16 m
2
/s
2
and v
f
= 4 m/s


40.


a. Take U
B
= 0 and use conservation of energy:
U
A
+ K
A
= U
D
+ K
D

mgL + 1/2(m)v
o
2
= mg2L + 0 or
1/2(m)v
o
2
= mgL or v
o
= (2gL)
1/2

Note: If the ball were attached to a string, it could not go up to D and stop. A string
can only pull in toward the center of a circle so at the top of the circle, the
gravitational force would cause the ball to fall down. On the other hand, a rod can
provide a force up or down, so when it comes to rest, the upward force of the rod
balances the gravitational force and the ball returns on its path clockwise.
b. At B (Fig. 17, above right) the acceleration is up so take up as positive.
F
net
= ma
T - mg = mv
B
2
/L (Equation 1)
Turn to conservation of energy to find v
B
.
U
A
+ K
A
= U
B
+ K
B
mgL + 1/2(m)v
o
2
= 0 + (1/2)mv
B
2

From (a),
mgL + (1/2)m{(2gL)
1/2
}
2
= 0 + (1/2)mv
B
2
or
mgL + mgL = (1/2)mv
B
2
or
mv
B
2
= 4mgL (Equation 2)
Substituting Eq. 2 into Eq. 1,
T - mg = 4mgL/L = 4mg and T = 5mg
c. Work done by frictional force
= (U
C
+ K
C
) - (U
A
+ K
A
)
= (mgL + 0) - (mgL + mgL)
= mgL - 2mgL
= - mgL

d. Work done by frictional force
= (U
B
+ K
B
) - (U
A
+ K
A
)
= (0 + 0) - (mgL + mgL)
= - 2mgL

41. In our calculations, we are assuming the peg is so small (even if it is drawn a little larger so
you can see it) that the mass of the rope is essentially that of a rope of length 0.60 m on the
right of the peg and 0.40 m on the left of the peg. The mass per unit length = m/L. The mass
of length dy = (the mass per unit length)dy = (m/L)dy.



In Fig. 18 above, we take the gravitational potential energy equal to zero at the point where
the right end of the rope hits the ground shown by the horizontal line at the bottom of the
figure. In Fig. 18i, the initial potential energy of a length dy on the right side of the peg is:
(mass/length dy)(g)(y + 0.40 m) = (m/L)dyg(y + 0.40 m)
One on the left side is:
(mass/length dy)(g)(y + 0.60 m) = (m/L)dyg(y + 0.60m)
For the entire rope,


(0.20 kg)(10 m/s
2
)/(1.0 m){0.36 m
2
/2 + 0.24 m
2
+ 0.16 m
2
/2 + 0.24 m
2
}
= 1.48 J.

When the rope just touches the ground (Fig. 18f), the potential energy
= U
f
= (mg/L){
o

m
y dy = (0.20 kg)(10 m/s
2
/(1.0 m){1.0 m
2
/2}
= 1.00 J.

Since there is no friction, the total mechanical energy is conserved.
U
i
+ K
i
= U
f
+ K
f

1.48 J + 0 = 1.00 J + 1/2(0.20 kg)v
f
2

v
f
2
= (1.48 -1.00)J/0.10 kg = 4.8 (kg m
2
/s
2
)/(kg)
v
f
= 2.2 m/s

42.

a. A particle initially at x = 2.0 m and 2.0 J < E < 6.0 J would be trapped and undergo
back-and-forth motion. For example for E = 4.0 J, the particle would go back and
forth between x = 1.27 m and 3.0 m. See (e) below.
b. A particle initially at x = 5.0 m for 2.0 J < E < 6.0 J could move to lower values of x
until about x = 4.75 m, then it would experience a repulsive force because F
4.75 m
= -
(dU/dx)
at x = 4.75 m
> 0, and go off to higher values of x.
c. A particle initially at x = 2.0 m and moving to smaller values of x for
E > 8.0 J experiences a repulsive force, escapes from the potential well, and moves
off forever to the right.
d. The potential energy at x = 3.00 m is 4.00 J. E = U + K. 8.0 J = 4.0 J + K.
K = 4.0 J = 1/2 mv
2
= 1/2(2.0 kg)v
f
2
.
v
f
= (4.0 J/kg)
1/2
= (4.0 kg-m
2
/s
2
/kg)
1/2
= 2.0 m/s.
e. At x =1.27m (Fig. 19 below),


i. - slope = - (1.75 -4.50)J/(1.64 -1.18)m = 6.00 N.
ii. - dU/dx = -3.00 J/m +3m
-1
(x m
-1
- 3)
2
J.
(-dU/dx)
x = 1.27m
= -3.00 N + 3m
-1
(1.27 - 3)
2
J = 6.00 N.
f. At x = 3.00 m,
i. - slope = - (4.50 - 1.75)J/(3.16 - 2.28)m = -3.12 N.
ii. (-dU/dx)
x = 3.00m
= - (3.00 N ) + (3)(3 -3)
2
N = -3.00 N.
3.12 is within the drawing error of 3.00.

43.


dW = F
.
ds = 2.0 N/m
3
(xy
2
i +yx
2
j)(dx i + dy j)
= 2.0 N/m
3
(xy
2
dx + yx
2
dy)

because i
.
i = j
.
j = 1 and i
.
j = j
.
i = 0.
a. From O to A, y = dy = 0 and W = 0.
From A to C, dx = 0 and x = 1.0 m,
W =(2.0 N/m
3)

o

m
y(1.0 m
2
)dy = 9.0 J.
b. From O to B, x = dx = 0 and W = 0.
From B to C, y = 3.0 m and dy = 0.
W =(2.0 N/m
3
)
o

m
x(9.0 m
2
)dx = 9.0 J.
c. From O to C, y = 3.0x and dy = 3.0dx,
xy
2
dx = x(3.0x)
2
dx = 9.0x
3
dx and
yx
2
dy = (3.0x)x
2
(3.0dx) = 9.0x
3
dx.
W = 36 N/m
3

o

m
x
3
dx = 9.0 J.
d. From O to A to C, W = +9.0 J.
From C to 0, W = - 9.0 J.
From O to A to C to O, W = 0.
e. The force appears conservative. The work is independent of path and equals zero for
a closed path.