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Types of Socialization
Reverse socialization - deviation from the desired behaviors characteristic of the
younger generations
Developmental socialization -Developmental socialization is the process of learning
behavior in a social institution or developing one's social skills.
Primary socialization -Primary socialization is the process whereby people learn the
attitudes, values, and actions appropriate to individuals as members of a particular
culture.
Anticipatory socialization -Anticipatory socialization refers to the processes of
socialization in which a person "rehearses" for future positions, occupations, and social
relationships e!ample of a high school student who, upon hearing he had been accepted
to a university, began to wear college student"type clothes#"In his last semester of high
school, Michael has received word that he has been accepted to State University. Soon
he begins to dismiss high school activities as being "too high school," and begins to wear
clothing styles and affect mannerisms that are characteristic of State University students.
Michael is exhibiting signs of anticipatory socialization."
Resocialization -$esocialization refers to the process of discarding former behavior
patterns and accepting new ones as part of a transition in one's life. %his occurs
throughout the human life cycle. $esocialization An e!ample might be the e!perience of
a young man or woman leaving home to &oin the 'arines.
Total Institutions %he term "total institutions" was coined in ()*( by +rving ,offman,
designed to describe a society which is socially isolated but still provides for all the needs
of its members. %herefore, total institutions have the ability to resocialize people either
voluntarily or involuntarily. -or e!ample, the following would be considered as total
institutions# prisons, the military, mental hospitals and convents
Types of groups
Primary groups are small groups with intimate, kin-based relationships:
families, for example. They commonly last for years. They are small and
display face to face interaction.
Secondary groups, in contrast to primary groups, are large groups whose
relationships are formal and institutional. They may last for years or may
disband after a short time. The formation of primary groups can happen
within secondary groups.
reference groups. These are groups an individual relates himself to, and
from which he adopts goals and values as a part of his self identity. xample
race, ! am black or gender ! am a girl.
"n ingroup is a social group towards which an individual feels loyalty and
respect, usually due to membership in the group. This loyalty often
manifests itself as an ingroup bias. #eference groups are usually in-groups.
"n outgroup is a social group towards which an individual feels contempt,
opposition, or a desire to compete.
$ther types of groups include the following:
Peer group " A peer group is a group of appro!imately the same age, social status, and
interests. ,enerally, people are relatively e.ual in terms of power when they interact with
peers.
/li.ue " An informal, tight"knit group, usually in a 0igh 1chool2/ollege setting, that
shares common interests. %here is an established yet shifting power structure in most
li!ues.
0ousehold " all individuals who live in the same home
/ommunity " A community is a group of people who live in pro!imity with one another
with some degree of continuity over time. %hey often have some organization and
leaders.
TYPES OF SOLIDARITY DR!"IE#
Mechanical Solidarity - Social cohesion based upon the likeness and similarities
among individuals in a society, and largely dependent on common rituals and routines.
Common among prehistoric and pre-agricultural societies, and lessens in predominance
as modernity increases.
Organic Solidarity - Social cohesion based upon the dependence individuals in more
advanced society have on each other. Common among industrial societies as the
division of labor increases. Though individuals perform different tasks and often have
different values and interests, social order and very survival of society depends on their
reliance on each other to perform their specific task.
"er$ert Spenser % Evolutionary T&eorist
1ociety like all other organisms will evolve from traditional to comple!. 1penser argued that
society have moved from traditional 3militant4" simple with relationships based on hierarchy and
obedience to comple! societies 3industrial4 where relationships are voluntary and based on
contractual social obligations.
Sociolo'ical Ima'ination - ( )ri'&t #ills
%hose who possess sociological imagination are able to look beyond their personal reality and
are able to see how other international, historical and social factors affect them. For
example why an individual is poor may have less to do with his personal lack of talent
and more to do with international events such as the recession, or historical events such
as colonaliation and slavery that left him at a distinct disadvantage.

Major Religions of the world Ranked by Size
!. /hristianity # 5.( billion
". 6slam # (.7 billion
#. 0induism # )88 million
$. 9uddhism # :;* million
%. <udaism # (= million
Sociological and Social Problems
Sociolo'ical Pro$lem > the fundamental issue that the society has to deal with by developing
some kind of social institution and set of social practices 3e.g., the allocation of resources, the
allocation of status, definition of rules, training of new members of society4.
Social Pro$lem % 1ocial problems are societal induced conditions that harm a large segment of
the population. +!ample
Poverty
!nade%uate access to health care
&rug addiction
'rime
Fran*lyn Frazer - blames the ills of the 9lack community on female"headed households,
illegitimacy, and family disorganization. -razier characterize the 9lack family as broken and
pathological and has the opinion that families must be formal and nuclear in order to be viable.
Pro$lems +it& (ari$$ean E,ucation
-. Lac* of fun,in'
/. 0o meritocracy
1. "i'& teac&er stu,ent ratio
2. Poor Facilities
3. 0o attention pai, to Learnin' ,isor,ers an, ,isa$ilities
urkheim!s Study of Suicide " # Proof of Positi$ist Methodology.
&urkhiem study of suicide '!()*+ is one of the most popular studies of suicide to
this day, and was an attempt by &urkhiem to prove that sociology could be
studied in a scientific manner.
,e started by using official statistic on suicide 'empirical data+ which was widely
available in -urope.
From his analysis of those statistics he was able to identify co-relations 'various
casual relationships between independent factors and suicide 'the dependent
factor+. for example he found that there was a correlation between the
independent factor religion and suicide, also there was a correlation between
education and suicide.
Staying true to positivist methodology that the methods of natural sciences
should be used in the study of sociology /&urkhiem then employed multivariate
analysis 'which is a method widely used by natural scientist+ to establish
causations between the independent variables identified in the correlations and
suicide.
0 multivariate analysis is tool used to test each correlation in a bid to prove which
independent variable has the strongest relationship with the dependent variable
'in this case suicide+ and therefore not 1ust correlated with it, but actually causes
it.
From his 2ultivariate analysis &urkheim concluded that suicide, was caused
from two main factors / 3ntegration 'or a lack of integration+ in society and
society4s regulation 'or a lack of regulation+ of the individual.
Finally &urkheim theoried that there were four types of suicide5
!. 0ltruistic suicide /where persons were too integrated in society so they felt
compelled to sacrifice their life for society e.g. 6alestinian suicide
bombers.
". -goistic Suicide- where persons were not sufficiently integrated in society
or any of its groups thus they felt alone, and compelled to end the
isolation.
#. Fatalistic Suicide- when persons were too regulated by society so they felt
too restricted and committed suicide as a means of escape
$. 0nomic Suicide / 7hen persons were not sufficiently regulated in society,
so there was no normality. usually in time of upheaval such as war or
recession.
'ultivariate Analysis > A positivist research method used to determine which
independent variable is most responsible for the changes in the dependent variable.
6ndependent variable > the variable2factor or event which will cause a change in the
dependent variable2factor or event. -or e!ample if it is believed that poverty determines
crime then poverty is the independent variable. %hat is changes in poverty will result in
changes in the crime rate.
Dependent ?ariable > %he variable2factor which will change if there are changes in the
independent variable. -or e!ample if poverty determines crime then crime is the
dependent variable i.e. changes in poverty will result in changes in the crime rate.
1teps in the $esearch /ycle > /reate 0ypothesis > Data /ollection > Data Analysis"
%heory ,eneration
Social problems are matters which directly or indirectly affect many or all
members of a society and are considered to be problems, controversies related
to moral values, or both.
8on-6robability Sample - a sample method where all members of the population
don4t have a e9ual chance of being chosen e.g. :uota, Snowballing, Cluster
sample.
#erton % -unctionalist who believes that have both manifest 3intended4 and latent
3unintended4 functions. %he latent function of stratification and the collective goals is
crime as those who cant succeed in @legitimate activitiesA will turn to crime.
De,uctive Researc& Process % 4eneration of T&eory - &ypot&esis % collect ,ata %
analyse ,ata
In,uctive Researc& Process % ,ata collection % analyze ,ata % &ypot&esis % 'enerate
t&eory
#etropoles % -
st
)orl, (ountry
Satalites- 1
r,
+orl, country
Perip&ery % 1
r,
+orl, country
Local #etropole- pper class persons in 1
r,
+orl, countries
TAL(OT T PARSO0S A4IL #ODEL
,is model is #%I&, which represents the four basic functions that all social systems
in society must perform if they are to persist;exist.
#da'tation( the problem of ac9uiring sufficient resources, for human survival /
economic function.
%oal #ttainment( the problem of settling and implementing goals
Integration( the problem of maintaining solidarity, stability or coordination among
the subunits of the system.
&atency( the problem of creating, preserving, and transmitting the system<s
distinctive culture and values, socialiation.
social structure) in sociology, the distinctive, stable arrangement of institutions
whereby human beings in a society interact and live together. Social strata.
EDIT" (LAR!E
-amily types differ according to social class. Bpper /lass families >Cuclear, 'iddle class
familes mainly common law and lower class familes single parent.
Did her study in <amaica on three communities she called Drange ,rove >Bpper /lass ,
'oca" middle class and 1ugar %own > Eower /lass