--sh: sh, posix sh, bash Korn Shell (ksh) --ksh: korn sh C Shell (csh) --csh: csh, tcsh OSI Network Layer 7) Application 6) Presentation 5) Session 4) Transport 3) Network 2) Data Link 1) Physical Spanning Tree Protocol The Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) is a network protocol that ensures a loop-free topology for any bridged Ethernet local area network. The basic function of STP is to prevent bridge loops and the broadcast radiation that results from them. S panning tree also allows a network design to include spare (redundant) links to provide automatic backup paths if an active link fails, without the danger of br idge loops, or the need for manual enabling/disabling of these backup links. Type of STP 1)Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP) -as 802.1w. RSTP 2)Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol -defined in IEEE 802.1s and later merged into IEEE 802.1Q-2005 3)Per-VLAN Spanning Tree (PVST) 4)VLAN Spanning Tree Protocol (VSTP) Key to number base notation Full Text Notation Abbreviation Number Base binary bin 2 octal oct 8 decimal dec 10 hexadecimal hex 16 TCP/UDP Port 20 TCP UDP FTP data transfer 21 TCP FTP control (command) 22 TCP UDP Secure Shell (SSH) used for secure logins, file transfer s (scp, sftp) and port forwarding 23 TCP UDP Telnet protocolunencrypted text communications 25 TCP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)used for e-mail routi ng between mail servers 53 TCP UDP Domain Name System (DNS) 80 TCP Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) 107 TCP Remote TELNET Service protocol 110 TCP Post Office Protocol v3 (POP3) 115 TCP Simple File Transfer Protocol (SFTP) 123 UDP Network Time Protocol (NTP)used for time synchronization 143 TCP Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP)management of emai l messages 161 UDP Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) 384 TCP UDP A Remote Network Server System 443 TCP Hypertext Transfer Protocol over TLS/SSL (HTTPS) 465 TCP URL Rendezvous Directory for SSM (Cisco protocol), SMTP over SSL 631 TCP UDP Common Unix Printing System (CUPS) 993 TCP Internet Message Access Protocol over TLS/SSL (IMAPS) 995 TCP Post Office Protocol 3 over TLS/SSL (POP3S) Different Storage storage area network (SAN) -SANs are primarily used to enhance storage devices, such as disk arrays, tape l ibraries, and optical jukeboxes, accessible to servers so that the devices appea r like locally attached devices to the operating system. -A SAN typically has its own network of storage devices that are generally not a ccessible through the local area network (LAN) by other devices -SAN protocols include Fibre Channel, iSCSI, ATA over Ethernet (AoE) and HyperSC SI. Network-attached storage (NAS) -NAS systems are networked appliances which contain one or more hard drives, oft en arranged into logical, redundant storage containers or RAID -NAS uses file-based protocols such as NFS (popular on UNIX systems), SMB/CIFS ( Server Message Block/Common Internet File System) (used with MS Windows systems) , AFP (used with Apple Macintosh computers), or NCP (used with OES and Novell Ne tWare) Direct-attached storage (DAS) -Direct-attached storage (DAS) refers to a digital storage system directly attac hed to a server or workstation, without a storage network in between -A DAS device can be shared between multiple computers, as long as it provides m ultiple interfaces (ports) that allow concurrent and direct access. This way it can be used in computer clusters Active Directory FSMO Roles -Flexible Single Master Operation Roles (FSMO) -There are five FSMO roles, two per forest, three in every Domain -Forest Wide Roles: --Schema Master --Domain Naming -Domain Wide Roles: --Relative ID (RID) Master --PDC Emulator --Infrastructure Master Command Find date yesterday -find Command Repair file system -fsck Command list file bakcup.tar -ls Command list extract file -tar vzf Setting Configuration file MSSQL Tool Monitor MSSQL -sp_trace_setfilter (Transact-SQL) -SQL Server Distributed Replay -Monitor Resource Usage (System Monitor) -Open Activity Monitor (SQL Server Management Studio) -SQL Trace -Error Logs -System Stored Procedures (Transact-SQL) -DBCC (Transact-SQL) -Built-in Functions (Transact-SQL) -Trace Flags (Transact-SQL) -Database Engine Tuning Advisor Linux Kickstart command to start kickstart [root]# system-config-kickstart configuration ks=http://server/dir/.cfg ks=ftp://server/dir/.cfg ks=nfs://server/dir/.cfg command to validate [root]# ksvalidator SSH standard port SSH = 22 command [root]# ssh root@192.168.1.1