..

10
I
2.10 For the great depths that may be en
countered in the ocean the compressibility of sea- .
water may become an important consideration. (a)
Assume that the bulk modulus for seawater is
constant and derive a relationship between
pressure and depth which takes into account the
change in fluid density with depth. (b) Make use
( a)
Thus
)

'
-
6
=
-
f
3
'
:
-
i
d
r
f
1ft's a ftnd'P/ 0 f p) W(
11 f'Itfln? lt (I ). : Inee)
p-
!
d
f
/
f
(
=
f
v
/
7
-
E
1
v
t
of part (a) to determine the pressure at a depth
of 6 km assuming seawater has a bulk modulus
of 2.3 x 10' Pa, and a density of 1030 kg/m' at
the surface. Compare this result with that ob
tained by assuming a constant density of 1030
kg/m'.
( g. Vf)
(r)
(Eg. 1./3)
at p=o
t her
2.7
I
(can'l)
(c) h, UIS /n I densi
P=?J. =;3 J =(.fJD3)(?,f/; . )({/13r)
=
f t. t f R.
2.12
I
Ib
_)
P (
.
2
.
12
Develop an expression for the pressure
variation in a liquid in which the specifc weight
increases with depth, h, as y = Kh + Yo, where
K is a constant and Yo is the specifc weight at the
free surface.
: = _
dr
Let -:]o - Z
So -at d- : -ei
and
1 :
v
l"
I
I 7 / I
2.17 (See Fluids in the News article titled "Giraffe's blood pres
sure," Section 2.3.1.) (a) Detennine the change in hydrostatic pres
sure in a giraffe's head a it lowers its head from eating leaves 6 m
above the ground to getting a drink of water at ground level as
shown in Fig. P2.14. Assume the specific gravity of blood is
SG = I. (b) Compare the pressure change calculated in part (a) to
the normal 120 mm of mercury pressure in a human's hean.
((J
hy h'dslt( freuy( caYf. .
4 p = ' - = (C K ( )(l 1) = S9. g- S f-F

b
)
T etml(" J/ pYJSUYc 1, hlrl hert
C/ Vtyt PrS.II< 'n Piy/ (4) 1 t- 1,
53 . . -N = 'I - = (3 ') {H
/ . ' JJ r 3-
- = (0.4 i l /)( u/ ) = L'2 MM Ij
"I

Tus 'c pYeJurc h"e
I
I Iyz /" Jj empl'e;
I .
-
huma'
heyt.
2.21 I
(a)
cc
)
2.2J Pikes Peak near Denver, Colorado has an
elevation of 14, 1 1 0 ft. (a) Determine the pres
sure at this elevation, based on Eg. 2.12. (b) If
the air is assumed to have a constant specifc
weight of 0. 07647Ib/ft', what would the pressure
be at this altitude? (c) If the air is assumed to
have a constant temperature of 59 of what would
the pressure be at this elevation? For all three
cases assume standard atmospheric conditions at
sea level (see Table 2.1).
-htn
t=
(/711 H, /6 ) dP3;7 s ' o T
I Z I D
II
-'
P
- f -
'-
Cabs)
(Er 2. JZ)
q:
3z.I
7'
f
i
5- )

J 1/6
.
z ' - ((. 671'7 ;J{ 110 Id
/ ( I 0
l. ( o s )
f
1270 J ( ql )
f'
..24
I
2.24 (See Huids in the News article tilled "Weather, barometers,
and bars," Section 2.5.) The record low sea-level barometric pres
sure ever recorded is 25.8 in. of mercury. At what altitude in the
standard atmosphere is the pressure equal to this value?
2-16
2,40
J
2.40 Two pipes are connected by a manometer a shown in Fig. P2.30.
Determine the pressure diference, PA - PB, between the pipes.
Gageid
(SG = 2.6)
Water
I FIG U R E P2.30
13 m
T d;"o ((S" rO,(, ) - f (t,I_). d
o
(/.3"-05. )=.a
Thus)
Pf-PB = f (o.{,.) -" (OS' 10,"_ tI.]" -0" ")
: - 332 -I
2-25
r
J.45
|
f$
h
___ t- 2
FIGURE P2.3i
2.45-Small differences in gas pressures are
commonly measured with a micromanometer of
the type illustrated in Fig. P2.3\. This device con
sists of two large reservoirs each having a cross
sectional area, An which are flled with a liquid
having a specifc weight, y" and connected by a
U-tube of cross-sectional area, A" containing a
liquid of specifc weight, y,. When a diferential
gas pressure, p, - p" is applied a diferential
reading, h, develops. It is desired to have this
reading sufciently large (so tliat it can be easily
read) for small pressure diferentials. Determine
the relationship between hand p, - p, when the
area ratio A,I A, is small , and show that the dif
ferential reading, h, can be magnifed by making
the diference in specifc weights, y, y" small.
Assume that initially (withp, " p,) the fuid levels
in the two reservoirs are equal.
'/h1
/
f
l
fr gajf .,c
.

`
{
f
whrn a d,'{f -'o J s / f. / afl/elf we S"
rer/pi, dytf b' ; . ..Qlt ri'li
/
cst "is"s
1 n "m e i n e ( t iCJ lclme.
fl/ /ev I 0,
b! An. ThIS.
- (- + i 4) 32 d, -, . J ^
f _ ]- 61 - '.
SInce -e
/
.-
+ A .
r .
I" te rtnfmeter Qr InC om Irt5Si h)e;
4i 01 : i h A
- A r
le-
0)
A 1$ sm,)1 7fn
Ar
;iA (d
EZ.tI)
be ne'JeG1e A. Thus,
[ 12 = ' rl '
^ -
Cnt /tr1e 1"5 - h
a~t-Is i/ 0;- Cl
,
2-28
2.50 An air-tilled, hemispherical shell is attached
to the ocean floor at a depth of 10 m as, shown in
Fig. P2.3.1 . A mercury barometer 10-' cated inside
the shell reads 765 mm Hg, and a mercury U-tube
manometer designed to give the outside water
pressure indicates a differential reading of 735
mm Hg as illustrated. Based on these data what is
the atmospheric pressure at the ocean surface?
73
Ocean surface
Mercury
Shell
FIGURE 12.38
- ' UP1c/lte (
I
i p"ssure I;s/d shell = 3 (0. 7M
00 1t
It - 5 uy/ce ailtsphel( fVt5suYe
w N specilc Wflf" t of s eV
t -
- (o.ns-)
;
- (0. 1 g) (0. 3b") - (33 . Xo.n .. )
*58
I
2.58In Fig. P2.43 pipe A contains gasoline (SG =
0.7). pipe B contains oil (SG = 0 . 9), and the
manometer fluid is mercury. Determine the new
differential reading if the pressure in pipe A is
decreased 25 kPa, and the pressure in pipe B
remains constant. The initial diferential reading
is 0 . 30 m as shown.
/r U In,hil rs/ye1e
FIGURE P2,43
-1 ys (f, ^ - 9g ''` - ' i I (0. '" '
(I )
:^ M on; JM ; 3 jay I
I
Iid, leplis. CA4ye
=hn 4M /-e 7 __ , ,1 g hf"IAt'{H "
/+ (f.3-)-' (z+J -4;, (t.ira) =/
(
0nre J /~yd:
cbIn_
- 1

3
!<;
/nc
4 < : t. 3
(>~- +_u--;
1e"
a : t. 3 -

t n P zcam F,
7`
y ( ,, 3
-
h ) ) ( O. 3 - 4^ ) -
- , 94S
- - - ^ l
_
(3 )
I- =
_.' (0.1:) J,_((.3) ;
I
(O.
/
)
_ _ ^_s: ; +../

g
O
Cnd 7 Pg -_. zF,
/J /.7 JY/ : )(0,
/
; ) -{ 3" ){o. 3")' (0.0(1.81 t)(.ls . )
- /33 |?7J 6.1i 3) q

~!8l ;}
-
-
0. /60
.
D
Z>
2.64, Determine the change in the elevation of
the mercury in the left leg of the manometer of
Fig. P2.4b as a result of an increase in pressure
of 5 psi in pipe A while the pressure in pipe B
I
remains constant.
I .
2m.
diameter
FIGURE P2.4"
o (1;0 (-) - (JJ (i .
l
n 30 ) - i/ (:) : 1
(t
)
/hU' 4// JelJ1s 4ye /n .t . the n /"cve(ses - 1' te
/lt cl
u
mn -//s b' i( d/o/"ce
J
a) and 1e rl3hi I; /umn
moves Up "e c/s knceJ bJ QS shtWI in 11e 13te. /r 7<
!ln4 1 tPI.rAfJOn :

'
T 0 (r4 ) - (a o I; jli d oD o b 0/1 3(0 ) _
,0 ;
Su blrad '. (/ ) /m f
t
. t 2 ) . ol.il
il ( - j 5/ 30') :
P; - 1 i ,o fa ) - 3 (u o b /n 300) . i
/
() sin 3 o
Since -e volume of I' iu,d mud h. &s1li A, a = Az bJ
a =
=
( In. ) a = r i n. ) 1 J
b : /4
-
(
'- -
A
)
.
01; 0 - J3 (3) - 4;/ (2 )
(, 3 0 y H (down '
, - iO
= D
(
2)
( 3)
2. 8 7
2. 87 A homogeneous. 4-ft-wide, 8-ft-long rectangular gate
weighing 800 Ib is held in place by a horizontal fexible cable
as shown in Fig. P2. 61 Water acts against the gate which i s
hinged at point A. Friction i n the hinge i s negligible. Determine
the tension in the cable.
=
3890 Ib
T / "tlte
F
J
)
f/ :
I" c
-
',
t
he re
'"
A
Sc fi1
;
Cable
Water
Hi nge
I
P 2. 6 1
'e
=
:
I
J/ =
I
('H
))
- 3 f
.
16
II
( -) ((fJ 1)
Fr efti //hifm)
:MJ =0
an d
T (8Ii)(,' b ' = ' ['.)((SbDD) + (2 -)
rM Ib)( I It) (S bDo) - ( 3t If) (2 .)
T=
(g . ) (SIH bo)
/
3
S
D
Ii
2- 5 6
L'
I
i

/ I
6 ft
8 ft
2. 9 2
2. 92 A vertical plane area having the shape
shown in Fig. P2. 65 is immersed in an oil bath
(specific weight = 8.75 kNlm'). Determine the
magnitude of the resultant force acting on one
side of the area as a result of the oil.
FIGURE P2. 6S
f yo. k CeA ,"/l /o ?t1 4> shown '" Irwe.
Fr
tlet /
: i - I A,
R/
For . YA , :
f Z
: d Ie 2 A ..
(, 7: :3 ) ( '3A )() ( I" , . ) -
q. 3 -. N
2-SQ
2
.117
I
2. 117The 18-ft-Iong gate of Fig. P2.S fis a
quarter circle and is hinged at H. Determine the
horizontal force, required to hold the gate in
place. Neglect friction at the hinge and the weight
of the gate.
hy etu; /, b/,um (IMm ( e. /" -d''';l l
D .1","d ,as ) )
Z F =0
O= '.-:
' : 0 = y.( A,
= 2. 1 ;' ( ':t)((Ft " /rf)
Simi 141 1. _
2 1' . /
Oc /ai
. =

!, :
b .t
3
z .

I

W8l0r

80
=
: .t 200 /b
H|ng0
FIGURE P2.a*
P/ ep,;/; /r/tm (f me- /ocy- d"i?"" 6{ J4ie )
L
10

O 1
P (cn) = 0 (, ) F (,, )
( .i
1
p
2. / 43 A I-m-diameter cylindrical mass, M. is
connected to a 2-m-wide rectangular gate as
shown in Fig. P2.10!. The gate is to open when
the water level, h, drops below 2.5 m. Determine
the required value for M. Neglect friction at the
gate hinge and the pulley.
F
=
?
jc
A
0
d ( ) - (.)
=
' { 1
Whtre a I I le.
1 art I >
1 .
F"I e'u; ' ''hiuM)
2
fo =
o
.o tat
1 T
= (; )
F .
=
' - 3
3
C "
y{3
T:
1 :
m

0
h1 -e t'/indYJCq/
mS5
' t,.(.
=0
T= M - Fr :
M =
M - ' -
..".
'- 3
- T
1 "
I-m
diameter
FIGURE P. / 0'
T

I,

<
t {
3
t
1"
a"d
:
( I " ) " {; . .-" - J. 0 .
2 - / f3
2, 148 I
2. 148 An ice berg (specific gravity 0. 917) noats in the ocean (spe
cific gravity 1.025). What percent of the volume of the iceberg is
under water?
For eqvi //hriv/)
: wei9hf o f ice bef9 - F 0 hlOra!
force
o
r
e Oce
Thvs
,
(b
-"
1c8
::
0, 9/ 7
- -
/.02S
: 0, 8QS :: 89. S '
.2./56
2.' 1 56 The open U-tube of Fig. P2. 1 / 6 is par
tially filled with a liquid. When this device is ac
celerated with a horizontal acceleration, a, a
diferential reading, h, develops between the ma
nometer legs which are spaced a distance C apart.
Determine the relationship between a, C, and h.
d . a '

d
T
q
r
511 ce)
dr
-
C
:
7
+et
-
a
=
7
3
-
o
O r
a .

=
-
J
a

FIGURE P2. 1 1 6
(eg, ,, 2 6)
2- 1/ 5
. 1 5 9 I
2. 1 5 9 An open I-m-diameter tank contains
water at a depth of 0. 1 m when at rest. As the
tank is rotated about its vertical axis the center
of the fuid surface is depressed. At what angular
velocity will the bottom of the tank frst be ex
posed? No water is spilled from the tank.
fzuah . 5u r{fW of Cnst1 1Y(sl
( P' . 2 , 3 2 ) :
' l
l :
w r
t tl$1 t
:j
Fr hu surlce Wi t - =o a- 1 =0 )
{
=
w
2
/
'
'
Te wilme of .l u i d I YokI " o k I S ' p ve l
f. r dr = .7 W' f3d r =
o

0
S/nce -e 1 ' , "./c volume) \. = TR" h ) r !s t e fa l -e ilntt
Vol ume
)
O J
2- 1 1 6
( O.
S/
) '
/ rad
0. 5 _
5