Earth's Oceans ; A Theoretical Approach How Interconnected Continents and

High Altitude Mountain Glaciers Formed Them

1R. Stewart, 2O.Aguiar, 3 G.Artuso, 4C.I.O. Aristibal, 5J.R. Ackerman, 6W.Trentadue, 7R. Robinett,
1
-(Director-For-(EXO-SCOPE)-Project)-(CEO/Chief-Scientist)-Stewart Research,-(Independent Research Company)- Texas-USA),
2-
(Independent Researcher For Theoretical Oceanography,
Oceanography Sciences and Engineering, Atmospheric & Climatology Sciences ),
3
-(Geology, Geo-Physics, Glaciology),Geologo presso Agenzia Regionale Campana Difesa Suolo Localit, Napoli,
Italia),4-(DSc-Student-at-Geo-Sciences Institute Federal-Fluminense University),
5
-(Geology, Geo-physics, Glaciology, Civil Engineering)-Principal at Twin Oaks Consulting, LLC-,
6-(
EXO-
SCOPE)-Project-Coordinator), (Astronomy,Telescopy Systems & Instrumentation, Planetary Sciences, Geology)-Adjunct Instructor- at Rock Valley College),
6
-(Geology, Geophysics, Glaciology,
Oceanography)-(Science Research at Orion Research Associates)
Abstract
Context - The current scientific theory is that between 2.8 to 4.0 billion years ago, a comet struck the Earth's rocky surface and
brought with it dehydrated water based elements, and from this occurrence is what later developed into Earth's oceans.
Aims - Are to direct, present and demonstrate that the current theory and model as to how Earth's oceans developed is flawed, and that
a new theory and model is needed, presenting new data and evidence as to how Earth's oceans first developed 2.8 to 4.0 billion years
ago, and what later additionally contributed to the total water volume we see in Earth's oceans up to the present period of time.
Method / Result- Will first be presented in a manner or mode of procedure, that will follow a orderly, logical, systematic empirical
method of investigation. Presenting and demonstrating new data, evidence, cited references, and images, showing that 2.8 to 4.0
billion years ago, over a period of hundreds of millions of years, untold billions of Carbonaceous Chondrite meteors / meteorites rich
in dehydrated water based elements sped through the Earth's thin atmosphere, striking the Earth's rocky surface. This resulted in
Carbonaceous Chondrite meteor /meteorite explosions, transforming them into gaseous water vapor, which deposited condensation on
high mountain ranges, eventually developing into glaciers, and after melting, formed Earth's first oceans.
Keywords : Oceans, Oceanography, Geology, Geo-physics, Glaciology, Snowball Earth, Volcanoes
Earth's Oceans Formed By High Mountain Glaciers 2
Introduction
In the article by (Stewart R. (2012). Entitled : "Earth's Oceans: A Theoretical Analysis How High Mountain Glaciers
Formed Them", offers a preliminary fundamental understanding and insight as to how high altitude mountain and mountain range
glaciers that melted over eons of time contributed to some of the formation of Earth's oceans. This article's purpose is to introduce a
new hypothesis / theory that four billion years ago, high altitude mountain glaciers may have contributed to Earth's oceans, which
provides a better model than the current model. The current model in theory suggests that Earth's oceans were formed by a comet
striking the Earth in its long distant past. This paper will elaborate, explain, and describe in much deeper detail what (Stewart R. 2012
did not.
Fig.1-(Image Credit)- Ronald Stewart (C) 2012) -In theory earth's interconnected continents were very rocky and the rest of the planet
(in black), had lower elevation basins. However (in time), H2O ice particles formed glaciers at higher mountain elevations-( in white).
Earth's Oceans Formed By High Mountain Glaciers 3
[1.0] - Why The Old Theory / Model of A Comet Striking The Earth Causing Introduction of H20 Is Likely Incorrect
Fig. 2 - (Image-Credit)-(Scientific American-(2009) and By The Courtesy of Doug Kennett)- In Fig 2 above a dark band of sediment
measuring approximately 40 centimeters exhibits a narrow band of sedimentation, suggesting evidence that a comet struck earth about
12,900 years ago. However, is this so? Similar bands have been discovered elsewhere in North America. For example; at Murray
Spring, Ariz., is believed to be evidence of a comet impact on earth and caused this band on nanodiamond sedimentation. However, as
(Scientific American-(2009) article also states these strata could be caused by either " impact or explosion ". Since it's a 50% chance
these strata could have been formed either way, which side provides greater evidence?
Earth's Oceans Formed By High Mountain Glaciers 4
Just because Fig. 2 brings to the reader's attention that in Arizona that there is a nanodiamond rock bearing strata, does this
mean that a comet hit the earth 12,900 years ago or at any other time in earth distant past ? The January 2nd, 2009 article in Scientific
American asks the question: Did a comet hit the Earth 12,900 years ago? It proposes from a new theory that such may have
happened. It would also make sense and be reasonable to think that if a comet hit the Earth only 12.900 years ago, then it would also
follow a sound logical line of deductive reasoning that if it happened only 12,900 years ago, then it also must of happened numerous
times in Earth's distant past as well. However, what are the chances of this happening several times in the recent geological past, or
even numerous times within the last four or so billion years of Earth's existence ?
As Fig.1 demonstrates and the January 2nd, 2009 Scientific American article explain that (such a sedimentary strata could be
caused by either "explosion or impact". What has to be examined is, are these strata most likely caused by comet impact or
explosion? According to the Scientific American article, the theory developed in 2007. So, the theory is relatively new, (Firestone R.B.
et al (2007)."Evidence for an extraterrestrial impact 12,900 years ago that contributed to the megafaunal extinctions and the Younger
Dryas cooling", which in 2007 were based upon only six locations where supposedly the same geological strata was created by
comet impact. These sediments were from six sites across North AmericaMurray Springs, Ariz.; Bull Creek, Okla.; Gainey,
Mich.; Topper, S.C.; Lake Hind, Manitoba; and Chobot, Alberta, according to the Scientific American article. However, another site
was said to have been discovered in 2012 as indicated in a March 6, 2012 article in Space.com. This seventh location is
under the water at Central Mexicos Lake Cuitzeo, which contains melted rock. However, other than a few of these strata being
discovered in 2007, only one more similar strata was discovered on a worldwide basis in five years as suggested comet impacts.
Earth's Oceans Formed By High Mountain Glaciers 5
The thinking also suggests that when a comet struck the Earth, the comet broke apart. However, that most of the comet impact
occurred primarily at six locations in North America, and according to the article in Space.com, in a seventh location at
Central Mexicos Lake Cuitzeo, discovered earlier this year in 2012. Where formations / nanodiamonds suggest a comet impacted
Earth around 12,900 years ago. However, in Scientific American 2002 in an article entitled: "Nano-diamond Stardust Findings" made
some very interesting scientific discoveries also about these nanodiamond sedimentary strata not mentioned in the
2012 Space.com article. What were those discoveries?
In a corresponding article that also appeared in the peer reviewed journal Nature 2002, new research showed that stardust
may not be as old as has been assumed. Furthermore the Scientific American 2002 article mentions how Z. R. Dal of Georgia Institute
of Technology discovered that meteorites from our solar system's asteroid belt contain large quantities of nanodiamonds (the same
sedimentary strata where it's suggested a comet struck the earth). However, the article further presents evidence that if such were true,
then (only in theory), comet remnants should contain even greater amounts of these ancient particles, because comets form far away
from the sun, where more pre solar material- and thus nanodiamonds- should survive. However, to provide a test to determine if the
evidence supported a comet striking the Earth in at least six of the previous locations as brought out in the article mentioned
in Scientific American 2009, Z. R. Dal of Georgia Institute of Technology and colleagues compared the nanodiamond composition of
two meteorites with that of comet remnants. The researchers found few, if any, nanodiamonds in the comet fragments. They were
quite surprised because the scientific testing results, "Were just not there to support a comet impact". The 2002 Scientific American
article goes on to quote Z. R. Dal of Georgia Institute of Technology and colleagues stating :
Earth's Oceans Formed By High Mountain Glaciers 6
"We presumed that if we studied (micro) meteorites (also known as interplanetary dust particles from comets) from further out
in our solar system, we would find more nanodiamonds," remarked team member John Bradley of Lawrence Livermore National
Laboratory. "But were just not seeing them. So, a scientific team already established (no matter how many times tested)
(which can be expressed in the comment made by Z.R. Dal and his colleagues comments from the Georgia Institute of Technologys
statements. When they said, "But were just not seeing them", the usage of the word "them" denoted that these laboratory tests had to
have been done over and over again, because the word "them" is plural, meaning: more than one. Therefore, evidently numerous
scientific laboratory testing situations occurred, and proved over and over again, that no evidence whatsoever developed in any of the
testing results to back up that any of these six sites were caused by a comet impact. Therefore, none of the six sites located in North
America did not present any evidence whatsoever that the nanodiamond sedimentary strata discovered in 2007 were caused by a
comet's impact.
Secondly, because the article by (Kuchment, Anna, Nature (2002). "Stardust Revolution"), and the Scientific American 2002
articles both stipulate and because repetitious hard laboratory evidence is given that finds no evidence whatsoever that these six
sedimentary strata were cause by a comet striking the Earth, then this certainly minimizes the evidence (or even provides, in reality, no
evidence at all), in this regard, that a comet striking the Earth caused the nanodiamond sedimentary strata at all. Furthermore, the
Scientific American 2002 article mentions that if the scientists understanding of how material circulates in the early solar system is
fundamentally flawed, then any future work will help determine whether nanodiamonds are an astronomer's best friend, or a false
hope. Furthermore, since the Space.com 2012 article also bases a seventh location at Central Mexicos Lake Cuitzeo upon the
Earth's Oceans Formed By High Mountain Glaciers 7
Scientific American 2002 article entitled: "Nano-diamond Stardust Findings" article, than since the same type of nanodiamond
strata was also discovered at the seventh location in Central Mexicos Lake Cuitzeo, than the results would be the same as the previous
six locations where this type of nanodiamond sedimentary strata was discovered as well. Meaning ; that the seventh location, since it's
about the same as the previous six locations, and since there is no evidence to back up that the nanodiamond sedimentary strata at
these previous six locations were caused by a comet strike, then it also means there is no evidence to support the seventh location at
Central Mexicos Lake Cuitzeo, in like manner. So, at this point there is no evidence to support that any of the seven locations were
struck by a comet in Earth's past. Is there an even greater amount of evidence that shows a comet most likely did not strike the Earth?
[1.1]- Additional Evidence That A Comet Most Likely Did Not Strike The Earth In Its Past to Distant Past
The very fact that both the Nature and Scientific American 2002 articles both give evidence that most likely 99.9 % of the
nanodiamond elements can be found in the Kuiper Belt, and from meteors and meteorites would seem to suggest a very strong line of
evidence that such nanodiamond sedimentary strata that have been discovered at the six locations in North America in 2007, and only
one more discovered in Central Mexicos Lake Cuitzeo, are resultant not from a comet striking Earth in its past to distant past.
Instead, they were caused by : " Significant To Large Meteor Impact Explosions", that most likely struck these seven different
locations causing the nanodiamond sedimentary strata conditions that have been discovered in these different locations. Is there
additional consistent evidence to support this ?
Yes there is. Both the Nature and Scientific American 2002 articles also state that meteorites from our solar system's asteroid
belt contain large quantities of nanodiamonds. Therefore, just how much? When it's taken into consideration in just the kind of
Earth's Oceans Formed By High Mountain Glaciers 8
conditions that present themselves as to how many meteor and meteorites strikes the Earths atmosphere in just one Earth day, in a
twenty four hour time period, the question that needs to be asked is: "How do those numbers stack up mathematically (compared to,
suppose under even the best conditions, let's say one comet struck each of the seven discovered locations where these nanodiamond
sedimentary strata have been discovered)? How does this compare with the amount of meteor and /or meteorites strikes that hit the
Earths atmosphere in just one day? NASAs Asteroid and Comet Watch ", states, "Every day, Earth is bombarded with more
than 100 tons of dust and sand-sized particles. About once a year, an automobile-sized asteroid hits Earth's atmosphere, creates an
impressive fireball, and burns up before reaching the surface." Again seen in Fig. 3: NASAs: Whats Hitting The Earth?" web site
presents and demonstrates that NASA now has cameras at many places around the earth, watching the skies for meteors-etc.
Fig. 3-(Image Credit)-(NASA)-What's Hitting The Earth ? - (Web site)-(2011). NASA has placed cameras in many places on a world
wide basis to exactly get to the truth as to how much meteoroid, meteors, and meteorites are hitting Earth's atmosphere every day. As
Fig. 3 above shows where the long white streak is seen is a large meteor coming through Earth's atmosphere, which as dense as Earth's
atmosphere is now, this meteor will burn up. 3.0-4.0 billion years ago it would have made an impact explosion upon Earth's surface.
Earth's Oceans Formed By High Mountain Glaciers 9
Of course, there is no reason to believe that the amount of planetesimals and debris remaining from the initial formation of the
solar system would be lower then than it is now, therefore there most likely would have been a much higher frequency of
bombardment of the Earth from this debris in the form of meteorites at that time. Indeed, scientists refer to this period from about 4.1
to 3.8 billion years ago as the Late Heavy Bombardment (LHB), which is clearly evidenced on the surface of our moon. Dating from
lunar soil samples brought back by Apollo astronauts gives a clear indication of the LHB. By inference, the LHB also must have
contributed a large number of meteorites to the Earth and its atmosphere as well. Since many meteorites burn up in the atmosphere,
there would have been a large influx of material from the meteorites, contributing to the change of the Earths atmospheric
composition due to the introduction of a wide variety of extraterrestrial material. Especially in an infinite amount, since Earth's
atmosphere was much thinner.Additionally, the increase of gases from the vaporization of this meteoric material would increase the
density of the atmosphere, contributing H2O, which is the primary component of greenhouse gases. Since CO2 would also be forming
from Earths volcanic activity during this time, a steady increase in the atmospheric density and pressure would contribute to the rising
temperature levels worldwide, brought about by the greenhouse effect. Some scientists believe that comets may have struck the Earth
during this time as well. Although there is no direct evidence that this has occurred, there is indirect evidence that the Tunguska event
in Siberia, 1908 may have been an air burst from an inbound comet. As solid bodies composed mainly of frozen gases, one of the
primary components being H2O, this would have also contributed to the addition of atmospheric water vapor. A comet with a radius
of 50 km would contain roughly 5.26 x 10 km
5
of solidified gases, vaporizing and expand upon impact with the Earths
Earth's Oceans Formed By High Mountain Glaciers 10
atmosphere. This then poses the question: Which occurs most often- comets actually striking the Earth, or meteorites striking the
Earth?
According to NASAs Jet Propulsion Laboratory, approximately 100 tons of meteoric material lands on Earth every day,
mostly in the form of small particles and dust.
Fig. 4 - (Left-Image-Credit)-(NASA-2011) of the asteroid /minor planet named : "Vesta". (Right-Image)-Is Vesta. However, in this
research paper, Vesta will be used to simulate /illustrate maybe how Earth could have appeared a few billion years ago once it
solidified from its gaseous state and became solid, which could have appeared much like Vesta appears. In the image to the right, the
yellow arrows outline a higher elevated area on Vesta marked (A). Illustrating how Earth similarly could have been one large spherical
Earth's Oceans Formed By High Mountain Glaciers 11
shaped rock, and the area marked (A) could have been the way: "Earth's Continents", were when all collected and amassed together in
one place on the Earth. In like manner, these continents on the Earth could have consisted of not only the highest elevated rocky
landmass, but also consisted of all of the mountain ranges and mountains in the same area marked (A). Craters in
Fig. 4 could be from meteor impact explosions. As revealed in Russia Reveals vast Supply of Asteroid Diamonds - A large asteroid
strike in Earth's long distant past in Siberia left the world's largest deposit of nanodiamonds sedimentary strata.
[1.2]- How In Hypothesis and New Theory H
2
O Elements In Asteroid and Meteor Impact Explosions Transformed Into H
2
O
Gaseous Clouds, Leaving Condensation On Amassed Together Continents and Mountain Ranges,
When the Earth was one large rock and when the Earth's atmosphere was much, much thinner, it is known that millions of meteors and
meteorites struck the Earth and its atmosphere. How many that no doubt occurred especially since the Earth 3.0-4.0 billion years ago
when the Earth had a rocky surface and a much thinner atmosphere, no doubt hundreds of millions of meteor and meteorites struck the
Earth. http://nineplanets.org/meteorites.html depicts a number of different type of meteorites that are very similar to the terrestrial
planets within Earth's own solar system.
Fig. 5 - Image-Credit-(NASA). Shows three different types of Carbonaceous Chondrite Meteorites are grouped according to
distinctive compositions thought to reflect the type of parent body from which they originated. These are named after a prominent
Earth's Oceans Formed By High Mountain Glaciers 12
meteorite often the first to be discovered in the group. Several different types of groups of carbonaceous chondrites, notably the
CM and CI groups, contain high percentages (3% to 22%) of water, as shown and brought out by (Mason Bryan, 1962)
Carbonaceous Chondrite", that three types of meteorites are composed of approximately over seven different elements. However, the
foremost important of these is that these types of meteorites contain about 3-5 % carbon and then in 1962 chemical analysis (under the
technology of that day), showed that such meteorites were also composed as much as 20% dehydrated H2O elements, while also being
composed of hydrated magnesium iron silicate. Whereas later research papers verified under more recent technological laboratory
chemical analysis as presented in the two research papers by ( Bischoff, A.; Geiger, T. (1995). "Meteorites for the Sahara: Find
locations, shock classification, degree of weathering and pairing"), and also in (Norton, O. Richard (2002). "The Cambridge
Encyclopedia of Meteorites"), incorporates the same but more advanced data, verifying these previous research papers. These also
verify the presence of organic compounds. They are composed mainly of silicates, oxides and sulfides, while the minerals olivine and
serpentine are characteristic. The presence of volatile organic chemicals and water indicates that they have not undergone significant
heating (>200C) since they formed, and their compositions are considered to be close to that of the solar nebula from which the Solar
System condensed. Many other research articles / papers verify the same. Why are Carbonaceous Chondrite ", meteorites important?
Meteorites even today in one 24 hour period strike the Earth's atmosphere millions of times. Some of these do get through
the Earth's atmosphere, and (more likely than not), could carry essential H2O elements and when striking the surface of the Earth
with a thinner atmosphere created "Meteor Impact Explosions". Many of these no doubt came from earth's solar systems Kuiper Belt
Asteroids, which we know carry H2O elements, extreme large amounts of nanodiamonds (as has been discovered in about (7
Earth's Oceans Formed By High Mountain Glaciers 13
different places on Earth- six in North America and one this year in a lake in Central Mexico). These areas also have large amounts of
iridium. Nature and Scientific American 2002 articles also give evidence that in the seven aforementioned sites where it is thought
where one comet struck North America and either broke into several pieces striking the remaining six locations. Or where otherwise
it is thought that seven separate comets could have struck each one of the seven locations where these nanodiamond sedimentary strata
have been discovered. Iridium exists in much, greater amounts in meteors / meteorites than would have been left by a comet strike.
Since millions of meteors / meteorites strike the Earth's atmosphere in even one day, an immeasurable amount could have struck the
Earth with a much thinner atmosphere over a period of millions of years. Meteors /meteorites that would have carried H2O elements
were much more likely from asteroids and the debris left behind from the formation of the solar system, than from random and \
infrequent comet strikes. Essentially, there is at this time, "no smoking gun", to give evidence that a single or several comets struck the
Earth, and deposited the correct H2O elements for Earths eventual oceans.
With a much thinner Earth's atmosphere there were a course enough of these meteorite impacts that accumulated into gases
carrying enough H2O elemental particles. (See)- http://proceedings.aip.org/resource/2/apcpcs/402/1/545_1?isAuthorized=no
It is more plausible that because of the infinite amount of aforementioned meteor / meteorite strikes that occurred over
millions or even 100's of millions of years, that there may have been enough of these meteor/ meteorite explosions that converted
these elements into gas once striking the Earth's surface. Eventually enough gas accumulated and whatever accumulated on the higher
elevated rocky parts of Earth's continents that were all essentially huddled together of course likely could have deposited
condensation on the higher elevated huddle of continents that were at first amassed as one large elevated mass of topography and
Earth's Oceans Formed By High Mountain Glaciers 14
terrain. Of course on these amassed continents that were all together were mountain ranges and mountains, that extended even higher
above the rest of the Earth, that consisted lower elevated plains and basins. Once these H2O gases accumulated in enough
quantity over these higher elevated areas, condensation developed (much like condensation dew drops leave the grass wet when
there's a fog). The condensation could have also run into the voids, caves, cracks, and fissures, also creating Earth's ground water
supply, much like what would have also created such water supplies in other periglacial conditions on Earth as well.
As more and more time went by, more condensation built up in layers. Layer after layer built up into larger areas of ice sheets,
and within millions of years the Earths first glaciers developed. Eventually the Earth's volcanic activity also grew more and more
prevalent. Eventually also after maybe 100's of thousands of years (or even longer) the Earth's volcanic activity created enough
accumulated volumes of CO2 gas, which created greater and greater induced greenhouse effects. This eventually also melted the
glaciers. As they melted, water sought the lowest elevation source and started to fill the lower elevated plains areas and basins. First,
becoming pools of water here and there, only to accumulate more volume and later became small lakes. The bigger lakes eventually
became large lakes. Some developed into fresh water. Others developed in small seas and oceans and became affected by volcanic
activity, which also caused them to become saline. The smaller seas became larger and larger and filled up more and more, and these
processes may have occurred for millions if not hundreds of millions of years. Earth also eventually went through colder and hotter
eras when becoming a snowball Earth, in at least two epochs of time applicable to the Neoproterozoic and Paleoproterozoic
periods in Earth's distant past approximately (800 ma to 600 ma). The re-freezing and melting during these periods also may have
contributed to the Earth's water volumes in it's oceans, along with other glacial periods throughout Earth's historyas well.
Earth's Oceans Formed By High Mountain Glaciers 15
Fig. 6 - The gray outline in both images in Fig 6 above depicts in theory how Earth's continents 3.0-4.0 billion years ago could
have been the highest elevated land mass on a rocky earth, with higher mountain ranges on top the continents as well. As
aforementioned in previous pages as seen (in the image to the left) when Earth had a much thinner atmosphere, no doubt millions of
meteors /meteorites stuck Earth's hard rocky surface, and most likely a large number of these were "Carbonaceous Chondrite", meteor
/ meteorite explosions, which then transformed into a dust and gaseous state. Over many millions of years this gaseous state started to
make Earth's atmosphere more dense, and may have settled first in pockets of fog-like clouds, upon the much higher / much colder
mountain ranges extending up much higher and above Earth's continents / thinner atmosphere. Just like " Fog" left at first droplets of
condensation upon the higher much colder elevated mountain ranges. Over millions of years, this created layer after layer of
denser and denser ice sheets, eventually creating Earth's first high mountain range glaciers, as illustrated in Fig. 6.
Earth's Oceans Formed By High Mountain Glaciers 16
Fig. 7- (Image Credit-(Left-Right Images) - (NASA /JPL) at- http://scijinks.jpl.nasa.gov/atmosphere-formation ) .
(Left Image)- Just formed Earth: The hydrogen (H2) and helium (He) were very warm. These molecules of gas moved so fast that they
escaped Earth's gravity and eventually all drifted off into space. Eventually, after hundreds of millions of years, the Earth solidified as
has been presented in Fig. 4 and 6. However, no doubt hundreds of millions more years went by, as seen in the image to the right
entitled: Atmosphere #2". Additional volcanic activity produced H2O, CO2, and NH3 gases with added warmth to Earth's atmosphere,
and as again seen in particularly the (Right ) image in Fig. 6), where these high mountain range glaciers started to melt due to the
increase of CO2 gases, creating a warmer greenhouse effect. The run-off from these glaciers would seek lower elevated basins and
low lying terrain, developing into both fresh water lakes that grew in size, and the volcanic activity resulted in saline seas and oceans
Earth's Oceans Formed By High Mountain Glaciers 17
Fig. 8 - (Left-Image)- Depicts how the earth could have appeared to one degree or another after several hundred millions years after the
Earth's atmosphere became more and more dense and as volcanic activity increased, Earth went through additional warming periods.
In time the glaciers grew in size and so did the run off to the lower lying basins and lower plains. Earth's water volumes grew much
larger eventually causing an overflow of lakes, seas, and oceans causing extreme massive flooding, which continued as a repetitive
ongoing cycle for the next billion or more years, that much of the earth could have been covered in water as shown in the image to the
(right), above in Fig. 8. At this time in Earth's history, the continents were still one large mass of higher elevated land, with even
higher mountain ranges upon them. How do we know if there were high mountain ranges on the Earth approximately 2.8 billion years
ago or so? At "The Open University", an Undergraduate Course for the (2012-2013) semester is being taught entitled: "Understanding
The Continents" - Geology (S276) and Our dynamic planet: Earth and life (S279)-(shows how mountain
Earth's Oceans Formed By High Mountain Glaciers 18
ranges were very high and would have been high mountain ranges accumulated together when the continents were all connected
together as well). This is further explained, presented, and demonstrated in much more detail in Fig. # 9.
Fig.9 - (Image Credit)- (See)- http://news.at0086.com/China-mountain-and-river-tours/Top-5-Most-Ancient-Mountains-in-China.html
The first image to the (Left) is: "Wutai Mountain", which geologically these mountains had very high elevations and have been
estimated to be at least 2.8 billion years old. The way fog and mist settles on these mountains (as can be seen in the background) has
gone unchanged for most likely the entire 2.8 billion years of their early Earth existence, and likely could have been some of the
mountain ranges on the continents that were collected together as the highest land elevation when the Earth was a very young and
rocky planet. The glacial and periglacial activity on these mountains have worn them down over billions of years. The history is
diverse, for in this paper it reads quote : "Wutai mountain located near Wutai county in Shanxi Province is the highest peak (3058) in
the North China. Both ancient periglacial phenomena and present periglacial phenomena have been developed. Periglacial landforms
are as follows: cryoplanation surface, tors, blockfield, block slopes, stone stripes, stone circles, stone nets, polygons, frost block, turfs,
solifluction lobes, blockstreams, thaw hollow, dells, stone-banked terraces, stone banks, periglacial loess,
Earth's Oceans Formed By High Mountain Glaciers 19
.etc. Both ancient periglacial phenomena and present periglacial phenomena have relation originally on Mt. Wutai. In the late
Pleistocene, the mean annual temperature was about 3-4 degrees lower than that at present on the top of Mt.Wutai, is about 10-11
degrees lower at present then on the surface of Shanxi Plateau. A periglacial age was in the late glacial age of the Quaternary in
the Wutai Shan area called the Wutai Periglacial age, but now it goes into a sub-Peri. However, this is also consistent with the paper
by (Zhu Jinghu, (1984). Entitled: "Basic Characteristics of Periglacial Landforms On Wutai Mountain", (Department of Geography,
Harbin Normal University) Cui Zhijiu. (1990-2004)- (Department of Geography, Beijing University), and also (You Changjiang, Li
Rongquan (Department of Geography); THE DETERMINATION ON THE DATE WHEN THEPERIGLACIAL
GEOMORPHOLOGY ON THE TOP OF WUTAI MOUNTAIN FORMED [J];Journal of Beijing Normal University
(Natural Science), and (L? Xiu-zhi1,2 ,GUO Dong-gang2,SHANGGUAN Tie-liang1,2-(2010). (1.School of Environment and
Resources, Shanxi University, Taiyuan Shanxi 030006, China; 2. Loess Plateau Research Institute, Shanxi University, Taiyuan Shanxi
030006, China); Analysis of the Plant Community Diversity in the Periglacial Landforms in Wutai Mountain, Shanxi Province
[J] ; Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology;2010-03. The aforementioned references show mountains like the Wutai mountain range
down to mountain ranges also estimated at about 50-60 (Ma) as well. As also shown in Fig. 9 in the image to the right named:
"Yellow Mountain". However, could the earliest highest mountain ranges on Earth have remained the same for long periods of time?
Yes they could have. An example of this also applies to: "The Sierra Mountain Range" (See)-
http://news.yale.edu/2010/01/05/fossil-leaves-depict-warm-high-sierra-nevada-mountains-ancient-past . However, they could also be
Earth's Oceans Formed By High Mountain Glaciers 20
The Ancient Canadian Mountain Ranges are estimated to date back to the Precambrian Era, at least 2.5 to 1.6 billion
years ago. According to (The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, (2007), where it reads : " Canadian Shield or Laurentian Plateau
(lrnchn), U-shaped region of ancient rock, the nucleus of North America, stretching N from the Great Lakes to the Arctic Ocean.
Covering more than half of Canada, it also includes most of Greenland and extends into the United States as the Adirondack Mts. and
the Superior Highlands. The first part of North America to be permanently elevated above sea level, it has remained almost wholly
untouched by successive encroachments of the sea upon the continent. It is the earth's greatest area of exposed Archaean-age rock;
the metamorphic rocks of which it is largely composed were probably formed in the Precambrian era. Repeatedly uplifted and eroded,
it is today an area of low relief (c.1,0002,000 ft/305610 m above sea level) with a few monadnocks and low mountain ranges
(including the Torngat and Laurentian Mts.) probably eroded from the plateau during the Cenozoic era. During the Pleistocene
epoch, continental ice sheets depressed the land surface (see Hudson Bay), scooped out thousands of lake basins, and carried away
much of the regions soil. Drainage is generally very poor on the shield.
For many more references dating high elevation mountain ranges about 1.0 to 1.5 billion years backward into Earth's history
please see: "Supplemental Reference Section " at the end of this research paper. Later paleo-magnetic studies in the research paper by
(Kirschvink et al. (2000) and (Hoffman and Schrag (2002) show tests on Proterozoic glacial beds, although this means that Earth's
climate went through warmer to colder periods during the Proterozoic, this paper also provides an abundant amount of new data and
evidence that oceans existed before the Proterozoic glaciation. The (Stewart R., 2012) article was never intended to be taken as a
complete guide to how the oceans on Earth developed under the new proposed theory proposed in this research paper.
Earth's Oceans Formed By High Mountain Glaciers 21
It was intended to be understood as an extrapolation that the two Snowball Earth" periods, and the warming / freezing cycles
were the only means in which developed the Earth's oceans. The (Stewart R., 2012) article was to hypothetically propose that the
melting glacial conditions in both "snowball Earths" (at the time they occurred contributed large volumes of water to the Earth's
oceans as the snowball Earth theory was proposed originally by (Kirschvink et al. (2000) and Hoffman and Schrag (2002), and then
additionally elaborated upon by (Hyde et al., 2000; Chandler and Sohl, 2000; Crowley et al., 2001; Poulsen et al., 2002; (Lewis et al.,
2003; Donnadieu et al., 2004). Further explaining in great detail about the specifics of these two snowball Earth periods of time in
Earth's ancient developmental history. All of the aforementioned papers relate to these two - (or maybe even more) snowball Earths,
which also related to Earth's climates conditions in its Proterozoic period, was only to suggest and propose that the warming and
refreezing trends in Earth's ancient past regarding a snowball Earth was an: "Additional Contributing to the earth's oceans", and this
was the primary intent of the paper entitled : Stewart R. (2012). Earths Oceans: A Theoretical Analysis How
High Mountain Glaciers Formed Them, also offers a descriptive preliminary fundamental understanding and insight, that
this article's purpose was only meant to introduce groundwork for a new hypothesis / theory. That (1000-500)-(Ma), "some high
altitude mountain glaciers" and "Earth's two snowball-Earth periods of time may have contributed to the total volume of today's
Earth's oceans". Whereas this paper clearly notes, elaborates, explains, describes, and provides images -etc., and demonstrates in
much deeper detail a new theory, that Earth's oceans started to form about 3.8 billion years ago, from mostly an infinite bombardment
of "Carbonaceous Chondrite" meteor-meteorites, striking Earth's surface. This resulted in meteor / meteorite impact explosions,
transforming into a gaseous state, and millions of years later, into Earth's atmosphere.
Earth's Oceans Formed By High Mountain Glaciers 22
[2.0]- 1,600 - 500-(Ma) Two Snowball Earths Ice Volumes Contribute More Water To Earths oceans
Therefore, since Earth's continents were all amassed and connected together, this part of the Earth's surface was the highest elevated
land mass, which also consisted of even higher elevated mountains ranges. It was on these higher elevated mountain ranges that the
gaseous H2O atmosphere deposited condensation that froze into ice sheets, and eventually developed into Earth's first glaciers.
However, due to ever increasing volcanic activity, CO2 was introduced into Earth's atmosphere and developed a Greenhouse effect,
which melted these glaciers, and continued as an ongoing cycle for at least another 1.0 -1.5 billion years, constantly adding more and
more water not only developing into Earth's surface fresh water and Earth's groundwater from seepage, but also developing into Earth's
first seas and oceans in like manner.
It is here at this point that the article demonstrates that Stewart R. (2012). "Earths Oceans: A Theoretical Analysis How
High Mountain Glaciers Formed Them", shows that starting as early as 1,600 -800-(Ma) that Earth's first snowball Earth
period occurred as originally proposed and suggested by (Kirschvink et al. (2000) and Hoffman and Schrag (2002), and then
additionally elaborated upon by (Hyde et al., 2000; Chandler and Sohl, 2000; Crowley et al., 2001; Poulsen et al., 2002; (Lewis et al.,
2003; Donnadieu et al., 2004), that these two snowball Earth periods of time developed very large volumes of ice and because once the
volcanic activity started again, even greater amounts of CO2 developed into much warmer trends which resulted in greater greenhouse
effects, contributing more water- increasing the volume of Earths fresh water, groundwater, and oceans as well. However, is it
possible to get a better concept as to how both of these two snowball Earths appeared in its long distant past, that most likely
contributed additional volumes of water to Earth surface, ground water, seas and oceans? Yes, as presented in Fig. 10.
Earth's Oceans Formed By High Mountain Glaciers 23
Fig. 10 - (above) was originally presented in the article (Stewart R. 2012). "Earth's Oceans: A Theoretical Analysis
How High Mountain Glaciers Formed Them", after the early to middle Proterozoic Era -(1600-(Ma)-(1000-(Ma), to
Earth's Paleozoic Era- (500-250)- (Ma), which consisted of the snowball Earth periods of time, in theory, as seen above in Fig.10 (A),
shows Earth in an almost complete from state which might represent Earth's first snowball Earth period about 1000-(Ma). As Earth no
doubt warmed and refroze again during its second snowball Earth period as seen in (B), taking place sometime during (500-250)-
(Ma), of course with (C) representing Earth's Quaternary period from about 1.8-(Ma) 100,000- BCE., until as Earth appears today.
Earth's Oceans Formed By High Mountain Glaciers 24
However, much more data and evidence is provided in this paper that the two snowball Earth periods of time made a
considerable contribution to increasing Earth's water volume- especially to its seas and oceans. This is additionally shown in the
paper by (Condon, D.J.; Prave, A.R., Benn, D.I. (1 January 2002). "Neoproterozoic glacial-rainout intervals; Observations
implications". Geology 30 (1): 3538) / (R. Rieu; P.A. Allen; M. Plotze; T. Pettke (2007). "Climate cycles during a Neoproterozoic
"snowball" glacial epoc". Geology " pp. 299-302), and (Kilner, B.; Niocaill, C.M.; Brasier, M. (2005). "Low-latitude glaciation in
the Neoproterozoic of Oman". Geology 33 (5): 4136) contain and debate that evidence for fluctuation in ice cover and melting during
"Snowball Earth" deposits, comes from and involves melting from evidence of glacial conditions that create water on Earth and
that this is how water first appeared on earth some 542 million years ago, primarily in consistency with the Neoproterozoic glacial
time period. These research papers also purport that geochemical evidence of climate cyclicity could be found in oceanic conditions.
Both of these involved the Sturtian and Marinoan glacial time periods, where there also occurred glacial ice-free deposition. The
following link explains how both the Sturtian and Marinoan periods were ice free and provides a detailed study model.
A global climate model Neoproterozoic andPaleoproterozoic model , hyper-link helps the reader to understand these glaciation
conditions, and in some ways, how similar conditions may have developed during the Sturtian and Marinoan glaciation
periods on Earth. The reader attains a deeper understanding how similar glaciation periods on Earth may have developed and how
how these "snowball Earths" could have also contributed to the Earth's larger volumes of water.This eventually led to an ongoing
climatological cycle, eon after eon of developing the oceans and the oceanic conditions known to have existed on Earth.
Earth's Oceans Formed By High Mountain Glaciers 25
However, another recent research paper by (Poulsen, C.J.; Pierrehumbert, R.T.; Jacob, R.L. (2001). "Impact of ocean
dynamics on the simulation of the Neoproterozoic snowball Earth". Geophysical Research Letters 28 (8): 15758), gives a thorough
and deep impacting amount of new data to strongly suggest that the melted ice gave birth to and developed into Earth's ancient seas,
primarily in "periods of time consisted of mostly ancient sea ice cover in both a semi-solid and liquid form", and this failed to form sea
ice at the warmest part of the Earth along its equator. Therefore, in addition to this and because of the CO2, which would have been on
Earth, formed mostly by the advent of volcanic activity in large quantities, supplemented enough CO2 into the Earth's atmosphere to
help melt any global ice cover, and helping to turn it into the Neoproterozoic ancient oceans, and which also lead into later glacial
periods that contributed to earth total volumes of water, that and eventually developing into the modern seas and oceans that are seen
on earth today.
Another model that may be able to be exampled would be that of a Neoproterozoic Earth that may have developed and
existed millions of years ago. However, in a research paper by A. R. Alderman; C. E. Tilley (1960), entitled: "Biographical Memoirs
of Fellows of the Royal Society 5: pp. 119127, gives reference to Douglas Mawson, a 19th century early glaciologist who developed a
concept, and then a hypothesis, that millions of years ago the Earth went through several periods of glaciation and the term
Neoproterozoic stratigraphy became a sub-discipline to the science of glaciology. His study primarily was involved with south
Australia and Antartica. He determined through the early science of glaciation and Neoproterozoic stratigraphy in his studies of both of
these locations on Earth, that at one time the Earth was subjected to Neoproterozoic glaciation. Therefore, when this theory is entirely
looked at in it's past context, this theory may had been the first pre-conceived concept for the trerm today :"Snowball earth".
Earth's Oceans Formed By High Mountain Glaciers 26
Dawson's concepts gave theory to the precept that glacial sediments remained constant through time and that what came
afterwards was the dividing and separation of the continents; the teutonic plates developed after that. However, (W. B.
Harland (1964). "Critical evidence for a great infra-Cambrian glaciation", which was published in: 'The international Journal of Geo
Earth Sciences 54 (1): 4561), concluded that glacial tillites in Svalbard and Greenland proved Dawson wrong in his assumptions.
Harland theorized that higher tropical latitudes affected by the paleomagnetic condition of Earth at that time did not make the Earth in
a Neoproterozoic stage of development. Instead, a later and next stage Paleoproterozic development was active, and that instead of
the Earth being a giant snowball with some exposed areas showing a:"ice slushed-like Earth only around the equatorial region, that in
actuality there were CO2 manifestations that exhibited greenhouse-like gases on the Earth, that made the Earth more in
the stage of the Paleoproterozoic time period instead.
In the late 1960's progress was made in having a better understanding of the Neoproterozoic and Paleoproterozoic conditions
that effected the Earth in that part of its climatological and chronological glacially related conditions on an Earth-wide basis. This was
incorporated and accomplished when (M.I. Budyko (1969). "Effect of solar radiation variation on climate of Earth". pp 21 (5): 611
presented and demonstrated in his peer reviewed research paper that the Paleoproterozoic period of the Earths periods of
glaciology were balanced between a transitional point between the two Neoproterozoic and Paleoproterozoic glacial periods, due to the
effect that the Earth's thermal energy has as an effect on those two aforementioned glacial time periods. Using the science of
"Climatology ".
Earth's Oceans Formed By High Mountain Glaciers 27
(Mikhail Budyko) used models to discern what the correct glacial condition upon the earth was for the longest period of
time before it transferred into a (later Hadean-like Earth). Budyko theorized that the polar regions had a feedback loop that produced a
cycle of increased reflectiveness, increasing the Earth's albedo, making the earth warmer, further suggesting that the Earth had more of
a balanced glacial equilibrium. However, in conclusion he abandoned this concept when a second model he created did
not produce the same results as his first model did.
However, in 1992 a more advanced hypothesis was introduced in a more diverse paper presented by (Kirschvink, Joseph
(1992)."Late Proterozoic low-latitude global glaciation: the Snowball Earth"); (J. W. Schopf; C. Klein, (1992)." The Proterozoic
Biosphere: A Multidisciplinary Study"), published through Cambridge University Press. In this paper, Kirschvink, a geobiologist,
concluded that because the Earth had a strong magnetic field during all of the glacial periods in the Earths past earliest
stages of formation and then development which involved many eons of time, and because evidently because the Earth had a very
strong banded iron core formation, that this from the Earth's early formation and development allowed it to develop and exhibit a very
strong field. Which most likely developed due to magnetic properties of a geological mineral known as magnetite, which has unusually
strong magnetic properties induced and created from a strong basaltic period of volcanic activity on the Earth.
The term, "Snowball Earth" also used the theory that because of unusual volcanic activity at that time was in a much greater
extent than it is today on Earth, that this considerable amount of extra volcanic activity in the glaciation period in Earth's distant past,
caused large amounts of CO2 greenhouse gases to become prevalent in the upper atmospheric strata on Earth.
Earth's Oceans Formed By High Mountain Glaciers 28
[3.0]- Could Similar Conditions As Described As To How Earth Oceans Formed From First Glacial Activity On Earth ; and
How "Snowball Earths" Added Additional Water Volume be Similar To Likely Oceans and a Pertaining To The Exoplanet
Known As : "Gliese - 581 (d) "
This paper has presented and demonstrated a very large amount of new data and evidence in a new hypothesis and theory as to how in
an infinite number of better chances and especially a new and better model as to how Earth's oceans formed about 3.0-4.0 billion
years ago, and how in like manner, Earth's two snowball periods of time added and contributed an additional large volume of Earth's
oceans as they are seen up until the present day.
However, a specialized reference is made in the article (Stewart R. 2012), "Earth's Oceans: A Theoretical Analysis How
High Mountain Glaciers Formed Them", makes reference to the exoplanet known as Gliese-581-(d) is similar to a "Snowball
Earth". This was made in in the contextual sense. When Earth's total distant past is looked at, especially with the introduction of this
research paper, and because Earth's earliest glaciers formed about 3.0 - 4.0 billion years ago, and since there have been at least two
"snowball Earth" periods of time as well, when all is considered, Gliese-581-(d)'s likely oceans could have formed in similar ways as
this paper has presented, Earth oceans have formed in like manner, as is presented and demonstrated in the paper entitled : (Stewart R.
et al. (2012). "First View of Gliese-581-(d); A Preliminary Theoretical Surface Survey "). Especially, since this research paper has
presented and demonstrated not only how Earth's oceans first started about 3.0-4.0 billion years ago, but also additionally (climate-
wise) how Gliese-581-(d) also has similarities to "snowball Earth's" and other glacial periods there after contributing larger volumes of
water to Earth's lakes, oceans, etc., as well, then such like conditions could develop on Gliese-581-(d) or elsewhere in the universe.
Earth's Oceans Formed By High Mountain Glaciers 29
Therefore, to exclude this possibility would not allow science the opportunity to study similar conditions on other exoplanets.
Although Gliese-581-(d) does have a different size and mass from the Earth, orbits around a star of different type than the Sun,
and also has evidently a different inclination than Earth pertaining to its rotational axis, and at this time there is no definite
confirmed data that determines that this exoplanet is tidally locked and exposes only one side of the planet to its parent red
dwarf star. The Gliese-581-(d) paper by (Stewart R. et al, (2012) provides at least a much better look at this likely exoplanet and
provides much more data and new evidence, that is still only in its early theoretical and preliminary investigational stages, while at
least providing much more new data and evidence than the current known scientific data about Gliese-581-(d)
From the new data and evidence, we can get a better idea as to the likely composition of the atmosphere of Gliese-581-(d); and
although the oceanic, geological, and glaciology of this exoplanet works on its own unique system of planetary mechanisms and
functions, it still would have a number of similarities to Earth as it was 3.0-4.0 billion years ago, and (climate-wise) how Earth
appeared in its "snowball Earth" periods of time. Therefore, in like manner as far as the climate of this exoplanet is concerned whether
in actuality whether it was either a younger and /or older planet than Earth makes no difference, because it is not Earth.
However, the concept that at one time that the Earth went through both a Neoproterozoic and Paloeproterozoic amount glacial
activity in its early history developmental stages, was again improved upon when more peer reviewed research papers were
published. These involved controversial suggestive hypotheses that the Neoproterozoic Ice Ages were "grounded below paleolatitude
levels, and that the period of Earths glacial activity known as The Sturtian Glaciation period was global in its extent. This glacial
period is thought by some scientists to have been a third "snowball earth". More detail on The Sturtian Glaciation period was
Earth's Oceans Formed By High Mountain Glaciers 30
researched by (Francis A. Mc Donald. (2010), "Calibrating the Cryogenian", and published in the journal entitled , "Science ".
Conclusion : - http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2012-301 . A very recent announcement was made at the closing of
this research paper that very significantly provides an extremely strong support base for this scientific paper and how the oceans
originally formed on earth according to this new theory and hypothesis that initially came from,
"Italian National Institute for Astrophysics in Rome", NASA, and JPL. It has been scientifically concluded that because that
findings as of yesterday (September 26th, 2012) that the minor /dwarf/ asteroid planet known as: "Vesta" Got Special Delivery of
Hydrated Minerals - (This intensely provides an very significant amount of additional evidence that the Earth's oceans were formed by
meteors / meteorites impact explosions when hitting the Earth's hard rocky surface about 3.8 billion years ago. The rest of this
report reads as follows :
Jet Propulsion Laboratory- September 26, 2012
"The mechanism that incorporates water into the terrestrial planets is a matter of extensive debate for planetary scientists. Now,
observations of the giant asteroid Vesta by NASA's Dawn mission suggest that hydrated materials were delivered to it mainly through
a buildup of small particles during an epoch when the solar system was rich in dust. This is a radically different process from the way
hydrated materials have been deposited on the moon and may have implications for the formation of terrestrial planets, including the
delivery of the water that formed Earth's ocean. Maria Cristina De Sanctis and the Dawn team present the scenarios today at the
European Planetary Science Congress in Madrid, Spain.
Earth's Oceans Formed By High Mountain Glaciers 31
"Vesta's surface shows distinct areas enriched with hydrated materials," said De Sanctis, of the Italian National Institute for
Astrophysics in Rome. "These regions are not dependent on solar illumination or temperature, as we find in the case of the moon. The
uneven distribution is unexpected and indicates ancient processes that differ from those believed to be responsible for delivering water
to other airless bodies, like the moon." A team led by De Sanctis studied data from Dawn's visible and infrared mapping spectrometer,
which complement recently reported data on hydrogen distribution from Dawn's gamma ray and neutron detector. Their analysis
showed large regional concentrations of hydroxyl - a hydrogen and an oxygen atom bound together - clearly associated with
geological features, including ancient, highly cratered terrains and a crater named Oppia.
Hydroxyl on the surface of the moon is thought to be created continuously by the interaction of protons from the solar wind
with the top 10 feet (few meters) of the lunar surface, or regolith. Highest concentrations are found in areas near the lunar poles and
in permanently shadowed craters where it is very cold. By contrast, the distribution of hydroxyl on Vesta is not dependent on
significant shadowing or unusual cold temperatures. It is also stable over time, so its origin does not appear to be due to short-term
processes. The hydroxyl-rich regions on Vesta broadly correspond to its oldest surfaces. Around relatively large and young impact
craters, hydroxyl detections are weak or absent, suggesting that the delivery of the substance is not an ongoing process.
The evidence from Dawn's visible and infrared mapping spectrometer suggests that much of Vesta's hydroxyl was delivered by
small particles of primitive material, less than a few centimeters in diameter, over a time-limited period. This period may have
occurred during the primordial solar system, around the time water is believed to have accumulated on Earth, or during the Late
Heavy Bombardment, when collisions with space rocks would have produced a significant amount of dust. However, this is not the
Earth's Oceans Formed By High Mountain Glaciers 32
whole story of hydrated materials on Vesta. The Oppia Crater is hydroxyl-rich, but not covered with the primitive dark material. This
suggests there is more than one mechanism at work for depositing hydroxyl on Vesta's surface. "The origin of Vesta's hydroxyl is
certainly complex and possibly not unique: there could be various sources, like formation of hydroxyl actually on Vesta, in addition to
the primordial impactors," said De Sanctis. "Vesta is providing new insights into the delivery of hydrous materials in the main
asteroid belt, and may offer new scenarios on thed The Proterozoic Biosphere: A Multidisciplinary StudyThe Proterozoic Biosphere:
A Multidisciplinary StudyThe Proterozoic Biosphere: A Multidisciplinary Studyelivery of hydrous minerals in the inner solar system,
suggesting processes that may have played a role in the formation of terrestrial planets."
Following more than a year at Vesta, Dawn departed in September 2012 for the dwarf planet Ceres, where it will arrive in
2015. Dawn's mission to Vesta and Ceres is managed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif., for NASA's Science
Mission Directorate in Washington. JPL is a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena. Dawn is a project of the
directorate's Discovery Program, managed by NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Ala. UCLA is responsible for
overall Dawn mission science. Orbital Sciences Corp. in Dulles, Va., designed and built the spacecraft. The Dawn visible and
infrared (VIR) mapping spectrometer was built by Selex Galileo and the Italian National Institute for Astrophysics." Unquote
For more information about Dawn, visit http://www.nasa.gov/dawn and http://dawn.jpl.nasa.gov .However, the most recent article in:
"Scientific American" dated today (October 3rd, 2012) by Tobias Owen with the (Institute for Astronomy in Honolulu, Hawaii
provided an overview for this article entitled : " What do we know about the origin of the earth's oceans? Is it more likely that they
derive from icy comets that struck the young earth or from material released from the earth's interior during volcanic activity? "
Earth's Oceans Formed By High Mountain Glaciers 33
This article goes on to show that water could not have come from comets by itself and it also mentions that Carbonaceous
Chondrite meteors and meteorites may have not brought all of the component elements to develope the earth's oceans, however they
admit it is not fully understood how the oceans developed. However, this article states that water- rich meteorites, similar
to the carbonaceous chondrites that we see today ; arrived as part of a late-accreting veneer of icy planetesimals, that is, comets.
"The composition of the ocean offers some clues as to its origin. If all the comets contain the same kind of water ice that we have
examined in Comets Halley and Hyakutake- -the only ones whose water molecules we've been able to study in detail. However this
article also goes on to re-verify that comets could not have brought all of the water to earth. This article continues to state quote
: ..."then comets cannot have delivered all the water in the earth's oceans. We know this because the ice in the comets contains twice
as many atoms of deuterium (a heavy isotope of hydrogen) to each atom of ordinary hydrogen as we find in seawater. " Unquote.
However, the (10/03/2012) " Scientific American " article further states quote : "At the same time, we know that the meteorites
could not have delivered all of the water, because then the earth's atmosphere would contain nearly 10 times as much xenon (an inert
gas) as it actually does. Meteorites all carry this excess xenon. Nobody has yet measured the concentration of xenon in comets, but
recent laboratory experiments on the trapping of gases by ice forming at low temperatures suggest that comets do not contain high
concentrations of the xenon. A mixture of meteoritic water and cometary water would not work either, because this combination would
still contain a higher concentration of deuterium than is found in the oceans.
But the article continues to state quote : "Hence, the best model for the source of the oceans at the moment is a combination of
water derived from comets and water that was caught up in the rocky body of the earth as it formed. This mixture satisfies the xenon
Earth's Oceans Formed By High Mountain Glaciers 34
problem. It also appears to solve the deuterium problem--but only if the rocky material out near the earth's present orbit picked up
some local water from the solar nebula (the cloud of gas and dust surrounding the young sun) before they accreted to form the earth.
Some new laboratory studies of the manner in which deuterium gets exchanged between hydrogen gas and water vapor have indicated
that the water vapor in the local region of the solar nebula would have had about the right (low) proportion of deuterium to balance
the excess deuterium seen in comets. "
The article continues to elaborate that more study needs to be done on comets in order to try to determine that comets were
the primary catalyst of helping to develope into the earth's oceans . However, many other pages in this paper shows that the evidence is
just not there that comets was the catalyst to help develop the earth's oceans. This is especially true when it comes to the seven
previous aformentioned six sites in North America and a seveth site discovered just this year in 2012 in Central Mexicos Lake
Cuitzeo. Which all seven of these sites also are extremely rich in irridium, in like manner also with the same content of rich irridium
which is found primarily in meteors and meteorites which to tremedously much less in comets.
This article also emphasizes that earth's plate tectonics play a major part in the kind of elemental and chemical compositions
seen in earth's oceans, that would be a direct result of the volcanism involved with plate teutonics that occurred in earth's distant past.
Causing oceanic water to mix considerably with material from the planet's interior. It is much more logical that with the tremendous
amount of evidence for very extreme amount of volcanic activity, that the deuterium and xenon found in the earth's oceans (which
balances out was not from outside sources, but primarily from volcanic activity that created much of the sedimentary land masses seen
all over the earth today.
Earth's Oceans Formed By High Mountain Glaciers 35
The article continues to exstrapolate that that when the earth was forming in it's very early formation stages of
accretion that water may have also come in contact with a water elemented gaseous cloud in outer space. That also contibuted to some
of the right mixtures for the formation of the earth's oceans . But, at Vanderbilt University (2012), studies present evidence in a paper
entitled : " Where is the water on Venus? " - ( that volcanic activity has a way of balancing out) the high contents of both hydrogen and
deuterium and also does this by re-cycling the carbon elements as well. This is again verified in more evidence at- " Encyclopedia
.com ". (2008). Entitled : " Oceans and Estuaries ". (Gardiner Douglas Alan, (2010). " Past, Present, and Future Mean Temperatures
For earth's Global Climate ; A Global Study of Temperatures and Their Trends " ), also provides some deeper understandings and
insights that volcanic activity was also a fundamental contributor in the development of the earth's oceans. So, when taking into
consideration that there have been some asteroid strikes upon the earth in it's very distant past, secondly when combined with primarily
Carbonaceous Chondrite meteors and meteorites stiking the earth no doubt by the billions over millions of years resulting in impact
explosions, and third with combined volcanic activity, all of these factors helped to contribute as catalysts helping to form very large
high mountain range glaciers. Which of course over over a billion or more years after repetitious cycles melted over and over again
eventually forming some of earth's first oceans. However, as earth also had it's "snowball earths" and other glacial periods thereafter
that went through cold and warming cycles this added that much more water volume to the earth's oceans as they are seen today.
Earth's Oceans Formed By High Mountain Glaciers 36
Bibliographical References
(In Order As Presented In This Research Paper )
1). - Stewart R. (2012). " Earth's Oceans A Theoretical Analysis How Glaciers Formed Them ". (International Journal of Geology and
Paleontology). Under : Geology Featured Articles at - http://www.journals-of-science.com/feature-articles.html .
2). - Firestone R.B. et al (2007). " Evidence for an extraterrestrial impact 12,900 years ago that contributed to the megafaunal
extinctions and the Younger Dryas cooling ". (PNAS) -Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of
America. At - http://www.pnas.org/content/104/41/16016.abstract .
3). - Kuchment Anna. Nature (2002). " Stardust Revolution ". Scientific American 307, 90 (2012). Published online: 14 August 2012 |
doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0912-90a. Found at -
http://www.nature.com/scientificamerican/journal/v307/n3/full/scientificamerican0912-90a.html .
4). - Moeller Rachael .(2002). " nano-diamond stardust finding may cloud picture of solar system origins articles refered to several
times in this research paper may be found at - http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=nanodiamond-stardust-find
5). - March 06th, 2012 article in Space.com. This seveth location is said to be located under the water at Central Mexicos Lake
Cuitzeo contains melted rock. At - http://www.space.com/14793-comet-earth-impact-younger-dryas.html .
6). Russia Reveals vast Supply of Asteroid Diamonds - A large asteroid strike in earth's long distant past in Siberia left the world's
largest depsoit of nano-diamonds sedimentary strata. Not caused by a comet. At -
http://www.inquisitr.com/334927/russia-reveals-vast-supply-of-asteroid-diamonds/
7). - " NASA's Asteroid and Comet Watch " at- http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/asteroids/overview/fastfacts.html .
8). - " NASA's : " What's Hitting The Earth ? " at- http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2011/01mar_meteornetwork/ .
9). - Mason Bryan. (1962). " Carbonaceous Chondrite ". Under Nasa's Astrophysics Data System
Earth's Oceans Formed By High Mountain Glaciers 37
10). - Bischoff, A.; Geiger, T. (1995). "Meteorites for the Sahara: Find locations, shock classification, degree of weathering and
pairing". Meteoritics 30 (1): 113122. Bibcode 1995Metic..30..113B. ISSN 0026-1114.
11). - Norton, O. Richard (2002). "The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Meteorites". Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 121
124.
12). - (Fig. 7) - (NASA /JPL) at- http://scijinks.jpl.nasa.gov/atmosphere-formation
13). - "The Open University", an Undergraduate Course for the (2012-2013) semester is being taught entitled : "Understanding The
Continents" . Geology (S276) and Our dynamic planet: Earth and life (S279).-(shows how mountain ranges were very high and would
have been high mountain ranges accumulated together when the continents were all connected together as well). At -
http://www3.open.ac.uk/study/undergraduate/course/s339.htm .
14). Zhu Jinghu. (1984). Entitled : "Basic Characteritics of Periglacial Landforms On Wutai Mountain".( Department of Geography,
Harbin Normal University) Cui Zhijiu (Department of Geography,Beijing University). Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology . At -
http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-BCDT198401009.htm .
15).(Please also see additional references at bottom of the reference page relating to Referefernce # 3) You Changjiang Li Rongquan
(Department of Geography);THE DETERMANITION ON THE DATE WHEN THE PERIGLACIAL GEOMORPHOLOGY ON THE
TOP OF WUTAI MOUNTAIN FORMED[J];Journal of Beijing Normal University(Natural Science);1990-04. Also
http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-BCDT198401009.htm .
16). - (See)-Referefernce # 8)L? Xiu-zhi1,2,GUO Dong-gang2,SHANGGUAN Tie-liang1,2-(2010). (1.School of Environment and
Resources,Shanxi University,Taiyuan Shanxi 030006,China;2.Loess Plateau Research Institute,Shanxi University,Taiyuan Shanxi
030006,China);Analysis of the Plant Community Diversity in the Periglacial Landforms in Wutai Mountain,Shanxi Province
[J];Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology;2010-03. At - http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-BCDT198401009.htm .
17). - Ancient Canadian Mountains - (See)- <<<<<<http://www.my-health-world.com/>>>>>>
Earth's Oceans Formed By High Mountain Glaciers 38
18). - The Ancient Canadian Mountain Ranges are estimated to go back to Precambrian Era to at least 2.5 to 1.6 billion(Kirschvink et
al. (2000) and Hoffman and Schrag (2002), and then additionally elaborated upon by (Hyde et al., 2000; Chandler and Sohl, 2000;
Crowley et al., 2001; Poulsen et al., 2002; (Lewis et al., 2003; Donnadieu et al., 2004)years ago. The Columbia Electronic
Encyclopedia (2007).
19). - Hoffman, P.F., Schrag, D.P. 2002. The snowball Earth hypothesis: testing the limits of global change. Terra Nova 14: 129-155.
). Near Snowball Earth. Geophys. Res. Lett. 28, 283-286.
20). - Chandler, M.A., Sohl, L.E., 2000. Climate forcings and the initiation of low-latitude ice sheets during Neoproterozoic Varanger
glacial interval. J. Geophys. Res. 105, 20,737-20,756.
21). - Donnadieu, Y. et al. (2004) A 'snowball Earth' climate triggered by continental break-up through changes in runoff. Nature 428:
303-306.
22). - Hyde, W.T., Crowley, T.J., Baum, S.K., Peltier, W.R. 2000. Neoproterozoic 'snowball Earth' simulations with a coupled
climate/ice-sheet model. Nature 405, 425-429.
23). - Kirschvink, J.L., Gaidos, E.J., Bertani, E., Beukes, N.J., Gutzmer, J., Maepa, L.N., Steinberger, R.E., 2000. Paleoproterozoic
snowball Earth: Extreme climatic and geochemical global change and its biological consequences. PNAS 97, 1400-14005.
24). - Lewis, J.P., Weaver, A.J., Johnston, S.T., Eby, M., 2003. Neoproterozoic 'snowball Earth': Dynamic sea ice over a quiescent
ocean.
25). - Condon, D.J.; Prave, A.R., Benn, D.I. (1 January 2002). "Neoproterozoic glacial-rainout intervals ; Observationsimplications".
Geology 30 (1): 3538).
26). - R. Rieu; P.A. Allen; M. Plotze; T. Pettke (2007). "Climate cycles during a Neoproterozoic "snowball" glacial epoc". " Geology "
pp. 299-302).
27). - Kilner, B.; Niocaill, C.M.; Brasier, M. (2005). "Low-latitude glaciation in the Neoproterozoic of Oman". Geology 33 (5): 413
6).
Earth's Oceans Formed By High Mountain Glaciers 39
28). - Poulsen, C.J.; Pierrehumbert, R.T.; Jacob, R.L. (2001). "Impact of ocean dynamics on the simulation of the
Neoproterozoicsnowball Earth". Geophysical Research Letters 28 (8): 15758.
29). - W. B.Harland (1964). "Critical evidence for a great infra-Cambrian glaciation".Which was published in :'The international
Journal of GeoEarth Sciences 54 (1): 4561.
30). - M.I. Budyko (1969). "Effect of solar radiation variation on climate of Earth". pp 21 (5): 611-(1969).
31). - Kirschvink, Joseph (1992). "Late Proterozoic low-latitude global glaciation: the Snowball Earth").
32). - J. W. Schopf; C. Klein. (1992). The Proterozoic Biosphere: A Multidisciplinary Study), Which published through Cambridge
University Press.
33). - Francis A. Mc Donald. (2010) . " Calibrating the [[Cryogenian, ". Published in the journal entitled : " Science ".
34). - (9/26/2012) - " Italian National Institute for Astrophysics in Rome. "
35). - (10/03/2012) -Scientific American" dated today (October 3rd, 2012) by Tobias Owen-(Institute for Astronomy in Honolulu,
Hawaii), entitled : " What do we know about the origin of the earth's oceans? Is it more likely that they derive from icy comets that
struck the young earth or from material released from the earth's interior during volcanic activity? " At -
http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=what-do-we-know-about-the .
36). - Where is the water on Venus? - Vanderbilt University www.vanderbilt.edu/AnS/physics/.../water_on_venus.html
37). " Encyclopedia.com ". (2008). Entitled : " Oceans and Estuaries ". At - http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/ocean.aspx .
38). Gardiner Douglas Alan, (2010). " Past, Present, and Future Mean Temperatures For earth's Global Climate ; A Global Study of
Temperatures and Their Trends ". Worcester Polytechnic Institute. At -
http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/E-project/Available/E-project-042110-152956/unrestricted/IQP_Final_Draft.pdf
Earth's Oceans Formed By High Mountain Glaciers 40
Supplemental Reference Section
http://paleobiology.si.edu/geotime/main/
http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/platetec/plhist94.htm#750my
http://www.nhm2.uio.no/norges/GTS_2012.pdf
http://www.stratigraphy.org/column.php?id=Chart/Time%20Scale
http://www.amazon.com/Geological-Time-Table-Sixth-Edition/dp/0444529829
https://engineering.purdue.edu/Stratigraphy/tscreator/download/Whats_New_TSC_version_5.4.pdf
https://engineering.purdue.edu/Stratigraphy/tscreator/download/download.php
http://store.elsevier.com/The-Geologic-Time-Scale-2012-2-Volume-Set/isbn-9780444594259/
http://www.snowballearth.org/
http://studentresearch.wcp.muohio.edu/snowballearth/articles/Snowballearthpast99.pdf
http://www.google.com.br/search?q=snowball+earth+theory&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&rlz=1C1GGGE_pt-BRBR495BR495
&prmd=imvns&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&ei=Bm1XUO29K-r00gGXv4CIDg&ved=0CD4QsAQ&biw=1680&bih=892
http://www.atmos.washington.edu/2009Q1/111/ATMS111%20Presentations/Folder%203/BauerC_DjayR.pdf
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/05/110525141540.htm
http://ecosystems.wcp.muohio.edu/studentresearch/climatechange02/snowball/articles/home.html
http://jgs.lyellcollection.org/content/133/4/281.full.pdf+html
http://www.snowballearth.org/ and http://studentresearch.wcp.muohio.edu/snowballearth/articles/Snowballearthpast99.pdf
Results : - A resultant first and second period snow ball to slush ball like earth which because of increased volcanic activity
developed into an ongoing cycle of growing accumulative conditions of increase Co2 activity in the earth, primarily from
volcanic activity producing increasing Greenhouse gases that made warmer and warmer. Which eventually developed into the
oceans as seen on the earth today. Mostly caused by these warmer conditions continuously re melting the glaciers on higher
elevation upper mountain ranges which were covered with glaciers. Which over eons of time developed into earth's oceans.
Conclusion : - That under a new theory that the overall resultant affect for the development of most of earth's oceans was most
likely developed over eons of time from a multitude of re melting glaciers. Secondly, due to additional exoplanetary study of
likely Gliese-581-(d) this author and other researching this exoplanet observed similarities to this exoplanet's surface also
being like a very ancient " snowball like - earth ". in like manner with likely oceans. Thereby, both earth and the exoplanet
known as Gliese-581 (d)'s like oceans developed much of the same way.
Bibliographical References
(Not In Necessarily Presented Order)
1). (Hoffman, P.F., Schrag, D.P. 2002. The snowball Earth hypothesis: testing the limits of global change. Terra Nova 14: 129-
155.
). Near Snowball Earth. Geophys. Res. Lett. 28, 283-286.
2).Chandler, M.A., Sohl, L.E., 2000. Climate forcings and the initiation of low-latitude ice sheets during Neoproterozoic
Varanger glacial interval. J. Geophys. Res. 105, 20,737-20,756.
3).Donnadieu, Y. et al. (2004) A 'snowball Earth' climate triggered by continental break-up through changes in runoff. Nature
428: 303-306.
4). Hyde, W.T., Crowley, T.J., Baum, S.K., Peltier, W.R. 2000. Neoproterozoic 'snowball Earth' simulations with a coupled
climate/ice-sheet model. Nature 405, 425-429.
5). Kirschvink, J.L., Gaidos, E.J., Bertani, E., Beukes, N.J., Gutzmer, J., Maepa, L.N., Steinberger, R.E., 2000.
Paleoproterozoic snowball Earth: Extreme climatic and geochemical global change and its biological consequences. PNAS 97,
1400-14005.
6). Lewis, J.P., Weaver, A.J., Johnston, S.T., Eby, M., 2003. Neoproterozoic 'snowball Earth': Dynamic sea ice over a quiescent
ocean.
continued to melt the continued ongoing upper glaciation conditions on the mountains / mountain ranges. This cause resulted
in producing more and more water as seen in image (B).
Because the hottest part of any planet would be along the boundaries of it's equator here is where the greatest amount of
melting evidently continued to take place.
Stabilization of other gases and off gasing with some of the other gases in earth's atmosphere such as methane (CH3),
ammonia (NH3), water vapor (H2O), and carbon dioxide (CO2).
Paleo-magnetic studies of equatorial carbonate deposits, also provide evidence and the formation of rich of iron rocks, which
are formed in the absence of oxygen, indicate widespread glaciation. This was further formulated in (Kirschvink et al., 2000;
Hoffman and Schrag, 2002). Based on the magnetic orientation of mineral grains in glacial deposits, it is hypothesized that the
continents were clustered together near the equator during that time. Since the land masses were clustered together this
allowed much greater lower elevation areas where the water could fill vast areas. The mineral contents produced the salinity
in the seas and oceans.
Such like conditions were further characterized by ( Hyde et al., 2000; Chandler and Sohl, 2000; Crowley et al., 2001; Poulsen
et al., 2002; Lewis et al., 2003; Donnadieu et al., 2004). Using different types of models, the scientists investigate the role of
changed solar insolation, Earth's rotation rate and high obliquity. All of these changes lead in no doubt a longer lasting second
period glaciation as suggested by other scientific paper, or also known as a " Slushball -like Earth". However, the increased
Co2 keep melting the ice so much that it finaly developed into most of what is still see, as earth's oceans today. As also
presented and demonstrated and seen image (C). (Crowley, T.J., Hyde, W.T., Peltier, W.R., 2001).
Results : - A resultant first and second period snow ball to slush ball like earth which because of increased volcanic activity
developed into an ongoing cycle of growing accumulative conditions of increase Co2 activity in the earth, primarily from
volcanic activity producing increasing Greenhouse gases that made warmer and warmer. Which eventually developed into the
oceans as seen on the earth today. Mostly caused by these warmer conditions continuously re melting the glaciers on higher
elevation upper mountain ranges which were covered with glaciers. Which over eons of time developed into earth's oceans.
Conclusion : - That under a new theory that the overall resultant affect for the development of most of earth's oceans was most
likely developed over eons of time from a multitude of re melting glaciers. Secondly, due to additional exoplanetary study of
likely Gliese-581-(d) this author and other researching this exoplanet observed similarities to this exoplanet's surface also
being like a very ancient " snowball like - earth ". in like manner with likely oceans. Thereby, both earth and the exoplanet
known as Gliese-581 (d)'s like oceans developed much of the same way.
continued to melt the continued ongoing upper glaciation conditions on the mountains / mountain ranges. This cause resulted
in producing more and more water as seen in image (B).
Because the hottest part of any planet would be along the boundaries of it's equator here is where the greatest amount of
melting evidently continued to take place.
Stabilization of other gases and off gasing with some of the other gases in earth's atmosphere such as methane (CH3),
ammonia (NH3), water vapor (H2O), and carbon dioxide (CO2).
Paleo-magnetic studies of equatorial carbonate deposits, also provide evidence and the formation of rich of iron rocks, which
are formed in the absence of oxygen, indicate widespread glaciation. This was further formulated in (Kirschvink et al., 2000;
Hoffman and Schrag, 2002). Based on the magnetic orientation of mineral grains in glacial deposits, it is hypothesized that the
continents were clustered together near the equator during that time. Since the land masses were clustered together this
allowed much greater lower elevation areas where the water could fill vast areas. The mineral contents produced the salinity
in the seas and oceans.
Such like conditions were further characterized by ( Hyde et al., 2000; Chandler and Sohl, 2000; Crowley et al., 2001; Poulsen
et al., 2002; Lewis et al., 2003; Donnadieu et al., 2004). Using different types of models, the scientists investigate the role of
changed solar insolation, Earth's rotation rate and high obliquity. All of these changes lead in no doubt a longer lasting second
period glaciation as suggested by other scientific paper, or also known as a " Slushball -like Earth". However, the increased
Co2 keep melting the ice so much that it finaly developed into most of what is still see, as earth's oceans today. As also
presented and demonstrated and seen image (C). (Crowley, T.J., Hyde, W.T., Peltier, W.R., 2001).
Results : - A resultant first and second period snow ball to slush ball like earth which because of increased volcanic activity
developed into an ongoing cycle of growing accumulative conditions of increase Co2 activity in the earth, primarily from
volcanic activity producing increasing Greenhouse gases that made warmer and warmer. Which eventually developed into the
oceans as seen on the earth today. Mostly caused by these warmer conditions continuously re melting the glaciers on higher
elevation upper mountain ranges which were covered with glaciers. Which over eons of time developed into earth's oceans.
Conclusion : - That under a new theory that the overall resultant affect for the development of most of earth's oceans was most
likely developed over eons of time from a multitude of re melting glaciers. Secondly, due to additional exoplanetary study of
likely Gliese-581-(d) this author and other researching this exoplanet observed similarities to this exoplanet's surface also
being like a very ancient " snowball like - earth ". in like manner with likely oceans. Thereby, both earth and the exoplanet
known as Gliese-581 (d)'s like oceans developed much of the same way.
continued to melt the continued ongoing upper glaciation conditions on the mountains / mountain ranges. This cause resulted
in producing more and more water as seen in image (B).
Because the hottest part of any planet would be along the boundaries of it's equator here is where the greatest amount of
melting evidently continued to take place.
Stabilization of other gases and off gasing with some of the other gases in earth's atmosphere such as methane (CH3),
ammonia (NH3), water vapor (H2O), and carbon dioxide (CO2).
Paleo-magnetic studies of equatorial carbonate deposits, also provide evidence and the formation of rich of iron rocks, which
are formed in the absence of oxygen, indicate widespread glaciation. This was further formulated in (Kirschvink et al., 2000;
Hoffman and Schrag, 2002). Based on the magnetic orientation of mineral grains in glacial deposits, it is hypothesized that the
continents were clustered together near the equator during that time. Since the land masses were clustered together this
allowed much greater lower elevation areas where the water could fill vast areas. The mineral contents produced the salinity
in the seas and oceans.
Such like conditions were further characterized by ( Hyde et al., 2000; Chandler and Sohl, 2000; Crowley et al., 2001; Poulsen
et al., 2002; Lewis et al., 2003; Donnadieu et al., 2004). Using different types of models, the scientists investigate the role of
changed solar insolation, Earth's rotation rate and high obliquity. All of these changes lead in no doubt a longer lasting second
period glaciation as suggested by other scientific paper, or also known as a " Slushball -like Earth". However, the increased
Co2 keep melting the ice so much that it finaly developed into most of what is still see, as earth's oceans today. As also
presented and demonstrated and seen image (C). (Crowley, T.J., Hyde, W.T., Peltier, W.R., 2001).
Results : - A resultant first and second period snow ball to slush ball like earth which because of increased volcanic activity
developed into an ongoing cycle of growing accumulative conditions of increase Co2 activity in the earth, primarily from
volcanic activity producing increasing Greenhouse gases that made warmer and warmer. Which eventually developed into the
oceans as seen on the earth today. Mostly caused by these warmer conditions continuously re melting the glaciers on higher
elevation upper mountain ranges which were covered with glaciers. Which over eons of time developed into earth's oceans.
Conclusion : - That under a new theory that the overall resultant affect for the development of most of earth's oceans was most
likely developed over eons of time from a multitude of re melting glaciers. Secondly, due to additional exoplanetary study of
likely Gliese-581-(d) this author and other researching this exoplanet observed similarities to this exoplanet's surface also
being like a very ancient " snowball like - earth ". in like manner with likely oceans. Thereby, both earth and the exoplanet
known as Gliese-581 (d)'s like oceans developed much of the same way.