CEN 111

Introduction to Algorithms
and Programming
2013-2014 Spring Term
Faculty of Engneerng and Information
Technologies
Output and input in C++ are accomplished with streams of characters. Thus, when the
preceding statement is executed, it sends the stream of characters Welcome to C++!
to the standard output stream object cout (std::cout) which is connected to the
screen by the default value. cout is a predefined identifier for the the standard output
stream object that stands for console output.
Standard Output operation
cout << "Welcome to C++!"<<endl;
The << operator is referred to as the stream insertion operator. When this program
executes, the value to the operators right, the right operand, is inserted in the output
stream. Notice that the operator points in the direction of where the data goes. The
right operands characters normally print exactly as they appear between the double
quotes.
Values used in codes are called literal constants. A literal constant is a value that is typed
directly into the source code
Literal constant values
Integer literals
An integer literal can be a decimal, octal, or hexadecimal constant. A prefix specifies the
base or radix: 0x or 0X for hexadecimal, 0 for octal, and nothing for decimal.

An integer literal can also have a suffix that is, U for unsigned and L for long and a
combination of U and L for unsigned long which can be in any order. The suffix can be
uppercase or lowercase.
A constant written without a decimal point is recognized by the compiler as an integer
number. Integer constants can be written in three different variations:
A constant starting with any digit other than 0 is interpreted as a decimal integer. Decimal
constants can contain the digits 0 through 9 and a leading minus or optionally plus sign.
A constant starting with the digit 0 is interpreted as an octal integer. Octal constants can
contain the digits 0 through 7 and a leading minus or optionally plus sign.
A constant starting with 0x or 0X is interpreted as a hexadecimal constant. Hexadecimal
constants can contain the digits 0 through 9, the letters A through F, and a leading minus or
optionally plus sign.
# include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
cout << 431 << endl; // (decimal) integer literal
cout << 431u << endl; // (decimal) unsigned integer literal
cout << 431Lu << endl; // (decimal) unsigned long integer literal
cout << 431ul << endl; // (decimal) unsigned long integer literal
cout << 0x1aF << endl; // hexadecimal integer literal
cout << 0657 << endl; // octal integer literal

system("pause");
return 0;
}
Integer literals
Floating-point literals
Floating-point literals are the decimal numbers which are can be used either in decimal
form or exponential form. Any number with decimal dot is recognized by the compiler
as a floating-point literal constant.
# include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
cout << 3.1415 << endl; // floating-point literal
cout << .1415 << endl; // floating-point literal
cout << 3.0 << endl; // floating-point literal
cout << 3. << endl; // floating-point literal
cout << 31415E-4 << endl; // floating-point literal
cout << 31415E-4L << endl; // floating-point literal
cout << 31E2 << endl; // floating-point literal

system("pause");
return 0;
}
Boolean literals
Boolean literals can be taken the values of either true or false. Uppercase form of them
are not be considered as Boolean literals.
# include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
cout << true << endl; // Boolean literal
cout << false << endl; // Boolean literal
system("pause");
return 0;
}
Character literals and String literals
Character literal is any single symbol. There are some certain characters in C++ which are
can be used with escape sequence. String literals are a sequence of the characters. While
the single quote character (') is a delimiter for a character literal, double quote character
(") is a delimiter for a string literal.
# include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
cout << 'A' << endl; // character literal
cout << 'f' << endl; // character literal
cout << '5' << endl; // character literal
cout << '+' << endl; // character literal
cout << "Hello" << endl; // string literal
cout << "A" << endl; // string literal
cout << "Well come to C++" << endl; // string literal

system("pause");
return 0;
}
Special Characters (Escaped Characters)
There are some certain characters in C++ which are can be used with the escape
sequence (\) why they are also called escape characters or backslash (\) keys.
Control characters:
\a = alert (bell)
\b = backspace
\t = horizonal tab
\n = newline (or line feed)
\v = vertical tab
\f = form feed
\r = carriage return

Punctuation characters:
\" = quotation mark (backslash not required for '"')
\' = apostrophe (backslash not required for "'")
\? = question mark
\\ = backslash

Numeric character references:
\ up to 3 octal digits
\x up to 2 hex digits
\u up to 4 hex digits (Unicode BMP, new in C++11)
\U up to 8 hex digits (Unicode astral planes, new in
C++11)
\0 = \00 = \000 = octal escape for null character
Special Characters (Escaped Characters)
# include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
cout << "Hello" << " everybody!"<<endl;
cout << "\"Hello\"" << endl;
cout << "A\t+\tB\t=" << endl;
cout << 'F' << '\n';
cout << "A+B" << '\r'<<"C-\n";
cout << "Hello\n";
cout << "It is OK\?\n";
cout << "'" << endl;
cout << "Its" << '\b'<<" is OK\?\n";
cout << "\x41+\x42=A+B\n";

system("pause");
return 0;
}
Arithmetic operators and expressions
In Microsoft C++, the result of a modulus expression is always the same as
the sign of the first operand.

*
If the operands of the division operator are both integers result will be
integer.
Operator in C++ Meaning In math
+ Addition X + Y
- Subtraction X - Y
* Multiplication X
x
Y, or xy
/
Division
*

X / Y, or X
% Modulus (Remainder) x mod y
Arithmetic operators and expressions
# include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
cout << 10+3 <<endl;
cout << 10-3 << endl;
cout << 10*3 << endl;
cout << 10/3 << '\n';
cout << (int)11/5 << '\n';
cout << (float)11/5 << '\n';
cout << 10.0/3 << '\n';
cout << 10/3.3 << '\n';
cout << 10%3 << '\n';
cout << "10+3=" << 10+3 <<'\n';
cout << 5<<'+'<<1<<'='<<5+1 <<endl;

system("pause");
return 0;
}
Priority (precedence) of the operators

C++ operators can be divided into levels according to their precedence:

Firstly *, / and %

Secondly +, -
Priority (precedence) of the operators
4*6/2 = 12
6/3*2 = 4
9/3/2 = 1.5
3+5-2= 6
9-6-2= 1
9-(6-2)= 5
9/3+3*3=12
12/(3+3)*3= 6
3*2/2+2-5= 0
3*2/2+2-8/4= 3
Subexpressions of the same precedence are evaluated from left to right.
Subexpressions of the same precedence are evaluated from left to right.
Subexpressions of the same precedence are evaluated from left to right.
Subexpressions of the same precedence are evaluated from left to right.
Subexpressions of the same precedence are evaluated from left to right.
Parenthesised expressions have the highest priority
Firstly division, then multiplication and then addition.
Firstly parenthesis, then division and then multiplication.
Firstly multiplication, then division, then addition and then subt.
C++ Program
Screen Output
becomes in C++
becomes in C++
2
2 1
1
x
becomes in C++
1 / (1 + 2 * x * x)
Arithmetic expressions in C++ must be entered into the computer in straight-
line form.
Write the following mathematical expressions in C++ language
Write statements in C++ which correctly express each of the following
mathematical expressions.
DATA TYPES
Alfa-numerical Data Numerical Data
Integer numbers: Whole numbers
Decimal numbers: Fractional numbers
-3, 0, 99
- 3.5, 5.001, 4.0, 0.003
Characters: any single letter,
numbers, symbols
Strings: sequence of the characters
'A', 'c', '?' , '+', '6'
Hello C++, A+B

COMPUTER MEMORY
STORAGE OR
SECONDARY
MEMORY
MAIN OR SYSTEM
MEMORY
Temporary storage space like RAM Usually permanent storage space like
hard disk, memory stick.
In programming, this memory space can
be used by the way of files.
In programming, this memory space can
be used by the way of variables.
Variable
A variable is a temporary memory space which stores a value of the declared type
and is identified by a name. It is reserved in the memory when they have declared
and later they can be used to store temporally data during the execution of the
program.
Every variable has three properties:

i. Name of the variable (identifier of the variable)
ii. Type of the variable
iii. Value of the variable.

I - Name of the variable
You can give any name to your variable only by considering the naming rules of the
identifiers. Give variables meaningful names, which will help to make the
program easier to read and follow. This simplifies the task of error correction.
Identifiers can be from one to several characters long. The first 1024
characters will be significant.
Variable names may start with any letter of the alphabet or with an
underscore. Next may be either a letter, a digit, or an underscore. The
underscore can be used to enhance the readability of a variable name, as in
first_name. Dont use space for this purpose.
Uppercase and lowercase are different; that is, to C++, number1 and
Number1 can be used as the separate names.
You cannot use any of the C++ keywords as identifier names. Also, you
should not use the name of any standard function, such as abs, for an
identifier.
Naming Rules
II - Type of the variable
1. Integer variables store whole numbers (-4, 3, 51, etc). Unsigned integer type variables
cannot have negative values, whereas other integer type variables (signed integers) may
have negative and positive values.
2. Floating-point variables store decimal numbers (3.5, -5,123, 4.0, etc).
3. Logical variables store the result of logical expressions and get only the values true
and false. False is represented with 0 and true is represented with 1 in C++. Logical
expressions are usually used in decision and repetition structures to control the flow of
the program.
4. Character variables are used to store characters (any single letter, number, punctuation
character, etc). Characters are enclosed with a pair of single quotes in C++, like 'a', 'B', '7',
'+', etc.
Basic (Built-in) types
5. Strings are used to store text longer than one characters. Strings are enclosed with a
pair of double quotes in C++, like " Hello world ", "College", etc.
Derived types
Variables according to their type can get any values in the ranges which is listed in
the following table.
III - Value of the variable:
Using Variables in C++
To use variables in C++ you should
i. Declare the variables and optionally you can initialize them during the declaration.
ii. Assign values to the variables.

I - Declaration of the Variables
To define or identify the name and type of the variables is called declaration of the variables.

Some declarations are shown here, for example:
int A;
int B,C;
char ch, chr ;
float f, balance;
double d;

II Assigning values
To give values to decelerated variables are called assigning values. In C++, we
use equal sign as the assignment operator =.
In a C++ program, you can declare your variables where you want.
int A;
float B;
char C;
string D;

A= 9;
B=3.3;
C= '$';
D='' College '';

When assigning values to char
variables, enclose inside single
quotes( ' ' ).




When assigning values to string
variables, enclose inside double
quotes( '' '' ).

Using the variables
II - Initialize and assign values to the variables
To give any value to a variable is called assigning value. Giving the initial
value (first value) to the variable during the declaration is called
initialization. Initializing is optional if you want you can assign a value later
to a variable any where in your program codes. But declaration should
done before assignment. The following statements demonstrates how to
declare type for a identified variable name, then to initialize it.
int A=3;

Name of the
variable is A.
Decelerated type of
the variable is int.
Initial value of A is 3.
Initialization of Variables
int A=3, B, C=5;
At the same time you can declare (define) more variables;
int A, B, C;
int A,B;
A=3;
B=2;
int C=A+B;
You can mix declaration (definition) and initialization;
You can declare (define) just before calculation;
1. #include <iostream>
2. using namespace std;
3. int main()
4. {
5. int a=0;
6. int b;
7. int c=5;
8. b=3;
9. c=c+6;
10. system("pause");
11. return 0;
12. }
Value of c at line 7 is equal to 5
Value of c at line 9 is equal to 11, value
of a variable as its name implies can be
changed.
c=c+6; is always valid in C++. Because = means assignment operator which assigns the
value of the right hand side to the left hand side.
c=c+6 is not valid in math, = means equation operator. It can be valid only if c=0.
Using the variables
Every variable has a size together with the a name, a type, and a value of it. When you
declare (define) variables, complier reserve space in RAM memory depending on the type
of the variable. If you look at the table you can see how many bytes space you need for a
specific variable. But size of the variables can change depending on the complier and the
computer you are using.
int A, B, C;
A=3;
B=5;
C=A+B;
Complier reserves 2 bytes space
For each integer variables in
RAM
Values of A,B,C is stored in RAM
temporarily
Determining the size of the variable types on your computer
The sizes of variables might be different from those shown in the table, depending
on the compiler and the computer you are using. Use sizeof() operator to find out
the sizes of variable types in your system. The sizeof() operator returns the
number of bytes in variable or type.
Input Operation
Data is often input from the standard input stream object cin (std::cin) which is
normally the keyboard and the stream extraction operator, >>, in C++.

cin >> ;
The std::cout and std::cin stream objects facilitate interaction between the user
and the computer. Because this interaction resembles a dialog, its often called
conversational computing or interactive computing.
Input Operation
Syntax of cin
When using cin , you must identify variable or a list of variables next to the
extraction (>>) operator.
cin >> variable;
The first statement declares a variable of type int called a, and the second one
waits for an input from cin (the keyboard) in order to store it in this integer
variable.
cin can only process the input from the keyboard once the enter key has been
pressed. Extraction (getting data) from cin will not be done until the user presses
enter key after the typing completed.
Input Operation
Using cin
or
Typical screen inputs and outputs
or
A sample program codes
As seen on the typical screen outputs, cin extract (get in) data after pressing
ENTER key and every cin extraction stops reading as soon as if finds any blank
space character.
Input Operation
Using cin
is equivalent to
Using ASCII codes
ASCII Codes
Character encoding (character set) tables are used to represent the characters
with number codes . ASCII (1963) and EBCDIC (1964) are two international
standard character sets.
ASCII (Pronounced ask-ee) is an acronym for American Standard Code for
Information Interchange. In ASCII, every letter, number, and punctuation symbol
has a corresponding number, or ASCII code. For example, the character for the
number 1 has the code 49, capital letter A has the code 65, and a blank space has
the code 32. This encoding system not only lets a computer store a document as a
series of numbers, but also makes it possible to transfer data from one computer
to another.
In an ASCII file, each alphabetic, numeric, or special character is represented with
a 7-bit binary number (a string of seven 0s or 1s). 128 possible characters are
defined.
There are also ASCII extensions in use which utilize 8 bit codes to represent
international characters in addition to the standard ASCII scheme.
Using ASCII codes
EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code) is an 8-bit character
encoding (code page) used on IBM mainframe operating systems as well as IBM
minicomputer operating systems. It is also employed on various non-IBM platforms
such as Fujitsu-Siemens and Unisys MCP. Although it is widely used on large IBM
computers, most other computers, including PCs and Macintoshes, use ASCII codes.

Using ASCII codes

cout prints the ASCII character of an ASCII code with char casting. The following
program prints ASCII code of the number 65 as a character.
ASCII code of the capital letter A is number 65.
Using ASCII codes

The following program reads an ASCII code (an integer) and prints its character.
ASCII code table part I
ASCII code table part II
Extended ASCII code Table
Using ASCII codes

The following program demonstrates how to draw a table by using extending
ASCII code characters.
Constant
Symbolic constant Literal Constant
Integer literals
Floating point literals
-3, 0, 99
- 3.5, 5.001, 4.0, 0.003, 5. , .9
1
st
method: using #define directive
2
nd
method: using the const keyword
Example:
#define PI 3.14159
const float PI = 3.14159;
Boolean literals
Character and string literals
true, false
'A', '?', "Well come to C++"

float area;
area = PI * (10)*(10);
Symbolic constant
Integer literal constants
Like a variable, a constant is a data storage location used by your program. Unlike a
variable, the value stored in a constant can't be changed during program execution.
A literal constant is a value that is typed
directly into the source code wherever it is
needed.
A symbolic constant is a constant that is
represented by a name in your program.

A literal is the source code representation of a fixed value; literals are represented directly
in your code without requiring computation. As shown below, it's possible to assign a literal
(fixed-value) to a variable of a primitive type:
boolean condition= true;
char choice= 'A';
int i = 10;
Literals
Using constants
Like variables, constants are data storage locations. Unlike variables, values of the
constants can not be change. You must initialize a constant when you declare
(define) it, and you cannot assign a new value later.
Most of the common constants have already been defined in C++. For the user
defined constants, there are two main techniques used to define constant values:

i. using the define pre-processor directive

#define PI 3.14

ii. using the const keyword

const float PI= 3.14;
Using constants
In this method, constant is defined with const keyword.
1
st
METHOD
Using constants
In this method, constant is defined with #define pre-processor directive. There is no need to
declare a particular type. Because the preprocessor runs before the compiler and in this
example substitute PI with 3.14 and then compiler never sees PI constant; it sees the number
3.14.
2
nd
METHOD
Assignment Operators
Assignment
Compound assignment Simple assignment

// Example
int a,b;
a=3;
b=a+5;
Multiple assignment

// Example
int a,b;
a=b=7;
+=, -=, *=, /=, %=
49
int score;

cin >> score;

Write a statement to add 1 to score.

score= score+ 1 ;

OR,

score+= 5 ;
Write a statement to raise value 25%
float value;

cin >> value;

value = value + value * .25 ;

OR,

value = 1.25 * value;

OR,

value *= 1.25 ;
Increment and Decrement Operators
Operator name Sample expression Explanation

++ preincrement ++a Increment a by 1, then use the new value in the
expression
++ postincrement a++ Use the current value of a in the expression, then
increment a by 1.
-- predecrement --b Decrement b by 1, then use the new value in the
expression in
-- postdecrement b-- Use the current value of b in the expression, then
decrement b by 1.
Reference book :
C++ : How to program P.J. Deitel, H.M. Deitel. -- 8th ed.