WGS-84 and Data conversion

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WGS 84 Manual Doc 9674
IPD CELL HQCAA
2
SESSION PLAN
History of the WGS-84
The basics of WGS-84
Data Quality Requirements
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WHAT IS A GEODETIC DATUM?
Cartesian datum
Set of shift parameters :
DX, DY, DZ
Set of rotation angles :
a, b, g
Scale factor : m
Ellipsoidal datum
Additionally the shape of the meridian
ellipse of Earth ellipsoid is added
Memo rule : Ellipsoidal datum =
Cartesian datum + Shape of the Earth
ellipsoid
a
b
X,Y
Z
X
Y
Z
D
X
Y
Z
WGS 84
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DEFINITIONS
Geodetic Reference System (GRS) : concept of a
geocentric cartesian system (X, Y, Z)
Geodetic Reference Frame (datum) : practical
implementation of a GRS by means of surveys
Worldwide GRS :
Origin : mass-center of the earth
Z-axis : mean rotation axis of the Earth
X-axis : Greenwich meridian plane, perpendicular to Z-axis
Y-axis : orthogonal
Local GRS : origin and axis are "arbitrary"
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HISTORY
1800 - 1945 : National reference frames
Aim : to provide a basis for charts and cartography
1945 - 1970 : Datum standardization
Aim : answer to WW2 military problems
Europe : European Datum (ED 50)
1970 - now : Wordwide geodetic frames
Aim : Common global reference thanks to space techniques
USA : WGS-72, WGS-84 (Transit and GPS system measurements)
Russia : SGS 85 (GLONASS system)
Europe : EUREF (european frame)
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MAIN REFERENCE FRAMES IN THE WORLD
Tokyo
Adindan
Indian
Pulkovo
Cap
North American
South American
European
Independent
Australian
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Easting (m)
N
o
r
t
h
i
n
g

(
m
)
DATUM ISSUES IN AIR NAVIGATION (1)
Coordinates of DI EKI RCH
(Luxembourg) navaid in
different reference frames
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DATUM ISSUES IN AIR NAVIGATION (2)
Radar
Datum 1
Radar
Datum 2
Horizontal Aircraft
Position
Datum 2 Datum 1
Positional discrepancy 100m - 3000m
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DATUM ISSUES IN AIR NAVIGATION (3)
In the early 1970's :
Reference frame problems encountered
during the development of multi-radar
tracking systems (Belgium, Luxembourg,
Germany, Netherlands).
In the middle of the 1970's :
The use of DMEs located in different
countries led to positional "jumps" of
experimental paths.
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In the past Differences between
reference frames could be accepted
Now The navigation accuracy improvement
and the RNAV introduction lead to the need
of a common reference frame
Use of the GNSS (based upon WGS-84) in
air navigation
DATUM ISSUES IN AIR NAVIGATION (4)
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THE AREA NAVIGATION (RNAV)
Constant increase in air traffic (doubling each
decade)
Standard navigation and air traffic control cannot
manage the increase in air traffic
The need to increase infrastructure capacity can
be satisfied by
Lower distance between routes
Direct routings independent of navaids infrastructure
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Standard navigation : flying from / to a navaid
RNAV: allowing aircraft paths independent of navaids
location
RNAV CONCEPT (1)
VOR
NavAid 1
NavAid 2
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RNAV CONCEPT (2)
No need to fly from/to defined navaids
RNAV concept relies on waypoint coordinates
Lower lateral distance between routes
The number of potential routes increases
more flexibility
higher capacity of airspace
Perspective : use of GNSS for approach, landing and
ground movements
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RNAV REQUIREMENTS
Higher accuracy in air navigation
Accurate coordinates databases
Data is one of the key elements
The accuracy and integrity of the coordinates must be
ensured
New surveys theorically required
RNAV preliminary condition : WGS-84
implementation
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March 1989 : the Council of the ICAO accepted a
recommendation from its Special Comittee on
FANS for the adoption of the geodetic reference
WGS-84 as a standard for international air
navigation
February 1994 : the ICAO Council adopted the
necessary amendments to Annexes 11 (ATS) and
15 (AIS)
1st January 1998 : applicability date for WGS-84
implementation
CONSEQUENCES
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16
SESSION PLAN
History of the WGS-84
The basics of WGS-84
Data Quality Requirements
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THE SHAPES OF THE EARTH
The Earth as a geoid
The Earth as a sphere
The Earth as an ellipsoid
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THE EARTH AS AN ELLIPSOID
Global Ellipsoid
Local Ellipsoid
Geoid
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LOCAL COORDINATE SYSTEMS
Origin and axis orientation
arbitrary
Based upon national (local)
ellipsoids
Adjustment for a given
country
Reference system for
horizontal coordinates
Local ellipsoid
Geoid
Local area of
interest
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Origin O
Mass-center of the Earth
Z-axis
Mean rotation axis of the
Earth
X-axis
Mean Greenwich plane,
perpendicular to Z-axis
P (X, Y, Z)
Greenwich
Mean
rotation
axis
Mean equatorial plane
O
Mean Greenwich
meridian plane
GEOCENTRIC GEODETIC SYSTEM
Global ellipsoid
Geoid
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Geographic (geodetic) latitude
Angle (in the meridian plane)
between the equatorial plane
and the perpendicular to the
ellipsoid at the given point
Geographic (geodetic) longitude
Angle (in the equatorial plane)
between the origin meridian and
the meridian plane of the point
Ellipsoidal height h
ELLIPSOIDAL GEOGRAPHIC COORDINATES
l
j
h
Y
X
Z
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WGS-84 REFERENCE SYSTEM
1) Origin O
Mass-centre of
the Earth
2) OZ axis
Conventional Earth
rotation axis 3) OX axis
so as XOZ
is parallel with
the conventional
meridian plane
Z
X
Y
O
4) OY-axis
OXYZ = orthogonal
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WGS-84 ORIGIN AND ORIENTATION
Defined by the coordinates of five GPS stations
x Master Control Station
. Surveillance station
.
Kwajalein
.
Hawaii
Colorado Springs .x
.
Ascencion
.
Diego
Garcia
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WGS-84 : ASSOCIATED ELLIPSOID
Z
X
Y
O
WGS84
ellipsoid
a
b
a - b
a
f = = 1/298.257223563
Semi major axis a = 6378137 m
Flattening f :
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THE EARTH AS A GEOID
Listing ( 1873 )
Equipotential surface of
the terrestrial gravity
matching the oceans
surface (under the relief)
Mean Sea Level
Perpendicular to
the ellipsoid
Perpendicular to
the geoid
Mean Sea
Level (geoid)
Geoid
Undulation
A complex reality : the geod
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A
B
PHYSICS CONCEPTS OF HEIGHT
Question : where does
the water flow towards ?
Heights are equal on a
gravity equipotential
surface
This belongs to the
physics (vs mathematics)
area
"Point A is higher than point B"
"Point B has the same height as C"
Waterfall
C
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HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL COORDINATES
DGPS surveying techniques provide :
WGS 84 horizontal coodinates : latitude f and longitude l
WGS 84 vertical coordinates : ellipsoidal height h (above the
ellipsoid)
The ellipsoidal height does not answer the question : " where
does the water flow towards ? "
Need to use physics to define the height (gravity potential)
Geodetic frames
Horizontal reference : Ellipsoid
Vertical reference : Geoid (MSL)
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ELLIPSOIDAL HEIGHT VS ALTITUDE
Geoid (physics area),
estimation by MSL
surveys
Ellipsoid
(mathematical area),
estimation by GPS
surveys
MSL can vary as 3M
Geoid UNDulation GUND = Difference between
geoid and ellipsoid
(<100 m)
Altitude H (orthometric height) = Geoid elevation
H = h - N
Ocean
MSL
H
N
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ELLIPSOIDAL HEIGHT VS ALTITUDE
H
h
Geod
ellipsod
Terrain
Geod
ellipsod
Terrain
h ellipsodal height
H MSL elevation
h - H : geoid undulation
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GEOID / WGS 84 (1)
- 100 m + 100 m + 50 m 0 m - 50 m
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GEOID / WGS 84 (2)
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THE VARIOUS VERTICAL REFERENCES
Ellipsoid, geoid, global and local models
Ellipsod
Actual geod (undetermined)
Earth surface
Local geoid model
(levelling network)
-
Global Geoid Model (EGM-96)
Tidal gauge
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VERTICAL REFERENCE ISSUES
Mean sea level (MSL) datum which gives the
relationship of gravity-related height (elevation)
shall be used as vertical reference system
Earth Gravitational Model of 1996, EGM-96,
as the reference geoid model to be used in
civil aviation (Annex 15-Para 3.7.2.2).
Ellipsoidal heights are never reported on charts
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THE SOLUTION : GEOID MODELS
Standardization of the use of a global geoid model EGM-96
replacing national / local geoid models
A path towards harmonization : maintaining local models, and
grid publication for conversion with EGM-96
EGM-96
A local
model
RAF-98
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WGS-84 IMPLEMENTATION
AIM : implementation of the WGS-84 for air navigation
Inventory of concerned coordinates
Data conversion / New surveys
Mathematical rule to transform coordinates from one
reference frame to another reference frame
OR, FOR HIGHER ACCURACY
Survey of the concerned points relative to accurately known
WGS-84 stations
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WGS-84 IMPLEMENTATION-TRANSFORMATION
X
i
, Y
i
, Z
i
Local Reference
Frame
X, Y, Z Global Reference
Frame
Given : Airport coordinates in a local (national)
reference frame
Find : Airport coordinates in a global (common)
reference frame (WGS-84)
X
i
Y
i
Z
i
Z
Y
X
Airport
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DATA CONVERSION
Principle
P (f
WGS 84
, l
WGS 84
, h
WGS 84
; a
WGS 84
, f
WGS 84
)
P (f
Local
, l
Local
, h
Local
; a
Local
, f
Local
)
Mathematical
Rule
(local datum)
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WGS-84 IMPLEMENTATION - SURVEYS
Aim : determination and report of geographic
coordinates in the WGS-84 reference system,
concerning :
Key elements of aerodromes
Navaids
Application field :
Aerodromes (international, IFR, others)
Navaids
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IMPLEMENTATION THROUGH
A SURVEY CAMPAIGN
Theodolite
Total
station
Either via conventional techniques ...
... or via satellite techniques...
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40
SESSION PLAN
History of the WGS-84
The basics of WGS-84
Data Quality Requirements
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AERONAUTICAL DATA
Evaluated aeronautical data
positional data, lengths, distances, bearings
Reference aeronautical data
identifiers, frequencies, facilities
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Correct
or
incorrect
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POSITIONAL DATA TYPES
Surveyed Point:
Determined by survey conducted in accordance with
applicable criteria
Caculated point:
Calculated by mathmatical manipulation from a surveyed point
Declared Point:
Not dependent upon nor formally related to any other point.
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ICAO ANNEXES RELATED TO
WGS-84 IMPLEMENTATION
Determination and report of geographic coordinates in the
WGS-84 geodetic reference system
Annex 11: Air Traffic Services
Annex 14: Aerodromes
Promulgation of Data
Annex 4: Aeronautical charts
Annex 15: Aeronautical Information Services
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DETERMINATION AND REPORTING
Annex-11 (2.19.5) Geographical coordinates indicating
latitude and longitude shall be determined and reported to the
aeronautical information services authority in terms of the
World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS-84)
Annex-14 (1.3.1) World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS-84)
shall be used as the horizontal (geodetic) reference system.
Annex-15 (3.7.1) World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS-84)
shall be used as the horizontal (geodetic) reference system
for international air navigation.
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ACCURACY, RESOLUTION & INTEGRITY
Accuracy A degree of conformance between the
estimated or measured value and the true value.
Resolution A number of units or digits to which a
measured or calculated value is expressed and used.
Integrity A degree of assurance that an aeronautical data
and its value has not been lost nor altered since the data
origination or authorized amendment.
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ACCURACY & INTEGRITY REQUIREMENTS
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ACCURACY & INTEGRITY REQUIREMENTS
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CONCLUSION
A common geodetic reference system is required in the
aviation context.
Implementation of WGS-84 as horizontal reference
system has resolved associated problems.
WGS-84 implementation is necessary for all states to
enhance safety in the new aviation perspective.
Data quality requirements are also to be met.
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Thank you for
your attention
Any question?
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