Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Tony Markel
National Renewable Energy Laboratory
NREL/PR-540-40630
Key Messages
2
PHEV Stakeholder Objectives
Consumers
US Gov./DOE Affordable California Gov.
Reduced petroleum use Fun to drive Reduced air pollution
Functional
3
A Plug-In Hybrid-Electric Vehicle (PHEV)
REGENERATIVE BRAKING
PETROLEUM
AND/OR
ELECTRICITY
ELECTRIC ACCESSORIES
ADVANCED ENGINE
ENGINE IDLE-OFF
ENGINE DOWNSIZING
4
Some PHEV Definitions
Charge-Depleting (CD) Mode: An operating mode in which the energy storage SOC
may fluctuate but on-average decreases while driving
Charge-Sustaining (CS) Mode: An operating mode in which the energy storage SOC
may fluctuate but on-average is maintained at a certain level while driving
All-Electric Range (AER): After a full recharge, the total miles driven electrically
(engine-off) before the engine turns on for the first time.
Electric Vehicle Miles (EVM): After a full recharge, the cumulative miles driven
electrically (engine-off) before the vehicle reaches charge-sustaining mode.
Charge-Depleting Range (CDR): After a full recharge, the total miles driven before the
vehicle reaches charge-sustaining mode.
PHEV20: A PHEV with useable energy storage equivalent to 20 miles of driving energy
on a reference driving cycle. A PHEV20 can displace petroleum energy equivalent to
20 miles of driving on the reference cycle with off-board electricity.
NOTE: PHEV20 does not imply that the vehicle will achieve 20 miles of AER, EVM or
CDR on the reference cycle nor any other driving cycle. Operating characteristics also
depend on the power ratings of components, the powertrain control strategy and the
nature of the driving cycle
5
Battery Definition as Key Input to Simulation
Input parameters that define the battery in BLUE
mass compounding
Benefit of
PHEV range
plugging-in
kWh/mi kWh usable
(from simulation)
NiMH
Varta Electro Energy Inc.
Co/Ni based
Li-Ion
Johnson Controls/SAFT Iron phosphate Kokam
based Li-Ion
25%
20%
Probability (%)
15%
10%
5%
0%
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Daily mileage (<= mi)
8
Battery SOC Design Window
Battery SOC design curve for 15 year cycle life
100%
90%
80%
Average daily SOC
70% swing based on daily
Design SOC window mileage distribution
60% based on PHEVx
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
Daily mileage probability distribution
0%
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Daily Mileage / PHEVx
9
Operating Strategy Options
All-Electric or Blended
All-Electric
70
engine
100% • Engine turns on when battery
60 motor
SOC
90%
reaches low state of charge
50 80%
40 70%
• Requires high power battery and
30 60% motor
Power (kW)
SOC (%)
20 50%
10 40%
0 30%
30 60%
Power (kW)
SOC (%)
20 50%
• Engine turns on when power 10 40%
-30 0%
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Distance (mi)
10
Real Driving Survey Data
• Provides valuable insight into travel behavior
• GPS augmented surveys supply details needed
for vehicle simulation
11
St. Louis Travel Data Analysis
Daily Driving Distance Similar to 1995 NPTS Data
Frequency (%)
Frequency (%)
00
5
15 5
0
25 5
30 0
65 5
70 0
5
80 0
85 5
0
95 5
35 5
0
45 5
50 0
10
5
0
-5
-1
-2
-2
-3
-6
-6
-7
-7
-8
-8
-9
-9
-3
-4
-4
-5
0-
-1
5-
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
54
56
58
60
62
64
66
68
70
72
74
76
78
80
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
96
108
2
4
6
8
55
60
75
90
10
20
40
9
• St. Louis data set includes 227 vehicles from 147 households
• Complete second by second driving profile for one day
• 8650 miles of travel
• St. Louis data set is a small sample of real data
• NPTS data is generated from mileage estimates
12
Consumption Distribution
Many PHEVs Better than Rated Values
Conventional Hybrid
40 40
Percentage of Fleet (%) City/Highway
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 25
Fuel Consumption (L/100km) Fuel Consumption (L/100km)
PHEV20 PHEV40
40 40
City/Highway
Percentage of Fleet (%)
Real-world Real-world
10 10
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 25
Fuel Consumption (L/100km) Fuel Consumption (L/100km)
13 “Fleet” results are based on simulations of 227 vehicle
driving profiles from St. Louis metropolitan area.
PHEVs Reduce Fuel Consumption By >50%
On Real-World Driving Cycles
227 vehicles from St. Louis each modeled as a conventional, hybrid and PHEV
40 400
Conventional Average Daily Costs
Hybrid 26 mpg Gas. Elec. ¢/mi
Percentage of Vehicle Fleet In Use (%)
35 350
15 150
10 100 PHEVs:
76 mpg & >40% reduction in energy
211 Wh/mi costs
5 50
>$500 annual savings
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time of Day (hr)
14
Simulated In-Use All-Electric Range Distribution
PHEV20 PHEV40
30 40
35
25
30
Percentage of Fleet (%)
15 20
15
10
10
5
5
0 0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
All Electric Range (mi) All Electric Range (mi)
16
PHEV20 Savings Relative to Conventional and HEV
• Savings relative to
conventional are
almost entirely
distance dependent
• Savings relative to
HEV are distance
dependent up to
PHEV distance then
constant
17
Deep Dive into Real-World PHEV Simulations
Insights:
The PHEV20s that saved the most fuel relative to an HEV travel ~25 miles with speeds
under 60 mph and light accelerations
The PHEV20s that saved the least fuel relative to the HEV in the 20-30 mile range had
periods of 60+ mph highway driving and the accelerations were significantly more
aggressive
18
Summary and Conclusions