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Carburetor
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(endi&)Technico *+tromberg, -)barrel downdraft carburetor model (.'V)/! with
nomenclature
0 carburetor *1orth 0merican spelling, or carburettor *2ommonwealth spelling,!
is a device that blends air and fuel for an internal combustion engine. 3t was invented
b" 4arl (en5 before -667
[-]
and patented in -668.
[9]
3t is collo:uiall" called a carb *in
1orth 0merica and the 'nited 4ingdom, or carby *chiefl" in 0ustralia,.
[citations needed]
The word carburetor comes from the rench carbure meaning 'carbide'.
[/]
To
carburete means to combine with carbon. 3n fuel chemistr"! the term has the more
specific meaning of increasing the carbon *and therefore energ", content of a fuel b"
mi&ing it with a volatile h"drocarbon.
Contents
[hide]
- Histor" and development
9 %rinciples
/ ;peration
o /.- (asics
o /.9 ;ff)idle circuit
o /./ <ain open)throttle circuit
o /.= %ower valve
o /.7 0ccelerator pump
o /.8 2hoke
o /.> ;ther elements
= uel suppl"
o =.- loat chamber
7 <ultiple carburetor barrels
8 2arburetor ad?ustment
> 2atal"tic carburetors
6 <anufacturers
@ Aeferences
-B C&ternal links
[edit] History and development
The carburetor was invented b" 4arl (en5 in -667 and patented in -668. 3t was
apparentl" also invented b" the Hungarian engineers #Dnos 2sonka and EonDt (Dnki
in -6@/
[=]
. rederick William Fanchester of (irmingham! Cngland e&perimented earl"
on with the wick carburetor in cars. 3n -6@8 rederick and his brother built the first
petrol driven car in Cngland! a single c"linder 7 hp *= kW, internal combustion engine
with chain drive. 'nhapp" with the performance and power! the" re)built the engine
the ne&t "ear into a two c"linder hori5ontall" opposed version using his new wick
carburetor design. This version completed a -!BBB mile *-8BB km, tour in -@BB
successfull" incorporating the carburetor as an important step forward in automotive
engineering.
2arburetors were the usual fuel deliver" method for almost all gasoline *petrol,)
fuelled engines up until the late -@6Bs! when fuel in?ection became the preferred
method of automotive fuel deliver". 3n the '.+. market! the last carbureted cars were
the -@@B ;ldsmobile 2ustom 2ruiser! (uick Cstate Wagon! and +ubaru #ust"! and the
last carbureted light truck was the -@@= 3su5u. Clsewhere! Fada cars used carburetors
until -@@8. 0 ma?orit" of motorc"cles still use carburetors due to lower cost and
throttle response problems with earl" in?ection set ups! but as of 9BB7! man" new
models are now being introduced with fuel in?ection. 2arburetors are still found in
small engines and in older or speciali5ed automobiles! such as those designed for
stock car racing.
[edit] Principles
The carburetor works on (ernoulli's principle$ the faster air moves! the lower its static
pressure! and the higher its d"namic pressure. The throttle *accelerator, linkage does
not directl" control the flow of li:uid fuel. 3nstead! it actuates carburetor mechanisms
which meter the flow of air being pulled into the engine. The speed of this flow! and
therefore its pressure! determines the amount of fuel drawn into the airstream.
When carburetors are used in aircraft with piston engines! special designs and features
are needed to prevent fuel starvation during inverted flight. Fater engines used an
earl" form of fuel in?ection known as a pressure carburetor.
<ost carbureted *as opposed to fuel)in?ected, engines have a single carburetor!
though some engines use multiple carburetors. ;lder engines used updraft
carburetors! where the air enters from below the carburetor and e&its through the top.
This had the advantage of never GfloodingG the engine! as an" li:uid fuel droplets
would fall out of the carburetor instead of into the intake manifoldH it also lent itself to
use of an oil bath air cleaner! where a pool of oil below a mesh element below the
carburetor is sucked up into the mesh and the air is drawn through the oil covered
meshH this was an effective s"stem in a time when paper air filters did not e&ist.
(eginning in the late -@/Bs! downdraft carburetors were the most popular t"pe for
automotive use in the 'nited +tates. 3n Curope! the sidedraft carburetors replaced
downdraft as free space in the engine ba" decreased and the use of the +')t"pe
carburetor *and similar units from other manufacturers, increased. +ome small
propeller)driven aircraft engines still use the updraft carburetor design! however man"
use more modern designs such as the 2onstant Velocit" *2V, (ing
*T<,
carburetor
[citation
needed]
.
;utboard motor carburetors are t"picall" sidedraft! because the" must be stacked one
on top of the other in order to feed the c"linders in a verticall" oriented c"linder
block.
-@>@ Cvinrude T"pe 3 marine sidedraft carburetor
[edit] Operation
Fixed-venturi! in which the var"ing air velocit" in the venturi alters the fuel
flowH this architecture is emplo"ed in most downdraft carburetors found on
0merican and some #apanese cars
ariable-venturi! in which the fuel ?et opening is varied b" the slide *which
simultaneousl" alters air flow,. 3n Gconstant depressionG carburetors! this is
done b" a vacuum operated piston connected to a tapered needle which slides
inside the fuel ?et. 0 simpler version e&ists! most commonl" found on small
motorc"cles and dirt bikes! where the slide and needle is directl" controlled b"
the throttle position. These t"pes of carburetors are commonl" e:uipped with
accelerator pumps to make up for a particular shortcoming of this design. The
most common variable venturi *constant depression, t"pe carburetor is the
sidedraft +' carburetor and similar models from Hitachi! Ienith)+tromberg
and other makers. The '4 location of the +' and Ienith)+tromberg
companies helped these carburetors rise to a position of domination in the '4
car market! though such carburetors were also ver" widel" used on Volvos and
other non)'4 makes. ;ther similar designs have been used on some Curopean
and a few #apanese automobiles. These carburetors are also referred to as
Gconstant velocit"G or Gconstant vacuumG carburetors. 0n interesting variation
was ord's VV *Variable Venturi, carburetor! which was essentiall" a fi&ed
venturi carburetor with one side of the venturi hinged and movable to give a
narrow throat at low rpm and a wider throat at high rpm. This was designed to
provide good mi&ing and airflow over a range of engine speeds! though the
VV carburetor proved problematic in service.
0 high performance =)barrel carburetor.
'nder all engine operating conditions! the carburetor must$
<easure the airflow of the engine
Eeliver the correct amount of fuel to keep the fuelJair mi&ture in the proper
range *ad?usting for factors such as temperature,
<i& the two finel" and evenl"
This ?ob would be simple if air and gasoline *petrol, were ideal fluidsH in practice!
however! their deviations from ideal behavior due to viscosit"! fluid drag! inertia! etc.
re:uire a great deal of comple&it" to compensate for e&ceptionall" high or low engine
speeds. 0 carburetor must provide the proper fuelJair mi&ture across a wide range of
ambient temperatures! atmospheric pressures! engine speeds and loads! and
centrifugal forces$
2old start
Hot start
3dling or slow)running
0cceleration
High speed J high power at full throttle
2ruising at part throttle *light load,
3n addition! modern carburetors are re:uired to do this while maintaining low rates of
e&haust emissions.
To function correctl" under all these conditions! most carburetors contain a comple&
set of mechanisms to support several different operating modes! called circuits.
[edit] !asics
2ross +ectional schematic of a 2arburetor
0 carburetor basicall" consists of an open pipe! a GthroatG or GbarrelG through which
the air passes into the inlet manifold of the engine. The pipe is in the form of a
venturi$ it narrows in section and then widens again! causing the airflow to increase in
speed in the narrowest part. (elow the venturi is a butterfl" valve called the throttle
valve K a rotating disc that can be turned end)on to the airflow! so as to hardl"
restrict the flow at all! or can be rotated so that it *almost, completel" blocks the flow
of air. This valve controls the flow of air through the carburetor throat and thus the
:uantit" of airJfuel mi&ture the s"stem will deliver! thereb" regulating engine power
and speed. The throttle is connected! usuall" through a cable or a mechanical linkage
of rods and ?oints or rarel" b" pneumatic link! to the accelerator pedal on a car or the
e:uivalent control on other vehicles or e:uipment.
uel is introduced into the air stream through small holes at the narrowest part of the
venturi. uel flow in response to a particular pressure drop in the venturi is ad?usted
b" means of precisel")calibrated orifices! referred to as jets! in the fuel path.
[edit] Off-idle circuit
0s the throttle is opened up slightl" from the full" closed position! the throttle plate
uncovers additional fuel deliver" holes behind the throttle plate where there is a low
pressure area created b" the throttle plate blocking air flowH these allow more fuel to
flow as well as compensating for the reduced vacuum that occurs when the throttle is
opened! thus smoothing the transition to metering fuel flow through the regular open
throttle circuit.
[edit] "ain open-throttle circuit
0s the throttle is progressivel" opened! the manifold vacuum is lessened since there is
less restriction on the airflow! reducing the flow through the idle and off)idle circuits.
This is where the venturi shape of the carburetor throat comes into pla"! due to
(ernoulli's principle *i.e., as the velocit" increases! pressure falls,. The venturi raises
the air velocit"! and this high speed and thus low pressure sucks fuel into the
airstream through a no55le or no55les located in the center of the venturi. +ometimes
one or more additional booster venturis are placed coa&iall" within the primar"
venturi to increase the effect.
0s the throttle is closed! the airflow through the venturi drops until the lowered
pressure is insufficient to maintain this fuel flow! and the idle circuit takes over again!
as described above.
(ernoulli's principle! which is caused b" the momentum of the fluid! is a dominant
effect for large openings and large flow rates! but since fluid flow at small scales and
low speeds *low Ae"nolds number, is dominated b" viscosit"! (ernoulli's principle is
ineffective at idle or slow running and in the ver" small carburetors of the smallest
model engines. +mall model engines have flow restrictions ahead of the ?ets to reduce
the pressure enough to suck the fuel into the air flow. +imilarl" the idle and slow
running ?ets of large carburetors are placed after the throttle valve where the pressure
is reduced partl" b" viscous drag! rather than b" (ernoulli's principle. The most
common rich mi&ture device for starting cold engines was the choke! which works on
the same principle.
[edit] Po#er valve
or open throttle operation a richer mi&ture will produce more power! prevent pre)
ignition detonation! and keep the engine cooler. This is usuall" addressed with a
spring)loaded Gpower valveG! which is held shut b" engine vacuum. 0s the throttle
opens up! the vacuum decreases and the spring opens the valve to let more fuel into
the main circuit. ;n two)stroke engines! the operation of the power valve is the
reverse of normal ) it is normall" GonG and at a set rpm it is turned GoffG. 3t is activated
at high rpm to e&tend the engine's rev range! capitali5ing on a two)stroke's tendenc" to
rev higher momentaril" when the mi&ture is lean.
0lternative to emplo"ing a power valve! the carburetor ma" utili5e a metering rod or
step-up rod s"stem to enrich the fuel mi&ture under high)demand conditions. +uch
s"stems were originated b" 2arter 2arburetor
[citation needed]
in the 7B's for the primar" two
venturis of their four barrel carburetors! and step)up rods were widel" used on most
-)! 9)! and =)barrel 2arter carburetors through the end of production in the -@6Bs. The
step)up rods are tapered at the bottom end! which e&tends into the main metering ?ets.
The tops of the rods are connected to a vacuum piston andJor a mechanical linkage
which lifts the rods out of the main ?ets when the throttle is opened *mechanical
linkage, andJor when manifold vacuum drops *vacuum piston,. When the step)up rod
is lowered into the main ?et! it restricts the fuel flow. When the step)up rod is raised
out of the ?et! more fuel can flow through it. 3n this manner! the amount of fuel
delivered is tailored to the transient demands of the engine. +ome =)barrel carburetors
use metering rods onl" on the primar" two venturis! but some use them on both
primar" and secondar" circuits! as in the Aochester Luadra?et.
[edit] $ccelerator pump
The greater inertia of li:uid gasoline! compared to air! means that if the throttle is
suddenl" opened! the airflow will increase more rapidl" than the fuel flow! causing a
temporar" GleanG condition which causes the engine to GstumbleG under acceleration
*the opposite of what is normall" intended when the throttle is opened,. This is
remedied b" the use of a small mechanical pump! usuall" either a plunger or
diaphragm t"pe actuated b" the throttle linkage! which propels a small amount of
gasoline through a ?et! wherefrom it is in?ected into the carburetor throat. This e&tra
shot of fuel counteracts the transient lean condition on throttle tip)in. <ost accelerator
pumps are ad?ustable for volume andJor duration b" some means. Cventuall" the seals
around the moving parts of the pump wear such that pump output is reducedH this
reduction of the accelerator pump shot causes stumbling under acceleration until the
seals on the pump are renewed.
The accelerator pump is also used to prime the engine with fuel prior to a cold start.
C&cessive priming! like an improperl")ad?usted choke! can cause flooding. This is
when too much fuel and not enough air are present to support combustion. or this
reason! some carburetors are e:uipped with an unloader mechanism$ The accelerator
is held at wide open throttle while the engine is cranked! the unloader holds the choke
open and admits e&tra air! and eventuall" the e&cess fuel is cleared out and the engine
starts.
[edit] Cho%e
When the engine is cold! fuel vapori5es less readil" and tends to condense on the
walls of the intake manifold! starving the c"linders of fuel and making the engine
difficult to startH thus! a richer mixture *more fuel to air, is re:uired to start and run
the engine until it warms up. 0 richer mi&ture is also easier to ignite.
To provide the e&tra fuel! a cho%e is t"picall" usedH this is a device that restricts the
flow of air at the entrance to the carburetor! before the venturi. With this restriction in
place! e&tra vacuum is developed in the carburetor barrel! which pulls e&tra fuel
through the main metering s"stem to supplement the fuel being pulled from the idle
and off)idle circuits. This provides the rich mi&ture re:uired to sustain operation at
low engine temperatures.
3n addition! the choke is connected to a cam *the fast idle cam, or other such device
which prevents the throttle plate from closing full" while the choke is in operation.
This causes the engine to idle at a higher speed. ast idle serves as a wa" to help the
engine warm up :uickl"! and give a more stable idle while cold b" increasing airflow
throughout the intake s"stem which helps to better atomi5e the cold fuel.
3n man" carbureted cars! the choke is controlled b" a cable connected to a pull)knob
on the dashboard operated b" the driver. 3n some carbureted cars it is automaticall"
controlled b" a thermostat emplo"ing a bimetallic spring! which is e&posed to engine
heat! or to an electric heating element. This heat ma" be transferred to the choke
thermostat via simple convection! via engine coolant! or via air heated b" the e&haust.
<ore recent designs use the engine heat onl" indirectl"$ 0 sensor detects engine heat
and varies electrical current to a small heating element! which acts upon the bimetallic
spring to control its tension! thereb" controlling the choke. 0 cho%e unloader is a
linkage arrangement that forces the choke open against its spring when the vehicle's
accelerator is moved to the end of its travel. This provision allows a GfloodedG engine
to be cleared out so that it will start.
+ome carburetors do not have a choke but instead use a mi&ture enrichment circuit! or
enrichener. T"picall" used on small engines! notabl" motorc"cles! enricheners work
b" opening a secondar" fuel circuit below the throttle valves. This circuit works
e&actl" like the idle circuit! and when engaged it simpl" supplies e&tra fuel when the
throttle is closed.
2lassic (ritish motorc"cles! with side)draft slide throttle carburetors! used another
t"pe of Gcold start deviceG! called a GticklerG. This is simpl" a spring)loaded rod that!
when depressed! manuall" pushes the float down and allows e&cess fuel to fill the
float bowl and flood the intake tract. 3f the GticklerG was held down too long it also
flooded the outside of the carburetor and the crankcase below! and was therefore a fire
ha5ard.
[edit] Other elements
The interactions between each circuit ma" also be affected b" various mechanical or
air pressure connections and also b" temperature sensitive and electrical components.
These are introduced for reasons such as response! fuel efficienc" or automobile
emissions control. Various air bleeds *often chosen from a precisel" calibrated range!
similarl" to the ?ets, allow air into various portions of the fuel passages to enhance
fuel deliver" and vapori5ation. C&tra refinements ma" be included in the
carburetorJmanifold combination! such as some form of heating to aid fuel
vapori5ation such as an earl" fuel evaporator.
[edit] Fuel supply
[edit] Float chamber
Holle" GVisi)loG model M-@B= carburetors from the -@7Bs! factor" e:uipped with
transparent glass bowls.
To ensure a read" mi&ture! the carburetor has a Gfloat chamberG *or GbowlG, that
contains a :uantit" of fuel at near)atmospheric pressure! read" for use. This reservoir
is constantl" replenished with fuel supplied b" a fuel pump. The correct fuel level in
the bowl is maintained b" means of a float controlling an inlet valve! in a manner ver"
similar to that emplo"ed in a cistern *e.g. a toilet tank,. 0s fuel is used up! the float
drops! opening the inlet valve and admitting fuel. 0s the fuel level rises! the float rises
and closes the inlet valve. The level of fuel maintained in the float bowl can usuall"
be ad?usted! whether b" a setscrew or b" something crude such as bending the arm to
which the float is connected. This is usuall" a critical ad?ustment! and the proper
ad?ustment is indicated b" lines inscribed into a window on the float bowl! or a
measurement of how far the float hangs below the top of the carburetor when
disassembled! or similar. loats can be made of different materials! such as sheet brass
soldered into a hollow shape! or of plasticH hollow floats can spring small leaks and
plastic floats can eventuall" become porous and lose their flotationH in either case the
float will fail to float! fuel level will be too high! and the engine will not run unless the
float is replaced. The valve itself becomes worn on its sides b" its motion in its GseatG
and will eventuall" tr" to close at an angle! and thus fails to shut off the fuel
completel"H again! this will cause e&cessive fuel flow and poor engine operation.
2onversel"! as the fuel evaporates from the float bowl! it leaves sediment! residue!
and varnishes behind! which clog the passages and can interfere with the float
operation. This is particularl" a problem in automobiles operated for onl" part of the
"ear and left to stand with full float chambers for months at a timeH commercial fuel
stabili5er additives are available that reduce this problem.
'suall"! special vent tubes allow air to escape from the chamber as it fills or enter as
it empties! maintaining atmospheric pressure within the float chamberH these usuall"
e&tend into the carburetor throat. %lacement of these vent tubes can be somewhat
critical to prevent fuel from sloshing out of them into the carburetor! and sometimes
the" are modified with longer tubing. 1ote that this leaves the fuel at atmospheric
pressure! and therefore it cannot travel into a throat which has been pressuri5ed b" a
supercharger mounted upstreamH in such cases! the entire carburetor must be
contained in an airtight pressuri5ed bo& to operate. This is not necessar" in
installations where the carburetor is mounted upstream of the supercharger! which is
for this reason the more fre:uent s"stem. However! this results in the supercharger
being filled with compressed fuelJair mi&ture! with a strong tendenc" to e&plode
should the engine backfireH this t"pe of e&plosion is fre:uentl" seen in drag races!
which for safet" reasons now incorporate pressure releasing blow)off plates on the
intake manifold! breakawa" bolts holding the supercharger to the manifold! and
shrapnel)catching ballistic n"lon blankets surrounding the superchargers.
3f the engine must be operated in an" orientation *for e&ample a chain saw,! a float
chamber cannot work. 3nstead! a diaphragm chamber is used. 0 fle&ible diaphragm
forms one side of the fuel chamber and is arranged so that as fuel is drawn out into the
engine the diaphragm is forced inward b" ambient air pressure. The diaphragm is
connected to the needle valve and as it moves inward it opens the needle valve to
admit more fuel! thus replenishing the fuel as it is consumed. 0s fuel is replenished
the diaphragm moves out due to fuel pressure and a small spring! closing the needle
valve. 0 balanced state is reached which creates a stead" fuel reservoir level! which
remains constant in an" orientation.
[edit] "ultiple carburetor barrels
Holle" model M996B 9)barrel carburetor
2olombo T"pe -97 GTesta AossaG engine in a -@8- errari 97BTA +p"der with si&
Weber two)barrel carburetors inducting air through -9 air hornsH one individuall"
ad?ustable barrel for each c"linder.
While basic carburetors have onl" one venturi! man" carburetors have more than one
venturi! or GbarrelG. Two barrel and four barrel configurations are commonl" used to
accommodate the higher air flow rate with large engine displacement. <ulti)barrel
carburetors can have non)identical primar" and secondar" barrel*s, of different si5es
and calibrated to deliver different airJfuel mi&turesH the" can be actuated b" the
linkage or b" engine vacuum in GprogressiveG fashion! so that the secondar" barrels
do not begin to open until the primaries are almost completel" open. This is a
desirable characteristic which ma&imi5es airflow through the primar" barrel*s, at
most engine speeds! thereb" ma&imi5ing the pressure GsignalG from the venturis! but
reduces the restriction in airflow at high speeds b" adding cross)sectional area for
greater airflow. These advantages ma" not be important in high)performance
applications where part throttle operation is irrelevant! and the primaries and
secondaries ma" all open at once! for simplicit" and reliabilit"H also! V configuration
engines! with two c"linder banks fed b" a single carburetor! ma" be configured with
two identical barrels! each suppl"ing one c"linder bank. 3n the widel" seen V6 and =)
barrel carburetor combination! there are often two primar" and two secondar" barrels.
<ultiple carburetors can be mounted on a single engine! often with progressive
linkagesH four two)barrel carburetors were fre:uentl" seen on high performance
0merican V6s! and multiple four barrel carburetors are often now seen on ver" high
performance engines. Farge numbers of small carburetors have also been used *see
photo,! though this configuration can limit the ma&imum air flow through the engine
due to the lack of a common plenumH with individual intake tracts! not all c"linders
are drawing air at once as the engine's crankshaft rotates
[7]
.
[edit] Carburetor ad&ustment
Too much fuel in the fuel)air mi&ture is referred to as too rich! and not enough fuel is
too lean. The mi&ture is normall" ad?usted b" one or more needle valves on an
automotive carburetor! or a pilot)operated lever on piston)engined aircraft *since
mi&ture is air densit" *altitude, dependent,. The *stoichiometric, air to gasoline ratio
is -=.>$-! meaning that for each weight unit of gasoline! -=.> units of air will be
consumed. +toichiometric mi&ture are different for various fuels other than gasoline.
Wa"s to check carburetor mi&ture ad?ustment include$ measuring the carbon
mono&ide! h"drocarbon! and o&"gen content of the e&haust using a gas anal"5er! or
directl" viewing the colour of the flame in the combustion chamber through a special
glass)bodied spark plug sold under the name G2olortuneG
[8]
for this purpose. The
flame colour of stoichiometric burning is described as a Gbunsen blueG! turning to
"ellow if the mi&ture is rich and whitish)blue if too lean.
The mi&ture can also be ?udged after engine running b" the state and color of the
spark plugs$ black! dr" soot" plugs indicate a too rich mi&ture! white to light gra"
deposits on the plugs indicate a lean mi&ture. The correct color should be a brownish
gra". +ee also reading spark plugs.
3n the earl" -@6Bs! man" 0merican)market vehicles used special GfeedbackG
carburetors that could change the base mi&ture in response to signals from an e&haust
gas o&"gen sensor. These were mainl" used to save costs *since the" worked well
enough to meet -@6Bs emissions re:uirements and were based on e&isting carburetor
designs,! but eventuall" disappeared as falling hardware prices and tighter emissions
standards made fuel in?ection a standard item.
Where multiple carburetors are used the mechanical linkage of their throttles must
additionall" be ad?usted to s"nchronism for smooth engine running.
[edit] Catalytic carburetors
0 catal"tic carburetor mi&es fuel fumes with water and air in the presence of heated
catal"sts such as nickel or platinum. This breaks the fuel down into methane! alcohols!
and other lighter)weight fuels. The original catal"tic carburetor was introduced to
permit farmers to run tractors from modified and enriched kerosene. The '.+. 0rm"
also used catal"tic carburetors with great success in World War 33! in the 1orth
0frican desert campaign
[citation needed]
.
While catal"tic carburetors were made commerciall" available in the earl" -@/Bs! two
ma?or factors limited their widespread public use. irst! the addition of additives to
commercial gasoline made it unsuitable for use in engines with catal"tic carburetors.
Tetra)eth"l lead was introduced in -@/9 to raise gasoline's resistance to engine knock!
thereb" permitting the use of higher compression ratios. +econd! the economic
advantage of using kerosene over gasoline faded in the -@/Bs! eliminating the
catal"tic carburetor's primar" advantage.
[edit] "anufacturers
+ome manufacturers of carburetors areJwere
The 0<0F 2arburetter 2ompan" ! supplier to the (ritish motorc"cle
industr"[-]
0rgelite ! producer of Holle" and <agneti <arelli carburetors for the
0rgentine market
0utolite ! a division of the ord <otor 2ompan" from -@8> to -@>/.
(endi& +tromberg and (endi& Technico carburetors! used on vehicles made
b" 2hr"sler! 3H2! ord! N<! 0<2! and +tudebaker
(ing 2arburetor *used on motorc"cles! mopeds! aircraft! boats,
(riggs O +tratton ! small engines *e.g. powered mowers,
2arter carburetor! *used on numerous makes of vehicles! including those made
b" 2hr"sler! 3H2! ord! N<! 0<2! and +tudebaker! as well as on industrial
and agricultural e:uipment and small engines
Eell';rto carburetors from 3tal"! used on cars and motorc"cles
Eemon 2arburetors Eemon 2arburetors from (arr" Nrant
Cdelbrock performance carburetors
Hitachi! Ftd. Hitachi carburetors! found on #apanese automobiles
Holle" ! with usage as broad as 2arter and Weber.
4eihin ! also common on #apanese and other motorc"cles! a keiretsu group
compan" affiliated with Honda
Fectron carburators
<ikuni ! common on #apanese motorc"cles! especiall" in the -@6Bs
<otec Cngineering ) high performance updraft carburetors
%ierburg carburetor! in Volvo! VW and 0udi
Aochester %roducts Eivision ! '+0 *0 Neneral <otors subsidiar"H also sold
WeberJ<agneti <arelli carburetors under license,
+ole& carburetor
+' carburetor widel" used on (ritish 2ommonwealth and Curopean)designed
vehicles! presentl" manufactured b" (urlen uel +"stems
Tecumseh %roducts 2ompan" ! small engines *e.g. lawn mowers! snow
blowers,
Villiers '4 <otorc"cle and small engines
Walbro and Tillotson carburetors for small engines 3nfo
Weber carburetor ! 3talian! owned b" <agneti <arelli
Ienith '4! 0lso produced the 'enith-(tromberg 2arburetors
[edit] )eferences
-. * Cnc"clopedia of World (iograph"! 9BB7)9BB8! Thomson Nale
9. * http$JJwww.andrew.cmu.eduJuserJshimadaJcadB8JhandoutsJfirst)car.pdf (en5 %atent
/. * carburet$ Eefinition and <uch <ore from 0nswers.com
=. * http$JJwww.scitech.mtes5.huJ7-landmarkJbanki.htm
7. * Hibbard! #eff *-@6/,. Baja Bugs & Buggies. H% (ooks. pp. 9=. 3+(1 B6@768-68B.
8. * http$JJwww.aep.bigstep.comJNcolortune.pdf
[edit] +xternal lin%s
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