Power Electronics

Power Electronics
Introduction
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Outline
Outline
I.
I.
What is power electronics?
What is power electronics?
II.
II.
The history
The history
III.
III.
Applications
Applications
IV.
IV.
A simple example
A simple example
V.
V.
About this course
About this course
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I.
I.
What is power electronics?
What is power electronics?
1) 1) Definition Definition
2) 2) Relation with information electronics Relation with information electronics
3) 3) The interdisciplinary nature The interdisciplinary nature
4) 4) Position and significance in the human society Position and significance in the human society
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Power Electronics Power Electronics: :
A more exact explanation A more exact explanation: :
is the electronics applied to conversion and control of
electric power.
Range of power scale : Range of power scale :
milliwatts(mW) megawatts(MW) gigawatts(GW)
1)
1)
Definition
Definition
The primary task of power electronics is to process and
control the flow of electric energy by supplying voltages
and currents in a form that is optimally suited for user
loads.
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Conversion of electric
Conversion of electric
power
power
Other names for electric Other names for electric
power converter: power converter:
-Power converter
-Converter
-Switching converter
-Power electronic circuit
-Power electronic converter
Electric
Power
Converter
Power Power
output output
Power Power
input input
Control Control
input input
Frequency, magnitude, Frequency, magnitude,
number of phases number of phases
AC (Alternating Current) AC (Alternating Current)
Magnitude Magnitude DC(Direct Current) DC(Direct Current)
Changeable properties in Changeable properties in
conversion conversion
Two types of electric power Two types of electric power
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Classification of power converters
Classification of power converters
DC to AC converter
(Inverter)
DC to DC converter
(Chopper)
DC
AC to AC converter
( Fixed frequency : AC controller
Variable frequency: Cycloconverter
or frequency converter)
AC to DC converter
(Rectifier)
AC
AC AC DC DC
Power
output
Power
output
Power
input
Power
input
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Power electronic system
Power electronic system
Generic structure of a power electronic system Generic structure of a power electronic system
Power
Converter
Power
output
Power
input
Controller
Feedforward
Feedback
Reference
( ( measurements measurements
of output signals ) of output signals )
( measurements
of input signals )
Control is invariably required.
Power converter along with its controller including the
corresponding measurement and interface circuits, is
also called power electronic system.
Control input
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A typical power electronic system
A typical power electronic system
The task of power electronics has been recently extended to
also ensuring the currents and power consumed by power
converters and loads to meet the requirement of electric
energy sources.
Electric Motor
light
heating
other electric equipment
power converter
Power Power
Converter Converter
Source Source
Power input Power input Power output Power output
Load Load
Controller Controller
Reference Reference
Electric utility
battery
other electric energy source
power converter
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Measurements Measurements
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A Classification of electronics by processing object A Classification of electronics by processing object
2)
2)
Relation with information electronics
Relation with information electronics
Electronics Electronics
Information electronics: to process information Information electronics: to process information
Power electronics: to process electric power Power electronics: to process electric power
Other classifications of electronics Other classifications of electronics
Electronics Electronics
Vacuum electronics: using vacuum devices, Vacuum electronics: using vacuum devices,
e.g, vacuum tubes devices e.g, vacuum tubes devices
Solid (Solid state) electronics: using solid state devices, Solid (Solid state) electronics: using solid state devices,
e.g, semiconductor devices e.g, semiconductor devices
Electronics Electronics
Applied electronics: application of electronic Applied electronics: application of electronic
devices to various areas devices to various areas
Physical electronics: physics,material,fabrication, Physical electronics: physics,material,fabrication,
and manufacturing of electroni and manufacturing of electronic c
devices devices
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3)
3)
The interdisciplinary nature
The interdisciplinary nature
William E. Newell William E. Newell s description s description
Electronics
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Power
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Power
Electronics
Continuous, Continuous,
discrete discrete
Control
Power electronics is the interface between Power electronics is the interface between
electronics and power. electronics and power.
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Relation with multiple disciplines
Relation with multiple disciplines
Power electronics is currently the most active Power electronics is currently the most active
discipline in electric power engineering. discipline in electric power engineering.
Power Power
electronics electronics
Systems & Systems &
Control theory Control theory
Circuit Circuit
theory theory
Signal Signal
processing processing
Simulation & Simulation &
computing computing
Electronics Electronics
Solid state Solid state
physics physics
Electromagnetics Electromagnetics
Power Power
systems systems
Electric Electric
machines machines
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4)
4)
Position and significance
Position and significance
in the human society
in the human society
Electric power is used in almost every part and everywhere of Electric power is used in almost every part and everywhere of
modern human society. modern human society.
Electric power is the major form of energy source used in Electric power is the major form of energy source used in
modern human society. modern human society.
The objective of power electronics is right on how to use The objective of power electronics is right on how to use
electric power, and how to use it effectively and efficiently, a electric power, and how to use it effectively and efficiently, and nd
how to improve the quality and utilization of electric power. how to improve the quality and utilization of electric power.
Power electronics and information electronics make two poles Power electronics and information electronics make two poles
of modern technology and human society: information of modern technology and human society: information
electronics is the brain,and power electronics is the muscle. electronics is the brain,and power electronics is the muscle.
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II.
II.
The history
The history
The thread of the power electronics history is the break The thread of the power electronics history is the break- -through through
and evolution of power electronic devices and evolution of power electronic devices
late 1980s late 1980s
mid 1970s mid 1970s 1957 1957 1900 1900
Mercury arc rectifier Mercury arc rectifier
Vacuum Vacuum- -tube rectifier tube rectifier
Thyratron Thyratron
Invention of Invention of
Thyristor
Power diode Power diode
Thyristor Thyristor
Applica Application of ion of
fast fast- -switching switching
fully fully- -controlled controlled
semiconductor semiconductor
devices devices
GTO GTO
GTR GTR
Power MOSFET Power MOSFET
Thyristor Thyristor
(microprocessor) (microprocessor)
IGBT IGBT
Power MOSFET Power MOSFET
Thyristor Thyristor
(DSP) (DSP)
Pre Pre- -history history 1st phase 1st phase 2nd phase 2nd phase 3 3rd phase rd phase
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III.
III.
Applications
Applications
Industrial Industrial
Transportation Transportation
Utility systems Utility systems
Power supplies for all kinds of electronic equipment Power supplies for all kinds of electronic equipment
Residential and home appliances Residential and home appliances
Space technology Space technology
Other applications Other applications
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Industrial applications
Industrial applications
Motor drives Motor drives
Electrolysis Electrolysis
Electroplating Electroplating
Induction heating Induction heating
Welding Welding
Arc furnaces and ovens Arc furnaces and ovens
Lighting Lighting
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Transportation applications
Transportation applications
Trains & locomotives Trains & locomotives
Subways Subways
Trolley buses Trolley buses
Magnetic levitation Magnetic levitation
Electric vehicles Electric vehicles
Automotive electronics Automotive electronics
Ship power systems Ship power systems
Aircraft power systems Aircraft power systems
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Utility systems applications
Utility systems applications
High High- -voltage dc transmission(HVDC) voltage dc transmission(HVDC)
Flexible ac transmission(FACTS) Flexible ac transmission(FACTS)
Static Static var var compensation & harmonics compensation & harmonics
suppression: TCR, TSC, SVG, APF suppression: TCR, TSC, SVG, APF
Custom power & power quality control Custom power & power quality control
Supplemental energy sources : Supplemental energy sources :
wind, photovoltaic, fuel cells wind, photovoltaic, fuel cells
Energy storage systems Energy storage systems
HVDC HVDC
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Power supplies for electronic equipment
Power supplies for electronic equipment
Telecommunications Telecommunications
Computers Computers
Office equipment Office equipment
Electronic instruments Electronic instruments
Portable or mobile Portable or mobile
electronics electronics
server server
computer computer
Telecommunication Telecommunication
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Residential and home appliances
Residential and home appliances
Lighting Lighting
Heating Heating
Air conditioning Air conditioning
Refrigeration & freezers Refrigeration & freezers
Cooking Cooking
Cleaning Cleaning
Entertaining Entertaining
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Applications in space technology
Applications in space technology
Spaceship power systems Spaceship power systems
Satellite power systems Satellite power systems
Space vehicle power Space vehicle power
systems systems
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Other applications
Other applications
Nuclear reactor control Nuclear reactor control
Power systems for Power systems for
particle accelerators particle accelerators
Environmental Environmental
engineering engineering
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Trends
Trends
It is estimated that in developed countries now 60%
of the electric energy goes through some kind of
power electronics converters before it is finally used.
reduction of energy consumption leads to less pollution
reduction of pollution produced by power converters
direct applications to environment protection technology
Power electronics has been making major
contributions to:
--better performance of power supplies and better control of
electric equipment
--energy saving
--environment protection
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IV.
IV.
A simple example
A simple example
A simple dc A simple dc- -dc converter example dc converter example
Input source:100V Input source:100V
Output load:50V, 10A, 500W Output load:50V, 10A, 500W
How can this converter be realized? How can this converter be realized?
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Dissipative realization
Dissipative realization
Resistive voltage divider Resistive voltage divider
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Dissipative realization
Dissipative realization
Series pass regulator: Series pass regulator:
transistor operates in active region transistor operates in active region
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Use of a SPDT switch
Use of a SPDT switch
SPDT: Single pole double throw SPDT: Single pole double throw
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The switch changes the dc
The switch changes the dc
voltage level
voltage level
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Addition of low pass filter
Addition of low pass filter
Addition of (ideally lossless) L Addition of (ideally lossless) L- -C low C low- -pass filter, for pass filter, for
removal of switching harmonics: removal of switching harmonics:
Choose filter cutoff frequency Choose filter cutoff frequency f f0 0much smaller than much smaller than
switching frequency switching frequency f fs s
This circuit is known as the This circuit is known as the buck converter buck converter
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Addition of control system for
Addition of control system for
regulation of output voltage
regulation of output voltage
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Major issues in power electronics
Major issues in power electronics
How to meet the requirement of the load or gain better How to meet the requirement of the load or gain better
control of the load control of the load
How to improve the efficiency How to improve the efficiency
-- --for reliable operation of power semiconductor for reliable operation of power semiconductor
devices devices
-- --for energy saving for energy saving
How to realize power conversion with less volume, less How to realize power conversion with less volume, less
weight, and less cost weight, and less cost
How to reduce negative influence to other equipment in How to reduce negative influence to other equipment in
the electric power system and to the electromagnetic the electric power system and to the electromagnetic
environment environment
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V.
V.
About this course
About this course
Three parts of the content Three parts of the content
Relation with other courses Relation with other courses
Power Power
electronics electronics
Fundamentals Fundamentals
of analog / digital of analog / digital
electronics electronics
Pre Pre- -requisite course requisite course
Control systems Control systems
for electric for electric
drives drives
Continuing course Continuing course
Power electronic devices: Chapter 1 Power electronic devices: Chapter 1
Power electronic circuits: Chapter 2, 3, 4, 5, 8 Power electronic circuits: Chapter 2, 3, 4, 5, 8
Control techniques: Chapter 6 and 7 Control techniques: Chapter 6 and 7
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Arrangement
Arrangement
Text books Text books
- - 2000 2000
- - Jai P. Jai P. Agrawal Agrawal. Power electronic systems : theory and design . Power electronic systems : theory and design
Beijing : Beijing : Tsinghua Tsinghua University University Presi Presi , 2001 , 2001
Lectures Lectures
- - 48 hours , all in English 48 hours , all in English
- - After After- -class reading in Chinese and English will be assigned. class reading in Chinese and English will be assigned.
Labs Labs
- - 8 hours, 5 projects 8 hours, 5 projects