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[Chemical Engineering Lab Practice 1#]

SEGi UNIVERSITY
BERNOULLIS PRINCIPLE
Candidates name: Prasilla
Student ID: SCM 019310
Group members name: Edwin Cheong Zeng Tze
Loh Wei Neng
Shasonniaah Vjay Nair

Lecturer/Supervisor: Ms. Chan Yi Shee
Date of submission: 14/04/14
[SEGi University]
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1) Abstract
The objective of this experiment is to investigate Bernoullis law and pressure
distribution along the venture tube. The Bernoullis principle experiment explores the
validity of the Bernoullis equation by applying it to the flow of water in a tapering
horizontal tube. This is done to determine if the total pressure head remains constant
along the length of the tube as predicted by the equation since the Bernoullis equation
states that variations in static pressure head along the tube can be calculated through the
equation. At the end of the experiment, graphs of flow velocity versus measurement
points and pressure distribution along venture tube is prepared for both set 1 and set 2.

2) Introduction
The Bernoullis equation simply states that pressure of the same liquid at the same level
is the same. This theory is applied onto a simple device to measure the pressure
distribution along the venture tube.

This equation also states that the pressure head, elevation head and velocity head are
constant along the venture tube. The friction along the tube is negligible. Since the tube is
horizontal and does not have any zero error, Z1=Z2 and the pressure head

can be measured through a simplified equation as below:

On the other hand, the mass flow rate, is also calculated in order to know the
velocity at point 1 and 2.


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The calculated velocity

is obtained through this equation:

. The
dynamic pressure is calculated by subtracting static pressure from the total pressure head.
From the dynamic pressure,

was calculated

3) Procedure
The apparatus used in the Bernoullis experiment are listed below
a) HM150.07
i) Assembly board
ii) Single water pressure gauge
iii) Discharge pipe
iv) Outlet valve
v) Venture tube with 6 measurement points
vi) Compression gland
vii) Probe for measuring overall pressure
viii) Hose connection(water supply)
ix) Valve at water inlet
x) 6-fold water pressure gauge(pressure distribution in venture tube)




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A quick inspection was performed to ensure that the unit is in proper operating
condition. A hose connection was made and the unit was connected to the nearest
power supply. The discharge pipe was opened. The cap nut (1) of probe compression
gland was set such that the slight resistance is felt on moving probe. The inlet and
outlet valve was opened. The pump was switched on and main cock was slowly
opened. The vent valve (2) on water pressure gauge was opened and outlet cock was
carefully closed until the pressure gauges are flushed. The water level in pressure
gauges was regulated such that neither upper nor lower range limit (UL, LL) is
overshot or undershot, while the inlet and outlet cock was setting simultaneously. The
pressures at all measurement points were recorded. The overall pressure probe was
then moved to corresponding measurement level and the overall pressure was noted.
The volumetric flow rate was determined by using a stopwatch to establish the time
required for raising the level in the volumetric tank from 20 to 30 liters. The steps
were repeated for different flow rate.





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4) Data and Analysis

h
1

(mmWs)
h
2

(mmWs)
h
3

(mmWs)
h
4

(mmWs)
h
5

(mmWs)
h
6

(mmWs)
Time, s
(10L)
.
V
(mm
3
/s)
h
stat.
265 255 135 210 225 230

92


109 000
h
total
305 307 308 293 285 282
h
dyn.
40 52 173 83 60 52
W
means
28.01 31.94 58.26 40.35 34.31 31.94
W
calc.
321.91 466.81 1288.4 640.42 427.12 321.91
h
stat.
280 270 98 210 228 235

131


71 300
h
total
305 307 310 297 277 266
h
dyn.
25 37 212 87 49 31
W
means
22.15 26.94 64.49 41.32 31.01 24.66
W
calc.
210.57 305.35 842.79 418.92 279.39 210.57

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i) Set 1

Set 2





0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
F
l
o
w

v
e
l
o
c
i
t
y
,
W

Measurement points
Flow velocity(W) versus measurement points
Wmeans
Wcalc
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
F
l
o
w

v
e
l
o
c
i
t
y
,

W

Measurement points
Flow velocity(W) versus measurement points
Wmeans
Wcalc
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ii) Set 1

Set 2





0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n

Measurement points
Pressure distribution versus measurement
points
Hstat
Htotal
Hdynamic
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n

Measurement points
Pressure distribution versus measurement
points
Hstat
Htotal
Hdynamic
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5) Discussion
i) For both set 1 and 2, the

is more than the

. The graph shows that at

point 2, the velocity increases slightly. Between point 2 and point 3, there is a
significant change in the velocity. From point 3 to point 4, the velocity decreases
tremendously. From point 4 to point 5 and point 6, the velocity decreases slightly.
From this pattern of flow velocity, it is known that the result is due to the error
occurred during the experiment.
ii) Both the set 1 and set 2 seem to be sharing the same pattern of pressure
distribution in which the static pressure is inconsistent whereby it increases till
point 3 then starts to decrease till point 6. For the dynamic pressure, it converge
upwards at point 3 whereas downwards for static pressure.
6) Conclusion
i) According to the theory proposed by the Bernoullis equation, the pressure should
be consistent throughout the experiment. Since the results are inconsistent, it is
understood that the pressure varies as the area changes. The smaller the area, the
higher the pressure and vice versa.
ii) The errors occurred during the experiment definitely affects the result. The error
found was the blockage of pitot tube, this error can be corrected by cleaning the
pitot tube using a strong and sharp pin. The outlet is too low due to this blockage.
7) References
i.) R.K. Bansal 1983, A Textbook of Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines, 1st
Edition, Laxmi Publications (P) Ltd, India.
ii.) Rama Durgaiah, 2002, Fluid Mechanics and Machinery, 1st Edition, New Age
International (P) Ltd, India.