The utilization of synthetic The utilization of synthetic The utilization of synthetic The utilization of synthetic

inertia from wind farms and its inertia from wind farms and its inertia from wind farms and its inertia from wind farms and its
impact on existing speed impact on existing speed impact on existing speed impact on existing speed
governors and system governors and system governors and system governors and system
performance performance performance performance
(Part 2 Report of Vindforsk Project V-369)
Elforsk rapport 13:02
ohammad !eyedi" ath #ollen" !T$% &anuary 2013
ELFORSK

The utilization of synthetic The utilization of synthetic The utilization of synthetic The utilization of synthetic
inertia from wind farms and its inertia from wind farms and its inertia from wind farms and its inertia from wind farms and its
impact on existing speed impact on existing speed impact on existing speed impact on existing speed
governors and system governors and system governors and system governors and system
performance performance performance performance
(Part 2 Report of Vindforsk Project V-369)
Elforsk rapport 13:02
ohammad !eyedi" ath #ollen" !T$% &anuary 2013

ELFORSK


Preface
Sweden and other Nordic countries have ambitious renewable energy source
(RES integration target! "his will re#resent a significant share of wind #ower
in the future generation mi$ of Nordic countries!
From a #ower system #oint of view% total understanding of technical im#acts
of this new generation source on the e$isting #ower system is vital to ensure
a secure and reliable o#eration of the #ower system! &n a higher wind #ower
#enetration scenario% wind #ower #lants will need to contribute to system
voltage and fre'uency control su##ort% which is 'uite obvious and logical!
&n order to identify the #ossible im#act of large scale wind #ower integration
and to recommend on #ossible a##roaches to manage the im#act the #ro(ect
described in this re#ort was carried out with the research #rogram )indfors*
&&& as #ro(ect )+,-. /PosSta0ind1!
"he #ro(ect consists of three #arts focusing on different as#ects of im#act of
wind #ower on the angular% fre'uency and voltage stability of a #ower
system!
"his re#ort consist the re#ort for #art 2 of the #ro(ect! 3 summary re#ort for
all three #arts of the #ro(ect is available as in Elfors* re#ort 4,567!
"he #ro(ect is financed by )indfors* &&& with substantial initial funding from
the #ower system o#erators in Finland% Norway and Sweden% Fingrid% Statnett
and Swedish National 8rid!
)indfors*+&&& is funded by 399% 3rise wind#ower% 3: System% E!ON Eln;t%
E!ON )ind Sverige% Energi Norge% Fal*enberg Energi% Fortum% Fred! Olsen
Renewables% 8othia )ind% 8<teborg Energi% =S Kraft% >;mt*raft% Karlstads
Energi% Lule? Energi% @;larenergi% o2 )ind*om#aniet% Rabbalshede Kraft%
S*ellefte? Kraft% Stat*raft% Sena Renewable% Svens*a *raftn;t% "e*nis*a
)er*en i Lin*<#ing% "riventus% 0allenstam% )arberg Energi% )attenfall
)ind*raft% )estas Northern Euro#e% Aresunds*raft and the Swedish Energy
3gency!
"he wor* has been carried out by S"R& with Nayeem Bllah and later with
Seon 8u Kim as a #ro(ect leader! Several #eo#le at S"R& have contributed to
the wor*!

ELFORSK


Comments on the wor* and the final re#ort have been given by a reference
grou# with the following members5
"uomas Rauhala% Fingrid
Ni**il; 3ntti+>uhani Fingrid
"er(e 8(engedal% Statnett
Katherine El*ington% Svens*a Kraftn;t (National Swedish 8rid
>ohan 8! Persson% E!ON
Staffan @ared% )attenfall
K(ell 8ustafsson% Stat*raft

Stoc*holm >anuary 264,


3nders 9(<rc*
Programme manager )indfors*+&&&
Electricity and heat #roduction% Elfors* 39

ELFORSK


Sammanfattning
@ed <*ande m;ngd av ansluten vind*raft i *raftsystemet% *ommer m;ngden
av *onventionellt anslutna enheter (i Sverige fr;mst vatten+ och *;rn*raft att
mins*a under #erioder av h<g vind*rafts#rodu*tion! 8enom att *o##la bort
dessa *onventionella enheter f<rlorar systemet oc*s? deras bidrag till
stabiliteten i systemet! Studien har analyserat vil*en effe*t vind*rafts+
#rodu*tion har #? fre*vensstabiliteten i *raftsystemet% s;rs*ilt genom sitt
bidrag eller brist #? bidrag till tr<ghetsmomentet i systemet!
Denna ra##ort visar att vind*rafts#ar*er med DF&8+motorer (enligt 8E+
modellen i PSSE eller med fulleffe*tomvandlare% inte bidrar till det totala
tr<ghetsmomentet i systemet! Resultatet av att ers;tta *onventionella
#rodu*tionsenheter med vind*rafts#ar*er ;r med andra ord en redu*tion av
*raftsystemets totala tr<ghetsmoment och detta f<rs;mrar d;rmed
m<(ligheten f<r systemet att u##r;tth?lla n;tfre*vensen!
3tt installera vind*raftver* med syntetis* tr<ghet ;r ett s;tt att f<rhindra
denna f<rs;mring! Ett antal studiefall har genomf<rts f<r att analysera hur
syntetis* tr<ghet #?ver*ar fre*vensen i systemet efter f<rlusten av en stor
#rodu*tionsenhet! Simuleringar har utf<rts i en modell av det nordis*a
*raftsystemet (ut<*at Nordic+,2!
Effe*terna av den syntetis*a tr<gheten som fun*tion av f<rlust av #rodu*tion
(i #rocent av den totala #rodu*tionen sammanfattas i tabellen nedan!

Frlust av
produktion
utan syntetisk trghet med syntetisk trghet
L;gsta
fre*vens
tid att
?terh;mta
L;gsta
fre*vens
tid att
?terh;mta
7E 7.!,6 =F 2, s 7.!7G =F ,H s
42E 7H!7G =F 2- s 7H!IG =F 72 s
4-E 7H!2G =F 2- s 7H!GG =F 7, s

Resultaten visar att vind*raftver* *an bidra till fre*vensenstabilitet under de
f<rsta se*underna efter en f<rlust av en stor #rodu*tionsenhet% genom att den
lagrade r<relseenergin omvandlas till syntetis* tr<ghet! Detta g<r det m<(ligt
att h<(a den l;gsta fre*vensen och att f<rhindra lastbort*o##ling (load
sheddingJ #? grund av underfre*vens! Detta bidrag av syntetis* tr<ghet fr?n
en vind*rafts#ar* ;r doc* inte tillr;c*lig f<r att f<rhindra en st<rre nedg?ng av
fre*vensen vid ett st<rre bortfall av #rodu*tion i systemet!
Simuleringarna visade oc*s? en del nac*delar med att anv;nda syntetis*
tr<ghet5 det f<rdr<(er n;tfre*vensens ?terh;mtning och det st;ller h<gre *rav
#? de #rim;ra reserverna!
De studier som utf<rts f<r att hitta o#timal inst;llning f<r regulatorn visar att
de standardv;rden som tillhandah?lls av tillver*aren anses som de mest
o#timala! 3tt f<rs<*a hitta den mest o#timala regulatorinst;llningen inneb;r
att man *om#romissa mellan att *unna f? ett ma$imalt bidrag under de f<rsta
se*underna efter en f<rlust av en #rodu*tionsenhet och behovet av ytterligare
*raft som d? resulterar i en f<rdr<(d ?terh;mtning av n;tfre*vensen!

ELFORSK


Summary
0ith increasing amounts of wind #ower connected to the #ower system% the
amount of conventional units connected will reduce during #eriods of high
wind+#ower #roduction! 9y removing conventional units (in Sweden es#ecially
hydro and nuclear the system also loses their contribution to the stability of
the system! &n this study we consider the im#act of wind #ower on fre'uency
stability% es#ecially through their contribution or lac* of contribution to the
moment of inertia of the system!
&t is shown in this re#ort that wind farms with DF&8 machines% according to
the 8E model in PSSE% do not contribute to the total moment of inertia in the
system! 3lso it is *nown that turbines with full+#ower converter do not
contribute to the system inertia! 3s a result of this% re#lacing conventional
#roduction units with wind farms results in a reduction of the total moment of
inertia and thus in a deterioration of the fre'uency 'uality!
&nstalling wind turbines with synthetic inertia is a way of #reventing this
deterioration! 3 number of studies have been #erformed to study the way in
which synthetic inertia im#acts the fre'uency e$cursion after the loss of a
large #roduction unit! Simulations have been #erformed of an augmented
Nordic+,2 model of the Nordic #ower system!
"he im#act of synthetic inertia% as a function of the loss of #roduction (in
#ercent of the total #roduction is shown in the table below! Synthetic inertia
(0& can su##ort the fre'uency in the first few seconds after a loss of
#roduction!

Loss of production Without synthetic inertia With synthetic inertia
@inimum
fre'uency
"ime to
recover
@inimum
fre'uency
"ime to
recover
7E 7.!,6 =F 2, s 7.!7G =F ,H s
42E 7H!7G =F 2- s 7H!IG =F 72 s
4-E 7H!2G =F 2- s 7H!GG =F 7, s

3ccordingly% wind farms are able to contribute to the fre'uency stability
during the first few seconds after a loss of #roduction by e$tracting the stored
*inetic energy through synthetic inertia! 3s a result% it is #ossible to increase
the minimum fre'uency and to #revent under+fre'uency load shedding!
=owever the contribution from the synthetic inertia might not be sufficient to
#revent a large fre'uency dro# in a severe loss of #roduction!
"he simulations also showed some disadvantages of the use of synthetic
inertia5 it delays the fre'uency recovery and it #uts higher demand on the
#rimary reserves!
3ccording to o#timal tuning #erformance studies% the default #arameter
values #rovided by the manufacturer are deemed as o#timal #arameters!
=owever the selection of o#timal #arameter might be a trade+off between the
contribution during the initial seconds after the #roduction loss and the need
for additional #ower resulting in a delayed fre'uency recovery!
ELFORSK


Contents
1 Introduction 1
4!4 9ac*ground !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 4
4!2 Fre'uency regulation !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 4
4!, Outline of the re#ort !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 2
2 Frequency control in power systems and the impact of wind
power 3
2!4 9asics of fre'uency control !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ,
2!2 &m#act of wind #ower !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 7
2!, Synthetic inertia !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! -
3 Literature search 8
4 Modelling G 3!" M# $FIG wind tur%ine in &''(
)
1*
7!4 Load flow model of wind turbine!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 44
7!2 Dynamic model of 8E ,!- @0 wind turbine !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 42
7!, Synthetic inertia !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 4-
7!7 8rid code with regards fre'uency ranges !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 4I
+ ,est networ- 18
G!4 Nordic+,2 #ower system !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 4H
G!2 Descri#tion of Case 4 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 2-
G!, Descri#tion of Case 2 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ,6
" 'imulation results 32
-!4 Presum#tions !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ,2
-!2 Contribution of wind turbines to moment of inertia !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ,2
-!, Synthetic inertia !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ,7
-!,!4 Case 4 K 7E loss of #roduction !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ,7
-!,!2 Case 4 K 42E loss of #roduction !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ,G
-!,!, Case 4 K 4-E loss of #roduction !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ,-
-!,!7 Com#arison !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ,I
-!,!G S#eed and #ower #roduction of the wind turbines !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ,I
-!,!- Case 2 K Loss of three unit !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ,.
-!7 O#timal tuning of #arameters in 0ind &nertia module !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 74
. /onclusion 44
I!4 Findings !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 77
I!2 Future wor* !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 7G
8 0eferences 4"
1ppendi2 13 G 3!" M# #ind ,ur%ine &arameter 4alues 48
3!4 8E0"3 K8E 0ind "urbine 3erodynamics !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 7H
3!2 8E0"E4 K 8E 0ind "urbine Electrical Control !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 7H
3!, 8E0"84 + 8E 0ind "urbine 8eneratorLConverter !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! G6
3!7 8E0"P + 8E Pitch Control !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! G4
3!G 8E0"" + 8E "wo @ass Shaft !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! G4

ELFORSK

4

4 &ntroduction
4!4 9ac*ground
Elfors* is administrating a four year wind energy research #rogram /)indfors*
&&&1! "he #rogram will be finished by the end of 2642! 3n evaluation will be
done as a #art of the #rogram M4N!
"he integration of large wind #ower #lants into e$isting networ* and its
im#acts on #ower systems stability issues is one of the main concerns for
)indfors* &&& #rogram and therefore with increasing the #ercentage of #ower
generation from wind farms the im#ortance of analyFing some as#ects such
as security and reliability of the #ower system cannot be ignored! "he ability
of wind turbines to su##ort #ower system for voltage and fre'uency stability
is one of the vital issues in some countries in such a way they have started to
establish some new grid codes with more demanding re'uirements on wind
#ower #lants!
"he aim of the study #resented in this re#ort is to find out the im#act of wind
#ower integration on the system fre'uency stability! "he study has focussed
on large unbalance between #roduction and consum#tion% ty#ically due to the
loss of a large #roduction unit!
4!2 Fre'uency regulation
"he fre'uency regulation and automatic generation control (38C are being
#erformed by conventional synchronous generators in almost all #ower
systems! "raditionally% wind #ar*s have not contributed to system fre'uency
su##ort! =owever% as the global #enetration of wind #ower into the grid
increases% the grid code re'uirements are gradually becoming more
demanding! 3#art from the most *nown so+called /fault+ride through1
ca#ability for wind farms the fre'uency stability su##ort is also becoming an
im#ortant issue! &n other words% with increasing the siFe and ca#acity of wind
#ar*s it is e$#ected that wind #ower #lants also be able to contribute to the
fre'uency stability! &t means that wind #ar*s% li*e other conventional
synchronous generators% should #rovide more active #ower following a
reduction in #ower generation or increasing load to limit the dro# or rise in
fre'uency!
0ind turbines have considerable *inetic energy stored in their blades and
rotating mass and this energy can be e$tracted to su##ort the #rimary
fre'uency regulation! =owever% in a variable s#eed wind turbine the rotor is
#artly or com#letely connected to the networ* through a #ower electronic
converter and therefore there is no direct contact to the #ower system!
=ence% the #ower system fre'uency deviation cannot be sensed by wind
turbines and with wind turbines substituting conventional synchronous
generators the total inertia of the #ower system decreases and will aggravate
fre'uency stability! "he *inetic energy available on the blades and rotor of a
wind turbine can be e$tracted li*e conventional synchronous generators
ELFORSK

2

inherently #rovided that some e$tra measures are considered! "his re#ort
deals with how it has been carried in a model #resented by 8E through the
so+called Osynthetic inertiaP su##ort! "he re#ort also #rovides the o#timum
control #arameters data for tuning the Osynthetic inertiaP controller!
4!, Outline of the re#ort
3fter this introductory cha#ter% the re#ort is organiFed as following5
Cha#ter 2 e$#lains the relationshi# between active #ower and
control of fre'uency in a #ower system!
Cha#ter , #resents an overview of some #revious studies!
Cha#ter 7 illustrates% in brief% how the DF&8 wind turbine is
modelled in PSSLE and the #rocedure for controlling active and
reactive #ower!
Cha#ter G describes how the test model networ* has been set u#!
Cha#ter - shows the result of simulations for two different o#erating
conditions!
Cha#ter I #resents the overall conclusions regarding this study

ELFORSK

,

2 Fre'uency control in #ower
systems and the im#act of wind
#ower
2!4 9asics of fre'uency control
"he fre'uency inside a #ower system should as much as #ossible remain
within a certain band! "he limit for over and under fre'uency is clearly
s#ecified for each country in the relevant grid code! 3ny mismatch between
#roduced and consumed #ower results in change in fre'uency! "his change in
fre'uency activates the fre'uency control and governors! "he fre'uency
control is such that the balance between #roduction and consum#tion is *e#t
by maintaining the fre'uency close to its nominal value!
"he fre'uency control ta*es care of the continuous and relatively small
unbalances between #roduction and consum#tion due to the im#ossibility to
e$actly #redict consum#tion and #roduction from certain units (mainly
renewable energy! "he fre'uency control also intervenes when a large
unbalance occurs% for e$am#le due to the loss of a large #roduction unit! "his
is when the largest fre'uency dro#s occurQ the design of the fre'uency control
(including the scheduling of the #rimary reserve should be such that even for
the loss of the largest #roduction unit% the fre'uency remains above a #re+set
limit! "his lower limit is% for most large interconnected systems% such that
even for the loss of the largest #roduction unit% no under+fre'uency load
shedding occurs!
"o 'uantify the system behaviour u#on loss of a large #roduction unit%
consider the e'uation for conservation of energy for the rotating mass of all
machines connected to the #ower system5

d
dt
]
1
2
[
2
= P
pod
P
cons
(2!4

0here } is the total moment of inertia of all rotating mass connected to the
#ower system% i!e! all electrical motors and all generators! 3ny unbalance
between #roduction and consum#tion results in a change in the *inetic energy
of the rotating mass and thus in a change in fre'uency!
"he relation between #ower unbalance and change in fre'uency is ty#ically
written in the following form MHN5

d]
dt
=
1
2

0
P
prcd
-P
ccns
SH
(2!2

ELFORSK

7

0here
0
is the nominal #ower system fre'uency% P
pod
is the total
#roduction% P
cons
is the total consum#tion and SE the total *inetic energy of
rotating mass connected to the system!
Note that the inertia constant H includes all rotational mass that is directly
connected to the grid% including motors that are #art of the consum#tion!
&nertia can be inter#reted as /resistance to change1 and it #revents the grid
fre'uency changing suddenly! &t is because synchronous machines have large
and heavy rotating #artsQ and their high amount of *inetic energy is an
obstacle against fast change in fre'uency level!
"he *inetic energy of a mass with moment of inertia J rotating at angular
s#eed is e'ual to

E
kn
=
1
2
[
2
(2!,

"he *inetic energy of a #ower #roduction #lant is usually e$#ressed through
/inertia constant1% E! "he inertia constant% E% is the ratio of *inetic energy at
nominal rotation s#eed and the rated a##arent #ower of the unit5

E =
[
1
2
]o
c
2
S
rctcd
(2!7

where
o
is the nominal rotation s#eed!
"he #rocess of fre'uency change can be divided into tem#orary or short+term
and #ermanent or long+term #henomena! "he so+called automatic generation
control (38C of synchronous generators changes the in#ut mechanical #ower
delivered to the shaft in res#onse to a deviation in fre'uency from the set
#oint value! "he deviation in fre'uency following a sudden change in active
balance for the first seconds is mainly affected by the inertia of #ower system!
"his is because 38C is not able to have an instantaneous action!
2!2 &m#act of wind #ower
Conventional #ower #roduction units are connected to the grid by means of a
synchronous machine! "he s#eed of the synchronous machine is directly
cou#led to the fre'uency in the grid (hence the name /synchronous1! 3s a
result any change in fre'uency in the grid will result in a change in s#eed of
the generator! &n terms of the above e'uations5 the total *inetic energy of the
rotating mass in conventional #ower stations contributes to the system
inertiaQ SH in e'uation (2!2!
=owever% modern variable s#eed wind turbines ()S0"% use bac* to bac*
#ower electronic converters for magnetiFing their e$citers and so there is an
electrical decou#ling between the rotational s#eed of the machine and the
fre'uency of the grid! 3 change in system fre'uency does not im#act the
ELFORSK

G

machine! 3lthough they have large amount of *inetic energy% such wind
turbines do not contribute to the system inertia! &n a system with large
amounts of wind #ower% during #eriods of high wind% the conventional
synchronous generators are re#laced with these ty#es of wind turbines and as
result the total system inertia will be reduced!
Double+fed induction generators are #artly connected to the grid through a
#ower+electronic converter and #artly directly connected! "heir contribution to
the system inertia is not immediately clear! 0e will see later% in Section -!2%
that the contribution from a DF&8 is small and can be neglected!
"he ratio between the *inetic energy of the rotating mass and the rated
#ower of a generator% the so+called inertia constant% symbol H% is of the same
order of magnitude for conventional #roduction units! "his is illustrated in
Figure 2!4! 0ith some e$ce#tions% the inertia constant is between 2 and - s!


Figure 2!4 &nertia constant of hydro units (stars and steam units (circles
over a range of rated #ower% from different sources MH% Figure H!2GN!

"o 'uantify the im#act of wind #ower on the system inertia% assume that all
conventional #roduction units have the same inertia constant H
conv
and that
the contribution from wind #ower to the system inertia is Fero! 0e further
neglect the contribution from load to the system inertia! &n terms of (2!2 this
translates as5

SE = E
con
S
con
(2!G

0here S
con
is the rated #ower of all the conventional #roduction remaining
connected to the grid after the loss of the large #roduction unit!
ELFORSK

-

9efore the loss of the large #roduction unit% the #roduction is e'ual to the
consum#tion5

P
cons
= P
pod
= P
wnd
+ P
con
+AP (2!-

&n the above e'uation% P
wnd
is the contribution from wind #ower% P
con
is the
contribution from conventional #roduction units after the loss of the large
#roduction unit% and AP is the loss of #roduction! "he latter is also the
unbalance between #roduction and consum#tion immediately after the loss of
the large #roduction unit!
Combining (2!G and (2!- with (2!2 gives the following e$#ression for the
initial rate+of+change+of+fre'uency (ROCOF after the loss of a large
#roduction unit!

d]
dt
=
]
0
2H
ccn

AP
S
ccn
(2!I

"he first factor on the right+hand side is constantQ the ROCOF is thus
#ro#ortional to the ratio between the amount of #roduction being lost and the
total installed ca#acity of conventional generation!
"he dimensioning event for fre'uency stability is the loss of the largest
#roduction unit! "he worst+case situation% fastest decrease in fre'uency%
occurs for the smallest amount of conventional #roduction in o#eration! "his is
when the consum#tion is small% there is high amount of #roduction from wind
#ower% and e$#ort is small or im#ort is large!
"he good news is that this combination has a low #robability of occurring!
0ind+#ower #roduction is highest during the autumn and winter months%
whereas consum#tion is lowest during summer! =igh wind+#ower #roduction
in combination with low consum#tion will also result in low electricity #rice%
which normally results in e$#ort!
=owever% situations with low amount of conventional #roduction will occur
more often in a system with large amounts of wind #ower! @easures are
therefore needed to #revent too fast decrease in fre'uency u#on the loss of a
large #roduction unit! Several such measures have been discussed in the
literature (see e!g! MHN for an overview! One such measure% e'ui##ing wind
turbines with synthetic inertia% is introduced in the ne$t section and the main
sub(ect of the remainder of this re#ort!
2!, Synthetic inertia
"he *inetic energy stored in rotational #arts of wind turbines can be e$tracted
through a control strategy referred to as /synthetic inertia1! "he control
system detects the fre'uency deviation and ad(usts the #ower flow into the
grid based on this! &n this way the turbine contributes to the system as if it
ELFORSK

I

would have inertia (ust li*e conventional unitsQ hence the term /synthetic
inertia1!
"he use of synthetic inertia is being discussed by several transmission+system
o#erators! For e$am#le% the grid code in 8reat 9ritain re'uires wind #ar*s to
#artici#ate in fre'uency su##ort and a study by the 9ritish "SO% National 8rid%
regarding synthetic inertia has come to the conclusion that a #ower increase
of G to 46E during a grid fre'uency deviation of 6!H =F in a##ro$imately H
seconds would be enough M26% 24% 22N!
"he use of synthetic inertia is also being discussed as #art of the EN"SO+E
re'uirements for the connection of generators M7N!
For any rotational mass% #ower e'uals to rotational s#eed multi#lied by
tor'ue5

P = I. (2!H

&f the electrical tor'ue is artificially increased the #ower will also be increased%
the turbine blades slow down and *inetic energy stored in the blades and
rotor is e$tracted! "he additional tor'ue% or #ower% is demanded by a
controller based on the measured fre'uency in the grid!
=owever% the normal controller of a wind turbine when detecting this
reduction in rotational s#eed will reduce the tor'ue (and thus the #ower flow
into the grid in order to recover rotational s#eed! "his is e$actly o##osite of
what is needed!
"herefore% an artificial or synthetic e$tra #ower% de#ending on the fre'uency
deviation magnitude% is added to the set #oint #ower value! &t should be only
active for certain fre'uency e$cursion values due to large active #ower loss
which is determined by dead+band setting! "he ma$imum additional #ower
should be limited to a value of G to 46E in order to avoid unrealistic #ower
demands!

ELFORSK

H

, Literature search
3s was mentioned earlier large amounts of wind #ower are e$#ected to be
#art in the #ower system and therefore some countries have started establish
new grid codes relevant to wind farms! 3mong them is the re'uirement of
wind farms to #artici#ate in fre'uency control! "he inherent characteristic of
converter+based variable+s#eed turbines in su##orting system fre'uency for
short term or what is so called #rimary res#onse has been ta*en into account
and has been a good motivation for some research wor*s MHN+M46N!
"he relation between *inetic energy and transient stability of the #ower
system is also addressed in MHN! &t is stated that a reduction in *inetic energy
which is in turn directly related to the total inertia constants of the #ower
generation #lants will lead to wea*er #ower system in terms of fre'uency
stability! "he im#act of distributed generators% where wind farms are also
sorts of distributed generators% has been discussed! &t is mentioned that with
re#lacing large conventional generators connected to the transmission grid by
distributed generation same as wind #ar*s will change the amount of *inetic
stored energy in the networ* and conse'uently can im#act the fre'uency
stability of the #ower system! &t is also stated for fre'uency stability studies
the contribution of the consum#tion side% loads% to the system inertia% which it
is not im#acted by introducing distributed generators% should be ta*en into
account! "he inertia constant of the #ower networ* will considerably decrease
with introducing distributed generators e'ui##ed with #ower electronic
interfaces! =owever% it is #ointed out by building a so+called electronic inertia
li*e using rate of change of fre'uency (ROCOF it is #ossible to e$tract the
stored *inetic energy from the rotating masses!
&n M.N first the different stages in fre'uency decline resulting from the #ower
imbalance are illustrated! &n the first #hase% the very first instance after
disconnecting a big unit from the grid% generators deliver a certain amount of
additional #ower to the grid de#ending on their shift angles! "he second #hase
is the inertia action stage when the additional #ower is delivered to the grid
from the stored *inetic energy of rotating #arts! "his #hase is characteriFed
by a decline in s#eed! "he third #hase which is called governor stage is the
#eriod when turbine governors detect the decline in s#eed! "he difference
between the set #oint and the measured value for networ* fre'uency acts as
an in#ut for the governor! "he reaction by governor is to increase the
mechanical #ower on the shaft of turbine generator and therefore more
electrical #ower will be in(ected to the networ*! "his #rocess will end u# with
a steady state deviation in fre'uency due to droo# characteristics of the
fre'uency control! "he im#ortance is em#hasiFed of establishing real grid
code re'uirement and #ointing out the lac* of concrete demands! &t also tries
to com#are the different control strategies to #erform fre'uency su##orting
from wind turbine through e$tracting more active #ower from wind turbines!
&t is concluded that the most suitable #attern is soft+fast fre'uency res#onse
(SFFR from technically and robustness #oint of views! "he SFFR is a Rf ty#e
controller with a time delay! "he advantages of this are according to the
study% the sim#licity of the model and conse'uently the lower cost!
ELFORSK

.

"he increasing #enetration of converter interfaced generation into the #ower
system and conse'uent im#act of #ower system inertia is also indicated in
M46N! 9y re#lacing conventional synchronous generators with converter units
where their rotor is not directly connected to the grid the total inertia
available to the #ower system is decreased% which ma*es the #ower system
more vulnerable against fre'uency e$cursions! &n M46N a com#arison is made
of the different controlling methods to e$#loit the *inetic energy of wind
turbines! &t is concluded that a method called fast #ower reserve (FPR is able
to e$tract the e$tra #ower from the rotor u# to 46E of actual #ower! "he
controller will be activated once the decline in the fre'uency goes below a
threshold value a #re+s#ecified tra#eFe #ower reference will be generated and
a##lied to all 0"s! 3mong the advantages which are claimed by de#loying the
#ro#osed control system is that the o#erator has information about how much
e$tra #ower wind turbine can #rovide in case of losing generation in the
system! &t also stated that the res#onse from the system is fast and the
amount of e$tracted e$tra #ower from the 0" during under fre'uency #eriod
is controllable in order to limit the im#act on the recovery #eriod! &t is shown
that with higher FPR ste#% (RP% the fre'uency recovery time #eriod will be
longer! =owever% the additional #ower is limited to ma$imum 46E of #re+
event active #ower!
3nother study was #erformed in 8ermany M44N regarding the ability of wind
farms in #roviding fre'uency control! "he study tried to #oint at the two main
conce#ts! Firstly% a #rocedure to calculateLestimate the amount of fre'uency
control is illustrated and then it is tried to develo# a measure to handle the
effect of introducing wind farms on decreasing the #ower system inertia
through a##lying control strategies on wind turbines! &n the study the
necessity of fre'uency su##ort by wind farms is indicated by com#aring the
future #lanned #ower #roduction with real #ower #roduction! For the first #art
a #robabilistic method is #resented to forecast the amount of #ower which can
be e$#loited when it is needed to su##ort the fre'uency!
&n M44N an economic analysis for different wind farms is also #resented and it
is shown that the #rofit de#ends u#on the level of security and #rice #er *0!
&n the study it is concluded that the best o#tion with the highest #rofit is
through combining the wind farms in a virtual #ower #lant!
From the former studies it can be realiFed the sim#lest and most economical
method for the #ur#ose of #artici#ating wind farms in the #rimary fre'uency
su##ort is to de#loy the *inetic stored energy in their turbine rotating #arts!
&n this study an a##roach to use the stored energy in the rotating masses is
#resented! "he method is com#liant with the 8E re#ort ver! 7!, M4GN and the
DF&8 control strategy which is built in PSSLE
S
ver!,2! Since the deviation in
grid fre'uency is a##lied to trigger the relevant module the algorithm in the
model is to some e$tend the same as SFFR which is the o#tion offered by M.N!


ELFORSK

46

7 @odelling 8E ,!- @0 DF&8
wind turbine in PSSLE
S

&t is assumed all the wind turbines in the networ* are from the doubly fed
induction generator (DF&8 ty#e! 3 sim#le layout of this ty#e of wind turbine
is shown in Figure 7!4!


Figure 7!4 Doubly Fed &nduction 8enerator

3 DF&8 is an induction machine in which the 3C e$citation system is e'ui##ed
with solid+state voltage source converter! "he 3C e$citation system is
energiFed by the networ* through a bac* to bac* ac+dc+ac converter and it is
connected to the rotor winding through sli# rings on the rotor shaft! "he grid
side converter is su##lied from tertiary winding of the ste#+u# unit
transformer or through a se#arate two windings ste#+down transformer! "he
dynamic behaviour of DF&8 is 'uite different from either conventional
synchronous or induction machines! "he dynamic #erformance of a DF&8 at
the fundamental fre'uency is com#letely dominated by the converter!
"herefore% unli*e conventional synchronous generators% some as#ects of
generator #erformance related to internal angle% e$citation voltage and
synchronism are not relevant! 3 voltage source inverter can be synthesiFed as
an internal voltage behind a transformer reactance which results in the
desired active and reactive current being delivered to the device terminal!
&n a DF&8 the combination of generator and converter establishes a current+
regulated )oltage+Source Converter ()SC where the stator and rotor
windings are the #rimary and secondary of the transformer! =owever% the ac
fre'uency in rotor winding is not the same as in the stator! &n the vicinity of
rated #ower both 8E 4!G and ,!- @0 machines will normally o#erate at 426E
s#eed% in other word at +26E sli#! "hrough controlling the e$citation
fre'uency in a DF&8 it is #ossible to control the rotor s#eed in a range of
a##ro$imately T,6E! 9esides% by changing the rotor currents magnitude the
active #ower out#ut can be controlled! 3ccordingly% 3 DF&8% same as a
ELFORSK

44

synchronous generator% has the ca#ability of voltage regulation but with a
faster res#onse!
7!4 Load flow model of wind turbine
"he wind turbine ty#e for all the wind farms in this study is 8E ,!- @0! &n
each wind #ar* a number of identical wind turbines are clustered and
connected to a common #oint! "he result is a single e'uivalent large machine
behind a single e'uivalent reactance! "he e'uivalent generator has the rated
out#ut #ower e'ual to the number of wind turbines in the wind farm
multi#lied by rated #ower of one DF&8% ,!- @0%! "he rated voltage at the
terminal of the DF&8 is ,!, *) which is increased through a ste#+u#
transformer to ,, *)! "he rated #ower of the ste#+u# transformer is the
summation of the total number of individual wind turbine transformers! "he
rated values data for a ty#ical 8E ,!- @0 wind turbine is #resented in "able
7!4 M4-N! "he result of load flow calculation for two wind farms% each with 7-
wind turbine units aggregated in one single unit is de#icted in Figure 7!2!

"able 7!4 &nduction 8enerator and unit "r! Data for 8E ,!- @0 0ind "urbine
Doubly Fed &nduction 8enerator Rating 7!6 @)3
Pma$ ,!- @0
Pmin 6!4- @0
:ma$ 2!6H @)ar
:min +4!GG @)ar
Rated voltage% G6=F ,!, *)
USOBRCE 6!H #!u
Bnit "ransformer Rating 7!6 @)3
Bnit "ransformer &m#edance I!6E
Bnit "ransformer ULR ratio I!G
Bnit "r! Ratio ,!,L,, *)

ELFORSK

42


Figure 7!2 Load flow result for wind farm at buses .44, and .6G2
7!2 Dynamic model of 8E ,!- @0 wind turbine
"he dynamic model of 8E ,!- @0 wind turbine is e$#lained in detail in M4-N!
"he bloc*s in Figure 7!, re#resent the dynamic model connectivity for 8E
wind turbines M4GN% M4-N!
"he three main bloc*s are5
4! 8eneratorLconverter model
2! Electrical control model
,! "urbine and turbine control model
"he generatorLconverter model is the e'uivalent of the generator and field
converter% and #rovides the interface between the wind turbine generator and
the networ*! "he model in(ects real and reactive current into the networ* in
res#onse to control commands!
"he controller #rovides the real and reactive #ower command for
generatorLconverter model! &t includes both closed and o#en loo# controls!
"he dictated active and reactive #owers are based on in#uts from the turbine
model and from the su#ervisory )3r controller!
"he basic ob(ective of the turbine control is to ma$imiFe the e$tracted active
#ower from the wind while maintaining the rotor s#eed at the desired value
without overloading e'ui#ment! "his model #rovides a sim#lified
re#resentation of this com#le$ electro+mechanical system!
ELFORSK

4,


Figure 7!, "he 8E DF&8 9loc* diagram control @odel 9loc* Diagram

"he turbine model re#resents the relevant controls and mechanical dynamics
of the wind turbine! "he bloc* diagram of the model is shown in Figure 7!7!
&n the bloc* diagram the following sub+modules can be recogniFed5
4! "he turbine control model including tor'ue control% #itch control and
#itch com#ensation models
2! Rotor mechanical model
,! "he wind #ower model
7! 3ctive #ower control emulator (3PC
G! 0ind&NER"&3 model

3mong the sub control models the two controller bloc*s of 3PC and
0ind&NER"&3 are o#tional and can be either activated or disabled through
setting certain flagL#arameters to Fero or a non+Fero value! "he central #art
of the 0" model including #itch control and #itch com#ensation modules is
the model of the turbine controls! 0hen the wind s#eed is lower than rated%
the #itch control module ad(usts the blade angle in order to ma$imiFe the
e$tracted mechanical #ower! 0hen the wind s#eed is higher than rated value%
and for the #ur#ose of #rotecting e'ui#ment% the blades are #itched to limit
the mechanical #ower delivered to the shaft!

ELFORSK

47


Figure 7!7 8E 0ind "urbine model bloc* diagram

"he 3ctive Power Control (3PC is o#tional however with increasing the
#enetration of wind farms to the networ* it become re'uired by some grid
codes! "he model of the 3PC is shown in Figure 7!G! "he main ob(ectives of
the 3PC are to5
3##ly a ma$imum wind #lant out#ut
Provide a s#ecific margin by generating less #ower than is available
from wind
Enforce a #lant #ower ram# rate limit
Res#ond to abnormal system fre'uency e$cursions
ELFORSK

4G

9y default% the 3PC is disabled! 0hen the 3PC is activated% the actual #ower
#rovided by a wind #ower #lant is less than the ma$imum available #ower
from wind and there is a margin! "his margin is in the range of GE so the
actual #ower generated is .GE of the available #ower! 0hen there is a
fre'uency dro# and by activating the 3PC module more #ower will be
re'uested!

Figure 7!G 3ctive Power Control @odule

"he 0ind&NER"&3 (0& module is an o#tional bloc* in 8E wind turbine which
is dedicated for transient fre'uency stability su##ort! Figure 7!- re#resents
the control diagram of 8E 0&!

Figure 7!- "he 0ind &nertia control model in 8E 0ind "urbine

&n the model dbwi is a bloc* to s#ecify the threshold or dead band value and
determine for how much deviation in fre'uency the controller should start to
res#ond! "
l#wi
is the time constant for filter% K
wi
is the gain value and "
wowi
is
the time constant for wash+out filter com#onent!
3 washout filter (also sometimes called a washout circuit is a high #ass filter
that washes out (re(ects steady state in#uts% while #assing transient in#uts!
"he main benefit of using washout filters is that all the e'uilibrium #oints of
ELFORSK

4-

the o#en+loo# system are #reserved (i!e!% their location isnPt changed! &n
addition% washout filters facilitate automatic following of a targeted o#erating
#oint% which results in vanishing control energy once stabiliFation is achieved
and steady state is reached!

"he out#ut from 0& module% RP
wi%
is the additional active #ower which is
e$tracted from turbine following a decline in the fre'uency! "he dynamic
characteristic of the networ* has im#act on the following issues when there is
a decline in fre'uency resulting from #ower generation loss5
a "he rate of fre'uency decline (
d]
dt
)
b "he de#th of fre'uency decline (A)
c "he time for fre'uency recovery (Ircc)

&n this study the behaviour of wind #ar*s for contributing in transient
fre'uency stability when the timescale is in the range of few seconds is
investigated! "herefore% module in 8E wind turbine controller is assumed to
be disabled!
&n the first few seconds following a large generation connected loss the inertia
of rotating mass of the turbines% generators motors has significant im#act on
the fre'uency rather than slower active #ower governors where their longer
timescale! "he conventional synchronous generators can #rovide inertia
inherently% but wind turbines which are decou#led from #ower system do not
#rovide it inherently! &nstead% their large *inetic energy stored in the rotating
rotor and blades can be e$tracted and delivered to the grid by adding a
control module called synthetic inertia!
7!, Synthetic inertia
"he conventional control system of a variable s#eed wind turbine does not
consider the #ower system fre'uency! "he fre'uency is used to synchroniFe
the switching of the #ower electronics of the networ* side converter but the
main control loo# measures the rotational s#eed of the generator and a##lies
a tor'ue so that the wind turbine follows its+#redetermined o#erating
characteristic! "hus% in the event of a dro# in #ower system fre'uency%
caused% for e$am#le% by the sudden disconnection of a large central
generator% a variable s#eed wind turbine will not #rovide any additional
energy as the system fre'uency falls! "his is in contrast to a conventional
synchronous generator% or a fi$ed s#eed induction generator% that will transfer
some of its *inetic energy to the #ower system as the fre'uency and the
s#eed of rotation of the generator falls!
"his lac* of res#onse of variable s#eed wind turbines to a dro# in system
fre'uency can be overcome by adding additional control loo#s as shown in
Figure 7!-! "he inertia is synthesiFed by measuring the rate of change of
system fre'uency! "he magnitude of the fre'uency dro# may be used to a##ly
additional tor'ue to the rotor% slow it down and so transfer *inetic energy to
the networ*!
ELFORSK

4I

7!7 8rid code with regards fre'uency ranges
"he grid code re'uirements are different among different countries! &n "able
7!2 the demands for fre'uency deviation in Sweden is com#ared with
Denmar* and EN"SO+E grid codes!

"able 7!2 8rid code com#arison
Parameter/Grid
Code
Swedish Grid Code
(SvK)
Danish (Energinet.dk)
ENSTO-E
(drat !" #an. !$%!
Continuous operating
frequency between
continuous operating
voltage
49 Hz to 51 Hz 49.9 HZ to 50.2 Hz
49 Hz to 51 Hz
for !or"ic#
$ini%u% frequency
between continuous
operating voltage
4&.5 Hz 4&.5 Hz 4&.5 Hz !or"ic#
'(C() li%it !ot %entione"
*2.5 Hz+sec for unit,s
output range between
11-. to 25-.
/p to 2 Hz+sec

"he regulation and general advice for the manual and automatic load
shedding in case of a fre'uency decline for Swedish #ower system is s#ecified
by the Swedish #ower networ* (SvK and it was finaliFed in December% 44
th
%
2664! "he SvK #rescribes the regulation (4..754H6- for the #ower
generating #lants with an electric #ower at least G @0! "he automatic load
shedding re'uirement is as follows M4.N5

"he #ower networ* that is directly connected to the transmission lines located
south of -4V latitude must be e'ui##ed with automatic load shedding (3FK!
E'ui#ment for 3FK should be installed in such a degree that disconnection can
be done at least ,6 #ercent of the total current transmission each time
e$cluding electricity to the electrical installations! "he automatic reconnecting
should be avoided!
"he reconnection must be done only after receiving a##roval from Svens*a
Kraftn;t! "he e'ui#ment shall be designed such that disconnection ta*es #lace
into five e'ual ste#s when the fre'uency is less than the following values5

+ Ste# 45 7H!H =F in 6!4G seconds
+ Ste# 25 7H!- =F in 6!4G seconds
+ Ste# ,5 7H!7 =F in 6!4G seconds
+ Ste# 75 7H!2 =F for 6!4G seconds% and at 7H!- =F in 4G seconds
+ Ste# G5 7H!6 =F for 6!4G seconds% and at 7H!7 =F in 26 seconds
ELFORSK

4H

G "est networ*
"he ob(ective of this cha#ter is to set+u# test networ* and to #re#are it for
#erforming simulations!
G!4 Nordic+,2 #ower system
3n augmented Nordic+,2 test system is used for system study as it is
mentioned in the s#ecification M4N! "he original Nordic+,2 consists of ,2 main
buses and . loads! &n the systems there are voltage levels which are 766 *)%
226 *) and 4,6 *)! Each bus has a 7 digit bus number where the first digit
s#ecifies the different bus voltage levels which they are 7% 2 and 4%
res#ectively! "he two digits bus numbers are also 4,6 *) level! "here are
both thermal #ower #lants and hydro units in the original Nordic+,2 system!
"he diagram of the original system is shown in Figure G!4 and "able G!4
#resents the rated active and reactive #ower values for all the generating
#lants including synchronous generators% synchronous condensers and wind
#ower #ar*s in the augmented Nordic+,2 #ower networ*!
3 PSSE SLD diagram of the resulting augmented grid is shown in Figure G!2!
"able G!2 shows the rated active and reactive values for the loads in the
agumented Nordic+,2 networ*!

ELFORSK

4.


Figure G!4"he original Nordic+,2 networ*










ELFORSK

26

"able G!4 Power generating #lants% in the Nordic+,2 networ*
No. &'s &'s Name (d
PGen
()*)
+Gen
()var)
+)a,
()var)
+)in
()var)
)-ase
()./)
1 1012 0/11012 120.00 1 234 125 400 450 500
0
1
d
r
o

'
n
i
t
s

2 1012 0/11012 120.00 1 195 25 200 450 300
2 1014 0/11014 120.00 1 232 100 250 4100 &00
4 1021 0/11021 120.00 1 424 102 200 430 300
5 1022 0/11022 120.00 1 122 25 125 425 250
3 2022 0/12022 220.00 1 495 11& 425 450 550
& 4011 0/14011 400.00 1 4&2 122 500 4100 1000
5 4012 0/14012 400.00 1 520 25 400 4130 500
9 4021 0/14021 400.00 1 135 420 150 420 200
10 4021 0/14021 400.00 1 225 440 1&5 440 250
11 4041 0/14041 400.00 1 0 225 200 4200 200
12 5100 200 1 422 1&2 9999 49999 300
12 5200 200 1 351 49 9999 49999 913
14 5400 200 1 454 0 9999 49999 322
15 5500 200 1 22& 2& 9999 49999 222
13 5300 200 1 350 219 9999 49999 950
1& 3000 200 1 252 411 9999 49999 433
15 3100 200 1 3&1 242 9999 49999 933
19 &100 0/140&1 400.00 1 225 50 9999 49999 222
20 &101 400 1 140 125 9999 49999 222
21 4042 0/14042 400.00 1 330 45 250 0 &00
T
h
e
r
m
a
2

'
n
i
t
s

22 404& 0/1404& 400.00 1 533 12& 200 0 300
22 404& 0/1404& 400.00 2 533 12& 200 0 300
24 4051 0/14051 400.00 1 329 100 250 0 &00
25 4051 0/14051 400.00 2 419 3& 250 0 &00
23 4032 0/14032 400.00 1 555 0 200 0 300
2& 4032 0/14032 400.00 2 555 0 200 0 300
25 4032 0/14032 400.00 1 100 20 20 0 150
29 1042 0/11042 120.00 1 2&& &0 200 440 400
20 1042 0/11042 120.00 1 159 100 100 420 200
21 &201 400 1 224 24 9999 49999 422
22 &202 400 1 359 32 9999 49999 533
22 &204 400 1 235 132 9999 49999 4&5
24 &205 400 1 235 45 9999 49999 4&5
25 5002 6782 400.00 1 0 0 9999 49999 500
23 5500 400 1 222 291 9999 49999 333
2& 2012 ).92 2.2000 1 130 2& 9999 49999 154
*
i
n
d

3
a
r
m
s

25 2022 ).92 2.2000 1 130 5 9999 49999 154
29 2022 ).92 2.2000 1 130 10 9999 49999 154
ELFORSK

24

40 2042 ).92 2.2000 1 130 10 9999 49999 154

41 2052 ).92 2.2000 1 130 10 9999 49999 154
42 &002 ).92 2.2000 1 220 51 9999 49999 235
42 &012 ).92 2.2000 1 220 &9 9999 49999 235
44 &022 ).92 2.2000 1 220 51 9999 49999 235
45 9012 ).92 2.2000 1 130 11 9999 49999 154
43 9022 ).92 2.2000 1 130 3 9999 49999 154
4& 9022 ).92 2.2000 1 130 9 9999 49999 154
45 9042 ).92 2.2000 1 130 10 9999 49999 154
49 9052 ).92 2.2000 1 130 5 9999 49999 154
50 9032 ).92 2.2000 1 130 44 9999 49999 154
51 90&2 ).92 2.2000 1 130 2& 9999 49999 154
52 9052 ).92 2.2000 1 130 25 9999 49999 154
52 9092 ).92 2.2000 1 130 53 9999 49999 154
54 9102 ).92 2.2000 1 130 49 9999 49999 154
55 9112 ).92 2.2000 1 130 2& 9999 49999 154
53 9122 ).92 2.2000 1 130 50 9999 49999 154
8otal :eneration Capacity by Hy"ro power units &222 $.
8otal :eneration Capacity by 8;er%al power units 3395 $.
8otal generation Capacity by .in" )ar%s 2350 $.
8otal :eneration Capacity by all units 1&311 $.


ELFORSK

22


Figure G!2 @odified Nordic+,2 grid including the augmented Norwegian and
Finnish #art!











4063
392. 0
- 48. 1
1
1. 0000
256.2
590.0
400. 0
- 45. 7
1
555.4
146.0
9.9
145.2
90.9
146.0
145.2
62
1
300.0 1. 0000
1. 0000 100.0
4045
401. 2
- 54. 8
191.5
74.9
135.0
4061
392. 6
- 49. 4
320.9
77.3
323.1
40.2
61
125. 3
- 53. 3
500.0
112.3
1. 0000
500.0
112.3
500.0
149.0
4041
400. 0
- 44. 7
1
0.0
36.6R
1
0.0
181.1
71.8
1045
129. 7
- 57. 5
1
700.0
250.0
1
0.0
199.0
1. 0000
1. 0000
481.5
43.6
481.5
67.1
1. 0000
481.5
4044
398. 1
- 51. 0
325.4
89.7
323.2
51.9
325.4
89.7
323.2
51.9
4051
408. 0
- 52. 1
1
628.8
84.6R
419.2
56.4R
123.3
87.7
124.0
28.7
123.3
87.7
124.0
28.7
1
0.0
104.0
51
130. 1
- 55. 2
800.0
253.2
1. 0000
800.0
253.2
800.0
302.4
90.9
301.9
9.9
590.0
590.0
256.2
123. 6
- 51. 8
300.0
4062
63
1. 0000
30.0H
300.0
80.0
127. 6
- 49. 2
80.0
1. 0000
1
2
1
1. 0000
1044
128. 8
- 54. 2
1
800.0
300.0
1
0.0
196.4 1. 0000
1. 0000
560.4
28.0
560.4
60.1
1. 0000
1. 0000
560.4
28.0
560.4
60.1
4032
407. 7
- 32. 7
645.7
50.9
621.3
10.8
357. 6 4.6
400. 0
- 43. 8
1
660.2
97.7R
46.6
4043
397. 6
- 49. 4
1
0.0
197.6
261. 3 51.2
260. 6
28.6
43
126. 7
- 53. 1
1
900.0
238.8
1. 0000
1. 0000
900.0
238.8
900.0
302.7
645.6
38.8
637.2
51.7
4046
397. 7
- 49. 0
1
0.0
98.9
65.5
12.4
65. 6 16.8
4047
408. 0
- 44. 3
565.9
129.6R
2
565.9
129.6R
458. 5
93.2
462. 8
75.7
1
47
130. 2
- 46. 5
1
100.0
45.2
100.0
45.2
100.0
50.0
565.6
133.9
568.9
133.5
1. 0000
1. 0000
46
126. 3
- 53. 2
700. 0
193. 7
1. 0000
1. 0000
700.0
193.7
700.0
249.6
1
42
127. 7
- 46. 8
1
400.0
125.7
1. 0000
1. 0000
400.0
125.7
400.0
149.4
4021
408. 6
- 24. 4
571.7
118.5
540.3
0.8
486.7
128.6
463.9
1042
130. 0
- 51. 0
300.0
80.0
1
377.3
70.0R
20.0
1.9
19.9
2.9
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1.9
19.9
2.9
1043
130. 0
- 62. 7
230. 0
100. 0
1
188.6
100.0H
176.9
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1
1
0.0
150.0
1041
126. 2
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1
600.0
200.0
1
0.0
188.5
153.7
14.9
156.2
28.9
153.7
14.9
156.2
28.9
1
146.3
9.1
149.8
15.9 9.1
149. 8
15. 9
37.2
6.2
36.5
4.4
41
128. 1
- 47. 8
540. 0
128. 3
1.0000
1.0000 540. 0
128. 3
540. 0
160. 0
4031324.9
13.1R
716.6
101.7
686.4
60.9
716.6
101.7
686.4
60.9
2031
231. 4
- 25. 1
1
100.0
30.01. 0500
1. 0000
468.4
56.0
468.4
82.6
4022
726.8
53.7
705.6
144.5
726.8
53.7
705.6
144.5
771.2
155.0
765.1
184.3
1
242. 0
- 12. 2
1
200.0
50.0
1
785.9
152.3R
284.2
13.0
293.0
51.1
284.2
13.0
293.0
51.1
1022
138. 7
- 9. 3
1
280.0
95.0
1
209.6
125.0H
1. 0700
1. 0000
326.7
8.5
326.7
21.4
4011
654.2
39.6R
504.0
493.9
24.8
4012
404. 0
1. 4
1
0.0
649.5
22.1
632.9
61.3
1
0.0
56.9
143. 0
11. 3
1
419.2
44.7R
209.6
22.4
198.5
47.7
209.6
198.5
47.7
22.4
372.6
367.3
4.8
1
102.0
110.4R
524.0
1011 200.0
80.0
1. 1200
1. 0000
80.1
232.4
85.0
312.7
30.0
313.7
17.5
712.7
36.8
682.4
155.5
7100
404. 0
0. 7
341.0
50.0
1
222.1
7.7R
17. 4
13. 1
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2.0
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1
262.0
232.4145. 4
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146. 9
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100. 0
1
419.2
90.8R
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1. 0000
462.2
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150. 8
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576.4
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171.5
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1
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40.0
1
314.4
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112.8
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1
7200
408. 2
10. 1
70.5
18.5
71.6
24.3
91.3
7.2
92.2
9.4
179.1
40.8
361. 5
45.7
1
5101
401. 1
- 49. 5
200.0
145.1
15.9
144.2
16.1
145.1
15.9
144.2
16.1
5501
400. 8
- 50. 8
5401
397. 3
- 51. 0
5602
373. 1
- 60. 8
6001
399. 8
- 50. 1
5601
399. 9
- 57. 5
5402
400. 1
- 48. 9
5102
399. 9
- 48. 7
5301
400. 0
- 42. 0
5103
399. 4
- 47. 9
117. 1
60.1
116. 8
46.4 5. 7
4. 1
5.7
23.9
223.7
73.2
221.0
58.2
106. 8 36.0
106. 9 32. 9 213.4
11.5
211.5
18.1
89.8
0.1
89. 9
5.9
23.2
15.3
23. 2
17.4
356. 1
23. 4
359. 0
24.6
147. 8
12. 4
146. 7
5. 1
300. 0
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1. 0000
171.2
25.2
171.3
27.9
5500
300. 0
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1. 0000
41.6
11 1.1
42. 2
5603
278. 0
- 62. 1
11 1. 1
1. 0000
1. 0000
221.0
58.2
220. 9
52.7
5600
300. 0
- 57. 8
1. 0000
1. 0000
211. 5
211.5
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6000
300. 0
- 49. 5
1 .000 0
1.000 0
207. 4
7. 9
207. 3
6.0
5400
300. 0
- 48. 7
1.000 0
1.000 0 89. 9
5. 6
89. 9
5. 9
1. 0000
1. 0000
332. 6 16. 2
332. 8
5300
300. 0
- 36. 7
1.000 0
1.000 0 508. 0
9. 4
506. 8
37. 1
1. 0000
1. 0000
11. 6
146. 7
5.1
113. 4 100. 6
112. 0 91.3
135. 0
15.9
136.9
11.2
1. 0000
1. 0000
111. 3
17. 9
111. 2
13.3
192. 6
34.6
197. 3
4. 4
6100
300. 0
- 53. 2
8.6
87.8
7. 6 130. 5
9.9
129. 4
16. 1
146. 5
126. 6
6. 4
126. 3
11. 8
26. 2
6.5
26.2
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133. 2
27.0
1
502.3
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1
1319. 0
204.0
53. 5
1 281. 2
61. 4R 1 409. 0
38. 0
88. 3
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49. 5
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1 383. 1
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19.1
1
806.9
234.6 R
1
1040. 0
99.0
1
466.0
171.0
1 539. 0
10. 2R
1 31. 0
0. 0
1 796. 8
1 1014. 0
326. 0
1 772. 3
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1 67. 0
3. 0
5100
6.0
8500
408. 0
- 48. 7
0.4
90.2
0.0
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1
333.0
324.9 R
1
333.0
333.0
195.8
29.8
618.7
611. 1
7101
404. 0
0. 6
4 .6
3. 3
4 . 6
2 . 4
1
2 2 2 . 1
3 6 . 1 R
7102
407. 6
6. 4
9 3. 2
92 .2
9 .4
404. 0
12. 3
25 .4
70 .5
18 .5
7 1. 6
24 .3
7203
404. 0
15. 4
7204
7205
1
3 4 1 . 0
5 0 . 0
68 . 4
2 3. 8
6 8. 7
32 .6
404. 0
12. 1
38 .8
1. 4
3 8. 9
9. 2
1 5 4 . 8
1 5 . 2
15 3. 6
1 5. 6
404. 0
11. 0
10 8. 7
8 . 2
1 0 9 . 3
1 3 . 6
1
3 59 .7
1 9. 7R
1
7 6 4 . 2
4 1 . 2 R
1
4 07 .5
1 54 .2 R
4 0 7 . 5
2 8 . 2 R
1
3 00 . 0
7 0. 0
1
3 0 0 . 0
7 0 . 0
1
6 00 .0
1 40 .0
1
3 00 .0
7 0. 0
74. 9
24. 7
75. 2
33. 0
8001
400. 0
- 43. 0
1
8002
400. 0
- 43. 0
1 0. 0
0. 0
0. 0
0. 0
78.9
22.0
78.4
12.4
1. 000067.1
43.6
481.5
555.4
12.6R
2
100.0
1
12.6R
5
2 0 0 . 0
0 . 0
5
200. 0
0.0
5
0.0
0.0
Nor dBal t
Fenno- Skan
146. 3
5
200.0
0.0
5
200 .0
0.0
Sout h- West
7201
349. 7R
16.2
1 1 3 . 4
6 7 . 0
404. 0
- 28. 3
399. 5
- 11. 5
4042
402. 0
0. 0
44 .6
1021
2032
1011
1013
1014
1012
4012
4011
7100
7102
7101
7200 7201
7203
7205
7204
4046
4042
4022
1022
4021
4031 4032
2031
2032
4041 4044
42
46
47
43
1044
1042
1043
1041
1045
41
4045
4051
4061
61
4062
62
4063
8500
63
61
1021
5300
6100
6000
5400
5500
5100
5101
5501
5503
5602
5401
6001
5600
5103
5102
5301
5601
5402
8001
8002
4043
400-<
120-<
220-<
4,6*)
766*)
226*)
ELFORSK

2,

"able G!2 rated active and reactive #owers of loads
No. &'s &'s Name P2oad ()*) +2oad ()var)
1 41 0/141 120.00 551 125
2 42 0/142 120.00 405 123
2 42 0/142 120.00 915 229
4 43 0/143 120.00 &14 194
5 4& 0/14& 120.00 102 45
3 51 0/151 120.00 513 252
& 31 0/131 120.00 510 112
5 32 0/132 120.00 203 50
9 32 0/132 120.00 302 253
10 1011 0/11011 120.00 204 50
11 1012 0/11012 120.00 203 100
12 1012 0/11012 120.00 102 40
12 1022 0/11022 120.00 253 95
14 1041 0/11041 120.00 312 200
15 1042 0/11042 120.00 203 50
13 1042 0/11042 120.00 225 100
1& 1044 0/11044 120.00 513 200
15 1045 0/11045 120.00 &14 250
19 2021 0/12021 220.00 102 20
20 2022 0/12022 220.00 204 50
21 4045 0/14045 400.00 200 0
22 4043 0/14043 400.00 4200 0
22 4051 0/14051 400.00 250 0
24 4032 0/14032 400.00 4200 0
25 5100 200 1130 204
23 5200 200 59 2
2& 5400 200 2& 0
25 5500 200 230 25
29 5300 200 915 99
20 5302 200 410 1&1
21 3100 200 592 223
22 &100 0/140&1 400.00 245 50
22 &101 400 245 50
24 &201 400 203 &0
25 &202 400 203 &0
23 &202 400 200 0
2& &204 400 312 140
25 &205 400 203 &0
29 5001 678 400.00 0 0
ELFORSK

27

40 5500 400 240 222
41 5500 400 204 0
Tota2 %4546 "76!

"he following dynamic models for thermal and hydro generators% e$citers and
stabiliFers are used M4,N!
8ENS3L
&t re#resents a salient #ole generator and is used for all hydro #ower
generating units! "he bloc* diagram of the generator is shown in
Figure G!,!

Figure G!, 9loc* diagram of 8ENS3L and 8ENROB generators

8ENROB
&t is a cylindrical round rotor ty#e and re#resents the synchronous
thermal #ower units! "he bloc* diagram is as the same of 8ENS3L!
SEUS
&t re#resents the e$citation dynamic model and is used for all ty#es of
synchronous generators! "he control diagram is shown in Figure G!7!

Figure G!7 "he control diagram for SEUS e$citation dynamic model

ELFORSK

2G

S3"923
&t is name for stabiliFer which is an 3SE3 #ower sensitive stabiliFer
model and dam#s the oscillation in electrical out#ut #ower!
"he dynamic control model for this ty#e of stabiliFer is illustrated in
Figure G!G!


Figure G!G "he dynamic control model for S"3923

)O"=S8 is the au$iliary voltage signal
=W8O)
&t re#resents the hydro+turbine governor! "he bloc* diagram is shown
in Figure G!-!

Figure G!- 9loc* diagram for =W8O) hydro+turbine governor

LDFR3L
"his model re#resents the load fre'uency model and how loads change with
fre'uency deviation5

P = Po(

o
)
m
= o(

o
)
n


where Po and Qo are the active and reactive #owers at the nominal
fre'uency!
4! B#dating the Norwegian #art of the grid (I 8enerators
2! B#dating the Finnish #art of the grid ( - 8enerators
,! 3ddition of ,0Fs in Finland (.-6 @0
ELFORSK

2-

7! 3ddition of 42 0Fs in Sweden (4.26 @0
G! 3ddition of 0Fs in Norway (H66 @0
-! Connecting the south of Norway to bus 7674 by two lines
&t is assumed that all the wind turbines are DF&8 8E ,!- @0 ty#e! "he wind
farms added to the original Nordic+,2 #ower system are #resented in "able
G!,!

"able G!, "he wind farms added to the Nordic+,2 grid in each Nordic country

&'s N'm-er Pgen8)*9 +gen8).ar9 )-ase Tota2
N
o
r
w
a
1

2012 %5$ 2& 154
6$$ )*
2022 %5$ 5 154
2022 %5$ 10 154
2042 %5$ 10 154
2052 %5$ 10 154
3
i
n
2
a
n
d
&002 7!$ 51 235
:5$ )*
&012 7!$ &9 235
&022 7!$ 51 235
S
w
e
d
e
n

9012 %5$ 11 154
%:!$ )*
9022 %5$ 3 154
9022 %5$ 9 154
9042 %5$ 10 154
9052 %5$ 5 154
9032 %5$ 44 154
90&2 %5$ 2& 154
9052 %5$ 25 154
9092 %5$ 53 154
9102 %5$ 49 154
9112 %5$ 2& 154
9122 %5$ 50 154
Tota2 insta22ed *ind Power 756$8)*9

G!2 Descri#tion of Case 4
"wo different o#erational states are considered% referred to as case 4 and
case 2! "he o#erating condition for case 4 is as follows5
=igh nuclear
Low hydro
=igh wind #ower
ELFORSK

2I

"he out#ut #owers from the nuclear and hydro generating #lants are shown in
"ables G!7 and G!G% res#ectively!

"able G!7 Nuclear #ower generating #lants
Bus Name Id Pgen[MW !gen[Mvar M"#
0/14042 400.00 1
330 45 &00
0/1404& 400.00 1
533 12& 300
0/1404& 400.00 2
533 12& 300
0/14051 400.00 1
329 100 &00
0/14051 400.00 2
419 3& &00
0/14032 400.00 1
555 0 300
0/14032 400.00 2
555 0 300

"able G!G =ydro #ower generating #lants
Bus Name Id Pgen[MW !gen[Mvar M"#
0/11012 120.00 1 234 125 500
0/11012 120.00 1 195 25 300
0/11014 120.00 1 232 100 &00
0/11021 120.00 1 424 102 300
0/11022 120.00 1 122 25 250
0/12022 220.00 1 495 11& 550
0/14011 400.00 1 4&2 122 1000
0/14012 400.00 1 520 25 500
0/14021 400.00 1 135 420 200
0/14021 400.00 1 225 440 250
0/14041 400.00 1 0 225 200
0/1 5100 200.00 1 422 1&2 300
0/1 5200 200.00 1 351 49 913
0/1 5400 200.00 1 454 0 322
0/1 5500 200.00 1 22& 2& 222
0/1 5300 200.00 1 350 219 950
0/1 3000 200.00 1 252 411 433
0/1 3100 200.00 1 3&1 242 933
0/1 &100 400.00 1 225 50 222
0/1 &101 400.00 1 140 125 222

"he hydro #ower #lant located at bus 7644 is considered as swing bus and all
thermal #ower #lants and wind farm o#erate at their rated ca#acities! &n order
to ado#t the low hydro o#erating condition the following units are removed
and a load flow calculation is #erformed!
ELFORSK

2H

=ydro #ower unit at bus 4624 with nominal rating of 727 @0
=ydro #ower unit at bus 26,2 with nominal rating of 7.G @0
=ydro #ower unit at bus I464 with nominal rating of 476 @0

"he total active #ower decreasing from hydro #ower unites is 46G. @0! "he
resulting #ower generation for the conventional #roduction units is de#icted in
"ables G!-% G!I and G!H!

"able G!- 3ctive and reactive #ower from thermal units in case 4
Therma2 Power P2ants
&'s &'s Name PGen ()*) +Gen ()var)
4042 0/14042 400.00 330 55
404& 0/1404& 400.00 1122 253
4051 0/14051 400.00 1045 139
4032 0/14032 400.00 1111 0
4032 0/14032 400.00 100 20
&201 400 224 21
&202 400 359 32
&204 400 235 132
&205 400 235 44
5002 6782 400.00 0 0
5500 400 222 292
1042 0/11042 120.00 2&& &1
1042 0/11042 120.00 159 100
Tota2 rom Therma2 55:: %7:%













ELFORSK

2.

"able G!I 3ctive and reactive #ower from hydro units in case 4
&'s &'s Name PGen ()*) +Gen ()var)
01dro Power P2ants
1012 0/11012 120.00 234 93
1012 0/11012 120.00 195 45
1014 0/11014 120.00 232 95
%$!% &;S%$!% %7$.$$ $ $
1022 0/11022 120.00 122 54
!$7! &;S!$7! !!$.$$ $ $
4011 0/14011 400.00 45 225
4012 0/14012 400.00 520 55
4021 0/14021 400.00 135 420
4021 0/14021 400.00 225 440
4041 0/14041 400.00 0 239
5100 200 422 1&2
5200 200 351 49
5400 200 454 0
5500 200 22& 2&
5300 200 350 219
3000 200 252 411
3100 200 3&1 242
&100 0/140&1 400.00 225 &3
<%$% "$$ $ $
Tota2 rom 01dro 4<"5 %57"















ELFORSK

,6

"able G!H 3ctive and reactive #ower from wind farms in case 4
*ind 3arms
&'s &'s Name PGen ()*) +Gen ()var)
2012 ).92 2.2000 130 2&
2022 ).92 2.2000 130 &4
2022 ).92 2.2000 130 10
2042 ).92 2.2000 130 10
2052 ).92 2.2000 130 10
&002 ).92 2.2000 220 113
&012 ).92 2.2000 220 5&
&022 ).92 2.2000 220 51
9012 ).92 2.2000 130 12
9022 ).92 2.2000 130 3
9022 ).92 2.2000 130 9
9042 ).92 2.2000 130 10
9052 ).92 2.2000 130 5
9032 ).92 2.2000 130 44
90&2 ).92 2.2000 130 2&
9052 ).92 2.2000 130 22
9092 ).92 2.2000 130 3&
9102 ).92 2.2000 130 55
9112 ).92 2.2000 130 2&
9122 ).92 2.2000 130 59
Tota2 rom *ind 3arms 756$ <75

"he amount of wind #ower as a #ercentage of the total active #ower for this
second case is5

Winu Powei Active powei
Total Active Powei
=
S68u NW
1612S NW
- 1uu% = 22.82%

G!, Descri#tion of Case 2
"he second o#erational state to be studied considers a somewhat different
generation mi$5
@oderate nuclear
=igh hydro
=igh wind #ower
&n this case all the hydro #ower #lants are in service and wind farms are at
their rated #owers! Bnit 2 of the thermal #ower generation at bus 76-2 is out
ELFORSK

,4

of service! 3ll other units are the same as in case 4! "he active #ower
contribution by wind farms in #ercentage to the total active #ower for this
case is5

Winu Powei Active powei
Total Active Powei
=
S68u NW
162S7 NW
- 1uu% = 2S%


ELFORSK

,2

- Simulation results
3 number of studies and simulations have been #erformed to further
understand the im#act of synthetic inertia on fre'uency stability! "he details
of the system model are #resented in Cha#ter GQ the simulation results are
#resented in this cha#ter!
-!4 Presum#tions
3 number of #resum#tions were made during the system studies5
3ll the wind turbines are DF&8 8E ,!- @0 ty#e!
One aggregated wind turbine is used to re#resent all wind turbines
inside a wind farm!
"he wind s#eed remains constant during simulation!
0ind &nertia module is activated or deactivated for all the wind
turbines simultaneously!
"he 3PC module for wind turbines is not activated and therefore%
the wind farms do not contribute to the fre'uency su##ort after the
new steady+state is reached!
0hen re#lacing #roduction from conventional units by wind #ower%
the conventional units remain connected to the grid in the model! &n
this way the com#arison shows the actual im#act of the wind
turbines and not the im#act of the reduction in total moment or
inertia (and *inetic energy of the rotating mass due to the
disconnection of the conventional units!
"he amount of #rimary reserve (s#inning reserve is assumed to be
unlimited! "his better allows us to study the im#act of the synthetic
inertia only!
"ri##ing of load by the under fre'uency load shedding and of
distributed generation by the under fre'uency #art of the anti+
islanding detection has not been included in the model! "he reason
for this is again to allow the study of the im#act of the synthetic
inertia only!
-!2 Contribution of wind turbines to moment of inertia
@odern wind turbines come in two different forms5 as a double+fed induction
generator (DF&8 and with a full+#ower converter! &n the latter case% the
rotational s#eed of the turbine and the fre'uency of the voltage in the grid
are com#letely decou#led and there is no contribution to system inertia
#ossible M,2N! 0ith a DF&8 there is some cou#ling #ossible via the stator
circuit! "he im#act of DF&8s on the moment of inertia has therefore been
studied s#ecifically in this #ro(ect!
ELFORSK

,,

"o illustrate how the introduction of wind #ower based on DF&8s im#acts the
total moment of inertia% the fre'uency res#onse after the loss of a large
#roduction unit is calculated! 3 com#arison is thereby made for the cases with
and without wind #ower! "he wind turbines are #resented as loads with
negative signs for the case without wind farms! "his ensures that there are no
other differences in the system% li*e changes in inertia due to disconnecting of
conventional units or changes in load flow! "he contingency triggering the
fre'uency res#onse is the tri##ing of the synchronous thermal unit at bus
I26,! "he fre'uency e$cursion is #lotted for both cases at bus 76-2 and it is
#resented in Figures -!4 and -!2!


Figure -!4 Fre'uency at bus 76-2 without 0" and with 0" but no 0&


Figure -!2 &nitial fre'uency decline at bus 76-2

"he difference between the two cases is small! Des#ite the #resence of more
#roduction units connected to the system% the fre'uency e$cursion only shows
minor difference! "he initial rate+of+change of fre'uency is not observable
different! "he nadir of the fre'uency (the minimum is only slightly lower for
the system when some wind farms are added to the system!
"he conclusion is that wind farms of the *ind modelled here (with DF&8
machines do not contribute to the moment of inertia of the system! 0hen
ELFORSK

,7

re#lacing conventional units with wind #ower% the total moment of inertia of
the system will become less and the fre'uency stability will deteriorate!
-!, Synthetic inertia
3 #ossible solution to #revent deterioration of the fre'uency stability when
conventional units are re#laced by wind #ower is to e'ui# the wind turbines
with synthetic inertia! "he wind+inertia (0& module of the 8E turbine has
been used to study the im#act of synthetic inertia on the fre'uency res#onse
after the loss of a large #roduction unit! "he fre'uency res#onse with and
without synthetic inertia has been com#ared!
&n (2!I the following e$#ression has been derived for the initial rate+of+
change+of+fre'uency (ROCOF after the loss of a #roduction unit of siFe AP5

d]
dt
=
]
0
2H
ccn

AP
S
ccn
(-!4

"he initial ROCOF de#ends on the ratio between the siFe of the unit that is
lost (AP and the rated #ower of all remaining conventional #roduction
connected to the system (S
con
!
&n reality% the siFe of the largest #roduction unit (the loss of which is the
/dimensioning failure1 for the Nordic grid will normally not vary! =owever the
amount of conventional #roduction connected to the grid with show strong
variations through the year! &n the e$isting situation% this is highest during
winter and lowest during summer! &n a system with a high #ercentage of wind
#ower% low conventional #roduction can occur any time of the year during
#eriods of high wind+#ower #roduction!
&n the simulations we did not chance the amount of conventional #roduction
connected to the grid! &n this case we ensured as much as #ossible that only
the im#act of the synthetic inertia on the fre'uency res#onse is studied and
not any other differences for instance due to changes in load flow or stability
issues!
"he second factor in (-!4 is instead increased by increasing AP% while *ee#ing
S
con
constant! 0e will start with a contingency where one unit is tri##ed%
followed by cases with the loss of three or four units!
-!,!4 Case 4 K 7E loss of #roduction
"he first contingency that has been studies is where one unit in the Nordic+,2
model is tri##ed! "he initial state is the one discussed as /Case 41 in Cha#ter
G! "his study concerns the tri##ing one unit at bus I26, with rated out#ut of
-.6 @0! "he loss of #roduction is 7!,E of the total #roduction (4- 42G @0!
"he result of simulation com#aring the case where wind turbines are e'ui##ed
with synthetic inertia (0& and where they are not is shown in Figure -!,!

ELFORSK

,G


Figure -!, Fre'uency res#onse at bus 76-2 with and without synthetic inertia
(0&% case 4% 7E loss of #roduction

"he figure shows that the initial decay in fre'uency is the same in both cases!
0hen the synthetic inertia becomes active a few seconds after the loss of the
#roduction unit% the dro# in fre'uency is sto##ed! "he minimum fre'uency is
about 4G6 m=F higher in the case with synthetic inertia! "he #resence of
synthetic inertia does however delay the fre'uency recovery! "he new steady+
state fre'uency of 7.!H =F is reached about 27 s after the loss of the
#roduction unit in the conventional case and about 4- s later when synthetic
inertia is #resent!
-!,!2 Case 4 K 42E loss of #roduction
"he second contingency concerns the loss of a large #roduction unit during an
o#erational state with low consum#tion and large wind+#ower #roduction! "he
amount of conventional #roduction connected to the grid will be small in that
case! 3s mentioned before% this is modelled by assuming the loss of a large
amount of #roduction!
"he following loss of #roduction has been studied5
"ri##ing one unit at bus I26, with rated out#ut of -.6 @0
"ri##ing one unit at bus 7672 with rated out#ut of --6 @0
"ri##ing unit 4 at bus 76G4 with rated out#ut of -,6 @0

"he total active+#ower loss is 4.H6 @0 (42E of total and the resulting
fre'uency res#onse with and without synthetic inertia is shown in Figure -!7!

ELFORSK

,-


Figure -!7 Fre'uency e$cursion at bus 76-2 for with and without synthetic
inertia (0&% case 4% 42E loss of #roduction

"he fre'uency res#onse is very similar to the one in the first case% with the
e$ce#tion that the range in fre'uency variation is larger! 3lso in this case
does the #resence of synthetic inertia raise the minimum fre'uency but delay
the recovery! "he time to recovery is only slightly more than for the loss of
one #roduction unit!
"he minimum fre'uency is raised from 7H!7G to 7H!IG =F! 3s the under+
fre'uency load shedding starts at 7H!H =F% it would be activated in both
cases! For this s#ecific contingency the #resence of synthetic inertia cannot
#revent the activation of the under+fre'uency load shedding! "here are
however cases #ossible where the minimum fre'uency is below 7. =F!
-!,!, Case 4 K 4-E loss of #roduction
3n even more severe contingency has been studied% with the loss of four
#roduction units! "he following four units have been ta*en off tri##ed5
"ri##ing one unit at bus I26, with rated out#ut of -.6 @0
"ri##ing one unit at bus 7672 with rated out#ut of --6 @0
"ri##ing unit 4 at bus 76G4 with rated out#ut of -,6 @0
"ri##ing unit 4 at bus 767I with rated out#ut of G-- @0
"he total #ower lost is 2G7- @0 (4-E of total and the resulting fre'uency at
bus 76-2 for cases with and without synthetic inertia for wind turbines is
shown in Figure -!G! "he general behaviour is again very similar as for the
loss of one and three #roduction units!

ELFORSK

,I


Figure -!G Fre'uency e$cursion at bus 76-2 for with and without synthetic
inertia (0&% case 4% 4-E loss of #roduction
-!,!7 Com#arison
3 com#arison between the three contingencies studied is made in "able -!-!
"he minimum fre'uency has been obtained from the dataQ the time to
recovery has been estimated from the instant at which the fre'uency versus
time curve becomes flat again!

"able -!-! @inimum fre'uency and time to recovery after loss of #roduction%
with and without synthetic inertia (0&
Loss of production Without WI With WI
@inimum
fre'uency
"ime to
recover
@inimum
fre'uency
"ime to
recover
7!,E 7.!,6 =F 2, s 7.!7G =F ,H s
42E 7H!7G =F 2- s 7H!IG =F 72 s
4-E 7H!2G =F 2- s 7H!GG =F 7, s

From the results shown in the table it is concluded that the synthetic inertia
can su##ort the fre'uency in the first few seconds after a loss of #roduction%
but that its su##ort is limited in case of a large loss of #roduction! "he results
also show that synthetic inertia delays the recovery in all three cases! "he
time to recovery is only lightly de#endent on the amount of #roduction lost!
-!,!G S#eed and #ower #roduction of the wind turbines
"he functioning of the synthetic inertia is illustrated in more detail in this
section for the worst case (loss of four #roduction units% 4-E! "he electrical
out#ut #ower and wind turbine s#eed for one ty#ical wind farm% the one at
bus I66,% with and without 0& ca#ability is #resented in Figure -!- and -!I!

ELFORSK

,H


Figure -!- Electric #ower out#ut from wind farm at bus I66,% case 4% 4-E
loss of #roduction


Figure -!I S#eed of 0ind turbine at bus I66,% case 4% 4-E loss of #roduction

"he synthetic inertia becomes active as soon as the fre'uency dro#s below
the threshold value% which is defined in the dead+band bloc* of the controller!
"he *inetic energy in the rotating #arts of the turbine are e$tracted and
in(ected into the system5 the #ower flow into the networ* is more than 4 #!u
(the #re+event value as long as the s#eed decreases! "he rotor s#eed
recovers about ,6 s after the loss of #roduction and even shows a small
overshoot! "he s#eed overshoot further slows down the voltage recovery!
"he electric #ower #roduction ta*es much longer to recover to its #re+event
value!
"he electrical out#ut #ower% rotational s#eed and #ower system fre'uency are
shown in Figure -!H! From this figure% the different stages in the res#onse can
be recogniFed! During the first stage the active out#ut #ower increases and
the rotor slows down! "he e$tracted #ower is limited to the ma$imum value of
46+4GE! "he rate of decrease of the rotor s#eed becomes less so that less
additional #ower is in(ected into the grid! 3bout 4G seconds after the loss of
ELFORSK

,.

#roduction% the rotor reaches its lowest s#eed! "he subse'uent recovery
re'uires additional energy which results in the earlier observed delay of the
fre'uency recovery!
"he fre'uency recovery #eriod is longer when 0& module is activated and this
is due to active #ower demand by wind turbine to restore its s#eed to the
initial magnitude!

Figure -!H 0ind farm electrical out#ut #ower% rotational s#eed and grid
fre'uency% case 4% 4-E loss of #roduction
-!,!- Case 2 K Loss of three unit

3 second o#erational state (case 2 in Cha#ter G has been used as a #re+
event state followed by the loss of three #roduction units (42E of total
#roduction! "he following three units are tri##ed5
one unit at bus I26, with rated out#ut of -.6 @0
one unit at bus 7672 with rated out#ut of --6 @0
unit 4 at bus 76G4 with rated out#ut of -,6 @0

"he total #ower loss is 4.H6 @0 (42E of total #roduction! "he fre'uency
deviation at bus 76-2 for both cases when synthetic inertia of wind turbines is
active or disabled is shown in Figure -!.!

ELFORSK

76


Figure -!. Fre'uency res#onse at bus 76-2 with and without synthetic inertia
(0&% case 2% 42E loss of #roduction

"he im#act of the synthetic inertia is very similar to case 4 (com#are with
Figure -!7! "he two cases are com#ared in "able -!I! "he fre'uency dro# is
less in case 2 because there is more hydro #ower (e'ui##ed with fre'uency
control #resent! "he recovery time is very similarQ the differences are li*ely
due to the inaccuracy of estimating the time of recover from the #lots!

"able -!I! @inimum fre'uency and time to recovery after 42E loss of
#roduction% with and without synthetic inertia (0&Q two o#erational states!
$perational state Without WI With WI
@inimum
fre'uency
"ime to
recover
@inimum
fre'uency
"ime to
recover
Case 4 7H!7G =F 2- s 7H!IG =F 72 s
Case 2 7H!I6 =F 2I s 7H!.6 =F 76 s

"he #ower flow from one of the 0Fs to the grid is #resented in Figure -!46!
"he #attern is very similar to the one in Figure -!-5 an initial e$tra #ower
in(ection followed by a long #eriod of reduced in(ection of #ower!

ELFORSK

74


Figure -!46 Electric #ower from wind farm at bus I66,% case 2% 42E loss of
#roduction!

"he electric out#ut #ower for one ty#ical hydro #ower unit is shown in Figure
-!44 for both cases when wind turbine is e'ui##ed with and without 0&! "he
#ea* value in the electric #ower out#ut for a hydro #ower unit is higher when
wind turbines have 0& ca#ability! "his means that the demand of #rimary
reserve (/s#inning reserve1 is higher when synthetic inertia is #resent! "he
recovery #ea* to reaccelerate the wind turbines has to be #rovided by the
conventional generators e'ui##ed with fre'uency control!


Figure -!44 Electric #ower for hydro #ower generator at bus G-66% case 2%
42E loss of #roduction!
-!7 O#timal tuning of #arameters in 0ind &nertia module
"he aim of this section is to o#timiFe the #arameters for 0& controller module!
From the bloc* diagram for 0& of 8E ,!- @0 wind turbine it can be observed
ELFORSK

72

that the ad(ustable #arameters are5 dead band% gain and wash+out filter time
constant! &n order to get the best value for each of the #arameters%
simulations with different values of one #arameter have been #erformed while
other #arameters were *e#t constant!
"he criterion for selecting the most o#timiFed value for a #arameter is to
obtain best fre'uency su##ort from both rate of change and dee# value #oint
of view! "he result of the simulation is de#icted in Figure -!42 and -!4,!


Figure -!42 Fre'uency deviation with different 8ain value (the default value
KwiX46


Figure -!4, Fre'uency deviation with different wash+out time constant ("he
default value "wowiXG!Gsec

ELFORSK

7,

"he outcome of simulation with different values for 8ain and 0ash+out time
constant shows that the best results will be obtained from default
recommended values by 8E for 0& control #arameters! =igher values for gain
result in longer fre'uency recovery!

"he tuning of the controller is shown to be a trade+off between the
contribution during the initial seconds after the #roduction loss and the need
for additional #ower resulting in a delayed fre'uency recovery!
ELFORSK

77

I Conclusion
I!4 Findings
&t is shown in this #ro(ect that wind farms with DF&8 machines% according to
the 8E model in PSSE% do not contribute to the total moment of inertia in the
system! &t was *nown earlier that also turbines with full+#ower converter do
not contribute to the system inertia! 3s a result of this% re#lacing conventional
#roduction units with wind farms results in a reduction of the total moment of
inertia and thus in a deterioration of the fre'uency 'uality!
&nstalling wind turbines with synthetic inertia is a way of #reventing this
deterioration! 3 number of studies have been #erformed to study the way in
which synthetic inertia% again according to the 8E model in PSSE% im#acts the
fre'uency e$cursion after the loss of a large #roduction unit! Simulations have
been #erformed of an augmented Nordic+,2 model of the Nordic #ower
system!
"he im#act of synthetic inertia% as a function of the loss of #roduction (in
#ercent of the total #roduction is shown in the table below! &t is clear from
the table that synthetic inertia (0& can su##ort the fre'uency in the first few
seconds after a loss of #roduction!

Loss of production Without WI With WI
@inimum
fre'uency
"ime to
recover
@inimum
fre'uency
"ime to
recover
7!,E 7.!,6 =F 2, s 7.!7G =F ,H s
42E 7H!7G =F 2- s 7H!IG =F 72 s
4-E 7H!2G =F 2- s 7H!GG =F 7, s

3ccordingly% wind farms are able to contribute to the fre'uency stability
during the first few seconds after a loss of #roduction by e$tracting the stored
*inetic energy through synthetic inertia! 3s a result% it is #ossible to increase
the minimum fre'uency and to #revent under+fre'uency load shedding!
=owever the contribution from the synthetic inertia might not be sufficient to
#revent a large fre'uency dro# in a severe loss of #roduction!
"he simulations also showed some disadvantages of the use of synthetic
inertia5 it delays the fre'uency recovery and it #uts higher demand on the
#rimary reserves!
3ccording to o#timal tuning #erformance studies% the default #arameter
values #rovided by the manufacturer are deemed as o#timal #arameters!
=owever the selection of o#timal #arameter might be a trade+off between the
contribution during the initial seconds after the #roduction loss and the need
for additional #ower resulting in a delayed fre'uency recovery!
ELFORSK

7G

I!2 Future wor*
Further wor* is needed in the develo#ment of control algorithms for synthetic
inertia% where the main challenge is to be able to contribute to the inertia
during the first few seconds without delaying the fre'uency recovery
unnecessary and without #utting e$tra re'uirements on the #rimary reserve!
3 fundamental study is needed to find out under which circumstances (e!g!
low consum#tion in combination with high amounts of wind #ower the
activation of synthetic inertia or a similar measure is needed and how often
such circumstances occur! 3 related study is to do find out when and how
often synthetic inertia in all or a selected number of wind turbines is
insufficient!
"he inertia of large #roduction units is rather well *nown% but the inertia of
smaller units and the contribution of the load to the system inertia can at best
be estimated! "o be able to decide about the need for synthetic inertia%
studies are needed to determine the total system inertia including its daily
and seasonal variations!
"he activation of the synthetic inertia is based on the detection of a large
deviation from the normal fre'uency variations! "his can be based on rate+of+
change of fre'uency% e$ceeding of a threshold in terms of absolute value of
the fre'uency or e$ceeding of a threshold in terms of fre'uency deviation
from a sliding average! Each method has its advantages and disadvantages
and a trade+off is needed between non+activation or late activation and
unnecessary or es#ecially non+wanted activation! Such a trade+off re'uires a
ma##ing of the actual fre'uency variations as they occur in the Nordic
system!
"he study #resented in this re#ort only covered fre'uency stability! "he
inertia of the system% including its distribution over the system% also #lays an
im#ortant role with angular stability! "he behaviour of synthetic inertia during
angular oscillations needs to be studied!


ELFORSK

7-

H References
M4N 3ns<*an till )indfors*% On some as#ects of #ower system stability
and grid code re'uirements relevant for large scale wind #ower
integration% S"R& 39 % 2644+67+64
M2N 8uideline for Evaluating the 0ind Energy Research Program /
)indfors*+&&&1% 2642+62+4.
M,N @inutes from meeting with S"R&% Fingrid% )attenfall and
Svens*aKraftn;t at S"R& office in 8othenburg% 2642+6,+24
M7N ENS"O+E 0or*ing Draft% /Re'uirements for 8rid Connection
3##licable to all 8enerators1% 27 >anuary 2642!
MGN Swedish 8rid Codes% /3ff;rsver*et svens*a *raftn;ts
f<rfattningssamling1% SvKFS 266G52% 266G+42+6G
M-N Prabha Kundur% 1Power System Stability and Control1% 4..7
MIN "ony 9urton% Nic* >en*ins% David Shar#e and Ervin 9ossanyi
%10ind Energy =andboo*1% >ohn 0iley and Sons% second edition%
2644
MHN @ath 9ollen% Fainan =assan% 1&ntegration of Distributed 8enration
in the Power System1% 4st edition 0iley% New >ersey% 2644
M.N Peter 0ibY* Christensen% 8eman Caludio "ranows*i% /&nertia for
0ind Power Plants+ State of the art review+Wear 26441
M46N "! KnZ##el% P! "huring% S! Kumar% @!N! Kragelund% R! Nielsen% K!
3ndr[% 1Fre'uency 3ctivated Fast Power Reserve for 0ind Power
Plant Delivered from Stored Kinetic Energy in the 0ind "urbine
&nertia1
M44N @ar*us S#ec*mann% 3ndr[ 9aier% /Provision of Fre'uency Control
by 0ind Farms1 % Fraunhofer &0ES% Kassel% 8ermany
M42N PSSELES% /Program O#eration @anual1% Siemens Energy &nc!% >une
266.
M4,N PSSELES% / Program 3##lication 8uide1% Siemens Energy &nc!%
>une 266.
M47N PSSELES% / @odel Library1% Siemens Energy &nc!% >une 266.
M4GN Siemens% /PSSLE 0ind @odeling Pac*age for 8E 4!GL,!-L2!G @0
0ind "urbines Bser 8uide1% BS3! >une 266.
M4-N 8E Energy% / @odeling of 8E 0ind "urbine+8enerators for 8rid
Studies1% version 7!,% 266.+67+6H
ELFORSK

7I

M4IN Nayeem Rahmat Bllah% "orb(<rn "hiringer% /Primary Fre'uency
Control Su##ort from )ariable 0ind "urbines1%
M4HN Cigr[ Nordic ,2+bus test system
M4.N #ff%rsveket svenska kraftn%ts frfattningssamling& 'v(F' )**+,+&
den )- decem.er )**+
M26N Fre/uency response& National 0rid Workgroup 1onsultation& +-
'eptem.er )*+)& http,223334nationalgrid4com
M24N Uue Wingcheng% "ai Nengling% System fre'uency regulation
investigation in doubly fed induction generator (DF&8% 0SE3S
"ransactions on Power Systems% )ol!I% No!4 (>anuary 2642%
##!4H+2-
M22N 3ntony >ohnson% Simulated &nertia% National 8rid% 8rid Code
Fre'uency Res#onse 0or*ing 8rou#% 46 Se#tember 2646%
http,223334nationalgrid4com
M2,N B4 Fo5 et al4& Wind po3er integration 6 connection and system
operational aspects& 7he Institution of 8ngineering and
7echnology& London& 9(& )**:&
ELFORSK

7H

3##endi$ 35 8E ,!- @0 0ind "urbine
Parameter )alues
"he values in the tables are the 8E recommended magnitudes!
3!4 8E0"3 K8E 0ind "urbine 3erodynamics

"able 3!4 Constant #arameters in 8E aerodynamic module
1$Ns "alue ;escription
> 26 z
mux
% @a$imum ti# s#eed ratio from C#+ curve
>\4 6 z
mn
% @inimum ti# s#eed ratio from C#+ curve
>\2 2I PIICE
mux
% B##er limit of #itch angle
>\, +7 PIICE
mn
% Lower limit of #itch angle
>\7 6
"
a
% "ime constant of the conversion
smoothening
>\G 4!22G % 3ir density% *gLm
,

>\- G2 Radius% "urbine rotor blade radius% m
>\I .7 8ear9o$Ratio% 8ear bo$ ratio
>\H 4G66 SPEE
snchonous
% Synchronous s#eed% r#m
3!2 8E0"E4 K 8E 0ind "urbine Electrical Control

"able 3!2 Constant #arameters for 8E electrical control module
1$Ns "alue ;escription
> 6!4G I
]
% Filter time constant in voltage regulator% s
>\4 4H K
Pv
% Pro#ortional gain in voltage regulator% #!u
>\2 G K
Iv
% &ntegrator gain in voltage regulator% #!u
>\, 6 R
c
% Line dro# com#ensation resistance% #!u
>\7 6 X
c
% Line dro# com#ensation reactance% #!u
>\G 7 I
PP
% Filter time constant in tor'ue regulator% s
>\- 6!G K
pp
% Pro#ortional gain in tor'ue regulator% #!u
>\I 6!6G K
Ip
% &ntegrator gain in tor'ue regulator% #!u
>\H 4!42 P
MX
% @a$! active #ower in tor'ue regulator% #!u
>\. 6!67 P
MN
% @in! active #ower in tor'ue regulator% #!u
>\46 6!G2

MX
% @a$! reactive #ower limit in voltage
regulator% #!u
>\44 +6!,HG

MN
% @in! reactive #ower limit in voltage
regulator% #!u
>\42 4!4 IP
MAX
% @a$imum active current limit% #!u
>\4, 6!62 I
Rv
% )oltage sensor time constant% s
>\47 6!7G RP
MX
% @a$! #ower order derivative% #!u
ELFORSK

7.

>\4G +6!7G RP
MN
% @in! #ower order derivative% #!u
>\4- G I
powc
% )oltage sensor time constant% s
>\4I 6!G K
I
% )olt+to+@)3r gain% #!u
>\4H 6!. I
MINCL
% @in! voltage limit% #!u
>\4. 4!4 I
MAXCL
% @a$! voltage limit% #!u
>\26 76 K
vI
% )olt+to+)
term
gain% #!u
>\24 6!G XI
MIN
% @in! voltage command limit% #!u
>\22 4!GG XI
MAX
% @a$! voltage command limit% #!u
>\2, 6!6G I
v
% Lag in 0indCON"ROL module% s
>\27 6!6G
I
P
% PELEC filter in #ower factor angle control
module% s
>\2G 4 F
n
% Fraction of on+line wind turbines
>\2- 6!4G I
u
% 0NDSP, filter time constant% s
>\2I 6!.-
U+a$is value of Point 3 in Fre'uency res#onse
curve% #!u
>\2H 6!..-
U+a$is value of Point 9 in Fre'uency res#onse
curve% #!u
>\2. 4!667
U+a$is value of Point C in Fre'uency res#onse
curve% #!u
>\,6 4!67
U+a$is value of Point D in Fre'uency res#onse
curve% #!u
>\,4 4
W+a$is value of Point 3 in Fre'uency res#onse
curve% #!u
>\,2 6!.G
W+a$is value of Point 9 in Fre'uency res#onse
curve% #!u
>\,, 6!.G
W+a$is value of Point C in Fre'uency res#onse
curve% #!u
>\,7 6!7
W+a$is value of Point D in Fre'uency res#onse
curve% #!u
>\,G 4 PFR
ma$
% @a$! 0NDSP,% #!u
>\,- 6!2 PFR
min
% @in! 0NDSP,% #!u
>\,I 4 I
w
% Power command rate limit time constant% s
>\,H 6!2G
I
LvPL
% Low voltage #ower logic sensor time
constant% s
>\,. +4
I
LvPL
% Low voltage #ower logic voltage
brea*#oint% #!u
>\76 44 SPD04% &nitial arbitrary wind s#eed% mLs
>\74 2G SPD0@U% @a$! wind s#eed% mLs
>\72 , SPD0@N% @in! wind s#eed% mLs
>\7, +6!.
SPD]LO0% Low rotor s#eed to tri# wind turbine%
mLs
>\77 H 0""=RES% =igh wind tri# threshold% mLs
>\7G 6!2G E9S"% 9rea*ing resistor energy threshold% #!u
>\7- 46 KD9R% 9rea*ing resistor controller gain% #!u
>\7I 4
Pdbr]@3U% 9rea*ing resistor #ower error @a$!
Limit% #!u
>\7H 4!I &ma$"D% Converter current thermal limit% #!u
>\7. 4!4 &#hl% =ard active current limit% #!u
>\G6 4!2G &'hl% =ard reactive current limit% #!u
ELFORSK

G6

>\G4 G I
Ipqd
% Reactive droo# time constant% s
>\G2 6 K
'd
% Reactive droo# gain% #!u
>\G, 6 U
'd
% Reactive droo# synthesiFing reactance% #!u
>\G7 46 K
wi
% 0ind&nertia gain% #!u
>\GG 6!662G Db
wi
% 0ind&nertia fre'uency deadband% #!u
>\G- 4 "
&#wi
% 0ind&nertia filter time constant% s
>\GI G!G "
wowi
% 0ind&nertia washout time constant% s
>\GH 6!4
Brlwi% 0ind&nertia u#ward ram# rate limit%
#!u(P93SELs
>\G. +4
Drlwi% 0ind&nertia u#ward ram# rate limit%
#!u(P93SELs
>\-6 6!4
P
m$wi
% 0ind&nertia @a$! additional active #ower%
s
>\-4 6
P
mnwi
% 0ind&nertia @in! additional active #ower%
s
3!, 8E0"84 + 8E 0ind "urbine 8eneratorLConverter

"able 3!, Constant #arameters for 8E 8eneratorLConverter module
1$Ns "alue ;escription
> ,!- Prate (P93SE% Rated #ower of original unit% @0
>\4 6!H
Ue'% E'uivalent reactance for current in(ection%
#!u
>\2 6!G
)L)PL4% Low voltage #ower logic lower
threshold% #!u
>\, 6!.
)L)PL2% Low voltage #ower logic u##er
threshold% #!u
>\7 4!4
8L)PL2% Low voltage #ower logic gain
corres#onding to )L)PL2 in the gra#h
>\G 4!2
)=)RCR2% =igh voltage reactive current logic
(=)RCR higher voltage limit% #!u
>\- 2
CBR=)RCR2% @a$! reactive current limit at
)=)RCR2% #!u
>\I 6!7
)L)3CR4% Low voltage active current regulation
(L)3CR logic current limit% #!u
>\H 6!H
)L)3CR2% Low voltage active current regulation
logic voltage threshold% #!u
>\. G
Ri#]L)PL% Rate of L)3CR active current change%
#!u (on active current baseLs
>\46 6!62 "
L)PL
% )oltage sensor for L)3CR time constant% s





ELFORSK

G4

3!7 8E0"P + 8E Pitch Control

"able 3!7 Constant values in 8E aerodynamic module
1$Ns "alue ;escription
> 6!, "
P
% "ime constant of out#ut lag% s
>\4 4G6 K
##
% Pro#ortional gain of s#eed P& regulator% #!u
>\2 2G K
i#
% &ntegrator gain of s#eed P& regulator% #!u
>\, ,
K
#c
% Pro#ortional gain of current P& regulator%
#!u
>\7 ,6 K
ic
% &ntegrator gain of current P& regulator% #!u
>\G +7 0
mn
% Lower #itch angle limit% degrees
>\- 2I 0
mux
% B##er #itch angle limit% degrees
>\I +46 R0
mn
% Lower #itch angle rate limit% degreesLs
>\H 46 R0
mux
% B##er #itch angle limit% degreesLs
>\. 4 Pref% Power reference% #!u


3!G 8E0"" + 8E "wo @ass Shaft

"able 3!G Constant #arameters for 8E shaft module
1$Ns "alue ;escription
> G!I7 =% "otal inertia of the drive train% @0+sL@)3
>\4 6
D3@P% @achine dam#ing factor% #!u (on
P93SEL #!u (on S#eed
base

>\2 4 =tfrac% "urbine &nertia fraction
>\, 6
Fre'4% first shaft torsional resonant fre'uency%
=F
>\7 2!, D
shaft
% Shaft dam#ing factor




ELFORSK

G2




ELFORSK

G,