Microprocessors HC v2

Horia Cucu
Speech & Dialogue Research Laboratory

Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Information Technology
University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest
Introduction to Microprocessors
Historical Background
Microprocessors Evolution Tree
Typical Applications
Educational Need
Administrative Issues
06.03.2014 2 Microprocessors Architecture
Historical Background
1947: Invention of the transistor
1959: Invention of the integrated circuit (IC)
1965: Birth of Moore's Law
1971: Development of the first microprocessor
1976: Introduction of the first microcontroller
Microprocessors and
Microcontrollers
is a CPU-on-a-chip
is a computer-on-a-chip
Microprocessors Evolution Tree
others
Itanium
RISC
Pentium
80486
80386
80286
8086
8085
8080
8008
4004
8048
8051
DSPs
Comm processors
others
others
General Purpose
Microprocessors
Microcontrollers
Special Purpose
Microprocessors
PIC
AVR
General purpose microprocessors: used to create computers
PCs, Laptops, Workstations
Servers, Super-computers (32-bit/64-bit powerful computers)
Special purpose microprocessors
Digital Signal Processing (DSP) processors
Multimedia applications
Communication processors
Networking equipment (switches, routers, etc.)
Microcontrollers: used to implement embedded systems
consumer electronics (toys, cameras, robots)
consumer products (washing machines, microwave ovens, etc.)
instrumentation (oscilloscopes, medical equipment)
process control (data acquisition and control)
communication (telephone sets, answering machine, etc.)
office appliances (fax machines, printers, etc.)
multimedia (smart-phones, PDAs, tablets, teleconferencing
equipment)
automotive industry (onboard computers)
The Educational Need - a Big Question
others
Itanium
RISC
Pentium
80486
80386
80286
8086
8085
8080
8008
4004
8048
8051
DSPs
Comm processors
others
others
General Purpose
Microprocessors
Microcontrollers
Special Purpose
Microprocessors
AVR
PIC
Microprocessors Course Outline
1. The Structure of a Microcomputer. Definitions
2. Overview of a CISC, General Purpose Microprocessor Core
3. Fundamentals of a Typical CISC Architecture
4. Fundamentals of a Typical RISC Architecture
5. Input/Output Strategies
6. Timing for a General Purpose Microprocessor Architecture
Administrative Issues
Laboratory
Objective: highlight the architectural attributes for the x86
Microprocessors
Sessions: 5 teaching labs + one evaluation session
Bibliography
C. Burileanu, Microprocesoarele x86 o abordare software, Grupul
pentru microinformatic, Cluj-Napoca, 1999
Communication through the Moodle framework (Arhitectura
Microprocesoarelor - C. Burileanu, Password: Microprocesor)
Lecture slides (contain only a brief summary)
Laboratory documentation
Evaluation results
Evaluation
Evaluare

Evaluarea activitii pe parcurs (pentru care studentul primete o not: N
laborator
)
este compus din 2 teste obligatorii i o evaluare final opional.
o Nici-o component a evalurii activitii pe parcurs nu se reface.
o Notarea:
Cele 2 teste n timpul edinelor de laborator sunt evaluate cu
note (0 10).
dac media celor 2 note < 5: studentul va reface complet aceast
disciplin n anul urmtor.
dac media celor 2 note >= 5: studentul poate opta pentru:
prezentarea la evaluarea final; n acest caz: N
laborator
= 5 10;
prezentarea direct la examen; n acest caz: N
laborator
= 5.

Examen final n sesiunea de var:
o Examen oral.
o Studentul primete o not: N
examen
= 0 10.
o Se poate reface n septembrie.

Media final: M = (N
laborator
+ N
examen
) / 2
calculat prin trunchiere pentru 4 =< M < 5 i prin rotunjire pentru celelalte
valori.
Evaluation
Definitions
Block Diagram of a Microcomputer
A microcomputer is a general purpose device that can be programmed
to carry out a set of arithmetic and/or logical operations.
Functional Components
CPU: the hardware block which processes data and
controls the system
Memory: the hardware block which stores data in a
sequence of memory locations
I/Odevices: hardware blocks that form the interface
between the microcomputer and the external world
Busses: the connections between the above blocks
The von Neumann Principles
Both data and instructions are stored in the memory
The contents of the memory is accessed by location
The microprocessor is the CPU of the microcomputer; its role is
to process data and control the system
The instructions are fetched from the memory and executed
sequentially by the CPU
I/O ports are used to communicate with other devices
The three hardware blocks are interconnected by the system bus
The Memory Basic Principles
Memory sequence of memory locations used to store info
Each memory location:
stores an 8-bit number, a byte of data
is identified by a unique number, called address
The memory is accessed an organized by the CPU only
The CPU can choose to create logical subdivisions within the
memory (called pages or segments)
The memory map all memory locations that can be
addressed by the CPU (not necessarily implemented)
The Memory A Closer Look
The Memory A Closer Look
The size of the memory is directly linked with the address
size through the following equation:
Example 1:
using an address of 2 bits, one can form 4 different addresses:
00, 01, 10, and 11, for up to 4 different memory locations
consequently, a memory with an address of 2 bits will
comprise 4 memory locations (4 bytes).
Example 2:
using a 20-bit address, one can form 2
20
different addresses,
corresponding to 2
20
different memory locations
consequently, a memory with a 20-bit address will comprise
2
20
memory locations (1 MB).
] [
2
bits e addressSiz
memorySize
The Memory Contents Significance
This could be a 16-bit result
This could be an instruction
These could be the first two elements in
an array of 8-bit numbers
The significance of the information is given by the programmer.
The memory doesnt know the significance of the information it stores!
Input/Output Devices
I/O Devices hardware blocks that form the interface
between the microcomputer and the external world
I/O Devices can be regarded as a set of I/O Ports
Each I/O port can be used to:
send an 8-bit/16-bit/32-bit number to an external device
receive an 8-bit/16-bit/32-bit number from an external device
is identified by a unique number, called port address
The ports map all ports that can be addressed by the CPU
(not necessarily implemented)
The System Bus
Bus set of physical connections that link several hardware
blocks; these connections are used for information transfer
The CPU, Memory and I/O Devices are connected through
a unique System Bus with three components:
A bidirectional Data Bus
Transfers data (operands, results, etc.) and instructions
An unidirectional Address Bus
Through this bus the CPU sends addresses to the Memory and
I/O Devices
A bidirectional Control Bus
Transfers command and control signals from/to the CPU
The Software Component
The microcomputer is executing instructions organized in
computer programs, namely the software
Two main categories:
The Operating System: set of programs which facilitate the
users access to the systems resources
User Software: set of programs specifically created by the user
to achieve a certain task
Summary
The CPU: executes instructions (processes data) and controls the system
The Memory: stores both the data and the instructions
The I/O Devices: interconnect the microcomputer with the outside world
Information Representation in Computer Systems
Information Representation in
Computer Systems
Information is stored using electronic circuits, called flip-
flops (or bistables), that have two stable states: on/off
The state of a bistable can be used to represent a bit (i.e.
binary digit: 0, 1) or a boolean value (true, false)
Data types with more than two possible values are stored
using sequences of bits:
Byte (B) a sequence of 8 bits: can store max 2
8
(256) values
Word (w) a sequence of 16 bits: can store max 2
16
values
Double word (dw) 32 bits: can store max 2
32
values
Numbers representation
Unsigned (positive) integer numbers
Natural binary representation
Signed integer numbers
Sign & magnitude representation
1s complement representation
2s complement representation
Signed real numbers
Fixed point representation
Floating point representation
Integer numbers representation
Decimal
value
Sign and magnitude 1s complement 2s complement
5 natural binary: 00000101 natural binary: 00000101 natural binary: 00000101
-5
natural binary: 00000101
flip the sign bit: 10000101
flip all bits: 11111010
add 1: 11111011
12 natural binary: 00001100 natural binary: 00001100 natural binary: 00001100
-12
flip the sign bit: 10001100
add 1: 11110100
Real numbers representation
Fixed point representation
A fixed sequence of bits is used to represent decimal part
Twos complement representation
A fixed sequence of bits is used to represent the fractional part
Floating point representation
A fixed sequence of bits is used to represent the mantissa
Twos complement representation
A fixed sequence of bits is used to represent the exponent
Example: real number = mantissa 2
exponent
Characters representation
Coding
conventions:
ASCII
UTF-8
UTF-16
Unicode
Instructions are represented using sequences of bytes;
Some processors have fixed-size instructions
8086 has variable-size instructions (1-6 bytes)
The instruction codes
are formed of several fields:
one instruction type field
none, one or several data fields
none, one or several address fields
are associated with mnemonics (to be used in programming)
Example: add AX, 8017h <=> 051780h
Programs representation
The binary, decimal
and hexadecimal bases
Any sequence of bits can also be represented as:
a decimal number (number in base 10)
can be written as a sequence of decimal digits (0, 1, , 9)
a hexadecimal number (number in base 16)
can be written as a sequence of hexadecimal digits (0, 1, , 9, A,
B, C, D, E and F)
Hexadecimal numbers representation conventions:
the h suffix: 1A44h
the 0x prefix: 0x1A44
Conversion algorithms
binary
decimal
hexa
Von Neumann Architecture Reminder and Example
Block Diagram of a Microcomputer
The CPU: executes instructions (processes data) and controls the system
The Memory: stores both the data and the instructions
The I/O Devices: interconnect the microcomputer with the outside world
Instruction Execution Example
The CPU is reset and starts executing instructions from a
predefined address in the memory (100h)
Reset
Execute
instructions from
address 100h
The CPU sends the address of this first instruction (100h)
through the Address Bus
The CPU sends a MEM-READ signal through the Control Bus
100h
MEM-READ
The Memory receives the MEM-READ signal and reads the
address from the Address Bus
100h
MEM-READ
The Memory finds the instruction (instruction #1) in the
memory location(s) with the corresponding address (100h)
The Memory sends the instruction through the Data Bus and
sends an ACK signal through the Control Bus
instruction #1
ACK
The CPU receives the ACK signal and reads the instruction
from the Data Bus
instruction #1
ACK
The CPU decodes the instruction to "understand" what it has
to do next
Let's suppose that it has to add the value 50h to the value
stored in the memory location with the address 2000h
Decode
instruction
The CPU sends the address (2000h) on the Address Bus and
sends a MEM-READ signal through the Control Bus
2000h
MEM-READ
The Memory receives the MEM-READ signal and reads the
address from the Address Bus
2000h
MEM-READ
The Memory finds the data (85h) in the memory location
with the corresponding address (2000h)
The Memory sends the data (85h) through the Data Bus and
sends an ACK signal through the Control Bus
85h
ACK
The CPU receives the ACK signal and reads the data from the
Data Bus
85h
ACK
The CPU temporarily stores the data in a register
The CPU adds the value 50h to the register (the result will be
D5h)
The CPU sends
the result (D5h) through the Data Bus,
the address (2000h) through the Address Bus and
a MEM-WRITE signal through the Control Bus
2000h
MEM-WRITE
D5h
The Memory
receives the MEM-WRITE signal,
reads the address (2000h) from the Address Bus,
reads the result (D5h) from the Data Bus and
stores the result into the corresponding memory location
2000h
MEM-WRITE
D5h
The CPU continues by executing the next instruction
The set of general purpose registers
CPU Registers
Register a small amount of storage inside the CPU
Implemented as a set of N synchronized bistables
Stores N bits of data
Highest access speed among all storage options
Several types of registers:
General vs. special purpose (dedicated) registers
Physical vs. logical registers
User-accessible vs. non user-accessible registers
General Purpose Registers
General purpose registers (GPRs)
Set of equally-sized registers used to store temporary data
(operands/results) needed in the execution of the program
User-accessible (architectural attributes)
Implemented as physical or logical registers
The size of the GPRs performance criterion
Equal to the size of the Internal Data Bus
The number of GPRs performance criterion
A larger number of GPRs => faster, more compact programs,
ease of programming,
General Purpose Registers
MUX (multiplexer) outputs one of the data inputs
(depending on the address inputs)
Internal Data Bus extension of the External Data Bus
inside the CPU
Special Purpose Registers
Special purpose registers
Dedicated registers that can be used only for specific purposes
Size depends on the particular role of the register
Some are user-accessible (architectural attributes), some not
Examples:
Data register (DR) and Address register (AR)
Accumulator (A)
Status (Flags) register (F)
Instruction Pointer (IP)
Stack Pointer (SP)
The interface between the CPU and the System Bus
The Data Register
and the Address Register
DR (data register): the CPU DataBus interface
The data in DR are available to all the hardware blocks
connected on the Data Bus
The size of DR is the size of the Data Bus
DR is not an architectural attribute
The Data Register
and the Address Register
AR (address register): the CPU AddressBus interface
The address in AR is available to all the hardware blocks
connected on the Address Bus; only the CPU writes in AR
The size of AR is the size of the Address Bus
AR is not an architectural attribute

Microprocessors HC v2

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Microprocessors HC v2

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Horia Cucu

Speech & Dialogue Research Laboratory

You might also like