Fibres are threads used to make textiles and can be natural or man-made. Natural fibres include plant fibres like cotton, flax, and hemp as well as animal fibres like wool and silk. Man-made fibres can be either synthetic like polyester, polyamide, acrylic, and elastane or made from natural polymers like viscose, acetate, and proteins. Key fibre properties include length, fineness, strength, elasticity, and resistance to forces, heat, chemicals, and degradation. Cotton is the most widely used natural fibre, coming from cotton plants. It is inexpensive, versatile, and well-suited for skin contact but lacks elasticity and strength. Wool is obtained
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Fibres are threads used to make textiles and can be natural or man-made. Natural fibres include plant fibres like cotton, flax, and hemp as well as animal fibres like wool and silk. Man-made fibres can be either synthetic like polyester, polyamide, acrylic, and elastane or made from natural polymers like viscose, acetate, and proteins. Key fibre properties include length, fineness, strength, elasticity, and resistance to forces, heat, chemicals, and degradation. Cotton is the most widely used natural fibre, coming from cotton plants. It is inexpensive, versatile, and well-suited for skin contact but lacks elasticity and strength. Wool is obtained
Fibres are threads used to make textiles and can be natural or man-made. Natural fibres include plant fibres like cotton, flax, and hemp as well as animal fibres like wool and silk. Man-made fibres can be either synthetic like polyester, polyamide, acrylic, and elastane or made from natural polymers like viscose, acetate, and proteins. Key fibre properties include length, fineness, strength, elasticity, and resistance to forces, heat, chemicals, and degradation. Cotton is the most widely used natural fibre, coming from cotton plants. It is inexpensive, versatile, and well-suited for skin contact but lacks elasticity and strength. Wool is obtained
Fibres are the mess of threads, used to make clothes. Textile raw materials can be devided into two main groups, natural and man-made fibres. Natural fibres: All the natural fibres used in industry are organic by origin, with the exception of asbestos, the only inorganic natural fibre to be used in the textile industry. Organic natural fibres can be either plant (cellulose) or animal (protein). Among plant fibres the most widely used are seed fibres (cotton and kapok). Bast fibres are flax and hemp. They are also called long vegetable fibres. The main member of the hard fibre is raffia. Hard fibres are coarse fibres from the leaves of some plants. Fruit fibres are also coarse fibres used for restricted purposes. The example is coconut. Animal or protein fibres are wool or other animal hair and silk. Organic man-made fibres: They can be also organic or inorganic. Organic man-made fibres can be manufactured from natural or synthetic polymers. Natural polymers used in manufacturing man-made fibres can be of: 1. plant origin (viscose, acetate) 2. made from latex 3. proteins 4. can be animal origin Synthetic polymers are organic by nature and can roughly be devided into the groups: 1. Polyester fibres 2. Polyamide fibres 3. Acrylic fibres 4. Elastane fibres
II. FIBRE PROPERTIES
Key properties: 1. Length 2. Fineness 3. Breaking strength 4. Elasticity 5. Resistance to the impact of various forces 6. Density 7. Hygroscopicity 8. Thermal, electric and chemical properties 9. Resistance to the various biological influences Most important properties: 1. Fibre fineness 2. Maximum breaking strength (dry and wet) 3. Elongation 4. Hydrophilicity 5. Dyeability 6. Resistance to wear and fatigue (especially for technical textiles) 7. Resistance to high temperature 8. Light fastness 9. Resistance to weathering 10. Resistance to various chemicals 11. Fibre density 12. Creasing behaviour 13. Pilling behaviour 14. Durability 15. Lustre Degradation is a negative change in fibre properties, where fibre quality is reduced due to chemical or some other outer influence. Fibres can be degraded in: 1. processing 2. finishing or use 3. throughthe activity of acids, alkalis, oxidants or other chemicals 4. high temperature 5. UV light, 6. micro-organismsor insects
Fibre properties inherent to fibres are curlyness, dullness and hydrophilicity. Fibres can be straight or curly. Wool and other protein fibres are inherently curly, while cotton is twisted. Man-made fibres are generally straight , although curliness in them can be achieved in the process of texturing. Curly fibres are easier to spin, the yarn made from them is bulkier and the fabrics warmer. The lustre or dullness of the fabric surface depends generaly upon the surface structure of the fibres used. Hydrophilicity is the ability of a fibre to absorb and transport moisture. Some fibre properties are inherent to particular fibres, while some are artificially obtained through various processes, whether in fibre manugacture, in spinning or in finishing fabrics or garments. Fibres can be analysed quantitatively and qualitatively. Quantitative methods include flammability tests, swelling ability tests, microscopy, microchemical reactions, defininf meltingpoint, defining variousphysical properties. Qualitative methods can be microscopic or microchemical and are used to define the content of a fibreblend, as well as the raw material content of textiles.
III. COTTON Cotton fibre is a seed cellulose fibre, obtained from a wide range of some 39 different sorts of the Gossypium plant. Only four of them are used in the produstion of usable fibres: 1. Gossypium barbadense 2. Gossypium hirsutum 3. Gossypium herbaceum 4. Gossypium arboreum Gossypium hirsutum sort counts for more than 90% of the global production of global fibres. It is resistant to detrimental influences and yields crops of medium quality. The biggest producers of cotton are USA and China. American cottons are mostly used because they are longer, stronger and of higher quality than Upland cotton. Others are i some countries of the former Soviet Union, India, Iran, Pakistan, Syria, Turkey, Argentina, Brazil, Columbia, Paraguay, Peru, Egypt, Mexico, the Sudan, Zimbabwe, Greece, Spain and Australia. The cotton plant needs at least 200 warm and sunny days a year, with abundant moisture, and is most often grown in the valley of big rivers, where irrigation is cheep (the Nile, the Mississippi). The plant grows between 1 and 2 meters tall. It has about 20 white flowers. When the petals drop off, a boll of walnut size remains, containing seeds and fibres growing from them . When it is ripe, it opens up to the size of a billiard ball, revealing 20-40 seeds, with up to 20.000 fibres per boll.The prime advantageof cotton is that its fibre is almost immediately ready for processing. Ginning is the process of separating fibres from seed and impurities. That is the only preparatory process. Longer fibres are first separated and pressed in bales. Than they are transported to spinning mills. Content of cotton fibre: It contains from 88% to 96% cellulose- Description: Cotton fibre is a very fine and even, unicellular fibre with a pronounced twist as a result of fibre drying after its stops growing. They are 10-65 mm long and they belong to the group of the fine fibres. Colour: The fibres are light yellowish and are not especially lustrous. Resistance: Cotton is not resistant to acid, but it is moth-resistant. Strength: Strength is medium, the elasticity is low, so thats why its characteristic is to crease. Cotton is highly versatile. Because of such great supply in the market, it is relatively cheap. Its properties make it the best raw material to be used directly on human skin. Purpose: Great number of purposes and cant be compered to any other fibres. Types of cotton fabrics: denim and corduroy Blends: Cotton is used in various blends with man-made fibres, in order to improve its properties. It is still the most widely used textile fibre (constituting 43% of all the fibres used). Weakness: elasticity and strength. IV. WOOL Wool is a natural protein (animal) fibre, obtained from various breeds od sheep, goats and some other animals. History: People started using wool in prehistoric times, when sheep were first tamed in what is today northern Iraq in the ninth millennium BC, and in some other parts of the Middle East two thousand years later. Sheep were bred for wool by the Sumerians , and the export of wool from Babylon was regulated by Hamurabi. Wool was used in ancient Egypt, Greece and Rome, as well sa in Europe in the Middle Ages. In 1788. the first 29 merino sheep were transported from Spain to Australia and from them more than 200 million sheep were bred in two centuries. Australia supplies more than half of the worlds wool today. Shearing: Wool is a hair covering of sheep, growing as fleece. Once a year, and twice in extremely warm climates, sheeps are sheared, by hand or power clippers. As the fibres from various parts of the body of an individual sheepare not of the same quality, wool is separated and sorted. Wool obtained by shearing is also called fleece wool or virgin wool. Lambs wool is the wool obtained from a sheep younger than a year, from the first or second shearing. The machine for scouring wool is called a leviathan. Plant impurities present in wool are removed by carding and combing, and also by carbonising, a process where wool is exposed to diluted sulphuric acid to carbonise plant remains and keep the fibres undamaged. Apart from shearing wool can be obtained by pulling. Wool thus obtained is called dead wool. Wool is sorted on the basis of the following: 1. Age and gender of the sheep 2. Fibre fineness 3. Manner and degree of scouring 4. Manner of obtaining 5. Part of the fleece 6. Plant impurities 7. Usability 8. Errors 9. Sales Sensitivity: Structurally, wool is quite a heterogeneous and complex material, highly sensitive to chemicals, water and heat. Surface: Wool fibres have a scaly surface. The cellular part is situated below the scales, while some coarser fibres can have a medulla, too. Wool fibres are 5 to 35 cm long, with coarser breeds exceeding 20 cm. Curliness: Curliness also depends upon the breed. Merino wool is curly to a high degree, while coarse wools have fewer curls. Wool fabrics are warm due to fibre curliness, since the curls retain air as an excelent insulator. Colour: Wool fibres are yellowish to white in colour, but some wools are also black or brown. Of all the fibres wool has the lowest strength, and the strength is further reduced in wet state. However, since wool yarns are generally rather thick, wool is not considered a weak material. Resisrance: Wool fabrics are crease-resistant, but are prone to permanent deformation under repeated strain and longer wear. Wool is highly sensitive to alkalisand much more resistantto acids. It is also resistant to organic solvents and can be dry-cleaned. Felting: Wool is also prone to felting- unrecoverable length-wise and width-wise shrinkage with fabric thickening. Felting is characteristic of all types of hairs in washing. Wool is damaged at temperatures above 50C. Wool is used in the manufacture of warm clothes, but is also processed into various woven and knitten fabrics, and non-woven textiles. Carded woollen yarns are manufactured from coarser wools and are processed into bulky, hairy and soft fabrics for coats and costumes, thick pullovers, blankets, carpets and rugs. Combed yarn is manufactured from finer and curly fibres; yarns are usually compact and smooth and constitute thin and strong fabrics used for suits and similar articles of clothing.