Acknowledgement

For the successful completion of the project, we would like to thank first of all my
social science teacher [teachers name] who introduced me to this project and
incepted me with the idea of how to proceed with the project. This project definitely
would have not been a successful project without his assistance and vigilance. There
are many other people whom we would like to thank. First of all we would like to
thank our parents for helping us in the project with their own ideas and
suggestions.we would like to then thank [dr.deepander singh rathore], a doctor
friend of ours who helped us in the project providing details about various things.
Again, we would like to thank the above mentioned people. Without them, this
project could not have been the way it is.
Contents
Make the table of contents according to the chapters and page number.
Foreword
We know what the value of our life is. But, there are situations in which it falls in
danger and sometimes, without appropriate steps that need to be taken, lives are
lost. A drop of water is more valuable to a man who is thirsty, nearing to death than
a tumbler full of water when he is dead. Yes, in most of the cases of injury, if first aid
is provided successfully, the dangers to life are reduced to less than 60%. However,
in most of the cases in which the injured is serious, lack of first aid leads the injured
to his last breath.. Readers may find guidelines, which contain steps that need to be
taken to give first aid for fractures, poisoning, cuts, burns and a lot of other cases in
which first aid can prove to be the life saving action.
What is First Aid?
First Aid is a set of measures which need to be taken in order to prevent any further
harm being done to the body of an injured person in case of an accidental injury.
First aid has three main objectives
1. To preserve life of the injured Definitely, the main objective of providing first aid
to the injured is that life of the injured can be saved. The life of the injured must not
be lost just because no one was there to provide first aid this is the main objective
of first aid.

2. To prevent deterioration of the condition The first aider needs to make sure that
the condition of the injured does not deteriorate otherwise the first objective might
fail.

3. To promote recovery of the injured If the first and the second objectives are
successfully met, then the first aid provider must try to take the injured to the doctor
in case of availability. Otherwise, he / she must try his best to do what he / she can
do in order to support recovery of the injured.
Essence of a First Aid Kit
To provide the needy with first aid properly, one needs to have a good first aid kit
which contains the essential things which might be needed while providing first aid
to the injured. A good first aid kit must contain the following things in side it
Adhesive tape
Crepe bandage
Cotton
Wool
Sterile Dressing
Soap
Gloves
Scissors
Thermometer
Pain Killer
Antacid
Mineral Water (to be renewed regularly)
Triangular Bandage
ORS Packets
Antiseptic Liquid Disinfectant like Dettol or Savalon A first aid kit can be made in
any kind of box.
One can use a shoe box to make a first aid kit too. However, it is to be kept in mind
that the first aid box must be clean.
First Aid for Different Injuries and
Circumstances
In this column, one can find first aid measures for different types of injuries and
circumstances. One of the very important steps is calling for the emergency help or
calling for the ambulance in all the cases. It has not been included one by one in all
the cases or injuries.
First Aid for Fractures
In case of fractures or broken bone, one should do the following as the steps of
providing first aid
1. Stop any bleeding In case there is any bleeding nearby the fractured area, the
first aid provider must try to stop it by applying pressure on the wound with clean,
sterile bandage or a clean cloth like a clean handkerchief.

2. Immobilize the fractured part The fractured area must not be moved or tried to
be realigned or pushed. Until and unless the first aid provider is an expert or a
professional, the fractured part must not be manually tried to be adjusted. If the
provider is an expert and knows how to fit a splint, a splint must be tried to be fitted.

3. Apply ice A mass of ice must be applied to the fractured area in order to limit the
swelling and help the injured person to get a bit of relieve until the arrival of
emergency help. The ice must not be applied directly, but must be wrapped in a towel
or any other piece of cloth and then must be applied.

4. Treating for shock If the person is getting unconscious or is fainting, then the
person must be treated with mouth to mouth breaths, and must be tried to lay down
with the legs, slightly raised.

5. Padding or Support The wound can also be supported with padding so as to
relax the injured.
First Aid for Poisoning
In case of poisoning, the following first aid measures can be taken
1. Fresh air If the person has inhaled the poison, then he must be allowed to intake
fresh air immediately, as soon as possible.

2. Removal from the mouth In case the victim has swallowed the poison, anything
which remains in his mouth, must be removed immediately.

3. Dilution In case of intake of poison through mouth, the person must be made to
drink water or milk in order to dilute the poison.

4. Requesting directions from control centre If the poison is a household cleaner or
some other chemical then one should try to call up the control centre through the
phone number supplied on the back of the container and directions must be
requested.

5. CPR If the person suffers from breathing problems, then he must be aided with
CPR. CPR or Cardiopulmonary resuscitation is a process which is attempted in an
effort to bring someone who is showing no signs of circulation, back to life. This can
involve chest compressions at 100 compressions or more per minute and artificial
(mouth to mouth) respiration.

6. Cleaning If the poison has spilled off on the cloth, skin or eyes of the person,
then the persons cloth, skin or eye must be cleaned with regular showers of
lukewarm water for about 20 minutes.
First Aid for Cuts
The following steps must be undertaken in case of a cut

1. Stopping the bleeding In case of a cut, if the bleeding of the wound does not stop
itself in a few minutes, then gentle pressure with a piece of clean cloth or bandage,
must be applied.

2. Cleaning The wound must be cleaned with fresh water. If available, a Antiseptic
Liquid Disinfectant must be used to clean the wound. Debris and dirt should be
carefully removed without troubling the injured. The hands of the cleaner must be
sterilized or gloves should be used.

3. Antibiotic or Ointment After cleaning the wound, a thin layer of antibiotic or
ointment like Neosporin must be applied.

4. Bandaging After cleaning and applying ointment on the wound, a sterile bandage
must be used to cover the wound, carefully.

5. Stitches For deep wounds, the first aid provider must seek help and get the deep
wounds stitched if possible.

6. Tetanus If one suspects that the cut has been caused by some dangerous, rusted
thing, then the injured person must be given a tetanus shot or tetanus injection too.
First Aid for Burns
There are three levels or degrees of burns

1. First Degree In this, only the outer layer of the skin is burnt.
2. Second Degree In this, the first and the second layer of the skin are burnt
3. Third Degree In this, all the layers of the skin can get burnt. Tissues can be burnt
permanently and elements like fats, muscles and bones can also get burnt. It is the
most serious case of burns. For minor burns (first and second degree), the following
first aid measures can be taken

1. Cooling the burn The burnt area must be cooled using running water or cool
water (not too much cool) for about 20 minutes. If this does not reduce the pain, the
burnt area can be left immersed in the water.

2. Bandage and pain relieve The burnt area can be next, bandaged loosely and
blistered skin must be protected. Pain relievers like aspirin can be given to the
injured if he is not allergic to it. Ice must not be applied and blistered skin should be
taken care of. For major burns (third degree), the following aids can be given

1. Burned clothing The burnt clothing must not be removed off the skin but heating
or smouldering materials must be removed.

2. No cold water Cold water must not be used in case of serious burns. This can
deteriorate body temperature, blood pressure and circulation.

3. CPR If there is no breathing or no sign of circulation or movement, then CPR
must be initiated.

4. Covering the area The burnt area must be covered with moist, sterile cloth like
towels.

5. Elevation The body must be elevated, if possible, above the chest portion.
First Aid for Heat and Cold Wave
Heat wave or heat stroke is also known as sunstroke or hyperthermia. This is
generally caused due to excessive exercise during high temperature conditions and
high humidity and inadequate water supply. Also, heat waves like loo winds can be
the reason. Following steps can be taken as first aid for heat waves

1. Air Conditioning The person suffering from heat wave must be instantly brought
to an air conditioned ambience. Though fans would work too, but air conditioners
would be more effective.

2. Mineral drinks - If the person is not allergic to any of these drinks, then he must be
provided with sherbet or mineral drinks.

3. Cramps - If the person feels that he is having cramps, the area where he feels the
cramp is must be massaged and must be transferred to a cool place. Cold waves or
hypothermia is a condition when the body loses a lot of its heat. Following are the
first aid measures to be taken for cold wave

1. Blanket - The person suffering from cold wave must be provided with a blanket.

2. Hot Drinks The person can be provided with hot drinks like tea, coffee etc. Also,
he can be provided with soup and broth.

3. Hot water bath The person can be arranged for a hot water bath. This is effective
in increasing the temperature of the body.
First Aid for Fainting
If oneself faints, the person must lie down with head between the knees. If someone
else faints, then the following steps can be taken

1. Positioning the person The person must be positioned on his back with the legs
elevated above the chest level. He must not be made to get up too quickly.

2. CPR If the signs of circulation like breathing, movement, coughing, etc. are
absent, then the CPR must be initiated.
Conclusion
As the concluding part of this project, I would like to say that Without proper
action at proper time, danger awaits us with a bigger face. We must act on time
when a person is injured. We must take care of the person the way it is meant.
Otherwise, a valuable life might be lost. We need to understand how precious lives of
people are and what importance first aid carries in saving these precious lives. If this
project imparts this idea in even one person, I would think that the project has been
successful.
Bibliography
Following are the sources which have been used in the successful completion of this
project
1. www.thetrozone.com
2. other sources (go on mentioning one by one)

First aid for dog bite
They may be our best friends, but dogs are still animals and they can
bite. In fact, dogs bite more than 4 million Americans every year. One
out of every five of those bites causes an injury that requires medical
attention, according to the Centers for Disease Control. Children
between the ages of 5 and 9 are the most frequent dog bite victims.
Children are also more likely than adults to be injured by a dog bite.
Although strays or other strange dogs can bite, most of the time
people are actually bitten by a dog they know, which could be a
friend's dog or even the family pet.
To prevent dog bites:
When choosing a dog for a family pet, pick one with a good
temperament.
Stay away from any dogs you don't know.
Never leave young children alone with a dog -- especially an
unfamiliar one.
Don't try to play with any dog that is eating or feeding her puppies.
Whenever you approach a dog, do so slowly, and give the dog the
chance to approach you.
If a dog becomes aggressive, do not run away or scream. Stay calm,
move slowly, and don't make eye contact with the dog.

Dog Bite Treatments
Although you can provide first aid for a dog bite at home, it's very
important to see a doctor, especially if an unfamiliar dog bit you, the
bite is deep, you can't stop the bleeding, or there are any signs of
infection (redness, swelling, warmth, pus). Dog bites can cause
infections that need to be treated with antibiotics.
To care for a dog bite injury at home:
Place a clean towel over the injury to stop any bleeding.
Try to keep the injured area elevated.
Wash the bite carefully with soap and water.
Apply a sterile bandage to the wound.
Apply antibiotic ointment to the injury every day to prevent infection.
When you visit the doctor, be prepared to answer a few questions,
including:
Do you know the owner of the dog?
If so, is the dog up to date on all vaccinations, including rabies?
Did the bite occur because the dog was provoked, or was the dog
unprovoked?
What health conditions do you have? People
with diabetes, liver disease, illnesses that suppress the immune
system, and other health conditions may be at greater risk for a more
severe infection.
Your doctor will examine the injury to see whether the bite was deep
enough to damage muscles, tendons, nerves, or bones. Then the
doctor will thoroughly clean the bite wound to remove any dirt or
bacteria, and may also remove dead tissues from the wound.
Sometimes, sutures are used to close a dog bite wound; however,
this practice is controversial. Although suturing the injury can reduce
scarring, it also can increase the risk of infection. Whether the injury
is closed may depend on its location. For example, dog bites on the
face may be sutured to prevent visible scars. Very deep wounds that
cause a great deal of damage may require plastic surgery.


First aid for snake bite
1. Note the Snake's Appearance
Be ready to describe the snake to emergency staff.
2. Protect the Person
While waiting for medical help:
Move the person beyond striking distance of the snake.
Have the person lie down with wound below the heart.
Keep the person still to keep venom from spreading.
Cover the wound with loose, sterile bandage.
Do not:
Cut a bite wound
Attempt to suck out venom
Apply tourniquet, ice, or water
Give the person alcohol or caffeinated drinks
3. Follow Up
If you treat the bite at home:
Contact a health care provider. The person may need a tetanus shot.
Tetanus boosters should be given every 10 years.
At the hospital, treatment will depend on the type of snake.
If the snake was venomous, the person will be given anti-venom
treatment.
A tetanus shot may be given, depending on date of last injection.



First aid for electrocution
Children, especially toddlers, love sticking their little fingers
anywhere and everywhere, especially into plug points and
sockets. The human body is a good conductor of electricity,
and contact with a live power source can cause significant
burns, or may interfere with the heart's electrical system.
Everyone has received minor electric shocks sometime or
the other, which are no cause for concern. But once in a
while, a lose wire or a faulty household appliance can shock
the life out of you - literally. Most of the
fatal electric shocks happen at home.

Here's what you can do if it happens in your home.
The victim usually gets stuck to the source of the
electricity, and it is important that you first separate him
from the electrical source.
Turn off the power supply switch and disconnect the
plug. It's best to simply turn off the main power supply
or pull out the fuse. Often, simply turning off the switch
may not stop the flow of electricity.
In certain circumstances it may be quicker to simply pull
the victim away from the electrical source.
Do NOT touch the victim with your bare hands, or the
electric current will pass through you as well.
If you are barefoot, stand of some clothes or any hand
non-conductive material like wood or paper. Make sure
you are not standing on anything that is wet.
Throw a blanket over the victim and try to separate him
from the source. Maje sure you don't touch him though.
You could also use dry, nonconductive material such as
a wooden broom handle or a chair to separate the
victim from the live current. whatever is handy.
Once the victim has been separated, check to see if he
is breathing. If breathing has stopped or seems slow,
administer CPR immediately.
Let his head be slightly lower than the rest of the body,
and raise his legs.
Cover the victim with a blanket.
Move the victim as little as possible. He may have
suffered injuries to his spine and neck.
If the victim has a burn, remove the clothing from the
burned area (unless it's stuck to the skin) and rinse it in
cool, running water. Cover the burn with a dressing.
Don't apply ice or any other ointment or cotton dressing
to the burn.
Call for emergency medical attention as soon as
possible.


Doctor interview questions
- What is first aid?
- When do you usually do first aid?
- What are the common cases that you use first
aid for?
- What instruments do you use whenever he
performs first aid?
- What are the first things to do in attempting to do
first aid?
- What medicine are commonly given in first aid?
- What do you do after you do first aid?
- What are the things you check or look for when
doing first aid?
- Can you name a few things you do as first aid?
- What are the things commonly found in the first
aid kit?
- Any other important information I should know
about first aid?
- Are there certain people who specialize in first
aid?


At last report of who did what.

I hope u like my ideas



Robin Singh