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Pressure Losses
¾ The circulation system consists of: pump, surface connections
(stand pipe, hose, swivel and Kelly), drill pipe, drill collars, bit,
annulus between drill collars and hole, annulus between drill
pipe and hole, mud return lines, and mud tanks.
¾ Friction of fluid through these parts causes pressure losses
¾ The calculation of this pressure losses depend on four parts
• Surface connection losses
• Pipe losses
• Annular losses
• Losses across the bit
¾ Losses depend on the type of fluid used and the type of flow
Value of E
¾ Va = 24.5Q ft / min
D2
¾ Determine critical velocity
−5 0.8 1.8
P = 8.91x10 ρ Q (PV ) L psi
0.2
¾
D4.8
¾ If Va < Vc, flow is laminar; use
Annular flow
¾ Determine average velocity
¾ Va = 24.5 Q ft / min
Dh2 − ODp2
¾ P= L(PV )Va +
L(YP)
psi
60,000(Dh − OD)2 200(Dh −OD)2
θ⎛ ⎞
¾ n = 3.32log 600 ⎟⎟
⎜
⎜
θ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 300 ⎠
θ
¾ k = 300n
(511)
(1/(2−n)) (n /(2−n))
⎡ 5.82(104 )k ⎤ 1.6 3n+1⎤
¾ Vc = ⎢ ⎥ .⎡⎢ . ⎥ ft /min
⎢ ρ ⎥ ⎣ D 4n ⎦
⎣ ⎦
¾ If Va >Vc flow is turbulent; use
−5 0.8 1.8
P = 8.91x10 ρ Q (PV ) L psi
0.2
¾
D4.8
¾ If Va < Vc flow is laminar; use
Annular flow
¾ Determine average velocity
¾ Va = 24.5 Q ft / min
Dh − ODp2
2
(1/(2−n)) (n /(2−n))
⎡ 4 ⎤ ⎡ 3n+1⎤
¾ Vc = ⎢ 5.82(10 )k ⎥ .⎢
1.6
. ⎥ ft / min
⎢ ρ ⎥ ⎢⎣ (Dh −OD p ) 4n ⎥⎦
⎣ ⎦
¾ If Va > Vc, flow is turbulent; use
−5 0.8 1.8
P = 8.91x10 ρ Q (PV ) L psi
0.2
¾
De4.8
¾ If Va < Vc, flow is laminar; use
n
kL ⎡
1.6Va (3n +1) ⎤⎥
¾ P= ⎢ . psi
300(Dh − OD) ⎢⎢⎣ (Dh −OD) 4n ⎥⎥⎦
¾ P =P − (P + P + P + P + P ) psi
bit stand pipe 1 2 3 4 5
¾ Nozzle velocity
P
¾ Vn = 33.36 bit ft / s
ρ
¾ Total area of nozzles
¾ A = 0.32 Q in2
Vn
¾ Nozzle size
⎛
¾ dn = ⎜ 4 A ⎞⎟.32
⎜⎜
⎝
3π ⎟⎟⎠
OD = outside diameter, in
D = inside diameter, in
L = length, ft
PV = plastic viscosity, cp
YP = yield value, lb/100ft2
Hydraulic criteria
¾ Two criteria for optimization
• Maximum bit hydraulic horsepower (BHHP)
• Maximum impact force (IF)
¾ Each criteria yields different value of bit pressure loss
¾ Engineer is faced with the task to decide which one to choose
¾ In most drilling operations the circulation rate is kept constant
¾ Pbit is the factor to be optimized
¾
BHPs= BHHP - HHPc
¾ Then
PQ PQ
¾ BHHP = s − c
1714 1714
¾ Pc = KQn
K = constant
n = index represents degree of turbulence in the circulating
system
PQ n+1
¾ BHHP = s − KQ
1714 1714
¾ Differentiating equation with respect to Q
¾ Ps = (n+1)KQn
¾ Ps = (n+1) Pc
¾ Also
¾
Pc = Ps - Pbit
P = n Ps
¾
bit n +1
¾ The value of n falls in the range 1.8 – 1.86
¾ For n = 1.86, Pbit = 0.65 Ps
¾ This means the for optimum hydraulic horsepower, the pressure
drop across the bit is 65% of surface pump pressure
¾ The actual value of n can be determined in fields by running the
pump pressure at several speeds and reading the resulting
pressure
¾ A graph of Pc=(Ps – Pbit) against Q is then drawn
¾ The slope of the graph is taken as the index n
¾ P = n Ps
bit n + 2
¾ Impact force is given by
Q ρP
¾ IF = bit
58
Comparison of BHHP and IF criteria
n P
R = n +1 s n
P
n+2 s
¾ or
R = n+2
n +1
¾ The following table shows the value of n and R
R as a function of n
N R
1 1.50
1.2 1.45
1.5 1.4o
1.8 1.36
2.0 1.33