CD-7

CIVIL - STRUCTURAL
DESIGN CRITERIA

INDEX
1.0
3

SCOPE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.0
3

GENERAL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.0

STANDARDS AND CODES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4

4.0
8

UNITS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.0
9

LOADS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.1
5.2

DEAD LOADS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .9
LIVE LOADS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.3
5.4
5.5

LIVE LOAD REDUCTIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

OPERATION LOADS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
TEMPERATURE LOADS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.6

SNOW LOADS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.7

WIND LOADS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.8

SEISMIC LOADS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .

5.9

ERECTION LOADS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .

5.10

CARRYING LOADS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10

13
13
13
15
17
17
6.0
18

LOAD COMBINATIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .

7.0
18

ALLOWABLE WORKING STRESSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8.0
19

ALLOWABLE DEFLECTIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .

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9.0
21

VIBRATORY EQUIPMENT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .

10.0
22

SEISMIC ANALYSIS REQUIREMENTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .

10.1

SEISMIC STATIC ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10.2

SEISMIC DYNAMIC ANALYSIS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

22
29
11.0
36

DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR STEEL STRUCTURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11.1

MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11.2

CONNECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . .

11.3
11.4

WELDING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . .
37
BOLTED CONNECTIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . .

11.5

DESIGN BASIS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .

11.6

FRAMING AND GENERAL DESIGN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .

11.7

MASONRY WALLS INSTEEEL BUILDINGS . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . .

11.8

INSTABILITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .

11.9

OTHER DESIGN REQUIREMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11.10

PROTECTION AGAINST CORROSION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11.11

DUCTILITY REQUIREMENTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

36
36

38
39
40
43
44
45
47
48
12.0

DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR REINFORCED

CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND FOUNDATIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

49
12.1
49

MATERIAL AND DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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12.2

FRAMING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12.3

CONCRETE FOUNDATIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .

51
52
13.0
54

DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURAL TIMBER. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14.0
56

DESIGN REQUEREMENTS FOR MASONRY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14.1

DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE

MASONRY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

56
14.2

DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR CONFINED CONCRETE

BLOCK MASONRY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

57
15.0

DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR ELASTOMERIC

PREFORMED FABRICS AND TFE BEARINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

60
16.0
60

SOIL MECHANICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17.0
62

APPROVALS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17.1

SEISMIC APPROVAL OF FACILITIES AND

EQUIPMENT SUPPLIED BY VENDORS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

62
17.2

APPROVAL OF STRUCTURAL AND

SEISMIC DESIGN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 64

1.0

SCOPE

1.1

These design criteria shall apply to all industrial structures designed by CODELCO
(CDC) Division Chuquicamata, the Engineering Service Contractors (the "Engineer")
and/or Manufacturers. All deviations from these criteria shall be stated in special
specifications related to each particular project and mandatory according to the terms
of the corresponding contract.

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1.2

All loads or load conditions that are not explicit in these Criteria, or in Special
Complementary Specifications, shall be defined by the Engineer or Contractor and
submitted to CDC for approval. CDC's approval shall be granted without detriment
of correspondent responsibility of Engineer or Contractor. It shall be mandatory for
the Engineer or Contractor to define missing or not explicit conditions as explained
above.

1.3

Special Specifications prepared by CDC can replace some of the requirements

contained in these Design Criteria CD-7. However, Specifications prepared by the
Engineer or Contractor cannot modify any requirement of CD-7 or CDC Special
Specifications. Should it occur the modification or substitution shall be void and
considered as non existent.

1.4

Design and drawings not meeting the referred requirements of CD-7 and/or CDC
Special Specifications must be redone, even if they have been mistakenly approved.

1.5

Any complement, modification or substitution to CD-7 shall be admitted and agreed

upon before the signature of the contract, and only if a special agreement in a
separate document is subscribed by both parties accepting that singular modification.
Whichever other modification not included in that separate document shall be
considered void.

1.6

For whichever contractual effect, official version of CD-7 shall be the English one.

2.0

GENERAL

2.1

Drawing sizes, titles, notes and numbers shall conform to CDC Standards.

2.2

Drawings, documents and computations prepared by foreign suppliers will generally

be in the English language and work done in Chile shall be in the Spanish language.

3.0

STANDARDS AND CODES

3.1

The requirements of present CD-7 Criteria shall prevail over other standards that are
referred to in this document.

3.2

Those matters not covered by CD-7 shall conform to Uniform Building Code (UBC),
latest edition, by International Conference of Building Officials, Ca. CD-7 must not
be either contradicted or avoided by UBC Code.

3.3

Those matters not covered by UBC and CD-7 shall conform to Chilean Codes and

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Standards, by Instituto Nacional de Normalizacin (INN) that in this case govern the
design, except when otherwise specified.
3.4

Last issue has to be considered for all codes here mentioned, except when a special
issue is directly concerned.

3.5

Chilean Codes and Standards

3.5.1

General and Design Standards

General Ordinance on Constructions, law for the Republic of Chile.

3.5.2

NCh 427 for the Design of Structural Steel.

NCh 430.aR86 for Concrete Ultimate Strength Design, only as a reference.

NCh 432 for Wind Loads.

NCh 433 Earthquake Resistant Design of Buildings.

NCh 1198 for the Design of Timber Structures.

NCh 1537 for Live Loads on Buildings.

NCh 1928 for the Design of Reinforced Masonry.

Draft of Chilean Code NCh 2123, NCh 2123 c 90, for Confined Masonry.

Normally NCh 433 Standard shall not be used, unless CDC expressly requests its use
in connection with the design of non industrial buildings.
Materials
.

NCh 148 and 158 for Cements.

NCh 163 for Aggregates.

NCh 168 and 169 for Ceramic Bricks.

NCh 170 for Concrete.

NCh 181 for Concrete Blocks.

NCh 203 for Structural Steel.

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NCh 204, 211 and 434 for Reinforcing Rods.

NCh 206 for Steel Bars for Bolts.

NCh 218 and 219 for Welded Wire Mesh.

NCh 1207 and 1990 for Structural Timber.

NCh 170 Appendices shall be mandatory as requirement of these Criteria CD-7,

specially those referring to dry and hot weather concreting and exposure to polluted
or aggressive environments.
NCh 430.aR86 is a mere translation of ACI Standard 318-83. The Engineer has to
take into account that standard test specimens are cylindrical in ACI 301
"Specifications for Structural Concrete for Buildings". Then a conversion Table is
considered in NCh 170 to have the necessary equivalence to cubic specimens to be
actually tested in the laboratory. In the same manner consider deleted the Section
4.3.1 of ACI 318 and replaced by following criteria:
.
.

For concrete H30 and weaker the reliability level of strength shall be no less
than 95 %.
For concrete stronger than H30 the reliability level of strength shall not be
less than 90 %.

3.6

Foreign Standards

3.6.1

General and Design Standards

.

Uniform Building Code (UBC), last issue, California, U.S.A.

American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC)

Specification for Structural Steel Buildings - Allowable Stress Design"

American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) High and Heavy Industrial

Buildings (1979).

Association of Iron and Steel Engineers (AISE): "Guide for the Design and
Construction of Mill Buildings", (AISE Technical Report N 13), 1979.

American Welding Society (AWS):

D1.1).

American Petroleum Institute (API): "Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage"

"Structural Welding Code" (AWS

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(API 650).
.

American Petroleum Institute (API): Recommended Rules for Design and

Construction of large welded, low pressure Storage Tanks (API 620).

Structural Steel Painting Council (S.S.P.C.):

Cleaning and Painting.

American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials

(AASHTO): "Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges". Elastomeric
and TFE Bearings.

American Concrete Institute (ACI):

Reinforced Concrete" (ACI 318).

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA): "General Industry

Standards".

Crane Manufacturers Association of America Inc.

Specifications for Top Running and Under Running Travelling cranes
Utilizing Under Running Trolley Hoist, 1987.

State Mine Inspectorate of North Rhine - Westphalia. Trippers and

Spreaders. Regulation for the calculation and dimensioning of large open-cut
machines (BG-1986)

International Standard Organization. ISO - 5049 - Belt Conveyors and

Transfer Stations. Mobile Continuos Bulk Handling, Equipment Part 1.
Rules for the Design of Structures.

Federation Europene de la Manutention. (FEM)- Section II, for Mechanical

Components.

American Society of Mechanical Engineers, (ASME), for Boilers and

Pressure vessels, Section VIII, Division 1.

ANSI/ASME B31.3b, last issue, Chemical Plans and Refinery Code for
Pressure Piping.

Structural Engineers Association of California (SEAOC) Recommended

Lateral Force Requirements, 1990, for seismic requirements as noted
hereinafter.

American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). Applicable Standards

Specifications for Blast

"Building Code Requirements for

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for Various Construction Materials specified in civil/structural Specifications.

3.6.2

Materials
.

ASTM A36 and A572 for imported structural steel.

ASTM A325 or A490 for High Strength Bolts.

ASTM A307 for Low Carbon Steel Fasteners.

ASME Boiler and Pressure Code for Carbon and low Alloy Steel.

ASTM 304, 304 L and AISI 316, 316 L for Stainless Steel.

ASTM D 3841 for glass Fiber-Reinforced Polyester Plastic Panels.

ASTM C-1159 for Sulphur Polymer Cement, for use in chemically resistant,
Rigid Sulphur Concrete.

3.6.3

In addition to the above codes, standards and regulations, the design shall comply
with any law or regulations of local authorities. In the event of conflicting
requirements different of those foreviewed in sections 3.1., 3.2 and 3.3 of these
Criteria, the most stringent shall prevail.

4.0

UNITS

4.1.

Length dimensions in steel structures drawings, must be shown in millimeters (no

abbreviation mm required).

4.2.

Dimension of concrete works shall be expressed in centimeters (no abbreviation cm

required). Nevertheless a foreign Engineer will be allowed to use only millimeters if
requested by him, in which case every drawing will carry a visible note stating: "All
dimensions in millimeters".

4.3

In drawings that show elevations related to a reference level, and/or coordinates, as in

general arrangements drawings, dimensions shall be shown in meters.

4.4

English units may be kept in drawings that modify designs previously developed in
that unit system, when expressly requested by CDC.

4.5

Rolled shapes of foreign origin shall be named according to their originary country
standards.

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In that case, the abbreviation of the normative Association or Institute shall be shown
bracketed.
4.6

In design drawings, Chilean structural steel shapes shall be named in accordance with
"Manual de Diseo para Estructuras de Acero" by the Instituto Chileno del Acero
(Chilean Steel Institute), in order to facilitate estimating of the total weight of
structures.

4.7

Notwithstanding, in shop detail drawings, a full description of the shapes (depth,

width, thickness..) shall be afforded in the column marked OBSERVACIONES in the
Bill of Materials to facilitate shop work. In detail drawings, usual description in
millimeters shall be used for angle shapes (L shapes) by mention of legs width
followed by thickness.

4.8

Anchor bolts, embedded steel and other elements in steel structures drawings shall be
described in millimeters though in concrete drawings were shown in centimeters.

4.9

However, bolts and nuts nominal diameters, anchor bolts diameters and threads shall
be specified in inches.

4.10

Reinforcing steel shall be specified according to the metric system, expressing the
diameter in millimeters.

4.11

Lumber sizes shall be given in inches, as per NCh 1207 and NCh 1198 Standard.

4.12

Structural analysis calculations shall be made in the Technical Metric System, (forces
expressed in Kg, or metric tons., and masses in T.M.U.) or in the International
M.K.S. System (forces expressed in Newtons or kN and masses in Kg.).

5.0

LOADS

5.1

Dead Loads

5.1.1

Besides the weight of framing, roofing, floors, walls and partitions, platforms,
permanent equipment, usually stored materials, etc., lateral and vertical pressures of
liquids, gases and flowable material shall also be treated as dead loads.

5.1.2

There are considered as dead loads the following sets:

-

Building Weight, that represents the structure weight beams, slabs, roofing,
columns, walls, partitions, platforms, etc., and finishing weight (false ceiling,
stucco, finishing floor, etc.)

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Suspended load. All the permanent hanging loads, underneath the floor, such
as pipe bridges, electrical trays, lights, etc.

Fixed loads: All the minor equipment not shown in the load diagram, such as
small pumps, motors, agitators, etc, including the concrete pad.

Equipment loads. The equipment loads given by the Suppliers or indicated in

the loading diagram (equipment weight, operating load, overflow load).

Earth pressure on retaining walls. Lateral and vertical pressures of liquids,

gases and flowable materials. Stored materials.

5.2.

Live Loads

5.2.1

These shall include loads due to traffic and permanency of persons, laydown loads,
vehicles operation loads, and gas, liquid or earth pressures which are or may be
variable in time while in usual operation.

5.2.2

If weight of fixed equipment is specifically included in dead load and access is not
provided to its locations, floor live load shall be omitted from corresponding area.

5.2.3

Floor area live loads shall be as listed below, without detriment that others may be
specified, if it is advisable for a special project.

5.2.4

Live loads shall be as indicated in the Basic and Process Engineering Drawings but
not less than shown here:
Industrial floors and platforms,
with light equipment (less than 500 kg per unit)
Industrial floors and platforms, heavy equipment
Storage and warehouse, light
Storage and warehouse, heavy
Public assembly areas, file rooms
Libraries
Maintenance floors, platforms
Offices, private areas
Aisles, corridors, stairs and landing
Conveyor walkways
Miscellaneous walkway and access for equipment platforms
Catwalks and stairs
Roofs
Parking
Surcharge adjacent to structures
Electrical switchgear rooms

400
800
600
1200
500
1000
400
250
400
120
400
200
100
400
1250
1000

kg/m2
kg/m2
kg/m2
kg/m2
kg/m2
kg/m2
kg/m2
kg/m2
kg/m2
kg/m2
kg/m2
kg/m2
kg/m2
kg/m2
kg/m2
kg/m2

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5.2.5

Live loads in other areas as recommended in AISE Technical Report N 13, Section
3.3.
Conveyor walkways shall be checked for a concentrated load of 300 kg in the most
stringent condition.
Handrails must be able to support a horizontal load of 75 kg along whichever
position in it.
For trippers and stackers, design loads and load combination may be applied as
defined in BG-1986 as well.
A concentrated erection load of 1000 kg shall be considered for beams in buildings
with heavy equipment.

5.2.6

Minimum roof slope shall be 15 %, exception done of those roofs which will be
located under the protection and inside of a larger building.

5.3.

Live load reductions

5.3.1

Uniform live loads may be reduced, in accordance with their probability of

occurrence in large areas, as indicated by the Basic and Process Engineering
Drawings.
In the absence of such criteria, the following recommendations of NCh 1537
Standard shall apply:
.

No reduction shall be considered for storage, warehouses and file rooms.

For other floors up to 500 kg/m2 live load, when area tributary to the member
to be designed is equal to or more than 15 m2, floor live loads may be
reduced by 0,8 % per each sq.m of the tributary area.
However, in no case, reduced live load shall be less than 60 % of the non
reduced load.

For roof loads a similar criterion shall be used, except that minimum tributary
area must be 20 m2.
A further reduction of 2.33 % per each 1 % of roof slope may be applied.
Maximum slope to be considered shall be 30 %.
So reduction coefficient to be applied on the roof live load shall be:

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(1 - 0,008 A) * (1 - 2,33 s)
Where A is the tributary area in sq.m and s is the unitary non-dimensional
roof slope, conditioned to:
A >= 20 m2

and s <= 0,30

The reduced load so calculated, shall not be less than 40 % of non reduced
live load.
5.3.2.

These reductions shall be permitted in the design of the columns, pier walls,
foundations, trusses and flat slabs.

5.3.3

However, no reduction shall be allowed for floor platforms, beams and girders.

5.3.4

No reductions either shall be allowed for warehouses, storage areas, process vessels
and tanks.

5.4

Operation Loads

5.4.1

Crane loads shall be in accordance with the Association of Iron and Steel Engineers
(AISE) Technical Report N13, "Guide for the Design and Construction of Steel Mill
Buildings", 1979.

5.4.2

Transient responses induced in the starting-up, stoppage or braking of mechanical,

electrical or hydraulical equipment, and fluid-dynamics phenomena currently
happening during ordinary work shall also be treated as operation loads.

5.4.3

Information shall be requested from equipment manufacturer as needed for

computation of strength under impact and operation loads.

5.4.4

Movable, rotating and reciprocating equipment impact loads, shall be calculated

through data indicated by the manufacturer but they shall not be less than those
specified in AISE Tech. Report N 13, Section 3.5.
Minimum increase in the assumed live loads for impact shall be as follows:
a)

Motor Driven Cranes.

Vertical, lateral and longitudinal load shall comply with Section A 4.2 and A
4.3 of the AISC Specification.
Cab operated travelling crane

25%

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Pendant operated travelling crane

b)

10%

Fans and Reciprocating Equipment Unbalanced dynamic forces for vibration

analysis will be obtained from vendor or Project Mechanical group for fans,
crushers and reciprocating equipment.

5.4.5

Dynamic response induced by rotatory equipment (with or without impact) or

machinery producing periodical impact (such as jaw crushers), shall be superimposed
to seismic response in the event of an earthquake. Therefore related geometrical and
mechanical parameters shall be required from the manufacturer in order to perform
the appropriate calculations.

5.5

Temperature Loads
Stresses and strains, forces and displacements resulting from contraction or expansion
due to temperature change shall be based on temperature variations as indicated by
the manufacturer, or in the process drawings with a minimum of 40 degrees C (from 20C to +20C).

5.6

Snow Loads

5.6.1

No snow loads are to be considered attending to climatic conditions at

Chuquicamata, (see CDC EG-1 Specification).

5.7.

Wind Loads

5.7.1

Calculations of forces due to wind action shall meet the requirements of NCh 432
Standard, except Table 1, Section 6, that must be replaced as following when
referred to Chuquicamata winds:

HEIGHT ABOVE GROUND

LEVEL (m)
0
4
7
10
15
20
30
40

BASIC WIND PRESSURE

(Kg/m2)
90
90
119
129
141
149
159
166

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50
75
100
150
300

172
183
190
207
223

5.7.2

Davenport roughness coefficient () shall be fixed as 0,10 for Chuquicamata winds.

5.7.3

Shape coefficients shall be those listed in above mentioned NCh 432 Standard, and if
they were not included, those established in AISE Technical Report N13, Section
3.8.2 and following shall be used.

5.7.4

In calculating chimneys, tall vessels or stacklike structures, account must be taken of

dynamic effects due to shedding of von Karman vortices.
The frequency of the wind vortex lateral shedding shall be determined employing the
formula :
f = S * V/d (cycles per sec.)
where :
V

critical wind velocity affecting the structure, in m/sec.

diameter in m or characteristic dimension transversal to wind.

Strouhal number depending on Reynolds number Re.

The difference between the above frequency and any of the structure's own natural
frequencies shall be more than 20% of the latter.
To avoid resonant conditions, the stack or vessel dimensions may be changed, ring or
helicoidal stiffeners may be introduced, strakes or dynamical spoilers may be added.
For the same purpose, natural frequencies may be changed with preformed fabric
damping rings.
These structures shall be checked for wind velocities under 40 m/sec that result
critical. Structural analyses shall include the induced alternating lift forces
corresponding to lateral shedding, and the drag forces -with gust effects - in the
direction of the wind. Fatigue considerations shall be included in the analyses.
5.8

Seismic Loads

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5.8.1

Chuquicamata seismicity shall be considered as Zone 3 as defined by the Uniform

Building Code, in spite of being of different origin, - subduction instead of
transduction earthquakes, - and having different frequencies contents.

5.8.2

Steel and Industrial Concrete Buildings, and other structures shall be designed to
meet the seismic requirements set forth in the following paragraphs of these Design
Criteria.
Concrete or Masonry Buildings to be destined exclusively as office or residential
space, excluding whichever other uses, may be designed in accordance with Chilean
Standard NCh 433. However in such cases previous approval by CDC shall be
necessary.

5.8.3

Election must be made between static and dynamic analysis. Generally a static
analysis will suffice, provided that structures have their masses and stiffnesses
regularly distributed in plan and in height. Regular distribution is to be assumed when
a deviation of 20 percent of uniform distribution is not exceeded.

5.8.4

Static analysis should be used in structures susceptible of being reduced to onedegree-of-freedom systems, as for elevated tanks, bins, hoppers, etc.

5.8.5

Dynamic Analysis shall be performed in buildings and structures specifically indicated

by CDC for each project, in which the basic assumptions of the static method do not
apply, including but not limited to the following cases :
.

Important buildings and equipments.

Concrete buildings exceeding 45 m in height or 15 levels.

Steel buildings exceeding 6 levels.

Steel or concrete structures exceeding 18 m in height

Buildings and structures irregular in plan configuration on which any of the

following occurs:
Non approximately double symmetrical geometric configuration or re-entrant
corners with significant dimensions.
Potential large torsional moments due to significant eccentricity between the
seismic resistant system and the tributary mass at any level. Significant
changes in strength or stiffness of diaphragms at any single level.

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Heavy duty equipment which is not uniformly distributed at each floor level.
Theoretical centers of mass at each level which are non approximately found
in the same vertical axis.
.

Buildings and structures irregular in vertical configuration, on which any of

the following occurs:
Non approximately symmetrical geometric configuration about the vertical
axis or horizontal offsets with significant dimensions.
Mass-stiffness ratio between different stories or load levels that varies
significantly.
Important and obvious differences in stiffnesses of different resistance lines.

5.8.6

Buildings and structures supporting heavy hanging equipment.

Concrete or masonry lined stacks or tall vessels of a height to horizontal

dimension ratio of 5 or more.

When a building or structure has been analyzed both by the static and the dynamic
method, the latter shall prevail.
However, static analysis may be used for preliminary design of structures to be
analyzed by dynamic method according to section 5.8.5.

5.8.7

Whichever method of seismic analysis is chosen, live loads upon structures are to be
reduced in accordance with their probability of occurrence under seismic conditions,
as indicated by Basic and Process Engineering Drawings.
In the absence of those data, the following coefficients shall be applied in order to
determine the seismic live loads :
Storage, warehouse, file rooms

0,50

Other floors

0,25

Roofs

0.00

Seismic live load shall be computed from reduced live loads, as defined in section 5.3.
5.9

Erection Loads

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5.9.1

Structural elements shall be checked for dead and live construction loads.

5.10

Carrying Loads

5.10.1

For big equipment during transportation by a crawler there shall be necessary to

perform a stability analysis for assuring the equipment security.
This analysis shall consider any load, static or dynamic, that concern the movement
and the run slope. It shall be responsibility of transportist with the approval of the
Engineer.

6.0

LOAD COMBINATIONS

6.1.

Structures shall be designed for the most critical of the following load combinations:
I

Dead load, live loads, equipment loads. Temperature loads if

significant.

II

Dead load, live loads, operation loads, wind or earthquake effects.

Temperature loads if significant.

III

Dead load, erection dead and live loads.

IV

Carrying loads.

6.2

Other loading combinations shall be prescribed in accordance with usual or eventual

character of loads due to special equipment.

6.3.

Loads due to travelling cranes in industrial buildings shall be as follows:

For Combination I:
a)

One crane with vertical impact, lateral thrust and longitudinal traction.

b)

One crane with lateral thrust and longitudinal traction plus vertical load
induced by other cranes not including impact.

For Combination II:

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a)

One crane only without any dynamic effect combined with wind load.

b)

All cranes without loads nor dynamic effect combined with earthquake.

c)

Impact of one crane on runway stop without wind or earthquake.

7.0

ALLOWABLE WORKING STRESSES

7.1

When design is based on the working stress method, the following factors applicable
to the basic allowable stresses shall be used :
Combination I

1,00

Combination II

1,33

Combination III

1,50

Combination IV

1,00

7.2

When design is based on ultimate strength, plastic or limit design, load factors of the
applicable code shall be used.

8.0

ALLOWABLE DEFLECTIONS

8.1.

For Structural Elements

Beams in general due to dead plus live loads
Trusses due to dead plus live loads
Crane girders, vertical, due to dead plus live load and impact
Crane girders, horizontal due to impact

1/300 of span
1/700 of span
1/1000 of span
1/500 of span

Purlins, roof coverings and wind columns due to dead and live loads 1/200 of span
Siding and girts due to wind loads

1/200 of span

Process vessels, horizontal due to wind

1/150 of height

Building columms, horizontal due to wind or earthquake load

1/200 of height

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Conveyor, vertical deflection due to dead load (without travelling material weight)
and live load
1/500 of span
Conveyor, horizontal due to wind load or seismic load

1/300 of span

If members are duly cambered, dead loads may not be considered. No limit is set for
horizontal seismic or wind deformations.
8.2.

Compatibility of Seismic Deformations

8.2.1

Horizontal seismic deformations must be compatible with the strength of piping,

ducts, walls, partitions and other non structural elements attached to the structure as
well as with the capacity of deformation of the expansion joints ducts.

8.2.2

In buildings, the following limits shall apply:

Masonry walls and partitions rigidly attached to structures

1/500 of height

Flexible walls and partitions

1/250 of height

8.2.3

Separation between adjacent buildings must be compatible with seismic deformations

according to section 10.6.16.

9.0

VIBRATORY EQUIPMENT

9.1

Allowable Natural Frequency

Screen supporting beams shall be designed with a rate between the natural frequency
(fN) and the equipment frequency (fE) equal or larger than the values given below:

BEAM
SPAN

TYPE OF SUPPORT

RATIO fN/fE

< 5.0 m
> 5.0 m

Directly connected to columns

1.5
2.0

< 5.0 m
> 5.0 m

Not directly connected to

columns

2.0
2.5

Additionally the ratio between the natural frequency of the complete supporting

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structure and the equipment frequency shall be equal or larger than 1.5.
Structures that shall be verified are:
-

Crusher modules
Vibratory Screens and Feeders
Discharge conveyors
Conveyors
Trippers
Stackers
Spreaders
Movable bridges
Others

The global sway modes of the entire structures shall be calculated by means of a
structural model where concentrated masses on nodes can be allowed. The amount of
masses and stiffeners used for modeling shall be those needed for obtaining
representative frequencies of the dynamic response.
Bow string modes of local elements in contact with forced excitations can be
calculated by formulas.
9.2

Overturning of Stackers, Spreaders and Trippers.

The equipment designed with the Regulation for the Calculation and Dimensioning of
Large Open-Cut Machine B.G. - 1986 shall use the overturning coefficients there
indicated, but the load combinations including seismic force shall be affected by an
additional factor 1.25.

10.0

SEISMIC ANALYSIS REQUIREMENTS

10.1

Seismic Static Analysis

10.1.1

In applying the static method of analysis, the general requirements of Uniform

Building Code (UBC) last issue, Section 2312, shall be applicable, with no detriment
of applicability of other prescriptions in the present specifications, which are
prevalent.

10.1.2

The total horizontal shear load or base shear shall be computed in the direction of
each of the main axis of the structure, using the following formula:
V = I * C * W

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where :
V

Base shear.

Importance factor, given in 10.1.3.

Numerical seismic coefficient depending on fundamental period.

Dead load of structure and equipment plus reduced seismic live load.
Most severe load condition must be used.

Minimum value of V shall be 0,06 W.

V need not exceed of 0,40 W, except for structures and supports for electric
equipment, such as Gas Insulating System or similar, where no upper limit is specified
for Seismic Base Shear V.
Section 10.1.10, referring to isolated structure elements, remain valid and the
mentioned upper limit of 0,40 g is not applicable to requirement in this Section.
10.1.3

The Seismic coefficient is given by:

0,60 * Z
R

C =

C =

0,47 * S * Z
R * T 2/3

; for

; for

T To

T > To

Zoning factor

Response modification coefficient given in Table 1

Soil profile coefficient given in Table 2

Natural period

To

Limited period of seismic coefficient plateau given in Table 3

For Chuquicamata S = 1.2 must be used, unless the soil profile is type S3, according
to definition of Table 2.

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Coefficients I and Z are defined as follows:

10.1.4

1,67

1,00

Table 1
Response Modification Coefficients
TYPE OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
Reinforced concrete shear walls
Reinforced concrete ductile space frame
Steel rigid frame
Steel concentric braced frame
Reinforced concrete masonry walls
Reinforced ceramic masonry walls
Refractory masonry walls
Steel Tanks, elevated tanks, chimneys and towers
Concrete stack
Heavy equipment at ground level such as
power transformers, compressors, etc.

10.1.5

COEFFICIENTS
RCD
6,0
7,0
7,0
5,0
4,0
3,5
1,5
2,5
3,0

4,0
6,0
6,5
3,5
3,0
3,0
2,0
2,5
2,5

2,5

3,0

Table 2
Soil Profile Coefficients
SOIL PROFILE TYPES
S1

1.

Rock of any characteristic, either

shale - like or crystalline in nature.
Such material may be characterized by
a shear wave velocity greater than 800
m/sec; or

COEFFICIENTS
1,0

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S1

10.1.6

2.

Stiff soil conditions where the soil

depth is less than 60 m and the soil
types overlying rock are stable
deposits of sands, gravels or stiff
clays.

1,0

S2

Profile with deep cohesionless or

stiff clay deposits, including sites
where the soil depth exceeds 60 m and
the soil types overlying rock are
stable deposits of sands, gravels or
stiff clays.

1,2

S3

Profile with soft to medium - stiff

clays and sands, characterized by 10 m
or more of soft -to medium-stiff clays
with or without intervening layers of
sand or other cohesionless soils.

1,5

Table 3
Limit Period TO
SOIL PROFILE TYPES

10.1.7

TO (seg)

S1

0.693

S2

0.911

S3

1.274

In order to be applied in static analysis, the period T of fundamental natural mode and
the first modal shape have to be at least established by Rayleigh's method
(Formula 12-3, UBC, Section 2312).

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10.1.8

The accuracy of the natural period obtained by Rayleigh's method depends entirely on
the assumed modal shape. Therefore, the energy expressions, involved in Rayleigh's
formula, shall be computed from approximate modal shapes which correspond to the
deflected shape of the structure subjected to inertia forces applied to it.

10.1.9

In order to determine a suitable modal shape to perform the total shear distribution
over the height of the structure, an appropriate method of analysis must be employed
to that purpose (Stodola, an improved Rayleigh method or any other).

10.1.10

Horizontal force factors C, for the calculation of seismic force on elements of

structures and non-structural components, shall be kept as Cp values in UBC Table
23-J, excepted as set forth here:
.

10.1.11

All equipment seismic restraint and guides, and

structural members directly connected to them.

0,50

Vessels and slender equipment

0,30

Walls and partitions, perpendicular to own plane.

0,20

Cantilevered walls and parapets

1,00

Connections of prefabricated wall panels

2,00

In general, vertical displacement components or vertical degrees of freedom are not

included in static seismic analyses. However extreme care must be exercised by the
Engineer when dealing or analyzing long span or cantilever type structures, and
structures supporting heavy equipment. Normally a dynamic seismic analysis shall be
mandatory in such cases.
A vertical seismic coefficient of +- 0,67 C shall be considered to compute the vertical
seismic forces that act simultaneously with horizontal forces in structures supporting
heavy hanging equipment and large mobile machinery such as stackers, reclaimers,
portal cranes, pull off of foundation bolts, etc. The seismic coefficient C must be
determined according to section 10.1.3.

10.1.12

Analysis may be performed independently in two mutually perpendicular horizontal

directions, but due consideration will be given to seismic torsion caused by the
eccentricity between the center of masses and the center of rigidity at each rigid
horizontal level.
To account for eccentricity, the following formula shall
e

1.5 eo +- 0,05 b

be applied :

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where:
e

is the design dynamic eccentricity.

eo

is the static eccentricity or actual distance between center of masses

and center of rigidity at the level under study.

is the largest horizontal dimension of the structure perpendicular to

the direction of earthquake forces at the level under study.

If earthquake forces due to seismic torsion at any level on any element exceed 40 %
of earthquake forces without eccentricity, the structure shall be analyzed by the
dynamic method or shall be modified to avoid this condition.
10.1.13

When stack, stack-like, cylindrical tanks and vessels are allowed to be designed by
static analysis, seismic overturning moments shall be calculated as follows :
.

For height - diameter ratio h/D <= 5:

Compute the moment diagram statically from the seismic shear load.

For height - diameter ratio h/D >= 5 :

Compute the base moment from the seismic shear load, and obtain the overturning
moment diagram assuming it to vary linearly with height as follows:

10.1.14

at base

at 1/2 h

M/2

at 3/4 h

M/2

at top

The static seismic design of storage tanks shall be done as established in the API 650
Standard, Appendix, with the lateral earthquake force coefficient C1 given by
coefficient C of Section 10.1.3 for T <= TO. Limit Period TO is defined in section
10.1.6. I and Z are taken as unity (I =1,0; Z =1,0)
The lateral earth coefficient C2 corresponds to the sloshing mode and its expression is
given by :
C2 =

0,30 * S/T when T < 4,5 sec

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C2 =

1,35 * S/T when T >= 4,5 sec

S corresponds to soil profile coefficient of Section 10.1.5. (Table 2)

10.1.15

Mechanical Joints of mechanical equipment such as trippers, stackers, spreaders,

movable bridges, etc.
shall be designed considering the seismic load and applying a factor R = 2,5.
Mechanical joints are: pin connections, ball races turntables, hydraulic cylinders,
gears, sleeving gears, cable connections, etc.

10.2

Seismic Dynamic Analysis

10.2.1

As indicated in 5.8.5 and 10.1.12 last paragraph, a dynamic seismic analysis shall be
performed when required.
Method to be used shall be response spectrum. Only in special cases, step-by-step
integration using artificially simulated earthquakes might be required.

10.2.2

For the simulation of the artificial earthquake a stationary random process modulated
by a time varying deterministic envelope will be used.
This method is exposed in "Simulation of Artificial Earthquakes" by G.R. Saragoni
and G.C. Hart, published in Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, Vol 2,
N 3, 1974.
The deterministic envelope must correspond to the following mean square
acceleration function:
E ( a 2 (t) ) = e-t t

For the design of special structures in Chuquicamata two different artificial

earthquakes must be considered.
The first one corresponding to a Richter Magnitude 7.0 shallow earthquake. The
second one corresponding to a deep earthquake of Richter Magnitude 8.0
The characteristics of the shallow earthquake are the following :
amax

0.36 g

0.586 sec -1

0.000985 g 2 sec - 1

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5.215

ts

7.79 sec

3.0 crossings/sec

1.8 maximum/sec

The characteristics of the deep earthquake are the following:

amax

0.118 g

0.0844 sec- 1

0.0000378 g2

1.742

ts

31.26 sec

6.0 crossings/sec

3.61 maximum/sec

amax

maximum ground acceleration

ts

duration of strong motion region

intensity of zero crossings

intensity of maximum

shape parameters
acceleration

sec - 2

Where:

of

expected

mean

square

This method was employed in the design of Talabre tailing dam of CODELCOChuquicamata Division. The artificial seismic records are available from CDC on

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request.
10.2.3

Unless otherwise specified, analysis might be independently performed in two

mutually perpendicular horizontal directions.

10.2.4

For doubly symmetric structures, vibrations might be considered uncoupled in both

horizontal directions. Only accidental torsion shall be included in the calculations,
evaluating it statically.

10.2.5

For structures having one axis of symmetry only, vibration modes in the direction of
that axis can be considered as uncoupled.

10.2.6

If statical eccentricity does not exceed 5 per cent of dimension b as defined in

10.1.12, dynamic analysis might be performed as uncoupled, with only one degree of
freedom per level, in the same direction of acceleration input.

10.2.7

In general, a three dimensional analysis shall be performed through a computer

program considering three degrees of freedom at each mass level : two horizontal
displacements and a rotation around a vertical axis through the center of gravity. In
the case of structures having flexible diaphragms special modeling and computing
considerations must be employed.
Modal shapes and frequencies have to be analyzed and if they are found to be
coupled without a clear or predominant direction of vibration for each one of them,
then a three-dimensional analysis with two directional acceleration input shall be
performed instead of two independent analysis as established in 10.2.3.

10.2.8

In general, no vertical dynamic analysis is required for most structures. However

when designing for long span or cantilever structures, shells and shell-like structures,
long span vaults or any structure with unusual geometry or mass distribution, a
proper modeling of seismic behavior shall necessarily include an appropriate number
of vertical degrees of freedom at each level with the corresponding associated masses
or inertias. Analysis shall be carried out considering horizontal seismic action as well
as a combination of horizontal and vertical seismic excitation acting simultaneously.
If the response spectrum method is employed, vertical components shall be assumed
to be equal to sixty seven percent (67%) of horizontal spectrum.

10.2.9

In odd cases, -as in continuous structures, analyzed by dividing them in segments,

but not limited to that case,- rotatory inertias around horizontal axis may be
important if discrete masses are located quite far from it.
A convenient number of degrees of freedom in connection with rotatory inertias have
to be added in dynamic analysis for those special cases.

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10.2.10

When dynamic analysis is prescribed acceleration spectrum Sa will be defined,

consistent with coefficients defined for static analysis :

Sa
*
g I

where:

0.6 * Z
R

Sa
0.47 * S * Z
=
*
R * T n2/3
g I

for

; for

Tn

<= T o

Tn > To

Response modification coefficient given in Table 1 (Sect. 10.1.4).

Tn

Period of the nth natural mode under study.

To

Limit period of spectrum plateau given in Table 3 (Section 10.1.6).

Soil profile coefficient given in Table 2 (Sect. 10.1.5).

1.2 must be considered for Chuquicamata, unless the soil profile is

type S3.

Acceleration of gravity

Zone factor

Importance factor

Sa, whichever mode, need not exceed 0,40 g, except for structures and supports for
electrical equipment, such as Gas Insulating System or similar, where no upper limit
is specified for seismic acceleration response.
10.2.11

Though not fully consistent with some allowance for plastic range incursions,
theoretical elastic responses shall be assumed, so stress and strain superposition
criteria be valid.

10.2.12

The superposition criterion to be applied to obtain the probable maximum deflections,

forces, shears and bending moments, from the maximum for each mode, shall be the
so called "COMPLETE QUADRATIC COMBINATION" or CQC criterion, as

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published and recommended by Wilson E, L., A. Der Kiureghian and E.P. Bayo, "A
Replacement for SRSS method in Seismic Analysis", Earthquake Engineering and
Structural Dynamics, Vol. 9, 187 - 194; 1981.
10.2.13

Superposition criteria SRSS or Square-Root-of-Sum-of-Squares shall not be

permitted as was in early structural analysis by computer. These SRSS Criteria
introduce significant errors in the resulting design forces, particularly in structures
having closely spaced natural frequencies.

10.2.14

The modal damping considered in CQC criterion for the computation of cross
correlation coefficients will be assumed equal for all modes and with the values
indicated in Table 4.

10.2.15
TABLE 4
MODAL DESIGN DAMPING RATIOS
CONSTRUCTION DESCRIPTION
Structural steel with welded joints and lightweight,
flexible, exterior and interior walls.

Structural steel with welded or bolted joints and

heavy exterior wall panels and normal interior wall construction.

Structural steel with welded or bolted

Concrete ductile frame with lightweight exterior walls

and normal interior construction.

Concrete ductile frame with heavy exterior panels

and normal interior construction.

Concrete frame with concrete or masonry shear walls.

10

Concrete and/or masonry shear wall buildings.

10.2.16

Structural Damping Ratio

(Percent)

10

Wood framing (shear wall construction)

15

All others

If the Engineer does not have the CQC Criterion available among his computer

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programs, he must obtain the correspondent software (SAP series programs, for
instance) since it is a normal tool, now widely used in Structural Design.
If no agreement is got about this questions, the Engineer and CDC will meet an
acceptable superposition method.
10.2.17

For MAIN FRAME Computers there exist updated versions of ICES STRUDL,
ETABS, etc. that include CQC in their software.

10.2.18

Dynamic Analysis may be truncated up to a certain number of modes. The number of

modes to be included in the analysis must be such that at least 95 % of total mass is
taken into account, but never less than the five first modes.

10.2.19

After combining modal maximum, the total base shear shall not be less than six
percent (6 %) of seismic weight (W) as defined in section 10.1.2.
If direct calculation affords a base shear less than 6% of vertical loads after
combining modal values, all modal responses (deflections, forces, etc) shall be
amplified by the same factor to reach that 6% minimum.

10.2.20

In the case of dynamic analysis for non-elastic structures, the material stress-strain
diagrams are allowed to be idealized as bilineal or multilineal. Changes of stiffnesses
in time, depending on the history of seismic movement have to be taken into account.
For the step-by-step integration process, real or artificial earthquake records can be
used. If artificial registers are employed, they should conform to the requirements of
section 10.2.2.
Ductility requirements have to be checked to afford a 95% reliability that structures
are able to develop them.

11.0

DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR STEEL STRUCTURES

11.1

Materials

11.1.1

All materials shall be of new stock, from a well known supplier.

11.1.2

Structural steel manufactured in Chile, shall be in accordance with NCh 203

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Standard, grade A 42-27 ES or A 52-34 ES.

11.1.3

Foreign manufactured structural steel shall agree with ASTM A 36 or similar

approved standards. ASTM A 572, grade 50, ASTM 585, grade 50 and other
qualities of steel may also be used subject to Chileno del Acero (ICHA). If advisable
for a better approval of CDC.

11.1.4

Nevertheless, if fabrication of steel structures is to be done in Chile, CDC will allow

the use of A37-24 ES according to NCh 203 or similar standard, when it proves to be
advantageous.
ASTM A 7 steel whose fabrication was discontinued in the U.S. may be considered
similar to NCh 203, A 37-24 ES grade.

11.1.5

Rolled, welded or bent-plate structural shapes shall be specified. These ones need
not necessarily be those listed in the publication titled "Clculo de Estructuras de
Acero" (Design of Steel Structures) by the Instituto design, standard shapes need not
be used, being replaced by specially designed ones.

11.1.6

Steel for floor grating and checkered plates shall be grade A37-24 ES or similar
approved when available.

11.1.7

Gate covers may be made of a milder steel, - SAE 1010 for instance - provided that it
shall be weldable.

11.1.8

Rolled I or H shapes shall be chosen as monorails if overhung hoists are to be

supported, thus preventing warping occurring in made-up shapes.

11.2

Connections

11.2.1

Shop connections shall be welded and field connections shall be bolted.

11.2.2.

Field connections must be reduced to a minimum number, so that erection

components should be brought to the field in subassemblies, only limited by their size,
clearance gage and safety in transportation.

11.2.3

Should any field welding be considered in the design, it would have to be previously
approved by CDC.

11.3

Welding

11.3.1

Welding electrodes shall be from E 70 series, according to AWS A 5.1. :

"Specification for Covered Carbon Steel Arc-Welding Electrodes", except as noted.

11.3.2

Electrode types not requiring stress relieving shall be preferred.

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11.3.3

Electrodes must be suitable to weld at any position, with AC or DC current

indifferently, and must show a high correlation between the aspect and the quality of
beads.

11.3.4

When using grade A 37-24 ES, structural steel according to INN Std. NCh 203,
electrodes E60 must be specified conforming to AWS A 5.1. and keeping the
requirements of 11.3.2 and 11.3.3.

11.3.5

In the event that automatic or semiautomatic welding is acceptable, "Specification for

Carbon Steel Electrodes and Fluxes for Submerged Arc-Welding", AWS A 5.17 shall
be mandatory.

11.3.6

The combination flux-electrode to weld A 42-27 ES (NCh) or A 36 (ASTM) shall be

F 7X-EXX class. Otherwise if steel to be welded is A 37-24 ES grade or similar,
flux-electrode must be F 6X-EXX class.

11.3.7

By way of example, but not limited to this case, web-to-flange connections by

submerged are welding in ICHA H shapes will be allowed.

11.3.8

In welding tanks, process vessels and others, and when ductility is important, special
electrodes shall be used to prevent the risk of brittle fracture.

11.3.9

If necessary, design and process drawings have to establish the requirements of

resilience and impact strength tests to be done during structures fabrication.

11.3.10

Care should be exercised that assumptions made in the design correspond with
conditions developed in welded connections.

11.3.11

Floor grating and checkered plates may be tack welded to the supporting beam,
unless easy removal is required. Openings larger than 0.30 m in grating shall be
banded.

11.4

Bolted connections

11.4.1

Structural bolted connections shall be done using High Strength Bolts, Hexagonal
Thick Nuts and Plain Hardened Washers, according to ASTM A325 "Spec. for HighStrength Bolts for Structural Steel Joints including Suitable Nuts and Plain Hardened
Washers", endorsed by A.I.S.C.

11.4.2

Dimensions of bolts and nuts as specified in ANSI Standard B 18.2.1 and B 18.2.2.

11.4.3

Bolt thread shall always be UNC series, as specified in ANSI Standard B 1.1.

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11.4.4

Plain washers shall be hardened by quenching and tempering (no carburized washers
allowed).

11.4.5

Washer dimensions and assembly of structural joints shall be in accordance with

"Specification for Structural Joints using ASTM A325 or A490 bolts", as endorsed
by AISC.

11.4.6

Hexagonal Nuts shall be washer faced.

11.4.7

Connections for equipment which causes vibration shall be slip critical connection,
Table J.3.2, AISC Handbook, last issue, and provisions have to be taken in order to
keep this condition, even with eventual loading.

11.4.8

Structural connections are intended to work as slip critical connection, and design
drawings shall so specify. However, they must be checked as bearing-type, with
thread included in the shear plane, thus forewarning that friction might be overcome
in singular circumstances or by insufficient tightening.

11.4.9

Class A Surface Condition of Bolting Parts, - as defined in Table 3 of Specifications

mentioned in 11.4.5, - shall normally be considered.

11.4.10

High strength bolts shall be tightened with calibrated wrenches.

11.4.11

A 325 bolts nominal diameters shall be no less than 5/8 inch.

11.4.12

As an exception to 11.4.1, A 307 low-carbon steel bolts may be used in secondary

joints such as purlins supports.

11.4.13

Joints with A 307 bolts, 1/2" inch dia. or more, will be possible in conditions per
10.4.12.

11.4.14

Connections of individual steps in staircases with A 307 bolts, 3/8" dia. will be
allowed.

11.4.15

When specified A 307 bolts, they shall be Grade A, heavy hexagonal heads, with
heavy hexagonal nuts, dimensions according to ANSI B 18.2.1 and 18.2.2. Thread
shall be UNC. Unless otherwise specified, helical spring lock washers shall be
provided.
Dimensions of lock washers shall conform to ANSI B 27.1 (Regular series).

11.4.16

Anchor bolts shall be made of A 42-23 steel according to NCh 206 Standard. Thread
shall be UNC. Plain washer, nut and lock nut shall be specified in the design.

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CIVIL - STRUCTURAL
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11.4.17

Dimensions for anchor bolts plain washers, shall conform to ANSI B 27.2 for Type
A, standard plate size (W). No heat treatment is necessary.

11.4.18

Use of bolts of same diameter and different grades shall be avoided in order to
prevent confusion during the erection.

11.5

Design Basis

11.5.1

Steel structures shall be designed in accordance with the following standards :

NCh 427

"Especificaciones para el Clculo de Estructuras de Acero

para Edificios".

AISC

"Specifications for Structural Steel Buildings.

- Allowable Stress Design.

11.5.2

If disagreement exists between them, the most stringent standard shall govern, when
consistent with the rest of requirements.

11.5.3

With the exception of those cases expressaly requested or accepted by CDC,

structures to be designed shall be Type "Simple Framing", defined according the
AISC Specifications. Therefore, allowable stress method shall be used in the design
with application of elastic theory.

11.5.4

Paragraph 11.5.3 does not preclude other types of structures which will be accepted
when proposed as portions of a principal "Simple Framing" structure, in order to
fulfill ductility requirements.
Rigid-frame Substructures according to AISC A.2.2, will be also accepted in cases
when no possibility of bracing a panel has been left, after clearance provisions were
made. Those structures shall be calculated by allowable stress method.
Rigid-frame Structures or Substructures might be designed on the basis of plastic
behaviour when failure under exceptional loading conditions need to be avoided (e.g.
blast resistant design).

11.5.5

In tall building structures, P effect due to seismic forces shall be duly considered,
except when lateral stability is provided by diagonal or k bracing or shear walls.
P effect, for allowable stress analysis, may be included directly in a second order
analysis, or computed from a first order one, conveniently corrected by iteration.

11.6

Framing and General Design

CD-7
CIVIL - STRUCTURAL
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11.6.1

Framing concept of structures shall be simple, so that their structural behaviour is

readily understood and easily modeled. Applied forces shall reach the foundation or
supports quickly and through clear paths.

11.6.2

Building floors or tower platform levels shall be braced in their planes to meet the
hypothesis of existing rigid diaphragm at each floor level.

11.6.3

Column lines shall be arranged in such a manner that seismic forces may be totally
resisted by panels braced in their full extent.

11.6.4

Bracing diagonal or lacing carrying wind or seismic forces shall not be designed as
tension members only.
For the design of bracing and bracing connection, forces shall be amplified by 25 %
to allow for the lower ductility available in this type of structures.

11.6.5

Wind and seismic resistant members, loaded to 50 per cent or more than their
allowable capacity, shall have a slenderness not higher than critical (or Euler)
slenderness.

11.6.6

In mill buildings where seismic strength is provided by structural frames, front wall
bracing shall be reduced to the minimum necessary to afford lateral support of wind
columns. Bracing will not extend to ground level unless it is designed to resist the
proportion of seismic force transmitted to it consequential of its high rigidity.

11.6.7

All trussed roofs shall have top and bottom chord bracing. Bottom chord bracing
should preferably be continuous throughout the structure.

11.6.8

In aggressive ambient there shall not be used T shapes made of two back-to-back L
shapes or double T shape made of two back-to-back "C" or "U" shapes.

11.6.9

X or K bracing should be possible, or intentionally knee bracing, when clearances are

required for passing chutes, ducts, pipes, conveyors, walkways, etc.

11.6.10

K bracing is preferred when clearer solution of connections and acceptable clearances

are wanted, provided that sufficient ductility reserve is available.

11.6.11

Braced panels in parallel frames should be placed in the same relative location and
equal design must be preferred, with the purpose of having rigidities symmetrically
distributed.

11.6.12

Carrying of wind or seismic horizontal forces through non-structural platforms

elements (e.g. grating and slender purlins), shall not be allowed. Those elements shall

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be considered as unable even to reduce the effective buckling length of compression

members.
Sameway roof and other covers are considered not to have any structural resistant
function.
11.6.13

Bottom end of columns shall preferently be hinged. As an exception stepped

columns carrying crane girders shall be built in. All columns (hinged or built-in) shall
have double base plates, to appreciate anchor bolt deformation after strong seismic
events.
To design double base plates in hinged columns, -even if they are not structurally
necessary,- a built-in moment equal to 30% of the existent in the nearest beamcolumn connection shall be assumed.

11.6.14

The strength of the connection between column base-plate and footing shall be
carefully checked for earthquake shear. If necessary, shear keys or other devices
shall be added under the column base.

11.6.15

Staircases, when existing, shall be isostatic. Bottom supports of the stringers shall be
sliding (with slotted holes in the bottom connection).

11.6.16

Equipment operating dynamically shall be considered separately, on isolated

supports. Vibration at bearing level, in supporting structures and in their
neighborhood shall not exceed tolerable levels. Isolated foundations shall be
provided.

11.6.17

Adjacent buildings or structures shall be separated by a distance sufficient to avoid

contact under seismic forces or under deflections from seismic action.
Separation shall be no less than the larger of the following dimensions:
E = CD * (d1 + d2) E = 2,5 + CD * 0,1 * h
where :
E

= separation in cm at height h.

d1 and d2 = computed horizontal seismic deflection of each structure in cm, at

height h.
h

= height in m.

CD

= response modified coefficient, from Table 1, of Section 10.1.4.

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CIVIL - STRUCTURAL
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11.6.18

Sliding connection or gaps shall be provided, if necessary, to prevent ram effect of

bridge or bridgelike structures carrying pipework, conveyors or similar.

11.6.19

Tubing and piping shall only change their direction in right angles, so that axial
displacements in tubing or ducts be not prevented by hard points. Exception should
be made when operation considerations justify it.

11.6.20

In the event of the exception, flexible joints shall be provided in changes of directions.
Seismic and wind deformations must be compatible with strength of piping, ducts,
walls, partitions and other non-structural elements attached to the structure and with
the capacity of deformation of the expansion joints in ducts.

11.6.21

The supports of large diameter ductwork or piping shall be so arranged as to allow

for thermic movement providing simultaneously structural restraint for seismic forces.
Mechanical, elastomeric or TFE sliding bearings may be designed or specified to
meet that requirement. Steel plates with slotted holes may be used too.

11.6.22

In the seismic design of piping or ductwork in which the deflection of support points
is controlled by the supporting building or structure, these deflections shall be used as
input in the analysis.

11.6.23

In the seismic design of piping or ductwork in which the deflection of supports is

controlled by the pipes or ducts, seismic analysis shall be based in a model that
includes pipes, ducts and supports as an integrated structure.

11.6.24

When major equipment, vessels, large diameter ductwork, etc. are supported at
different levels in a building, care shall be taken in the design of supports to prevent
interaction with supporting structure. Otherwise, seismic analysis shall have to
consider extra masses and rotational inertias connected with additional degrees of
freedom.

11.6.25

Heavy hanging equipment that need be free to deflect vertically or horizontally for
thermal expansion or other operating reasons, shall be adequately tied to the structure
to avoid excessive swinging and knocking during earthquakes. The connecting
elements, either hangers or sliding supports, shall be capable of transmitting seismic
forces without restriction of thermal movements.

11.7

Masonry Walls in Steel Buildings

11.7.1

Use of masonry in flexible steel buildings shall generally be prevented because of the
problems derived from the very different rigidities of both structural materials.

11.7.2

If used, walls and panels shall be reinforced and sufficient clearance must be provided

CD-7
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between them and the surrounding steel frames to permit independent deformation.
However, seismic loads out the wall plane shall be resisted by providing connectors
between the wall panel and the steel structure. The connections must allow for
relative displacements in a direction parallel to the wall.
11.8

Instability

11.8.1

To account for the possibility of buckling, the allowable stresses in shells of

cylindrical tanks or process vessels shall be determined according to the following
formulas:
F = 0.908 * * E * t/D < 0.375 Fy
Where :
= 0.83 /

1 + 0.005 D/t

; if

D/t < 424

or
= 0.70 /

and

0.1 + 0.005 D/t

; if

D/t 424

thickness of the shell

diameter

allowable reduced compression stress due to bending.

Young modulus

Fy

yield stress

11.8.2

When D/t is less than 2.422 E/Fy the failure will correspond to an inelastic buckling
failure mode. To prevent such occurrence the allowable working stress F shall be
computed by assuming a linear variation of such stress between 0.375 Fy and 0.60
Fy, for D/t within the range 0 to 2.422 E/Fy.

11.8.3

The following approximate formula for F can be used in the range 400 D/t <= 2000,
instead of the formulas in section 11.8.1:
F = 0.20 * E * t/D < 0.375 Fy

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CIVIL - STRUCTURAL
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A linear variation of the allowable working stress F between 0.6 Fy and 0.375 Fy is
assumed for the inelastic range, with D/t varying from 0 to 0.534 E/Fy.
11.8.4

Construction specification prepared by the Engineer shall contain prescriptions that

require a strict control of inward deformations or imperfections of the shell surface,
induced by construction methods and processes.
The magnitude of such deformations shall be measured using a straight ruler placed
on the shell surface in a direction parallel to the cylinder axis, and a curved ruler
(circular arc segment of diameter equal to external diameter of vessel) placed in a
direction perpendicular to the cylinder axis. The length of the measuring rulers will
be 2,8 *(Dt)0,5, but in no case shall be longer than 0.95 the distance between circular
or meridian weld beads respectively. For measuring tolerances close to circular weld
beads, a ruler of length 25 t must be employed.
When the ratio w/L, between the largest measured deformation w and the
corresponding ruler length L, does not exceed 0.01, formulae from precedent articles
shall apply.
If the ratio w/L is 0.02, the coefficient must be reduced by half. For ratios w/L
between 0.01 and 0.02 value of coefficient may be obtained by linear interpolation
between and /2.
Ratios w/L greater than 0.02 shall not be accepted.

11.8.5

For circular ducts, with diameter D larger than 0.75 m, working as beams for normal
loads (dead and live loads), use of ring stiffeners of sufficient strength shall be
mandatory and maximum spacing shall not exceed three diameters along axis, unless
otherwise justified by an appropriate structural analysis.

11.8.6

For cases involving arches, vaults and special shells or shell-like structures,
recommendations of Structural Stability Research Council (SSRC, formerly CRC)
shall be kept.

11.9

Other Design Requirements

11.9.1

As recommended in Section 11.2.2, horizontal platform bracing must be preferably

welded in the shop, to form subassemblies with floor beams, thus preventing
excessive number of bolt holes to connect free components.

11.9.2

Indirect connections by means of bolted connectors shall be avoided. Welded gussets

shall be preferred. If not possible, framing shall be changed. For connectors, stress
carrying is not clear and there is a tendency to lateral instability.

CD-7
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11.9.3

According to SEAOC Requirements, when horizontal brace members are required,

they may brace the column flanges directly or they may brace the flanges indirectly
through the column web or through the beam flanges. Local lateral buckling in the
connections have to be checked specially.

11.9.4

Stair treads shall be preferently welded to stringers in the shop, and the whole shall be
allowed to be transported as a unity.

11.9.5

Joints with more than ten bolts must be avoided, which is consistent with the
requirements of using Simple Framing structures, as meeting AISC Specifications,
Section A 2.2.

11.9.6

However, when Rigid-frame Structures are allowed or prescribed, and when joints
with many bolts are unavoidable, special notes shall be placed in the design and
erection drawings to assure holes to coincide in the field.

11.9.7

Minimum connections shall have two bolts. If connected element is a compound one,
there shall be at least two bolts per component. Bolts connections shall be designed
for the effective load, but they must resist at least 50% of the theoretical capacity of
the members.
Exceptions shall be allowed, if previously approved by CDC, in the design of
Overhead Transmission Towers, when it shall be advisable to prevent an excess of
gousset plates or difficulties in galvanizing.

11.9.8

Structural components with symmetric ends, but not symmetrical themselves shall be
avoided in the shop drawings. In the same manner any component whose erection
would be ambiguous shall be avoided. This situation may ocurr even with
symmetrical structural components. Special orientating marks in the detail drawings,
that are easily lost by blot out at painting, are not considered as solution for this
problem.

11.9.9

Structures shall be modulated during early general design in order to get a maximum
of identical components and a minimum of detail drawings.

11.9.10

Erection general drawings and erection detail drawings shall be sufficient to complete
assembling of structures and the erection contractor shall not need to appeal to shop
detail drawings.

11.9.11

Those general design drawings considered as effective as to be supplemental to

erection drawings may be issued as reproductible copies, differently numbered,
thereby introducing the identification marks of those components to be used in the
erection.

CD-7
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DESIGN CRITERIA

One or more General Arrangement Drawings appointed exclusively for Erection,

where the relative position of erection components among them, and the relative
position of them with regard the general coordinates, are shown in detail, have to be
issued by the Engineer before the works are initiated in the field.
11.9.12

Anchor bolts of columns shall have a projection of at least eight diameters and no less
than 200 mm measured from base plates, to permit yielding and related inspection
after an earthquake. Anchor bolts thread shall extend no less than four diameters
under the level of nuts position. Note that these requirements imply double base
plates as mandatory.

11.9.13

No anchor bolts less than 3/4" dia. shall be used in secondary columns, or less than 1"
dia. in principal columns.

11.10

Protection Against Corrosion

11.10.1

All structural steel shall be adequately cleaned and painted for protection against
corrosion or chemical attack in accordance with CDC Specifications. When no
special requirement is to be kept, it may be assumed that a vinylic system will be
used.
The vinylic system should be as following: anticorrosive imprimation, high body
paint and enamel (CDC Specification EC-4, System N 4, paints 4.1, 4.2 and 4.3
according to CDC Specification EP-12).

11.10.2

Unless otherwise specified structural steel shall have the following minimum
thickness:
Galvanized gutters, downspouts and flashing

1,0 mm

Self supporting galvanized roof sheets and siding.

0,8 mm

Sheet (not galvanized) for gate siding

2,0 mm

Web of welded made-up shapes

5,0 mm

Web of rolled shapes

5,0 mm

CD-7
CIVIL - STRUCTURAL
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Flanges in H or I shapes

6,0 mm

Rolled or bent-plate shapes

5,0 mm

Gousset plates

6,0 mm

Water tank plates

6,0 mm

Acid tank plates

8,0 mm

Roof purlins and lateral girts can be made of 3 mm steel sheet or strip, unless more
thickness is needed to keep roofing and siding in place, when employing suitable
special fasteners.
11.10.3

Corrosion allowance for structures and tanks shall take into account the liquid, vapor
and environment to which they would be exposes.
The corrosion allowance selection shall be based on corrosion rates as per Metal
Handbook published by American Society for Metals. Other fountain of corrosion
rates information would by Perry's Chemical Engineer's Handbook.

11.11

Ductility Requirements

11.11.1.

All buildings, structures and parts of equipment shall have sufficient strength to
withstand seismic action in accordance with these specifications.
In office, residential, assembly and similar buildings, seismic design is based on life
protection and structural safety, with limited damage allowed in non structural
elements.
In all industrial facilities and structures, seismic design in based additionally on
serviceability.
Accordingly, continuity of operations, minimum shutdowns and ease of inspection
and repairs are also the basic criteria.

11.11.2

Structures designed to resist earthquake forces should be capable of absorbing large

quantities of energy beyond the elastic range before ultimate failure.
Such structures should have a consistent stress level or margin of reserve strength
throughout. Attention must be given to those structural elements being specially
designed for ductility and against sudden brittle or buckling type of failure. To meet
these conditions the design requirements shall fit those of Chapter N, AISC

CD-7
CIVIL - STRUCTURAL
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Specifications.
In order to insure this reserve strength, redundancy and statical indetermination may
be used in the seismic resistant structure. Failure mode based on ductile criteria shall
govern over brittle failure.
12.0

DESIGN
REQUIREMENTS
FOR
STRUCTURES AND FOUNDATIONS

REINFORCED

CONCRETE

12.1

Material and Design

12.1.1

Reinforced concrete shall be designed by Ultimate Strength Method in accordance

with "Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete" of the American
Concrete Institute, ACI 318, last issue. However, Section A.3.1 of ACI 318 is
deleted and replaced, as estabished by these Criteria CD7, Section 3.5.2.

12.1.2

Concrete may be assumed as produced, transported and placed according to ACI 304
"Recommended Practice for Measuring, Mixing, Transporting and Placing
Concrete", with limitation due to local conditions as explained in the following
paragraphs.

12.1.3

NCh 170 contains in its Table 21, Appendix A, the empiric equivalence among
cylindrical ACI Test Specimens and cubic Chilean INN specimens. NCh 170 also
establishes that concrete shall be measured in cubic specimens 200 mm edge.

12.1.4

Characteristic strength of concrete must not be normally specified higher than 4000
psi or 280 Kg/cm2, for cubic specimens because the quality of aggregates in
Chuquicamata makes difficult to obtain a high strength concrete.
Design of structures and foundations shall be based on the use of concrete having 28
- day cylindrical compressive strength in accordance with NCh 170.
Example:
______________________________________________________________

NCH 170
CUBICAL STRENGTH
CYLINDRICAL STRENGTH
______________________________________________________________
Grade H30
Grade H25
12.1.5

300 Kg/cm2
250 Kg/cm2

250 Kg/cm2
200 Kg/cm2

Nevertheless, strength of concrete higher than 4000 psi or 280 Kg/cm2, might be
specified if it is previously agreed upon with the Construction Department of CDC.

CD-7
CIVIL - STRUCTURAL
DESIGN CRITERIA

12.1.6

Gravel and sand to be normally used in fabricating concrete are a product resulting
from the oxide ore leaching and crushing process, adequately washed and graded. A
concrete of low specific weight of no more than 2300 Kg/cm3 is obtained by using
these aggregates.
When this value will be critical in the design, the Engineer and Construction
Contractor must ask a confirmation of CDC.
CDC might accept this kind of concrete if improvement of grading and cement
dosage should correct the specimen tests.
Cement excess is producing increment of concrete porosity.

12.1.7

Gravel has normally a maximum size of 3/4", but often does not exceed 1/2", with a
high percentage of coarse sand passing the ASTM N 4 Sieve. These contents of
coarse sand in the gravel causes a distortion of fine aggregates gradation.

12.1.8

Gravel and sand, -on account of their origin,- may induce a concrete behaviour that is
not always compatible with usual type of admixtures.
Thus, use of high-range water-reducing admixtures is not possible, except if special
tests are done and they are successful.

12.1.9

Water to be used in concrete is potable water. Typical water analysis is given in

CDC's Specification EG-1.

12.1.10

Reinforcing bars shall be billet steel of the following specifications:

Normal quality NCh A44-28H or ASTM A615 Grade 40.
High strength NCh A63-42H or ASTM A615 Grade 60.
Welded wire mesh NCh 218 or ASTM A185.

12.1.11

Following rod sizes are available:

Sizes in mm only: 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 18, 22, 25, 28, 32, 36.
Nominal size referred to diameter.

12.1.12

Welding of reinforcing rods shall be accepted only if approved in writing by the

Engineer and CDC. If authorized, it must meet the requirement of American
Welding Society AWS D1.4.

12.1.13

Cement shall be puzzolanic with contents of tricalcium aluminate not exceeding 5%.

CD-7
CIVIL - STRUCTURAL
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12.1.14

Sheets of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) of 0.4 mm thickness, shall be provided to isolate

concrete of entouring rock, soil or backfill, when there are risk of chemical attack to
concrete by soil salts (sulphates).

12.2

Framing

12.2.1

Framing concept shall be simple for frame buildings as for frame and wall.

12.2.2

Paragraph 11.6.16 for steel structures shall also be applicable for concrete buildings.

12.2.3

Section 11.11 for steel structures, shall be applicable for concrete buildings too.
Seismic resistant frames must be ductile in accordance with ACI Standard 318,
Appendix A.

12.2.4

In order to assure ductility, mill tests of the longitudinal reinforcing bars shall be
performed. For these tests, actual yielding stress shall not exceed minimum specified
by more than 130 Kg/cm2. Ultimate stress shall not be higher than 1,33 times the
actual yielding stress.
These requirements are included in NCh 434 Standard.

12.2.5

Consistent with the use of an increased response coefficient R as allowed in 10.1.4 a

minimum ductility (factor = 6) shall be specified for frames and beams.
An alternative criterion by limiting depth of neutral axis should be accepted.

12.3.

Concrete Foundations

12.3.1

In those cases of foundations for rotating machinery, reciprocating engines or

machines producing impact loads, a limit for the permissible values of vibration
amplitudes has to be established by the designer according to proved theory and
information from manufacturer.

12.3.2

Permissible values refers to translational (both directions), vertical and rotational

(either plane: rocking, tilting and torsion) displacements.

12.3.3

Dynamic response of machinery-foundation systems under seismic load shall be

evaluated as a whole.
Machinery shall operate at least in smooth range of vibration according to severity
chart (to operate between 0.25 and 0.5 mm/sec). The Root Mean Square of velocities
corresponding to fundamental frequencies of foundation will agree with the
Mechanical Design Criteria and Requirements.

CD-7
CIVIL - STRUCTURAL
DESIGN CRITERIA

Use the actual coupled frequencies of machinery to get the RMS of velocities.
Through symmetric design of foundations try to prevent torsion and uncouple
displacements from rotations.
12.3.4

Interaction between foundation close to each other under dynamic loads, shall be
prevented or reduced to negligible terms.

12.3.5

Foundations for minor equipment may be allowed to be designed by seismic static

analysis only when expressly required by CDC.

12.3.6

It is allowed to assume that the soil underlying the foundation does not have inertia
but only elastic properties.

12.3.7

Massive foundations may be considered to lack elastic properties but frame or slab
foundations shall be assumed to have both inertial and elastic properties.

12.3.8

Because of seismic interaction with dynamic operational loads in machinery

foundation, no empirical formulas for design shall be employed.

12.3.9

The concrete foundations for a structure, steel or concrete building and others have
to be calculated with the reactions corresponding to their supports, all obtained with
the methods here exposed in CD-7.
Then, it shall not be permitted to calculate the foundations with reactions obtained
from a less stringent spectrum different from that used for the correspondent
structures.
Machinery foundations normally has to be calculated according 12.3 and satisfying
the requirements of this present document.

12.3.10

CDC accepts only anchorage bolts precasted in concrete, and does not allow to take
into consideration the mortar adherence to the anchorage bolts. The complete
adherence must be developed between anchorage and concrete and be calculated for
carrying that load and transmit it.
Then the Supplier will be obliged to deliver the bolts data and their exact location in
order that it be possible to precast the bolts in the same act as pouring the concrete.
Bolts shall be in the site when needed according the works schedule. A pouch may
be designed to adjust the bolts if actual adherence is enough.
For machinery anchorages, -such as compressors,- CDC accepts hammer head bolts
to have removable bolts when necessary. Chemical bolts are acceptable for small

CD-7
CIVIL - STRUCTURAL
DESIGN CRITERIA

loads. All supplied bolting have to be approved previously by CDC in order to

prevent misunderstandings.
Hammer head bolt dimensions shall be in accordance with DIN 7992.

13.0

DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURAL TIMBER

13.1.

General

13.1.1.

For special climatic conditions of Chuquicamata zone structural timber shall be dried
to 8% or less. Design shall be based in NCh 1198 standard.
Other Chilean standards concerning Structural Timber are the following:
NCh 173, 174, 992 and 993 - Definitions, Units and Classification.
NCh 300 and 301. Bolts, muts and connections.
Design shall be based in elastic theory allowable stress.

13.1.2 Botanic species generally used in Chile are the following:

Nothofagus Obliqua
Nothofagus Alba
Nothofagus Dombeyi
Pinus Radiata
Eucryphia Cordifolia
Nothofagus Alpina
Nothofagus Pumilio
Laurelia Sempervirens
Populus nigra
Eucaliptus globulus
Kagenechia augustifolia
Araucaria araucana
Weinmannia trichosperma
13.1.3

(Roble pelln)
(Roble blanco)
(Coihue)
(Pino insigne)
(Ulmo)
(Raul)
(Lenga)
(Laurel)
(Alamo)
(Eucalipto)
(Olivillo)
(Araucaria)
(Tineo)

Nothofagus obliqua is the most widely specified structural timber in Chile, but at this
time it is scarce and is reduced to National Parks. When specified, usually a first class
Eucryphia is provided instead. But if this last one is directly specified only a second
class timber is supplied.

CD-7
CIVIL - STRUCTURAL
DESIGN CRITERIA

A similar situation happens with Nothofagus Alpina which often is replaced by lenga,
with detriment in expected quality.
Care have to be taken in order to that Laurelia Philippiana (Tepa) shall not be
delivered as Laurelia Sempervirens. Tepa is a low quality wood easy to be recognized
as stinky and brittle.
13.1.4

Correspondent UBC Standards for timber may be used if an equivalence of wood

type is established.

13.1.5

Dimensions
Standard dimensions are as follows:
Rough

Finished

thickness

1, 1-1/2, 2, 2-1/2, 3, 3-1/2, 4, 5, 6 inches.

width 2-1/2, 3, 3 1/2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14

inches.

thickness 20, 32, 45, 70, 90, 115, 140, 190, 240 mm.
width 20, 32, 45, 69, 89, 114, 139, 188, 238 mm.

Lengths

Pine 3.0 m Std. Longer in exact meters are available.

Other 3.6 m Std. Longer in exact meters are available.

13.1.6 Basic Unit Stresses and Young's Modulus, Not Seasoned, kg/cm2
Species

Bending
Alamo
Coihue
Eucaliptus 275
Lenga
Olivillo
215
Pino Araucaria
Pino Insigne 115
Roble
Tepa
Tineo
Ulmo

Parallel
Normal
Compression
125
195
163
225
240
198
240
240

The design average values of E can be used.

13.1.7

Allowable Deflection

226
115
60

95
140
107
125
146
118
126
195

Compression

71
15

13
60
23
25
32

Parallel
Tension Shear

Average

Young's
Minimum

125
195
275
163
215215
225
115
240
198
240
240

17
30
36
25
17
12
15
12
24
17
28

50,500
83,300
126,700
79,700
71,000
83,000
66,500
99,000
81,900
84,000
104,000

Modulus
41,500
67,000
70,100
52,300
49,000
32,000
34,500
63,000
57,000
54,000
75,500

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DEFLECTION, (FRACTION OF SPAN L)

MEMBERS
Roof Beam

Floor Beams

Live Load

Live plus Dead Load

Industrial
Buildings
Building, plaster
and ceiling

1/180
1/240

1/120
1/180

1/360

1/240

General
Highway Bridges
Railroad Bridges

1/360
1/300
1/400

1/240
1/240
1/240

14.0

DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY

14.1

Design Requirements for Reinforced Concrete Masonry

14.1.1

The use of concrete masonry bearing walls shall be limited to buildings not more than
two stories (two levels) or 6 m in height. All masonry in process areas shall be
reinforced concrete blocks.

14.1.2

he Design Engineer needs to accept that, in this kind of construction, ultimate

strength may be attained, and will design accordingly by insuring that the required
ductility be developed without excessive strength or stiffness degradation.

14.1.3

Design shall be based on INN Standard NCh 1928. Additional requirements that
complement this Standard are set forth below. Concrete blocks must meet Chilean
Code NCh 181.

14.1.4

Construction specification prepared by the Engineer shall contain prescriptions that

emphasize and require the careful inspection of mortar and blocks. It shall also be
required that blocks be inspected both in their shape and their geometry. Mortar
mixing and placing must be carefully inspected, since often deceitfully it is tried to fill
the blocks with mortar, unable to anchor the reinforcement and different of grout
specified in INN NCh 1928, Appendix A, Section A.4. Construction contractor shall
make every effort to use the highest qualified workmanship available.

14.1.5

Shear stresses in masonry walls need not be amplified by 100%, as required by NCh
1928, if seismic loads are determined following section 10.1 or 10.2 of these Design
Criteria.

14.1.6

All masonry walls shall be reinforced with both vertical and horizontal reinforcement.
The sum of the areas of horizontal and vertical reinforcement shall be at least 0.002

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times the gross cross-sectional area of the wall, and the minimum area of
reinforcement in either direction shall be not less than 0,0007 times the gross crosssectional area of the wall. The reinforcement shall be limited to a maximum spacing
of 1.2 m on centers. The minimum diameter of vertical reinforcement shall be 10
mm.
14.1.7

In masonry walls there shall be not less than one 12 mm bar (or two 10 mm bars) on
all sides of, and adjacent to, every opening which exceeds 60 cm in either direction,
and such bars shall extend not less than 40 diameter, but in no case less than 60 cm
beyond the corners of the opening. These bars are to be placed in addition to the
minimum reinforcement specified in 14.1.6.

14.1.8

Especial care has to be taken when a masonry panel is reduced in width extending
itself for only a part of story height to allow for windows.
Then a short column effect will be produced with a reduction of fundamental period
and an increase of seismic forces.
The corresponding frame has to be designed for ductile response. Plastic hinges are
to be expected at top and bottom of columns before reaching the design level

14.2

Design Requirements for Confined Concrete Block Masonry

14.2.1

Confined Concrete Block Masonry (CBM)

CBM is defined as a system consisting of solid or hollow concrete block wall panels
completely confined by a reinforced concrete frame, (R.C) consisting of vertical
columns, horizontal beams or bond beams and/or the foundations. The block wall
must be built before pouring the concrete of the confining frame.
The interface between block and concrete shall be
staggered blocks shape.

serrated

following

the

14.2.2

Masonry walls confined by reinforced concrete members (such as columns, beams,

lintels and foundations) shall be considered as reinforced masonry, and as such, use of
minimum reinforcement prescribed in section 14.6 shall be mandatory.

14.2.3

For seismic forces perpendicular to its plane, the block wall shall be designed as a
slab, supported on its four sides by the R.C. elements. Seismic acceleration shall be
0.2 g. as specified in 10.1.10.

14.2.4

Allowable stresses in the blocks masonry shall be as

follow:
Hollow Units

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Compression (on total area)

Tension (perpendicular. to its plane)
Shear (on total area)

10 kg/cm2
0
0.9 kg/cm2

R.C. members shall be designed for the wall horizontal reactions and vertical loading
upon them.
14.2.5

For seismic forces parallel to its plane, CBM shall be designed as a composite
Reinforced Concrete - Block Masonry element, by elastic theory. For this purpose,
the ratio of E, Young's Modulus, between R.C. and Brick Masonry shall be taken as
5.

14.2.6

The following additional requirements for confined masonry shall be met. Lesser
requirements are permissible if the designer can show by analysis or other means that
the lesser requirements are justified.
-

Minimum thickness of block wall

14 cm
Maximum percentage of door and window openings of resisting walls 50%
Maximum distance between columns
6.0 m
Maximum area of block wall within confining elements
12.5 m2
Columns
Minimum thickness
Equal to wall
Minimum width
20 cm
Minimum area of longitudinal reinforcement 3.2 cm2
Minimum stirrups
8 mm dia. at 20 cm at the ends
8 mm dia. at 25 cm in the middle span
6 mm dia. at 15cm in middle span
Beams or bond beams,
Minimum width
Equal to wall
Minimum height
20 cm
Minimum area of longitudinal reinforcement 3.2 cm2
Minimum stirrups
8 mm dia. at 25 cm at the ends
6 mm dia. at 20 cm in the middle span

14.2.7

Stirrups shall be checked for confinement.

15.0

DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR

FABRICS AND TFE BEARINGS

ELASTOMERIC,

PREFORMED

Columns, girders, beams, heavy piping or equipment, tall vessels, stacks, etc. may be
supported in elastomeric or TFE (Polytetrafluorethilene), fixed or sliding bearings,
meeting AASHTO Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges.

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DESIGN CRITERIA

Elastomeric

Div I, Section 14 for Design.

Div. II, Section 25 for Supply

TFE

Div. I, Section 15 for Design

Div II, Sections 10.3.12 and 27 for Supply.

16.0

SOIL MECHANICS

16.1.

General

16.1.1

Foundations, excavations, backfilling and soil preparation shall be designed and

specified in accordance with the recommendation of CDC's Soil Mechanics
Consultants and CDC's Specification CD-11.

16.1.2

Foundations shall normally be designed as rigid type.

16.1.3

Column spacing and mat foundations as described in Sections 6 and 7 of ACI

Document 336.2R-66 - "Suggested Design Procedures for Combined Footings and
Mats", shall be considered rigid if quantity 1.75/ meets the condition there indicated.
For a simple column foundation, total length has not to exceed 1.5/.
as defined in ACI Document is the inverse value of elastic length.

16.1.4

Exception to 16.1.3 will be allowed with mats or slab foundations conceived to

support miscellaneous and a variety of equipment, machinery and/or minor structures.
Mats may be designed flexible or rigid as found more convenient for the project.

16.1.5

Factor of safety for overturning shall be at least 1.5 with or without earthquake. That
is to say, the ratio of resisting to overturning shall be 1.5 or greater.
However, if foundation is subjected to bending in two directions at the same time, the
portion of foundation to be always in contact with the soil shall be 75% or more.

16.1.6

Factor of safety for sliding shall be at least 1,5 with or without earthquake. The
passive resistance is ignored. The requirement is barely that the resistance to sliding
be at least 1,5 times the horizontal component of active thrust. Friction coefficient
shall not exceed 0,667 tan , where is the internal friction angle, before
compaction.

16.1.7

Retaining walls may also be calculated as flexible but their foundations shall be rigid.
Non foreviewed special situations, as presence of rock at level of foundation, will be

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discussed with CDC and found a solution.

16.1.8

Unless otherwise is specified, expressions of Mononobe and Okabe may be used to

compute the coefficients for static and seismic thrust in retaining walls. So, active
thrust is considered as resisted by the dead weight of the retaining wall. Friction of
backfill against wall shall be considered as non existent.

16.1.9

If a retaining wall is backfilled by being compacted by layers, the additional active

thrust developed in this operation has to be taken into account to calculate the wall
and the safety factors.

16.1.10

Free slopes or those parts of slopes that are not restrained by a retaining wall have to
be specially studied and designed at least 10 degrees less sloped than got from slope
stability calculations for normal safety factor.

16.1.11

Earth pressures due to concentrated loads applied over the fill or soil behind retaining
walls or buried structures, shall be computed by Boussinesq formulae. Alternatively,
numerical methods based on the theory of elasticity and such that satisfy the
equilibrium and compatibility equations, shall be acceptable.

16.1.12

Machinery, equipment or steel structures such as spreaders, stackers, etc., directly

supported on the soil, without foundations, shall be afforded a factor of safety against
overturning that cannot be less than the factor of safety normally used for design.
For static conditions and normal operation this factor usually is 1,66. For load
combinations including wind or seismic loads, normally is 1,25.

17.0

APPROVALS

17.1

Seismic Approval of Facilities and Equipment Supplied By Vendors.

17.1.1

From the standpoint of Seismic Design, structures or equipment shall be classified in

the following categories:
Class A:
a)

Facilities or equipment that are critical, for any of the following

reasons:

Continuity of operation is essential for the plant, since earthquake damage may
involve the loss of a facility or a lengthy shutdown.
Typical of this category are major equipment and their structural support, such as
Electrowinning buildings, Crushing plant, Fine Ore Bins, EW transformers and
rectifiers.

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CIVIL - STRUCTURAL
DESIGN CRITERIA

b)

Seismic damage, even if non-structurally important, may involve high risk of

explosion, fire or danger of burning, poisoning or similar harm to human beings.
Typical of this category are commodities such as gas, high pressure steam or
aggressive chemical piping, tanks containing corrosive liquids, etc.

c)

17.1.2

Lifeline facilities and similar must remain operative to avoid major earthquake
induced catastrophes such as fire, explosion, health hazard, etc. Typical of this class
are firefighting facilities and networks, gas pipe flushing facilities, main substations,
emergency power, first aid stations, etc.
Class B:

Other major structures or equipment that may accept minor

shutdowns but are essential for a prompt start-up after a major
earthquake. Typical of this class are large tall bins, large ductwork,
tall vessels, etc.

Class C:

Normal structures and large equipment not included in A and B; and

Class D:

Minor mechanical or electrical equipment in which seismic forces

require proper anchorage.

Class A and B Facilites

Method of Seismic Design
Unless otherwise specified, the facility and its supports and anchors must withstand
seismic forces determined by the dynamic method as stated in of this Structural
Design Criteria.
Seismic Review
Supplier shall submit to the Design Engineer sufficient documentation for Seismic
Review in two steps as follows:
1.

General arrangement drawings and sketches of the structural seismic resisting

system, with clear indication of all supported masses, centers of gravity,
means of attachment and a document describing the proposed structural
concept.

2.

Dynamic seismic analysis and drawings, as were required in Section 5.8,

computation sheets, computer printouts and sizing of all structural elements.

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The second step may be submitted for approval only if the first step is
approved.
17.1.3

Class C Facilites
Method of Seismic Design
Unless otherwise specified, the facility and its supports and anchors must withstand
seismic forces determined by the static method as defined in this Structural Design
Criteria.
Seismic Review
Supplier shall submit to the Design Engineer the facility documentation to Seismic
Reviewers for review of the seismic design in two steps as follows:
1.

General arrangement drawings and sketches of the structural seismic resisting

system, with clear indication of all supported masses, centers of gravity,
means of attachment and a document describing the proposed structural
concept.

2.

Static seismic analysis and drawings, computation sheets, computer printouts

and sizing of all structural elements.
The second step may be submitted for approval only if the first step is
approved.

17.1.4

Class D - Minor Equipment and Facilities

o

Method of Seismic Design

The facility and its supports and anchor must withstand horizontal seismic forces
applied at the center of gravity.
V=

ICW

where:
V, I, C and W are defined in this Criteria Sections 10.1
o

Seismic Review
Drawings of all structures, mechanical and electrical equipment, with clear indication

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of masses, centers of gravity and details of anchors and attachments shall be

submitted to Seismic Reviewers for review.
17.1.5

Responsibility
The approval by Seismic Reviewers shall not relieve the supplier of responsibility for
the full compliance of the Structural and Seismic Design Criteria.

17.2

Approval of Structural and Seismic Design

17.2.1

All structures, major equipment, large diameter pipe or ductwork, towers, stacks and
similar, must be approved by CDC from the standpoint of general stability and
seismic design.

17.2.2

To comply with 17.2.1 prior to any calculations of final design, the Engineer shall
submit for review and approval the framing, loads, loads conditions and modelation
for static and dynamic analysis.
In this stage drawings shall not be delivered, exception done of explicative informal
sketches. After performing the calculations, the Engineer shall submit for review and
approval the general drawings, computation sheets explaining the results got in the
printouts, the computer printouts and all otherwise relevant information.

17.2.3

The computational sheets have to include comments notes that permit CDC to
interpret the process development. Notes shall explain and justify the mathematical
models employed in calculating and dimensioning. Computer input and output have
to be identified and interpreted in the notes.

17.2.4

Intermediate results in computer calculations have to be afforded by the designer.

17.2.5

Among these one, but not limited to them, the designer shall deliver the following
information:
.

Each one of the normalized modal shapes taken into account in a dynamical analysis,
conveniently plotted or in their vectorial expression.

Modal participation factors.

Equivalent mass per mode.

Restitutive loads and bending moments per mode, as well as corresponding

displacements, BEFORE modal combination, for whichever governing criteria.

Probable maxima of final loads, moments and generalized displacements, according

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to criteria in 10.2.12.

CODELCO CHILE
DIVISION CHUQUICAMATA
SUBGERENCIA PROYECTOS
CD7-00I
DESIGN CRITERIA
FOR
CIVIL STRUCTURAL

REV.
N

DATE

DESCRIPTION

APPROVED
E&D

MAY. 83

FIRST ISSUE

MAY. 88

GENERAL REVISION

OCT. 94

GENERAL REVISION

SEP. 99

GENERAL REVISION

S.G.I.M