Session 2P7

Antenna and Array: Theory and Design

A Class of Broadband Planar Traveling-wave Antennas and Their Latest Applications

Johnson Jenn-Hwa Wang, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Phase-only Synthesis of the Radiation Pattern of an Antenna Array with Quantized Phase Shifters
Alexander S. Kondratiev, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Stage-by-stage Testing Technique of Active Phased Array
M. V. Markosyan, Vahan H. Avetisyan, S. G. Eyremjyan, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Experimental Investigations of Adaptive Reactance Parasitic Antenna Dipole Array
Maxim O. Shuralev, A. L. Umnov, A. Mainwaring, M. A. Sokolov, A. U. Eltsov, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Planar Array Antenna with Parasitic Elements for Beam Steering Control
Mohd Tarmizi Ali, Tharek Abd Rahman, Muhammad Ramlee Bin Kamarudin, M. N. Md Tan, Ro-
nan Sauleau, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Multiband MIMO Antenna with a Band Stop Matching Circuit for Next Generation Mobile Applications

Minseok Han, Jae-Hoon Choi, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

Dual ISM Band Mircostrip Antenna for Satellite Internet Service
Byoungchul Kim, Sangwoon Lee, Joongyu Ryu, Hosung Choo, Hojin Lee, Ikmo Park, . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Directional GPS Antenna for Indoor Positioning Applications
Kerem Özsoy, İbrahim Tekin, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Printed Dipole Array Fed with Parallel Stripline for Ku-band Applications
M. Doğan, Kerem Özsoy, Ibrahim Tekin, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
A Circular Disc Monopole UWB Antenna Fed with a Tapered Microstrip Line on a Circular Ground
Yangjun Zhang, Masahiro Shimasaki, Toyokatsu Miyashita, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Improved Tapered Slot-line Antennas Loaded by Grating
Peng Zhang, Shu Jun Tand, Wen Xun Zhang, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Using High Impedance Ground Plane for Improving Radiation in Monopole Antenna and Its Unusual
Reflection Phase Properties
Maryam Abootorabi, Mohsen Kaboli, Seyed Abdullah Mirtaheri, Mohammad Sadegh Abrishamian, . . 108
The Impact of New Feeder Arrangement on RDRA Radiation Characteristics
Ahmed S. Elkorany, A. A. Sharshar, S. M. Elhalafawy, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

93
94 Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium Abstracts, Moscow, Russia, August 18–21, 2009

A Class of Broadband Planar Traveling-wave Antennas and Their

Latest Applications
Johnson J. H. Wang
Wang Electro-Opto Corporation (WEO), Marietta, Georgia 30067, USA

Abstract— Classical antenna theory often ignores the practical problem of platform mounting,
which can have deadly impact on antenna performance. This is an unavoidable problem since an
antenna is invariably inseparable from a transceiver or platform, which the antenna is connected
with or mounted on. In the worst scenario, the main radiator is the platform or transceiver, not
the antenna per se. The slot antenna and the microstrip patch antenna provide a narrowband
solution to this problem. For broadband needs, a class of planar traveling-wave (TW) antennas,
as depicted in Figure 1, and TW phased arrays employing such TW elements, emerged in the
past two decades [e.g., 1], offering a satisfactory solution. This paper addresses the fundamental
theory for this class of planar TW antennas.
A common feature of these patented designs is a ground plane placed very close to a planar
broadband TW structure, which is preferably a self-complementary surface. The TW is charac-
terized by a radial component of propagation to and from the geometrical center of the planar
TW structure. The conducting ground plane on the back side of the antenna enables the an-
tenna to be conformally mounted on any platform, with minimal EMC/EMI problems as well
as a stable radiation property fairly independent of the mounting platform. In addition to an
octaval bandwidth of 10 : 1 or more, this class of broadband planar TW antenna offers features
such as dual-polarization and multifunction rarely available in other antennas.
Applications include ultra-wideband conformal body-wearable antennas, air/sea/ground vehi-
cle antennas, handset antennas, planar phased arrays, etc. A recent application is in high-
performance low-cost GNSS antennas that cover all three GNSS services (GPS/GLONASS/Galil-
eo), requiring a wide frequency bandwidth of 1.164–1.610 GHz. The TW structure in this design
is a planar four-arm spiral, which has an inherently stable phase center nearly independent of
spatial and frequency variations. Such a performance is not achievable by conventional GNSS
antenna approaches such as the patch antenna and other broadband antennas. Its phase center
stability versus frequency and spatial angle is primarily limited by its manufacturing tolerance
and the excitation accuracy of its feed network.

Radiation zone ( ρr ~ λ/ 2 π for Mode-1)

ρr Current density
ρ
Top View

0 ρr ρ

TW element z
S Outgoing wave
Side View Reflected wave
(from residual outgoing wave)

Matching Ground plane

network Feed

Figure 1: The planar TW antenna.

REFERENCES
1. Wang, J. J. H., D. J. Triplett, and C. J. Stevens, “Broadband/Multiband conformal circular
beam-steering array,” IEEE Trans. Antennas and Prop., Vol. 54, No. 11, November 2006.
 Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium Abstracts, Moscow, Russia, August 18–21, 2009 95

Phase-only Synthesis of the Radiation Pattern of an Antenna Array

with Quantized Phase Shifters
Alexander S. Kondratiev
Moscow Power Engineering Institute (Technical University), JSC Altair, Russia

Abstract— At present, solution of many radar and communication problems requires applica-
tion of antennas with shaped radiation patterns and/or pattern nulls or deep gaps in prescribed
directions. Antenna arrays, which have many controllable elements, are most suitable candidates
for formation of such patterns. In many arrays, only the phases of the amplitude-phase distribu-
tion over the array elements can be controlled. In this case, formation of an array pattern with
prescribed properties requires solution of the so-called phase-only synthesis problem [1].
Phase-only synthesis problems are inherently nonlinear and, generally, are solved with the use of
numerical methods [2, 3]. The most reliable methods are those based on reduction of the initial
synthesis problem to the problem of minimization of a nonlinear nonnegative definite function of
desired phases and application of numerical optimization techniques to finding the minimum of
this function. (In general, the minimum is local and the obtained solution is only approximate.)
In most cases, the element excitation phases are controlled with quantized phase shifters that
change the excitation phases only stepwise. The value of phase increment ∆ψ is usually deter-
mined from the formula
∆ψ = 2π/2K , (1)
where K is the number of binary digits.
In this case, it is desirable to solve the problem in the domain of discrete values of the desired
phases [2, 3]. This approach, in particular, allows formation of deep nulls in prescribed directions.
In formation of a shaped pattern, it is often desirable to ensure near uniform approximation of
the desired shape. This approximation can be attained with the use of the Chebyshev metric
or an approximation of this metric for the difference between the desired and the synthesized
patterns.
Here, an approach to solution of the phase-only pattern synthesis problem is proposed that
involves
(i) formation of the objective function with the use of a power approximation of the Chebyshev
metric and
(ii) iterative minimization of this objective function by means of finite search over discrete phase
values at each iteration.
A version of this approach is described below.
0
Let us specify the desired radiation pattern by its values at M angular directions Fm , m =
1, . . . , M .
Then, the phase-only synthesis problem is reduced to solution of the following set of equations:

N
X
Fne (θm , ϕm ) · An · exp(jψn ) · exp (j (kxn κxm + kyn κym + kzn κzm )) = Fm
0
,
n=1
m = 1, . . . , M, (2)

where Fne (θm , ϕm ) is the radiation pattern of the nth array element in the mth angular direction
(θm , ϕm ) in the spherical coordinate system;
An and ψn are the amplitude and phase of the excitation of the nth array element;
kxn , kyn , and kzn are the Cartesian electric coordinates of the nth array element;
k = 2π/λ and λ is the wavelength.
Amplitudes An are fixed and system (2) is solved for desired phases ψn taking discrete values
according to formula (1). Since the solution domain of this system of nonlinear equations is
96 Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium Abstracts, Moscow, Russia, August 18–21, 2009

generally unknown, system (2) is solved approximately by reducing it to the objective function
¯ N
X M ¯X
¯
Q = Wm ¯ Fne (θm , ϕm ) · An · exp(jψn )
¯
m=1 n=1
¯l
¯
0 ¯
· exp(j(kxn κxm + kyn κym + kzn κzm )) − Fm exp(jαm )¯ , (3)
¯

where αm are the phase values whose values are specified during iterative minimization of this
objective function [3] and l ≥ 2 is a positive even integer number.
The minima of objective function (3) are the approximate solutions to system (2).
Analysis of objective function (3) shows that, along each phase ψn , function (3) is periodic
with a period divisible by 2π/l. This feature is used to develop a simple iterative minimization
technique in which objective function (3) is successively minimized along coordinates ψn . If l=
2, the minimum along each coordinate can be found analytically [2, 3]. If l > 2, the minimum at
each iteration is found numerically by means of the search over a finite number of phase values
determined by formula (1) within the period [0, 2π]. The advantages of this synthesis procedure
are the simplest selection of the search direction and a limited search interval at each iteration.
This procedure can be further improved by replacing the coordinatewise search method with
one of faster methods, for example, the well-known conjugate gradient method [4]. However,
direct application of this method is impossible because phases ψn can take only discrete values
determined by formula (1). If the phase values are considered continuous and formula (1) is
applied to the solution found with continuous phases, this operation may result in substantial
deterioration of the obtained solution, which is most pronounced for the null synthesis problems.

2
1

Figure 1: Initial and synthesized patterns for l = 2.

1 2

Figure 2: Initial and synthesized patterns for l = 4.

Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium Abstracts, Moscow, Russia, August 18–21, 2009 97

To return the linear search performed at each iteration to the search over only the allowed phase
values, one can use a technique in which the search direction is adjusted so that the components
of the original search vector are approximated by the values that are the multiples of phase
increment ∆ψ. A normalization procedure is used to set the maximum vector component to
2π. At each iteration, objective function (3) is simultaneously minimized along the coordinates
changed according to the above algorithm and the steps along coordinates ψn take only the
discrete values specified by formula (1). In practice, this is a stepwise approximation of the
original search direction.
An example of application of the coordinatewise version of the proposed method is shown below
for the synthesis of a linear equispaced array of 50 isotropic radiators with a flat-top pattern. The
synthesis results are shown in Figs. 1 and 2. In all figures, curves 1 correspond to the initial array
pattern and curves 2 correspond to the synthesized patterns for l = 2 (Fig. 1) and 4 (Fig. 2),
respectively.
As seen from the results in Figs. 1 and 2, the synthesized patterns depend on power l. Changing
this parameter, it is possible to flatten the ripples on the top of the synthesized pattern.

REFERENCES
1. Cheng, D. K., “Optimization techniques for antenna arrays,” Proc. IEEE, Vol. 59, 1664–1674,
1971.
2. Kondrat’yev, A. S., “Method for phase synthesis of antenna arrays with additional require-
ments on the shape of the directivity pattern taken into account,” Soviet J. Communications
Technol. Electron., Vol. 36, 94–102, 1991.
3. Kondrat’yev, A. S. and A. D. Khzmalyan, “Phase-only synthesis of antenna arrays for a given
amplitude radiation pattern,” J. Communications Technol. Electron., Vol. 41, 859–866, 1996.
4. Fletcher, R. and C. M. Reeves, “Function minimization by conjugate gradients,” Computer J.,
Vol. 7, 149–154, 1964.
98 Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium Abstracts, Moscow, Russia, August 18–21, 2009

Stage-by-stage Testing Technique of Active Phased Array

M. V. Markosyan, V. H. Avetisyan, and S. G. Eyremjyan
Yerevan Telecommunication Research Institute, Yerevan, Republic of Armenia

Abstract— Manufacturing and bringing of the active phased array (APhA) to a readiness for
operation (with the goal of reception of the parameters inserted at the APhA designing) demand
significant zeal and expenses. At production the step-by-step assembly of component units of the
APhA to entire antenna system is carried out. The basic element of APhA is transceiver module
(TM), which combines the electronic-controlled discrete attenuator, phase-shifter, switches, power
amplifier and low-noise amplifier; N pieces of TM are combined in a cell; M pieces of cells are
combined in group; K pieces of groups are combined in subarray and F pieces of subarraies are
combined in entire system of the APhA. At assembling of new unit it is possible to disturb an
operability of one or more component units. On each stage of such sequential enlargements it is
important to eliminate of faulty component units from process of following assembly for avoiding
of additional expenditures.
With this goal in given article the technique of stage-by-stage testing and electric alignment of
the APhA component units is offered at the described assembly process. In the beginning of
everyone specifically-observed stage the checking (according to the developed techniques) of the
final assembly units of the previous stage is provided. Note, the final assembly units of the previ-
ous stage are the component units of the specifically-observed stage unit, which should be tested.
The mentioned checking of each final assembly unit of the previous stage is carried out in mode
of in-phase and amplitude uniform excitations of its component units. The check testing defines
operability of the previous stage assembly units and also deviations of their amplitude and phase
transmission characteristics. On the basis of the received data about deviations for each of tested
units, the corrections by amplitude and phase are defined for inserting of additional attenuations
and phase-shifts, which necessary for their in-phase and amplitude uniform excitations in com-
position of the observed stage assembly unit. Such excitation condition of the observed stage
component unit is final result of its electronic alignment. After that, the correctness of executed
electric alignment of the tested unit is checked by corresponding measurements and its certificate
on required parameters is made out. It is an end of the specifically-observed stage.
Process of the TM testing is carried out on the basis of radiator far-field measurements by means of
the developed automatic measurement system, which determines also polarization characteristics
of its radiated wave. Testing of groups, subarraies and whole APhA is carried out by the offered
near-field automatic measurement system.
The offered stage-by-stage testing technique allows clearly and reliably to carry out a process of
bringing of the APhA to a readiness for operation in accordance with requirements on its electric
parameters.
Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium Abstracts, Moscow, Russia, August 18–21, 2009 99

Experimental Investigations of Adaptive Reactance Parasitic

Antenna Dipole Array
M. O. Shuralev1, 2 , A. L. Umnov1, 2 , A. Mainwaring3 ,
M. A. Sokolov1, 2 , and A. U. Eltsov1, 2
1
Nizhny Novgorod State University, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia
2
Intel Corporation, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
3
Intel Research Laboratory at Berkeley, CA 94704, USA

Abstract— This work explores the theory and practice of low-cost beam steering antennas
for WiFi, specifically high-gain arrays of interest for long-distance point-to-point and point-to-
multipoint links based on WiFi technology operating at 2.4 GHz. The antenna systems are con-
structed on a basis of tunable impedance mirrors, named as reflectarrays, assembled from periodic
array of passive scatterers illuminated by a single, driven RF element, placed at 2.5 wave-lengths
from the center of the reflectarray. Although this approach avoids energy losses and unwanted
influence between the passive elements through surface wave interactions, the close spacing of
the elements leads to mutual coupling. This complicates the theoretical analysis and modeling
of these antennas, but these complications can be resolved through a combination of simulation
and experiment. Four key aspects of this work are presented: (1) the careful balancing of the
amplitude-phase characteristics of the passive scatteres with using special experimental schemes,
taking into account most mutual coupling effect, (2) the development of multilayer structures
and array assemblies, intended for widening of phase range of the reflected RF radiation from
the mirror, (3) an examination of the bandwidth, and (4) experimental measurement of antenna
directivity diagrams and pattern integrity. Our results demonstrated that highly directional pat-
terns can be realized while controlling beam orientation in both azimuth and elevation. Prototype
antennas achieve 19 to 22 dBi of gain across an operational 120 degrees of azimuth and 20 degrees
in elevation, using an array with an aperture of 100 cm × 65 cm (5 rows of 100 elements each).
100 Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium Abstracts, Moscow, Russia, August 18–21, 2009

Planar Array Antenna with Parasitic Elements for Beam Steering

Control
M. T. Ali1 , T. A. Rahman2 , M. R. Kamarudin2 ,
M. N. Md Tan1 , and R. Sauleau3
1
Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Mara (UiTM)
Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
2
Wireless Communication Center (WCC), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
81310 UTM Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
3
Institut d’électronique et de télécommunications de Rennes, (IETR)
UMR CNRS 6164, University of Rennes 1, France

Abstract— A new antenna structure is formed by combining the concept of a reconfigurable

planar array antenna with the parasitic elements technique to improve the beam steering. The
integration of PIN diode switches to the antenna has enabled to steer the antenna beams in the
desired direction. This can be done by changing the switches mode to either switch it ON or
OFF. In this work, a number of reflectors have been proposed namely parasitic elements and
were placed between the patches which aimed to increase the steering beam angle. By having
such configuration, the main beam of the array can be titled due to the effect of mutual coupling
between the driven elements and the parasitic elements (reflectors). The unique property of this
antenna design is that instead of fabricating all together in the same plane, the antenna’s feeding
network is separated from the antenna radiating elements (the patches) by an air gap distance.
This will allow the interferences from the feeding line to be minimized. The optimization results
for the resonant frequencies of the antennas with variable air gap heights were also studied. The
comparison results between antenna with and without parasitic elements were investigated in this
paper. The simulation results for the antenna will be compared with measurements, to show that
the beam can be steered by controlling the switches mode. Experimental results are presented
to demonstrate the excellent performance of this antenna.
 Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium Abstracts, Moscow, Russia, August 18–21, 2009 101

Multiband MIMO Antenna with a Band Stop Matching Circuit for

Next Generation Mobile Applications
Min-Seok Han and Jaehoon Choi
Division of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Hanyang University
17 Haengdang-dong, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 133-791, Korea

Abstract— Next generation mobile systems have to satisfy the requirements of high data rates
and flexible interfaces for different communication system standards. MIMO (Multiple Input
Multiple Output) technology has been regarded as one of practical approaches to accommodate
such requirements by increasing wireless channel capacity and reliability. However, it is usually a
big challenge to place multiple antennas within a small and slim mobile handset while maintaining
the good isolation between antenna elements since the antennas are strongly coupled with each
other and even with the ground plane by sharing the surface currents distributed on it.
In this paper, a multiband MIMO antenna with a band stop matching circuit for next genera-
tion mobile applications is proposed. The proposed multiband MIMO antenna consists of two
dual-band PIFAs which provide wideband characteristics. In order to improve the isolation char-
acteristic at the LTE band, a band stop matching circuit was inserted at the corner of each
antenna element. The inserted band stop matching circuit is to suppress the surface currents
at the specific frequency band and to generate two additional resonances in the 760 MHz band
to cover LTE operation and in the 860 MHz band to cover GSM850 operation. In addition,
the band stop matching circuit reveals minimal effect on the upper band performance. The
proposed MIMO antenna can cover LTE, GSM850, GSM900, GSM1800, GSM1900, WCDMA
and M-WiMAX services, simultaneously. Design considerations and experimental results of the
multiband MIMO antenna with a band stop matching circuit are presented.

Figure 1: Geometry of the proposed multiband MIMO antenna.

without band stop matching circuit with band stop matching circuit
LTE GSM850/GSM900 GSM1800/GSM1900/WCDMA M-WiMAX LTE GSM850/GSM900 GSM1800/GSM1900/WCDMA M-WiMAX
698 ~ 800 MHz 824 ~ 960 MHz 1710 ~ 2170 MHz 2500 ~ 2690 MHz 698 ~ 800 MHz 824 ~ 960 MHz 1710 ~ 2170 MHz 2500 ~ 2690 MHz
0 0
VSWR 3:1 VSWR 3:1

-10 Isolation -10 dB -10 Isolation -10 dB

S-parameters

S-parameters

-20 -20

-30 -30
S11 S11
S21 S21
-40 -40
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
Frequency [GHz] Frequency [GHz]

Figure 2: Simulated S-parameter characteristics without and with band stop matching circuit.
102 Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium Abstracts, Moscow, Russia, August 18–21, 2009

Dual ISM Band Mircostrip Antenna for Satellite Internet Service

Byoungchul Kim1 , Sangwoon Lee1 , Joongyu Ryu2 ,
Hosung Choo3 , Hojin Lee2 , and Ikmo Park1
1
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ajou University
5 Wonchun-dong, Youngtong-gu, Suwon 443-749, Korea
2
Broadcasting and Telecommunications Convergence Research Laboratory, ETRI
161 Gajeong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-700, Korea
3
School of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Hongik University
72-1 Sangsu-dong, Mapo-gu, Seoul 121-791, Korea

Abstract— In recent years, satellite internet has received much attention for wireless internet
applications on high-speed trains. The Korean high-speed train (KTX) network requires antennas
that operate at both the 2.4 GHz and 5.8 GHz industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) bands
for simultaneous transmission and receiving of data. Additionally, it should have nearly equal
gain with similar radiation patterns in both bands for optimum communication. Microstrip
patch antennas have been used in many applications due to their low cost, light weight, low
profile, and ease of fabrication. Dual-frequency operation can be obtained by making slots on the
microstrip patch, or by placing shorting pins at appropriate locations on the microstrip patch.
However, when the higher frequency band is more than twice that of the lower frequency band,
the radiation pattern of the higher resonant frequency becomes distorted due to the higher order
resonant modes. In this paper, a dual-band microstrip antenna with nearly equal gain and similar
radiation patterns at the 2.4 GHz and 5.8 GHz ISM bands is described. The proposed antenna,
shown in Fig. 1, has two Y-shaped slots on the microstrip patch. It is fabricated on an RO4003
substrate, which has a dielectric constant of 3.38 and a thickness of 0.508 mm. The size of the
antenna is 50 × 47.5 × 6.5 mm3 , and it is fed by a coaxial cable. The measured bandwidth of the
antenna is 2.376–2.492 GHz and 5.425–6.055 GHz for VSWR < 2. The measured gain is 8.37 dB
and 8.38 dB for the 2.4 GHz and 5.8 GHz ISM bands, respectively.

Feed point

Patch with slots Ground plane

Figure 1: Antenna structure.

Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium Abstracts, Moscow, Russia, August 18–21, 2009 103

Directional GPS Antenna for Indoor Positioning Applications

Kerem Özsoy1, 2 and Ibrahim Tekin1
1
Electronics Engineering, Sabancı University, Istanbul, Turkey
2
Vestek Electronic Research & Development Corp., Istanbul, Turkey

Abstract— In this paper, a directional GPS antenna for L1 frequency — 1575 MHz — with
RHCP and a high directive gain is proposed for indoor positioning applications. The proposed
antenna is made of a standard off the shelf GPS patch antenna with an additional conical reflector
to enhance the gain and the beamwidth of the antenna. The angle of the cone reflector is
optimized by HFSS 11 software. Finally, the cone is fabricated, integrated with the patch antenna
and measured. The measurement results show that the antenna with the reflector has a 9 dBi
gain and a beamwidth of 60 degrees with an axial ratio of 1 dB which agrees well with simulation
results.
Introduction: The Civil Global Positioning System (GPS) has become very popular in recent
years and it has wide usage in many areas. With the latest technological advances such as
Differential GPS (DGPS), Assisted GPS (AGPS), civil GPS receivers are able to locate themselves
with an error of 1–3 meters outdoors [1]. Although GPS is very successful in outdoor areas, it is
hard to decode GPS signals indoors due to the additional signal loss caused by the buildings. For
indoors, signals go through additional loss of 10–30 dB [2], in which case, signal levels are too low
for an off-the shelf GPS receiver to detect the satellite signal. In order to solve indoor coverage
problem, we plan to build an indoor positioning system that uses the GPS infrastructure. This
indoor positioning system consists of GPS pseudo-satellites (pseudolite) and a GPS receiver with
improved positioning algorithms. A pseudolite should be able to pick up the satellite signal only
from a given direction in the sky and transmit the amplified signals to an indoor area. There
are several ways to design a directional antenna such as Yagi-Uda, horn, log periodic, reflector
and parabolic antenna or phased array systems [3]. Along these antennas, a reflector antenna
type is chosen since these antennas are simple to manufacture, and also compact and robust in
performance and low cost.
In this paper, we propose a directional GPS antenna for L1 frequency — 1575 MHz — with
RHCP and a high directive gain. A standard off the shelf GPS patch antenna is used in the
design, and directivity increase is achieved through the use of a conical reflector. Off-the-shelf
microstrip patch antenna has a gain of 4 dBi. When the conical reflector is placed around the mi-
crostrip antenna, gain of the microstrip antenna is increased while the beamwidth of the antenna
decreases. The cone is optimized by running simulations on HFSS 11 software tool. Finally, the
cone is fabricated and integrated with patch antenna and measured. The measurement results
show that the antenna has a 9 dBi gain which is 5 dB higher than the original patch antenna and
a beamwidth of 60 degrees with an axial ratio of 1 dB. In the conference, design of the conical
reflector, the simulation results and the measurements obtained in an anechoic chamber will be
presented.

REFERENCES
1. Liu, H., H. Darabi, P. Banerjee, and J. Liu, “Survey of wireless indoor positioning techniques
and systems,” IEEE Transaction on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Vol. 37, No. 6, 1067–1077,
November 2007.
2. Peterson, B. B., D. Bruckner, and S. Heye, “Measuring GPS signals indoors,” Proceedings of
the Institute of Navigation’s ION GPS-2001, September 2001.
3. Balanis, C. A., Antenna Theory, Analysis and Design, 2nd ed., Wiley, New York, 1997.
104 Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium Abstracts, Moscow, Russia, August 18–21, 2009

Printed Dipole Array Fed with Parallel Stripline for Ku-band

Applications
M. Dogan1, 3 , K. Özsoy1, 2 , and I. Tekin1
1
Electronics Engineering, Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey
2
Vestek Electronic Research & Development Corp., Istanbul, Turkey
3
TUBITAK, UEKAE, Kocaeli, Turkey

Abstract— This paper presents the design procedure of a printed dipole antenna and 1D
array configurations of the single dipole element in the Ku-Band with its metallic reflector plane
parallel to the array plane. The proposed antenna has a natural beam tilt which is useful for
some specific applications. Several array configurations in 1D are simulated and tested. The
effect of mutual coupling among each array elements is also investigated. Required modifications
on the individual array element and the feed structures due to the effect of mutual coupling are
examined. The single dipole and array of dipole has measured VSWR values smaller than 2 in
the Ku-Band with simulated gains of 5.7 dBi and 12 dBi, respectively.
Introduction: Recent studies are highly focused on antenna design in Ku-Band. Since the
Ku-band has enough available bandwidth for satellite links, Ku-band systems are widely used in
satellite communications, especially in the mobile antenna systems used in vehicles. There are
also other application areas of Ku-band systems such as weather radars and fire detection radars.
These sort of systems needs highly directive antennas with a very wide frequency band covers the
all Ku-Band to transmit signals to the receiver with equal power in the whole frequency range
and an automatic tracking systems to capture the maximum power incident from the satellite
while the time and place of the receiver changed. In order to provide good tracking system, one
can use digital phase shifter technology or mechanical systems to tilt the beam of the receiver
both in azimuth and elevation to the specified direction which will increase the cost of the system
or decrease the accuracy of the tracking system respectively. In this paper, a printed dipole
antenna which operates in the Ku-Band with high gain and tilted beam is proposed. Since the
proposed antenna has a tilted beam in elevation, it will be used in mobile satellite communication
systems to eliminate the mechanical or digital needs at least in one direction to tilt the beam of
the system. Also, arrays of these printed dipoles will be investigated and the gain of the arrays
will be both simulated and measured.
Simulation & Measurement Results: The single printed dipole element designed in ADS-
2006A has a VSWR < 2 in the 10.7 GHz–13.1 GHz range. The measurement results show that it
has S11 < −10 dB in between 9 GHz–14 GHz. The simulated gain of the single element printed
dipole antenna is 5.7 dBi at 11.5 GHz. The characteristics of 1 × 2 printed dipole array is also
measured and the preliminary results show us that the array has VSWR < 2 in the Ku-band.
We have also simulated 1 × 8 dipole array in Ku band, and results show that the array return
loss is less than −10 dB in 10.7–12.7 GHz band. Simulated gain changes between 10–12 dBi in
the band of interest. The beam is tilted from the broadside direction such that only azimuthal
rotation is necessary for a mobile antenna system. The measurement results and the simulated
results of the single dipole element and 1 × 2 and 1 × 8 dipole arrays will be presented at the
conference.
Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium Abstracts, Moscow, Russia, August 18–21, 2009 105

A Circular Disc Monopole UWB Antenna Fed with a Tapered

Microstrip Line on a Circular Ground
Yangjun Zhang, Masahiro Shimasaki, and Toyokatsu Miyashita
Department of Electronics & Informatics, Ryukoku University
Seta, Ohtsu 520-2194, Japan

Abstract— The printed disc monopole antenna is considered a good candidate for 3.1 to
10.6 GHz UWB systems [1, 2]. This paper presents a miniature circular disc monopole UWB
antenna implemented on a FR-4 substrate (εr = 4.4). The antenna was miniaturized by using a
tapered microstrip feed line on a circular ground, as shown in Fig. 1. The total size of antenna is
40 × 30 mm2 , and the diameter of radiation disc is 12 mm. The results of measured and simulated
return loss are shown in Fig. 2. It indicates there are differences between the simulated and
measured return loss, but both the simulated and measured results show that good impedance
matching has been obtained as the −10 dB return loss bandwidth covers the whole UWB band
from 3.1 to 10.6 GHz.

30 0.8 0

z
z -10

Return Loss [dB]

y
x
12
8 -20
40
1 z
z 24
-30
y 12 x y meausurement
x x simulation
ground -40
1.5 2 4 6 8 10 12
(a) Top view (b) Side view (c) Back view Frequency [GHz]

Figure 1: The UWB antenna configuration. Figure 2: Measured and simulated return
loss.

The radiation patterns of the proposed antenna over the UWB frequency band have been mea-
sured. The results at 8 GHz are shown in Fig. 3. It is noticed that the measured and simulated
radiation patterns agree well, and the omnidirectional pattern was shown at x-y-plane. The
time-domain performance of the UWB antenna is shown in Fig. 4, where the group delay of the
two UWB antennas placed with a distance of 36 cm was given. Within the frequency range from
3 to 9 GHz, the group delay is about 2 ns.

simulation simulation
Angle(degree) Angle(degree)
measurement 0 measurement 0
8GH 330 30 8GHz 330 30
20
300 60 300 60

10
Group Delay [ns]

dB dB
270 90 270 90
-30 -20 -10 0 10 -30 -20 -10 0 10
0

240 120 240 120 -10

x z
210 150 210 150
y 180 y 180 -20
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
(a) x-y-plane (b) y-z-plane Frequency [GHz]

Figure 3: Measured and simulated radiation patterns at Figure 4: Measured group delay.
8 GHz.
106 Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium Abstracts, Moscow, Russia, August 18–21, 2009

REFERENCES
1. Cho, Y. J., K. H. Kim, D. H. Choi, S. S. Lee, and S.-O. Park, “A miniature UWB planar
monopole antenna with 5-GHz band-rejection filter and the time-domain characteristics,” IEEE
Trans. on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 54, No. 5, 1453–1460, 2006.
2. Guo, L., J. Liang, C. C. Chiau, X. Chen, C. G. Parini, and J. Yu, “Performances of ultra-
wideband disc monopoles in time domain,” IET Microwave Antennas Propag., Vol. 1, No. 4,
955–959, 2007.
Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium Abstracts, Moscow, Russia, August 18–21, 2009 107

Improved Tapered Slot-line Antennas Loaded by Grating

Peng Zhang, Shu Jun Tang, and Wen-Xun Zhang
State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University
Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China

Abstract— The tapered slot-line antenna (TSA) has been used widely as element of phased
arrays, feed of reflector or reflectarray, UWB radiator for time-domain systems. It is a travelling-
wave end-fire antenna with advantages of wideband, uni-directive beam, and thin-sheet structure.
However, its gain is less than a broadside antenna with the similar sizes; the cost of enhancing
gain will be sharply extending its length; the bandwidth depends on the taper ratio (max./min.
of the slot-width) and the length of taper too. Hence, a risen question is how to further improve
the performance of Gain or Bandwidth based on a fixed structural frame? The answer should be
to utilize sufficiently the frame-space, one scheme is just setting proper grating inside the zone
of tapered slot. Correspondingly, two kinds of samples are designed, simulated, and tested with
good results as expected.
One is a gain enhanced TSA with grating load and symmetric linear taper. It increases gain 2 dB
up over the frequency range of 6.0 ∼ 9.5 GHz (45.2%); or 3 dB up over 8.0 ∼ 9.5 GHz (17.1%).
However, the bandwidth for VSWR ≤ 2.0 : 1 was slightly decreased from 5.7 ∼ 11.2 GHz (65.1%)
to 5.3 ∼ 9.6 GHz (57.7%). In addition, the beam-width in E- and H-planes approaches to the
same.
Another is a bandwidth broaden TSA with grating load and asymmetric exponential (Vivaldi) ta-
per. It expands the bandwidth 2.0 ∼ 6.0 GHz for VSWR ≤ 2.0 : 1, and also 3.0 ∼ 6.0 GHz (75%)
for vertical shaping pattern satisfying the specifications of base-station in mobile communication
system. Especially, the VSWR ≤ 1.5 : 1 is over both two WiMAX bands of 3.3 ∼ 3.8 GHz and
5.1 ∼ 5.8 GHz; while the service coverage efficiencies are higher than 69.5% and 73.2% respec-
tively; about 1 dB gain enhancement, and also improved radiation patterns with lower back-lobe
and downward null-filling are achieved.
Both samples keep planar structure with complete printed technology in fabrication, and maintain
the frame sizes.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work was supported by the National High-Tech Project (No. 2007AA01Z264).
108 Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium Abstracts, Moscow, Russia, August 18–21, 2009

Using High Impedance Ground Plane for Improving Radiation in

Monopole Antenna and Its Unusual Reflection Phase Properties
S. M. Abootorabi, M. Kaboli, S. A. Mirtaheri, and M. S. Abrishamian
K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Iran

Abstract— In this paper improving radiation characteristics of monopole antenna on a high

impedance ground plane has been investigated. For this purpose the properties of periodic
electromagnetic band gap (EBG) structures have been used [1, 2].
As we know conductors are used as reflectors or ground plane in many antenna situations. Surface
waves or surface currents are bound to the interface of metal and air. Recent researches have dealt
with the suppression of surface wave to improve radiation characteristics of monopole antenna

EBG Plane
90 60 Normal Plane
120 60

40

150 30
20

180 0

210 330

240 300
270

Figure 1: Comparison of radiation patterns on EBG ground plane and normal ground plane using HFSS
simulation.

HFSS HFSS
90 Measurement 90 Measurement
60 50
120 60 120 60
40
40
30
150 30 150 30
20
20
10

180 0 180 0

210 330 210 330

240 300 240 300

270 270
(a) (b)

Figure 2: Comparison of measurement and HFSS simulation, (a) EBG ground plane, (b) Normal metal
ground plane.
Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium Abstracts, Moscow, Russia, August 18–21, 2009 109

using high impedance ground plane (HIGP) in high frequencies such as 35 GHz with hexagonal
patches on substrate [3, 4]. In this study high Impedance surface (HIS) as ground plane for
monopole antenna at lower frequencies such as 6 GHz with square patches in shape have been
used. Due to suppression of surface waves in the band gap, a significant amount of power that
is wasted in back lobes reduces about 8 dB, also radiation power in forward direction increases
about 10 ∼ 25 dB in some directions. Comparison of patterns on normal metal ground plane
and HIGP which are obtained by HFSS simulation could be seen in Figure 1. There are good
agreements with measurement and simulation results as shown in Figure 2, in 6 GHz frequency.
Effect of the ground plane dimension and number of square patches have also been investigated
and it has been observed that a bigger ground plane and more number of metal patches will have
a better effect of improving radiation pattern.
Another property that is confined to EBG structures is their unusual reflection phase which is
changing continuously from +180 to −180 [5]. We changed the length of monopole antenna from
0.245λ to 0.27λ and it found that where the monopole antenna has a good return loss is very
close to points that the reflection phase has a quantity between 90◦ ± 45◦ .
Consequently this HIS may be very useful in a variety of electromagnetic problems and antenna
structures.

REFERENCES
1. Xu, H.-J., Y.-H. Zhang, and Y. Fan, “Analysis of the connector section between K connector
and microstrip with Electromagnetic Band Gap (EBG) structure,” Progress In Electromagnetic
Research, PIER 73, 239–247, 2007.
2. Pirhadi, A. and M. Hakkak, “Using electromagnetic band gap superstrate to enhance the
bandwidth of probe-fed microstrip antenna,” Progress In Electromagnetic Research, PIER 61,
215–230, 2006.
3. Sievenpiper, D., L. Zhang, R. F. Jimenez Broas, N. G. Alexopolous, and E. Yablonovitch,
“High-impedance electromagnetic surfaces with a forbidden frequency band,” IEEE Transac-
tions on Microwave Theory and Technique, Vol. 47, No. 11, November 1999.
4. Sievenpiper, D., “High-impedance electromagnetic surfaces,” PhD Dissertation, UCLA, 1999.
5. Yang, F. and Y. Rahmat Samii, “Microstrip antennas integrated with Electromagnetic Band-
Gap (EBG) structures: A low mutual coupling design for array applications,” IEEE Transac-
tions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 51, No. 10, October 2003.
110 Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium Abstracts, Moscow, Russia, August 18–21, 2009

The Impact of New Feeder Arrangement on RDRA Radiation

Characteristics
A. S. Elkorany, A. A. Sharshar, and S. M. Elhalafawy
Department of Electronics and Electrical Comm., Faculty of Electronics Eng.
Menoufia University, Menouf, Menoufia 32952, Egypt

Abstract— Dielectric resonator antennas (DRAs) have been extensively investigated after the
first paper published by Long et al.. Recently one of the major topics in DRA research is to
enhance the impedance bandwidth. The techniques that have been used to widen the impedance
bandwidth include, inserting air gap between the dielectric and the ground plane, using differ-
ent dielectric geometries, using strip fed, using hybrid configuration, and using multi-segment
configuration.
Rectangular dielectric resonator antenna RDRA with an air gap that inserted between the dielec-
tric and ground plane was previously proposed, and an achievement in the impedance bandwidth
in the order of 31% between 4.5 GHz and 6.2 GHz has been obtained. In this work, a further
development in the antenna structure has been suggested to get further improvement in the an-
tenna impedance bandwidth. A new feeder arrangement has been proposed and its effect on the
impedance bandwidth has been recorded. This is done by inserting a small rectangular metallic
patch within the air gap between the ground plane and the dielectric. The metallic batch is con-
nected to the inner of the coaxial probe feeder. This technique was used successfully in a previous
work with microstrip patch antenna, in which two metallic patches with different shapes were
inserted between the patch and ground plane. In the present research the dimensions of inserted
patch have been changed and the impact of that on the impedance bandwidth has been examined.
The dielectric that is used is FR4 with εr = 4.5, and its dimensions is 20 mm × 12 mm × 5 mm,
the probe diameter is 1.25 mm, and its height is 2.5 mm, the inserted patch height is 1 mm, all
theses parameters are held constant in all cases. Unexpected ultrawide impedance bandwidth
has been obtained. Some results are recorded here to show the effect of this new feeder on the
antenna impedance bandwidth. An impedance bandwidth of about 2.55 : 1 between 10.2 GHz
and 26 GHz is achieved when the patch dimensions were 9 mm × 4 mm, while the bandwidth
extends from 16 GHz up to a value behind 34 GHz is achieved when the patch dimensions was
16 mm × 3 mm. The maximum radiation is in the broadside direction and is obtained with a
suitable cross polarization level.