A)Data:-

Height of Retaining wall = 4.50m

Height of wall above G.L= 4.50m
Height of wall below G.L= 0.00m
Dry density of back fill material = 1600Kg/Cum
Water content = 0.23m
Density of back fill soil&material ( Submerged unit weight) = 1968Kg/Cum
Grade of concrete = M25
Grade of steel = Fe415
Ground water Table level (Below G.L) = 1.20m
Angle of shearing resistance of back fill material&material at toe portion() (As per report) = 32
Angle of face of wall supporting earth with horizontal()(In degrees) 87.5
(in anti clock wise direction)
Slope of back fill() = 0
Angle of wall friction () = 16
Surcharge over the back fill in terms of height of back fill = 1.20m
Undrained Cohesion ( c) = 0Kg/sqm
Characteristic compressive strength = 25N/sqmm
Tensile strength of steel = 415N/sqmm
Unit weight of concrete = 2500Kg/Cum
B)Dimensions of the Cantilever wall(Assumed for preliminary design):-
Thickness of stem at bottom = 0.40m
Thickness of stem at top = 0.20m
Thickness of base slab = 0.40m
Breadth of beam = 0.45m
Depth of beam = 0.60m
Dia of Bored Cast-in situ straight pile assumed = 0.50m
Depth of pile = 5.00m
C/c spacing of piles in transverse direction = 1.50m
C/c spacing of piles in longitudinal direction = 2.00m
C)Design:-
i)Earth pressure calculations:-
Coefficient of active earth pressure by Coulomb's theory
2
K
a
= Sin(+)
sin sin(-) sin(+)sin(-)
sin(+)
From the above expression,
K
a
= 0.3
Hence,maximum pressure at the base of the wall Pa = 2656.80Kg/sqm
The pressure distribution along the height of the wall is as given below:-
Pressure due to
Surcharge load = 708.48
708.48
DESIGN OF CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL
4.50m
2656.80
Total Active earth pressure force = 9165.96
Height from the bottom of the wall = 1.76m
The active earth pressure acts on the wall as shown below:-
Horizontal component of the earth pressure P
h
= 8692.77Kg/m
Vertical component of the earth pressure P
v
= 2906.98Kg/m
ii)Intial proportioning of the structure :-
500
1000
4
0
0
6
0
0
200
4
5
0
0
5
0
0
0
1
8
.
5
5

CROSS SECTION DETAILS

1
7
6
0
9
2
.
5
4

2300
In view of the very poor bearing capacity of the soil,either gravity or cantilever retaining walls are
not economical.It is proposed to support the wall on base slab supported by longitudinal beams,which are
supported on piles.
As per the clause 5.6.2 of IS 2911(1)-1,the minimum spacing between friction piles should not be less than
3 times the diametre of the shaft,hence transverse spacing of 1.35m is adopted.
Hence,total width of the pile cap = 2.30m
Two rows of 450mm dia Bored cast-in-situ straight piles are proposed at spacing of 2.00m in longitudinal
direction
Computation of total vertical load on the pile :-
i)Self weight of pile = 2453.13kg
ii)Self weight of wall(2.00m length on two piles) = 3375.00kg
iii)Self weight of pile cap = 2300.00kg
iv)Self weight of beam = 500.00kg
v)Weight of earth on heel side = 8413.20kg
vi)Weight of earth on toe side = 1003.68kg
18045.01kg
The total lateral load due to earth pressure on the wall = 17385.55Kg
Deduct lateral force to be resisted by the pile cap-cum-beam system = -2361.60Kg
15023.95Kg
Hence,the pile needs to be designed for safe vertical load carrying capacity of 18.05t
Similarly,it needs to be designed for lateral load carrying capacity of 7.51t
ii)Design of pile :-
a)Safe vertical load carrying capacity:-
To estimate the safe bearing capacity of pile, the ultimate bearing capacity of pile is calculated. Static
formulae are used in estimating ultimate bearing capacity of pile.
As per Appendix A of IS 2911(1)-1
Ultimate bearing capacity of a pile is given by
,
Q
u
= Q
s
+ Q
p
Where Q
s
= Skin frictional resistance,
Q
p
= End bearing resistance
In the present case,the pile passes through the fine sand for a depth of 8.40m(As per soil testing report)
Q
s
= f
s
x A
s
f
s
= K P
di
tan
Where,
K = coefficient of earth pressure;
P
di
= average effective overburden pressure in kgf/cm
= angle of wall friction between pile and soil in degrees(To be taken equal to )
A
s
= surface area of pile
Effective overburden preesure at top of the pile = 960.00Kg/sqm
Effective overburden preesure at the level of pile tip = 5598.40Kg/sqm
(Upto Water Table + After water table)
Average effective overburden pressure along pile shaft P
di
= 3279.20Kg/m
Hence Q
s
= 4822.52kg
Q
p
= q
p
x A
p
q
p
= P
di
(N
q
-1)
Where,
P
di
= Effective overburden pressure at tip of the pile in kgf/cm
N
q
= Bearing capacity factor as per Fig.1 of IS 2911(1)-1
A
p
= End bearing area of pile
N
q
= 40
P
di
= 5598.4Kg/sqm
A
p
= 0.20sqm
Hence,Q
p
= 43667.52kg
Ultimate bearing capacity of pile = 48490.04kg
Applying a factor of safety of 2, allowable safe bearing capacity = 24.25t
b)Lateral load carrying capacity:-
Case1:- Pile considered as short fixed head pile embedded in cohesion less soil
The pile considered as short restrained(Fixed head) pile embedded in cohesionless soil.As per Broom's
theory,failure takes place when the load applied to the pile is equal to the ultimate lateral resistance of the soil
P
u
= 1.5 L
2
d K
p
Where,
L = Length of embeddment
d = Diametre of pile
K
p
= Coefficient of passive earth pressure
Hence P
u
= 100000.00kg
Safe lateral load carrying capacity = 33.33t
(Applying a factor of safety of 3)
Case2:- Pile considered as short fixed head pile embedded in normally consolidated clay
The lateral load capacity of the pile is estimated as per the layer of soil situated at the ground level, as it
will have the major contribution in the lateral load capacity of pile.
As the top most soil layer is normally consolidated clay,
T =
5
(EI/
h
)
E = 5000f
ck
= 25000000
I = 0.00307 m
4
For medium sand
h
= 5260.00KN/cum
T = 1.71
From Figure 2 of IS: 2911 (Part 1)-19793, depth of fixity L
f
= 2.500m
As the pile is short pile,the length of fixity is greater than the actual length,hence actual length is to be
considered for design.
Hence,lateral load capacity of fixed head pile is calculated as,
Q = 12EIY/L
3
where, Y = limiting lateral deflection of pile head = 5 mm for bridge substructures
Hence Q = 294.72KN 29.47t
Load carrying capacity is taken as average of the above two values 31.40t
c)Structural design of pile:-
Now,the fixed end moment of the equivalent cantilever is given by
Mu = Q(Lf)/2 = 9.39t-m =93.90KNm
Applying a reduction factor of 0.82 as per IS 2911(PartI)-I,the moment = 77.00KNm
The pile is to be designed for axial load Pu = 270.75KN
and moment of Mu = 115.50KNm
Assuming percentage of steel p = 0.75
p/fck = 0.03
P
u
/fckD2 = 0.043
Mu/fckD3 = 0.037
d'/D = 0.15
Area of steel required = 1471.88sqmm
Using 16mm dia HYSD bars,No.of bars required for each pile = 7.324243631
Hence provide 8 Nos of 16mm dia bars for each pile
Provide 8mm ties at 200mm c/c
Hence,the safe lateral load carrying capacity of pile is 31.40t
The passive earth pressure on grade beam = K
p
h = 3936.00Kg/sqm
Passive earth pressure force for 2.0m length = 2361.60Kg 2.36t
Hence,the total lateral load carrying capacity of the structure is 65.16t
The total lateral load due to active earth pressure = 17385.55Kg 17.39t < 65.16t
Hence safe.
Centre to centre spacing between two rows of 500mm dia piles = 1.50m
Hence,the over all width of the base slab = 2.30m
Design of wall or stem:-
Factored bending moment Mu = 22960.26Kgm
Effective depth required d = M
u
/0.138f
ck
b = 257.98mm
Over all depth provided = 400.00mm
Effective depth provided(Assuming 40mm cover) d = 352.00mm
M
u
/bd
2
= 1.853
From table 2 of SP 16,percentage of steel required = 0.566
Area of steel required = 1992.32sqmm
Hence provide 16mm dia HYSD bars@ 100mm c/c spacing
Hence A
st
provided = 2009.60sqmm
Curtail 1/3rd of the reinforcement from half of the height
Check for shear:-
Percentage of tension steel = 0.57
Maximum shear force on the member = 86.93KN
Factored Design shear force = 130.39KN
Nominal shear stress t
v
=V
u
/bd = 0.37 N/sqmm <2.8 N/sqmm
(As per Table 20 of 1S 456)
Hence section is safe from shear strength point of view
The design shear strength of concrete for the above steel percentage from
Table 19 of IS 456 is
0.51 N/sqmm > 0.37
Hence,no shear reinforcement is required.
Provide temperature re inforcement @ 0.12%
Area required = 360.00sqmm
Provide 1/3rd of above reinforcement on earthen side = 120.00sqmm
Provide 8mm dia @ 300mm c/c on earthen side
Provide 2/3rd of above reinforcement on other side = 240.00sqmm
Provide 8mm dia @ 200mm c/c on other side
Provide 10mm bars at 300mm c/c vertically on the outer face to support horizontal rods
Design of base slab:-
Thickness of base slab assumed = 0.40m
The loading on the base slab can be approximated as shown below:-
Wt.of wall = 3375.00Kg/m 33.75
Earth pressure = 8692.77Kg/m
Self weight = 1000.00kg/m/m
Wt.of earth = 8856kg/m/m 1.76m
R
A
R
B
0.4 0.69 0.81 0.4
0.85
Analysis is carried out assuming fixed supports to arrive at max.hogging moment,further supports
are assumed to be hinged to arrive at max.sagging moments.
After analysis,
R
A
= 12.540kN
R
B
= 141.170kN
The bending moment diagram is as shown below:-
100.12Knm
100.12Knm
Moment at A = 8.64Knm
Moment at B = 36.24Knm
Factored bending moment Mu = 150.18Knm
Effective depth required d = M
u
/0.138f
ck
b = 208.64mm
Over all depth provided = 400.00mm
Effective depth provided(Assuming 40mm cover) d = 355.00mm
M
u
/bd
2
= 1.192
From table 2 of SP 16,percentage of steel required = 0.353
Area of steel required = 1253.15sqmm
Hence provide 16mm dia HYSD bars@ 150mm c/c spacing
Hence A
st
provided = 1339.73sqmm
Check for shear:-
Percentage of tension steel = 0.38
Maximum shear force on the member = 141.17KN
Factored Design shear force = 211.76KN
Nominal shear stress t
v
=V
u
/bd = 0.60 N/sqmm <2.8 N/sqmm
(As per Table 20 of 1S 456)
Hence section is safe from shear strength point of view
The design shear strength of concrete for the above steel percentage from
Table 19 of IS 456 is
0.43 N/sqmm > 0.17
Hence,no shear reinforcement is required.
Provide same reinforcement at bottom also.Provide 10mm dia bars @150mm c/c at top&bottom
as distribution reinforcement .
Design of beam:-
Breadth of the beam assumed = 0.45m
Depth of the beam assumed = 0.60m
UDL on beam :-
Due to self weight of slab = 1150.00Kg/m
Due to weight of retained earth = 8413.20Kg/m
9563Kg/m
Twisting moment on beam :-
Due to earth pressure(Distributed to both beams) = 7653.42Kgm
2.00m
After analysis,the bending moment diagram is
31.90Knm
15.90Knm
Factored bending moment Mu = 47.85Knm
Torsional Moment 'T' in KN-m 114.80Knm
Equivalent bending moment M
t
in KN-m 157.57Knm
Design Moment M
e1
in KN-m 205.42Knm
Effective depth required d = M
u
/0.138f
ck
b = 363.75mm
Over all depth provided = 600.00mm
Effective depth provided(Assuming 40mm cover) d = 552.00mm
M
u
/bd
2
= 1.498
From table 2 of SP 16,percentage of steel required = 0.449
Area of steel required = 1115.32sqmm
Hence provide 4 Nos of 20mm dia HYSD bars both at top&bottom
Provide 2-12mm dia on each face as side face reinforcement
Hence A
st
provided = 1256.00sqmm
Percentage of tension steel = 0.51
Maximum shear force on the member = 46.40KN
Factored shear force = 69.60KN
Design shear force including equivalent shear due to torsion = 477.78KN
Nominal shear stress t
v
=V
u
/bd = 1.92 N/sqmm <2.8 N/sqmm
(As per Table 20 of 1S 456)
Hence section is safe from shear strength point of view
The design shear strength of concrete for the above steel percentage from
Table 19 of IS 456 is
0.49 N/sqmm Hence V
uc
= 121.72KN
V
us
= V
u
-V
uc
= 356.06KN
V
us
/d = 6.45 KN/cm
Using 10mm dia two legged vertical stirrups,from table 62 of SP 16,the spacing required is 85mm
However,from safety point of view,provide 10mm dia 2 legged stirrups @ 80mm c/c
15306.84
0.00
8mm bars@300mm c/c
10mm bars@300mm c/c
12mm bars@175mm c/c
8mm bars@200mm c/c
0.00m
0.15 0.30 0.15
1.80m
Beam size 0.375x0.50m
At bottom 10mm mat
Main steel:- 150mm c/c
4-16mm both at top
and bottom
Shear steel:-
8mm stirrups@110mm At top 10mm mat
c/c 150mm c/c
375mm DUR piles
DETAILS OF REINFORCEMENT
5 Nos--12mm dia main
6mm dia stirrups
at 300mm c/c
10mm bars@300mm c/c
8mm bars@200mm c/c
0.30m
1.75m
1.15m
DETAILS OF REINFORCEMENT
0.85m