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=
0
) (
) (
) (
t c
t c
t E
E(t)
For the ideal CSTR we have
For the PFR we have
Diracs delta function
u
u
/
1
) (
t
e t E
=
) ( ) ( u o = t t E
G V / = u
dr
Useful relations
dt
dF
t E = ) (
}
=
0
) ( dt t tE t
NOTE: E(t) does not unambiguously determine the
reactor type! Many different reactors (or combination of
reactors) can result in the same E(t)
A combination of a CSTR and a PFR with equal volumes
will e.g. give the same E(t) reagardless of the order the
reactors are placed in.
One-parameter models
E(t) may be used to determine parameters in simple
one- parameter models
The most common of these models are the tanks-in-
series model and the dispersion model
Also other combinations of ideal reactors in series
may give a good fit to the E(t) distribution.
The dispersion model
r
dz
dc
u
dz
c d
D
i
i i
i
v + =
2
2
0
Axial dispersion
An analytical solution may be obtained for
certain kinetic expressions, e.g. first order
kinetics
3
Dispersion model
( ) ( )
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
D uL D uL
D uL
A A
e a e a
ae
c c
2 2 2 2
2
0
1 1
4
B A
A
kc r =
) / ( 4 1 uL D k a u + =
where
Reactor size needed to reach a certain conversion for
PFR and dispersion model
Salmi et al, Chemical Reaction Engineering and Reactor Technology, 2010
Tanks-in-series model
Reactor size needed to reach a certain conversion for
PFR and tanks-in-series
Salmi et al, Chemical Reaction Engineering and Reactor Technology, 2010
Variance
}
|
.
|
\
|
=
0
2
2
) ( dt t E t t o
The expected value for the second momentum is the variance
of the distribution function
2
0
2
) (
=
}
t dt t E t
Variance
The variance determined from the experimentally determined
E(t) distribution can be used to estimate the number of tanks
in a tanks-in-series model or D in a dispersion model
2
2
o
=
t
N
2
2
2
~
t
uL
D o
Tanks-in series model
Dispersion model
For low values of D
4
To determine the degree of conversion in a reactor
we need to know
E(t)
Kinetics
Micromixing (segregated flow or micromixed flow)
Time of mixing
How does micromixing affect the reaction
rate?
Segregated flow
Micro mixed flow
Reactor volume = 2V
Assume n-th order reaction
n
kc r =
n n
segr
kVc kVc R
2 1
+ =
n n
micro
c c
V k
V
Vc Vc
V k R
(
+
=
(
+
=
2
2
2
2
2 1 2 1
n
n n
micro
segr
c c
c c
R
R
|
.
|
\
| +
+
=
2
2
2 1
2 1
n=1 R
segr
=R
micro
n<1 R
segr
<R
micro
n>1 R
segr
>R
micro
Thus:
How does micromixing affect the reaction rate?
Segregated flow
Micro mixed flow
Reactor volume = 2V
So..
In cases of segregated flow it is sufficient to know E(t) and
the kinetic expression
For first order reactions it is also sufficient to know E(t)
In all other cases, a mixing model is needed in addition to
E(t) to determine the conversion of reactants in the
reactor