Professional Documents
Culture Documents
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION OF MICROLEAKAGE
DIFFERENT CAUSES FOR MICROLEAKAGE
ROUTES OF MICROLEAKAGE
METHODS OF DETECTING MICROLEAKAGE
AIR PRESSURE METHOD
PENETRATION STUDIES
a. Dye penetration
b. Chei!a" tra!er#
!. Ra$io i#otope#
$. Ne%tron a!ti&ate$ ana"y#i#
e. 'a!teria" to(in# an$ ba!teria" pro$%!t#
). Chei!a" $i))%#ion te!hni*%e
FLUID CONDUCTION STUDIES
a. F"%i$ tran#port $e&i!e
ELECTRONIC METHOD
a. E"e!tro!hei!a" #t%$ie#
b. E"e!troni! onitorin+ o) i!ro"ea,a+e
MICROSCOPIC E-AMINATION
a. S!annin+ e"e!tron i!ro#!ope
b. Rep"i!ation an$ SEM
!. F"%ore#!ent i!ro#!opy
$. Co )o!a" i!ro#!ope
MISCELLANEOUS
a. Arti)i!ia" !arie#
b. Mar+ina" per!o"ation
!. Re#in in)i"tration etho$
RECENT AD.ANCES
a. Nano"ea,a+e
b. E"e!tron i!ro probe
!. Ion bea i""in+ probe
$. Con#tant $epth )or )erentor
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
INTRODUCTION
The +oa" o) operati&e $enti#try i# to re#tore the tooth to it# )or an$
)%n!tion. One o) the re*%i#ite o) i$ea" re#torati&e ateria" i# to a$apt it#e")
to !a&ity /a""#. Aon+ the &ario%# re#torati&e ateria"# !%rrent"y %#e$ an$
in#pite o) treen$o%# ipro&eent in ean# an$ te!hno"o+y0 non o) the
ateria" !o%"$ a!t%a""y 1oine$ !hei!a""y /ith tooth #%r)a!e. The +ap "e)t
bet/een the !a&ity /a"" an$ re#torati&e ateria" p"a!e an iportant ro"e in
pro+no#i# o) re#torati&e treatent.
In the pa#t0 p%"pa" rea!tion# to the $enta" pro!e$%re /ere tho%+ht to be
in$%!e$ by the e!hani!a" irritation# "i,e Heat0 &ibration0 +a"&ani2ation0
et!.0 or !hei!a" irritation by the re#torati&e ateria"# an$ it# !oponent.
Re#ear!h ha&e $eon#trate$ that probab"y ba!teria" "ea,a+e /a# a +reater
threat to the p%"p than the to(i!ity o) the re#torati&e ateria".
A +reat $ea" o) $enta" re#ear!h ha# "ea$ to $e&e"opent o) &ario%#
re#torati&e ateria"# an$ etho$# that pro&i$e %# "on+ ter !"ini!a" #%!!e##.
A"" the#e ateria"# an$ etho$# ha&e a #in+"e !on!ept in in$ that i# to
!reate an inter)a!e 3 a bon$ /hi!h !o%"$ pre&ent any type o) "ea,a+e to
o!!%r bet/een the re#toration an$ the tooth. Thi# !"ini!a""y %n$ete!tab"e
pa##a+e o) )"%i$# an$ i!roor+ani## tere$ 4i!ro"ea,a+e5 ha# it# e))e!t
not on"y on the "on+e&ity o) the re#toration b%t a"#o on the &ita""y o) tooth
it#e"). .ario%# #t%$ie# ha&e #ho/n that0 it i# not the to(i!ity o) the ateria"0
/hi!h !a%#e# p%"pa" $aa+e b%t the !o"oni2ation o) ba!teria or their to(in#0
/hi!h !a%#e the p%"pa" $aa+e. In a$$ition0 it !an !a#e $i#!o"oration0
hyper#en#iti&ity0 re!%rrent !arie# ha#tenin+ o) ar+ina" brea, $o/n0 a"" o)
/hi!h "e$ to p%"pa" patho"o+y an$ )ai"%re o) the re#toration. It i# intere#tin+
to ,no/ that there are $i))erent etho$# o) $ete!tin+ i!ro"ea,a+e0 b%t #ti""
!on&entiona" etho$# are on"y )o""o/e$. Thi# arti!"e pre#ente$ here i# a
#%ary o) &ario%# te!hni*%e# %#e$ to #t%$y i!ro"ea,a+e0 /hi!h !o%"$
+i&e a better in#i+ht o) the tooth6re#toration inter)a!e0 a!t a# a +%i$e )or
)%t%re in&e#ti+ation an$ enhan!e one /ith a ,no/"e$+e o) /hat ha# been
$one an$ /hat !o%"$ be $one to $ete!t an$ pre&ent i!ro"ea,a+e an$
pro&i$e a better re#toration.
Microleakage :
Mi!ro"ea,a+e !an be $e)ine$ a# the !"ini!a""y %n$ete!tab"e pa##a+e o)
ba!teria an$ ba!teria" pro$%!t#0 )"%i$# 0 o"e!%"e# or ion# )ro the ora"
en&ironent a"on+ the &ario%# +ap# pre#ent in the !a&ity re#toration
inter)a!e. 7Ki$$ 89:;<
Mi!ro"ea,a+e i# a"#o $epen$ a# the pa##a+e o) ion#0 ba!teria or
ba!teria" to(in# bet/een the tooth an$ re#torati&e inter)a!e.
The difference causes occurrence of Microleakage are
8< Poor a$aptation o) re#torati&e ateria"#
=< It# !ontra!tion $%rin+ #ettin+
>< Non a$heren!e to tooth #tr%!t%re
?< De)oration %n$er "oa$
@< Teperat%re in$%!e$ &o"%e !han+e#.
For i!ro"ea,a+e to o!!%r 0 the inter)a!e i# !opo#e$ o) tooth0 #ear
"ayer0 )i""in+ an$ the !eentin+ e$ia.
3 possible roues of !icroleakage"
8. Aithin or &ia the #ear "ayer
=. 'et/een #ear "ayer an$ !a&ity &arni#h B !eent
>. 'et/een !a&ity &arni#h B !eent an$ the re#toration.
MICRO#E$%$&E $ND MET'ODS O( DETECTIN& IT"
.ario%# etho$# to $ete!t i!ro"ea,a+e C
I" $ir pressure !ehod
II" )eneraion sudies
a. Dye penetration
b. Chei!a" tra!er#
!. Ra$io i#otope#
$. Ne%tron a!ti&ate$ ana"y#i#
e. 'a!teria" to(in# an$ ba!teria" pro$%!t#
). Chei!a" $i))%#ion te!hni*%e
III" (luid conducion sudies
a. F"%i$ tran#port $e&i!e
I*" Elecronic !ehod
a. E"e!tro!hei!a" #t%$ie#
b. E"e!troni! onitorin+ o) i!ro"ea,a+e
*" Microscopic e+a!inaion
a. S!annin+ e"e!tron i!ro#!ope
b. Rep"i!ation an$ SEM
!. F"%ore#!ent i!ro#!opy
$. Con)o!a" i!ro#!ope
*I" Miscellaneous
a. Arti)i!ia" !arie#
b. Mar+ina" per!o"ation
!. Re#in in)i"tration etho$
*II" Recen ad,ances
a. Nano"ea,a+e
b. E"e!tron i!ro probe
!. Ion bea i""in+ probe
$. Con#tant $epth )or )erentor
-" $IR )RESSURE MET'OD
Thi# etho$ /a# intro$%!e$ by Harper 898=8. A !"a## II aa"+a
re#toration in a #tee" $ye /a# !on#tr%!te$ an$ air %n$er pre##%re /a#
$e"i&ere$ to the )"oor o) !a&ity. The re#toration /a# then e(aine$ %n$er
/ater. Mi!ro#!opi! e(aination o) the re"ea#e o) air b%bb"e# )ro the
ar+in o) the re#toration re&ea"e$ i!ro"ea,a+e.
." )ENETR$TION STUDIES :
$/ D0ES :
They are or+ani! tra!er# %#e$ in $enti#try to $ete!t i!ro"ea,a+e.
They ay be #o"%tion# or parti!"e# o) #%#pen#ion.
Dye "ea,a+e !an be e&a"%ate$ in any o) the )o""o/in+ /ay#.
a" )assi,e
The re#tore$ teeth are e(po#e$ to $ie %n$er !on#tant ato#pheri!
pre##%re0 )or re*%ire$ perio$ o) tie.
b" *accu! or negai,e
The re#tore$ teeth are e(po#e$ to the $ie %n$er ne+ati&e pre##%re.
c" )osii,e pressure
The teeth are p"a!e$ in a !ontainer /ith a i( o) )re#h"y prepare$
epo#y re#in an$ the $ye. The !ontainer i# then p%t in an a%to!"a&e an$ the
pre##%re i# in!rea#e$ to re*%ire$ "e&e".
d" Cenrifuge"
In thi# etho$ the re#tore$ teeth are p"a!e$ in +"a## &ia# ier#e$ in
$ye an$ p"a!e$ in the !entri)%+e )or re*%ire$ ao%nt o) tie.
1/ R$DIO$CTI*E ISOTO)ES :
The /i$e#prea$ %#e o) i#otope# /a# baae$ part"y on the inherent
abi"ity o) i#otope# to penetrate ore $eep"y than the $ye o) tra!er# that ha$
been %#e$ pre&io%#"y an$ part"y on the )a!t that a%tora$io+raphy te!hni*%e
peritte$ the $ete!tion o) in%te ao%nt# o) tra!er# that other/i#e !o%"$
not be !oon"y &i#%a"i2e$=. The i#otope# %#e$ are C Ca?@ 0 !8?0 I>80 S>@0
Na== 0 P>=0 RbD; an$ C8? 7ra$io a!ti&e #%!ro#e TC99. The root# an$
!ro/n# o) the e(tra!te$ teeth are painte$ /ith &arni#h e(!ept )or the #%r)a!e
ie$iate"y a$1a!ent to e(perienta" re#toration. Then the #ea"e$ teeth are
ier#e$ in the i#otope #o"%tion )or #e&era" ho%r#. A)ter reo&a" )ro the
i#otope #o"%tion the teeth are #%b1e!te$ to pro"on+e$ rin#in+. The teeth are
then !%t into "on+it%$ina" #e!tion# thro%+h the re#toration. The !%t #%r)a!e#
are app"ie$ to a photo+raphi! )i". The re#%"tin+ a%to ra$io+raphi! in$i!ate#
the pre#en!e an$ "o!ation o) any ra$ioa!ti&e i#otope# that ha# penetrate$
bet/een the re#toration an$ the !a&ity /a"".
C/ 1$CTERI$# STUDIES
'a!teria ha&e a"#o been %#e$ in the #t%$y o) i!ro"ea,a+e. Thi# i# ore
rea"i#ti! than $ye an$ i#otope $i))%#ion etho$ be!a%#e the #i2e o) o#t $ye
o"e!%"e# an$ i#otope# i# in)inite#ia" in !opari#on /ith ba!teria. The
)i""e$ teeth are p"a!e$ in broth !%"t%re0 the )i""in+ ateria"# are reo&e$ an$
$entina" #ha&in+# )ro the ba#e o) the !a&ity o) !%"t%re$ 7De&e"ope$ by
po##0 Ai""ia an$ Fa"!etti 89D@<. Another etho$ i# i#o"atin+ the )i""e$
!ro/n o) a tooth )ro it# root %#in+ p"a#ti! t%be #ea"e$ /ith epo(y re#in. A
broth ino!%"ate$ /ith a ba!teria" !%"t%re /a# p"a!e$ in !onta!t /ith the root
o) the tooth. Mi!ro"ea,a+e i# $ia+no#e$ i) the #teri"e broth t%rne$ !"o%$y.
Ae !an e&a"%ate$ both api!a" an$ !orona" "ea,a+e by thi# etho$> .
E(ap"e# o) ba!teria %#e$ are entero!o!!%# )e!a"i# an$ #trepto!o!!%#.
D/ 1$CTERI$# TO2INS $ND 1$CTERI$# )RODUCTS:
Mo#t"y the #o"%b"e ba!teria" )a!tor#0 /hi!h are re"ea#e$ by or+ani##
penetrate$ ore e))i!ient"y an$ rapi$"y than the ba!teria" !e""#..ario%#
ateria"# "i,e Lipopo"y#a!!hri$e# an$ !e"" /a"" ateria"# #%!h a# $e(tran
ha&e #ho/n to pro&o,e in)"aatory re"ation# to $enta" p%"p.
E/ NEUTRON $CTI*$TION $N$#0SIS:
Thi# etho$ /a# intro$%!e$ by Goin+ et a" 789;D<. Thi# etho$ !an
be %#e$ both in&i&o an$ in&itro?0@.In thi# etho$ the teeth are i#o"ate$ /ith
a "ate( i#o"ator i.e. the !"ini!a" !ro/n /a# i#o"ate$ an$ =" o) an+ane#e
7non 3 ra$ioa!ti&e < /a# in1e!te$ into the )"e(ib"e "ate( ba+ )or a #oa,in+
perio$ o) one ho%r. The te#t teeth /ere e(po#e$ to a p%"#e$ ne%tron )"%(.
Irra$iation at 8 e+a/att )or t/o in%te# pro&i$e$ +oo$ !o%ntin+ o) +aa
ray ei##ion /ere ea#%re$ /ith the #!inti""ation $ete!tor an$ a +erani%
!ry#ta" "ine$ to a +aa ray #pe!troeter. A +raph o) !o%nt# &er#%# !hanne"
n%ber# i# p"otte$ #o that $ata in )or o) n%eri!a" printo%t !o%"$ be
!on&erte$ into tota" !o%nt#. The !a"!%"ate$ %pta,e e(pre##e$ a# i!ro+ra#
o) an+ane#e per tooth.
(/ C'EMIC$# TR$CERS
Intro$%!tion by Korn )ie"$ 3 89@> . Thi# etho$ in&o"&e# the %#e o)
t/o !o"o%r"e## !$opo%n$# to pro$%!e an opa*%e pre!ipitate. The #i"&er
nitrate etho$ o) ea#%rin+ i!ro"ea,a+e i# an a!!eptab"e te!hni*%e. A
@EF #i"&er nitrate #o"%tion i# %#e$ to ier#e the in&itro #pe!ien0 it i# then
rea!te$ /ith a photo+raphi! $e&e"ope$ #%!h a# ben2ene 0 $io"
7Hy$ro*%inone<. Pro!e##in+ or De&e"opin+ te!hni*%e# &ary /i$e"y /ith
$e&e"opin+ tie#0 /hi!h &arie$ bet/een D an$ 8; ho%r#. Do%+"a# 789DD<
ea#%re$ "ea,a+e a"on+ the tooth inter)a!e %#in+ #in+"e tran#&er#e #e!tion
!%t at the !enter o) ea!h re#toration an$ ob#er&e$ %n$er a #tereoi!ro#!ope
in!orporatin+ a !a"ibrate$ #!a"e.
&/ C'EMIC$# DI((USION TEC'NI3UE"
De#!ribe$ by Cri#p 0 thi# etho$ re*%ire# preparation o) a po"ye#ter
$i#! 7Fi+. 8a0 8b0 8!0 <. The #pe!ien i# p"a!e$ in the !enter o) the !ir!%"ar
po"ythyne t%be an$ #et in a po"y#ter o%ntin+ re#in. The 1%n!tion o) the
enae" B re#in inter)a!e# i# #ea"e$ by app"yin+ !oat# o) &arni#h or nai" po"i#h.
The apparat%# ha# a U #hape$ t%be /ith t/o ar#. The o%nte$ #pe!ien i#
!"ape$ bet/een the E 3 rin+# in the ri+ht han$ ar /ith the %n!%t tooth
#%r)a!e "o/er o#t. 8E " o) $eioni2e$ /ater i# a$$e$ to the ri+ht han$ ar
an$ the other ar i# )i""e$ /ith CaC"=
So"%tion %nti" the "e&e"# o) "i*%i$ are e*%a" in both the ar#. To
inii2e e&aporation0 a !or, "ine$ /ith thin po"yethy"ene #heetin+ i# %#e$ to
#ea" ea!h ar. At &ario%# inter&a"#0 = " o) "i*%i$ i# /ith$ra/ne$ )ro the
ri+ht han$ ar /ith a pipette. The "e&e" in the ri+ht han$ ar i# aintaine$
by a$$ition o) = " o) $eioni2e$ /ater !o%ntin+ !a"!i% ion# in the
/ith$ra/n "i*%i$ i# "i*%i$ i# !arrie$ o%t in an in$%!ti&e"y !o%p"e$ p"a#a
7ICP< in#tr%ent. Any !a"!i% pre#ent i# $ete!te$ an$ thi# i# in$i!ati&e o) a
"ea,a+e that ha# o!!%rre$.
3" (#UID CONDUCTION STUDIES
Thi# etho$ /a# $e&e"ope$ by Pa#h"ey. The teeth are #e!tione$ a)ter
the p"a!eent o) a re#toration o) re#toration. The #e!tion a)ter the p"a!eent
o) a re#toration. The #e!tion teeth are !onne!te$ to a p"a#ti! t%be. Thi#
!onne!tion i# !"o#e$ ti+ht"y by t/i#tin+ a pie!e o) #tain"e## #tee" /ire. The
p"a#ti! t%be i# )i""e$ /ith $eioni2e$ /ater. A #tan$ar$ +"a## !api""ary t%be i#
!onne!te$ to the p"a#ti! t%be at the o%t"et o) the #pe!ien. U#in+ a #yrin+e
the /ater i# #%!,e$ ba!, appro(iate"y > into the open en$ o) the +"a##
!api""ary0 rea!tin+ an air b%bb"e in the !api""ary. The /ho"e #et %p i# then
p"a!e$ in /ater bath at a !ontra#t teperat%re. U#in+ #yrin+e0 the air b%bb"e
i# a$1%#te$ to a #%itab"e po#ition /ithin the !api""ary0 a re*%ire$ hea$ #pee$
pre##%re i# app"ie$ )ro the in"et #i$e o )or!e the /ater thro%+h the &oi$
a"on+ the )i""in+0 thereby $i#p"a!in+ the air b%bb"e in the !api""ary t%be. The
&o"%e o) )"%i$ o) tran#port i# ea#%re$ by ob#er&in+ the o&eent o) the
air b%bb"e. The $i#p"a!eent o) air b%bb"e i# re!or$e$ a# the )"%i$ tran#port
re#%"t 7F< /hi!h i# e(pre##e$ in " B $ay
4" E#ECTRONIC MET'OD :
a5 Elecroche!ical Sudies
It i# !on$%!tietri! te!hni*%e $e&e"ope$ by Ga!ob#on an$ .on
Fra%nhoter in 89:@. Thi# #t%$y /a# to e&a"%ate !han+e# in the $ien#ion o)
the !a&ity /a"" or re#toration interpha#e %#in+ an e"e!tro!hei!a" !e"" /a"".
'e!a%#e +"a## ha# a #ii"ar !oe))i!ient o) thera" e(pan#ion to the tooth
#%b#tan!e +"a## t%be o) ? interna" $iaeter an$ 8@ o) "en+th /a#
!ho#en )or the #t%$y. The t/o or !a&ity i# )ore$ by a ni!,e" 3 p"ate$ a##
e"e!tro$e. A)ter in#ertin+ the ateria"0 ? o) the +"a## t%be i# ier#e$ in
a 8F otion o) "a!ti! a!i$. A "ea$ )ro the bra## e"e!tro$e i# !onne!te$ to
one terina" o) !%t an$ thi# i# )%rther !onne!te$ thro%+h a #erie# o)
re#i#tan!e to a re)eren!e #e!rete that i# )ore$ by a ni!,e" 3 p"ate$ a## ro$.
The !ir!%it i# !op"ete$ /hen the i#p"a!e bet/een the te#t ateria" an$
pa## i# o!!%pie$ by e"e!tro$e# /hen there i# a "ea,a+e o) the #o"%tion. Th%#
the a##a+e i# e"e&ate$.
15 E#ECTRONIC MONITORIN& O( MICRO#E$%$&E"
Thi# te!hni*%e a""o/# a rea" 3 tie e"e!troni! n%berin+ o) i!ro
)"o/. Thi# perit# #e&era" rea$in+ to be obtaine$ )ro #pe!ien# o&er a
perio$ o) tie an$ e"e!troni! onitorin+ enab"e# in)oration to be +enerate$
!ontin%o%#"y o&er "on+ perio$ in re#t tie.
The i!ro"ea,a+e ea#%rin+ #y#te !on#i#t# o) t/o ain part#.
a< Con#tant pre##%re re#er&oir#
b< Mi!ro6pre##%re #en#or
The !on#tant pre##%re hea$ i# pro&i$e$ by a #tain"e## #tee" pre##%re
&e##e". Thi# i# !onne!te$ thro%+h &a"&e# to an e"e!troni! pre##%re #en#or to
onitor the pre##%re an$ a an%a" air p%p. Thi# a""o/# pre!i#e !ontro" o)
pre##%re in the &e##e" an$ the &a"&e o) the p%"p a""o/# a !on#tant pre##%re to
be #%pp"ie$ to the #pe!ien0 /hi"e %n$er te#t. The i!ro pre##%re #en#or
!on#i#t# o) pie2o 3 #en#iti&e po/er #%pp"y. Thi# pro&i$e# an o%tp%t o) E.8:@
. B o) H+ pre##%re !han+e at #en#or. .o"ta+e !han+e# are !on#tant"y
onitore$ on a !hart re!or$er. Pre##%re !han+e# a# #a"" a# E.E@ o) H+
!an be $ete!te$ ro%tine"y. Mi!ro"ea,a+e ea#%reent# are a$e in#i$e a
"en+th o) !"ear po"y&iny" !h"ori$e t%bin+ /ith ,no/n in#i$e an$ o%t#i$e
$iaeter0 !onne!te$ bet/een a pre##%re re#er&oir an$ the pre##%re #en#or. A
pre##%re re#er&oir an$ the pre##%re #en#or. A bo"%# o) /ater i# in1e!te$ into
the #en#or en$ o) the t%be be)ore the #pe!ien i# in#erte$ )ro thi# en$.
To))"eire atri!e# are %#e$ to #ea" the t%bin+ aro%n$ the #pe!ien
an$ a"#o the pre##%re #en#or. A !on#tant air pre##%re i# then app"ie$ to the
/ater bo"%# to )or!e thro%+h any i!ro#pa!e# aro%n$ the root )i""in+ an$
!han+e# in air pre##%re on the #en#or #i$e o) the #pe!ien are re!or$e$.
Ahen the rea$in+# !op"ete a i!ro#yrin+e i# %#e$ to in1e!t 8 " o) /ater
into the t%be bet/een the #en#or an$ #pe!ien to !a"ibrate the #y#te. The
!a"ibration ea#%re# the pre##%re !han+e# a##o!iate$ /ith the intro$%!tion o)
/ater. U#in+ thi# proportiona"ity )a!tor0 the !han+e# in pre##%re ea#%re# a#
the re#%"t o) i!ro"ea,a+e !an be !on&erte$ to &o"%e o) "ea,a+e per %nit
tie. The apparat%# #en#iti&ity i# typi!a""y E.EE@" B in.
6" MICROSCO)IC E2$MIN$TION
a5 Scanning Elecron Microscop7 8SEM5
The ob1e!t to be &ie/e$ i# prepare$ #o that it perit# a thin "ayer o)
hea&y eta"0 #%!h a# +o"$ or pa""a$i%0 to be $epo#ite$ on the #pe!ienH#
#%r)a!e. A !oon etho$ )or eta" "ayerin+ re*%irin+ the #pe!ien to be
!oate$ /ith !arbon pro&i$e an e"e!tri!a""y !on$%!tin+ ba#e. The hea&y
eta" #%!h a# +o"$ or +o"$ pa""a$i% a""oy0 /hi!h #er&e# a# #o%r!e o)
#e!on$ary e"e!tron# i# atta!he$ to the !arbon. A# a bea o) e"e!tron# #!an#
the #%r)a!e o) the ob1e!t. Soe are re)"e!te$ 7'a!, #!atter e"e!tron#< an$
other# are e1e!te$ 7Se!on$ary e"e!tron#< )ro the hea&y eta" !o#t. The#e
e"e!tron# are !apt%re$ by e"e!tron $ete!tor# that are interprete$ an$
$i#p"aye$ a# a three $ien#iona" ia+e. SEM i# %#%a""y %#e$ to ea#%re +ap
)oration that o!!%r# bet/een the re#toration# an$ the /a""# an$ the )"oor o)
the reparation#. The $e)e!t# at the #%bi!ron "e&e" !an be ob#er&e$ at
re*%ire$ a+ni)i!ation #%!h a# ( =EE or ( 8EEE. Fina" e&a"%ation i# a$e in
the i!rophoto+raph#.
b5 Replicaion Scanning Elecron Microscop7 :
Thi# etho$ o) SEM i# ipro&e$ by %#e o) rep"i!a#. Thi# a""o/#
!han+e in the #i2e o) ar+ina" $e)e!t# to be )o""o/e$ on a "on+it%$ina" ba#i#
an$ !an be app"ie$ !"ini!a""y in &itro. In &i&o te!hni*%e rep"i!a# are a$e o)
the e(perienta" re#toration an$ $ire!t"y a)ter the ba#e"ine )ini#hin+ an$ at
re*%ire$ inter&a"# o) tie. The#e #%r)a!e# are !"eane$ /ith a #%r)a!e a!ti&e
!a&ity !"ean#er0 )o""o/e$ by !"eanin+ /ith a @F o) NaOC" #o"%tion. The
"i*%i$# are !ontin%o%#"y rene/e$ $%rin+ the "a#t ;E #e!on$# perio$ o)
#!r%bbin+ /ith !otton pe""et#. Ea!h #ta+e !"eanin+0 /hi!h are repeate$ t/i!e
i# )o""o/e$ by /a#hin+ /ith /ater. Rep"i!a ipre##ion#0 are then a$e o)
b%!!a" an$ "in+%a" #e!tion# /ith a &iny" #i"i!one ipre##ion ateria".
Ne+ati&e ipre##ion# are rep"i!ate$ /ith epo(y re#in# to obtain po#iti&e
!a#t. The !a#t# are prepare$ )or SEM by o%ntin+ on eta" #t%b# an$
!oatin+ /ith +o"$ by #tan$ar$ e&aporation teeth or #p"%tterin+.
Rep"i!a# are e(aine$ /ith SEM.
Confocal Microscop7
Thi# i# a La#er S!annin+ i!ro#!ope0 /hi!h enab"e# in a!hie&in+
%"tip"e #!annin+. The a$&anta+e here i# that it perit# opti!a" #e!tionin+
o) the #pe!ien# thereby arti)a!t# $%e to an%a" #e!tionin+
F"%ore#!ent Mi!ro#!opy
They %#e U. ra$iation on #e"e!te$ $ye0 /hi!h are !apab"e o)
ab#orbin+ the#e ra$iation# at one /a&e"en+th an$ eittin+ at a $i))erent
/a&e"en+th.
'O9 DOES $ CON(OC$# MICROSCO)E 9OR%:
A "a#er i# %#e$ to pro&i$e the e(!itation "i+ht 7in or$er to +et &ery hi+h
inten#itie#<. The "a#er "i+ht 7b"%e< re)"e!t# o)) a $i#!hroi! irror. Fro there0
the "a#er hit# t/o irror# /hi!h are o%nte$ on otor#I the#e irror# #!an
the "a#er a!ro## the #ap"e. Dye in the #ap"e )"%ore#!e#0 an$ the eitte$
"i+ht 7+reen< +et# $e#!anne$ by the #ae irror# that are %#e$ to #!an the
e(!itation "i+ht 7b"%e< )ro the "a#er. The eitte$ "i+ht pa##e# thro%+h the
$i!hroi! an$ i# )o!%#e$ onto the pinho"e. The "i+ht that pa##e# thro%+h the
pinho"e i# ea#%re$ by a $ete!tor0 i.e.0 a photo%"tip"ier t%be.
So there ne&er i# a !op"ete ia+e o) the #ap"e 3 at any +i&en
in#tant0 on"y one point o) the #ap"e i# ob#er&e$0. The $ete!tor i# atta!he$ to
a !op%ter /hi!h b%i"$# %p the ia+e0 one pi(e" at a tie. In pra!ti!e0 thi#
!an be $one perhap# > tie# a #e!on$0 )or a @8= ( @8= pi(e" ia+e. The
"iitation i# in the #!annin+ irror#. O%r !on)o!a" i!ro#!ope 7)ro Noran<
%#e# a #pe!ia" A!o%#ti! Opti!a" De)"e!tor in p"a!e o) one o) the irror#0 in
or$er to #pee$ %p the #!annin+. Thi# %#e# a hi+h 3 )re*%en!y #o%n$ /a&e in
a #pe!ia" !ry#ta" to !rate a $i))ra!tion +ratin+0 /hi!h $e)"e!t# the "a#er "i+ht
7a!t%a""y0 the )ir#t $i))ra!tion pea, i# %#e$0 /ith the 2eroth 3 or$er pea,
bein+ thro/n a/ay<. 'y &aryin+ the )re*%en!y o) the #o%n$ /a&e0 the AOD
!han+e# the an+"e o) the $i))ra!te$ "i+ht0 he"pin+ #!an the #ap"e *%i!,"y0
a""o/in+ %# to ta,e @8= ( ?DE pi(e" ia+e# >E tie# per #e!on$. I) yo% /ant
to "oo, at a #a""er )ie"$ o) &ie/0 o%r !on)o!a" i!ro#!ope !an +o e&en
)a#ter 7%p to ?DE )rae# per #e!on$0 a"tho%+h I per#ona""y )in$ that =?E
)rae# per #e!on$ i# a +oo$ pra!ti!a" "iit<.
;" MISCE##$NEOUS
a5 $rificial Caries
Thi# !an be pro$%!e$ in &itro %#in+ either ba!teria" !%"t%re# or a
!hei!a" #y#te i.e0 the a!i$i)ie$ +et te!hni*%e# a# )ir#t $e#!ribe$ by
M%he"ean in 89;E . The #%r)a!e o) enae" i# #%b1e!te$ to a !on#tant atta!h
o) hy$ro+en ion# /hi"e the +et a!t# a# a $i))%#ion barrier )or $i##o"&e$
ateria". The "e#ion# pro$%!e$ by thi# te!hni*%e are #t%$ie$ in po"ari2e$
"i+ht an$ t/o part# are #een .
a< An o%ter "e#ion
b< A !a&ity /a"" "e#ion
Po"ari2e$ "i+ht i!ro#!opy i# %#e$ to $eterine the e(tent o)
$einera"i2ation o) !a&ity /a""# a$1a!ent to the re#toration#. J%anti)i!ation
o) re#%"t# i# po##ib"e /here $epth o) "e#ion i# !ho#en a ea#%rab"e paraeter
an$ the $e+ree o) $einera"i2ation ay a"#o be a##e##e$ *%antitati&e"y.
15 Marginal percolaion:
Thi# in!"%$e# #t%$y o) openin+ an$ !"o#in+ o) the ar+in# o)
re#toration# /hen #%b1e!te$ to teperat%re !han+e# both in the o%th an$ in
e(tra!te$ teeth. The re#toration# are !oo"e$ to 9
E
! in i!e /ater an$ are
ob#er&e$ %n$er a i!ro#!ope a# the teeth are /are$ by )in+er#. Ahen
$rop# o) /ater are #een to e(tr%$e )ro the ar+in# o) the re#toration# a#
teperat%re in!rea#e#0 in$i!ate#0 i!ro"ea,a+e o) the re#toration#. Thi#
o!!%r# be!a%#e o) a $i))eren!e in !oe))i!ient o) thera" e(pan#ion bet/een
the teeth an$ the re#toration# an$ by thera" e(pan#ion o) )"%i$ that o!!%pie#
the !er&i!e# bet/een teeth an$ re#toration#.
C5 Resin infilraion Mehod:
De&e"ope$ ain"y to a##e## the ar+ina" #ea"in+ abi"ity to the root
!ana" /a"" an$ the root !ana" )i"in+ ateria" at $i))erent "e&e"#. The
#pe!ien# are !oate$ /ith nai" po"i#h to /ithin = o) the en$ o) the ape(.
The re#in i# prepare$ $i##o"&in+ 8.? +# o) re#or!ino" in = " o) ?EF
)ora"$ehy$e #o"%tion an$ the pH a$1%#te$ to D.= /ith a*%eo%# pota##i%
hy$ro(i$e ie$iate"y be)ore %#e. I!e i# p"a!e$ to pre&ent o&erheatin+ an$
preat%re po"yeri2ation . The teeth are ier#e$ I re#or!ino"
)ora"$ehy$e re#in o) @ $ay# o) ?
E
! an$ re#in i# a""o/e$ to po"yeri2e
!op"ete"y )or ? $ay# at roo teperat%re. Sap"e# are reo&e$I the nai"
po"i#h i# !op"ete"y reo&e$. They are then ebe$$e$ in epo(y re#in an$
#e!tione$ hori2onta""y at 8.@ 7"e&e" 8 < =.@ 7"e&e" II<0 >.@ 7"e&e"
III< . Fro the anatoi!a" ape(0 #e!tion# are ier#e$ in HCL )or )e/
in%te# in or$er to !o"or the re#in . A"" !ro## #e!tion# are tran#i""%inate$
an$ &ie/e$ at a a+ni)i!ation o) ( =@ /ith #tereoi!ro#!ope an$
photo+raph# are ta,en )or ia+e ana"y#i# . Dar, bro/n !o"o%re$ re#in area#
at the +ap at ea!h "e&e" are ea#%re$ %#in+ a per#ona" ia+e ana"y2in+
#y#te.
CONST$NT DE)T' (I#M (ERMENTOR
8CD((5:
CEFF i# one o) the re!ent etho$ o) $ete!tin+ i!ro"ea,a+e. The
"ea,a+e o) ba!teria in to the tooth re#toration inter)ere i# #t%$ie$ here. CDFF
i# ba#i!a""y a #y#te to !reate a# in&i&o #it%ation. Thi# +enerate# a "ar+e
n%ber o) bio)i"#. Prepare$ #ap"e# are p"a!e$ into the CDFF o&er /hi!h
the bio)i"# are +enerate$. At perio$i! inter&a"# the #ap"e# are ta,en %p )or
ana"y#i#. The penetration o) ba!teria )ro the bio)i"# !an be ana"y2e$ by
SEM an$ &ita" #tainin+ to e#tiate the i!ro"ea,a+e.
Thera" !y!"in+ an$ "oa$ !y!"in+
A"" the #pe!ien# be)ore they are te#te$ )or i!ro"ea,a+e %n$er+o
thera" !y!"in+ or "oa$ !y!"in+ or both in or$er to #ti%"ate the ora"
!on$ition#.
Ther!al c7cling:
It i# $e)ine$ a# the in&itro pro!e## o) #%b1e!tin+ a re#toration an$ tooth
to teperat%re e(tree# that are #ii"ar to tho#e )o%n$ in the ora" !a&ity.
#oad C7cling :
Gor+en#on intro$%!e$ the ter e!hani!a" per!o"ation to $eon#trate
e!hani!a" )a!tor# in the ora" en&ironent that i+ht pro$%!e a#yetri!
pre##%re on )i""in+# an$ on the i!ro #pa!e# bet/een the )i""in+ an$ the tooth
#tr%!t%re.
CONC#USION
Tho%+h any etho$# are a&ai"ab"e )or #t%$y o) i!ro"ea,a+e0 the
+enera" ten$en!y i# #een aon+ re#ear!her# aro%n$ the /or"$ to #ti!, to the
!on&entiona" etho$ i.e.0 $ye penetration. The tie ha# !oe /here in
ne/er etho$#0 /hi!h are ore a!!%rate #ho%"$ be #%e$ #o a# to attain a
ore pre!i#e &a"%e.
RE(ERENCE
8. Art an$ #!ien!e o) operati&e Denti#try 3 St%r$e&ant 0 ?
th
e$n.
=. Phi""ipH# #!ien!e o) Denta" Materia"# 3 Kenneth G. An%#a&i!e0 8E
th
E$n.
>. Note# on Denta" Materia"# 3 E.C. Cobe
?. Dete!tion o) Mi!ro"ea,a+e aro%n$ Denta" re#toration 3 G o) Operati&e
Denti#try 0 899:.
@. In &itro $entina" penetration by tra!e# %#e$ in i!ro"ea,a+e #t%$ie# I E
.G 3 899D 7>8<
;. A F"%ore#!ent $ye etho$ )or $eon#tratin+ "ea,a+e aro%n$
re#toration G. o) Dent Re#789;;<