You are on page 1of 28

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION OF MICROLEAKAGE
DIFFERENT CAUSES FOR MICROLEAKAGE
ROUTES OF MICROLEAKAGE
METHODS OF DETECTING MICROLEAKAGE
AIR PRESSURE METHOD
PENETRATION STUDIES
a. Dye penetration
b. Chei!a" tra!er#
!. Ra$io i#otope#
$. Ne%tron a!ti&ate$ ana"y#i#
e. 'a!teria" to(in# an$ ba!teria" pro$%!t#
). Chei!a" $i))%#ion te!hni*%e
FLUID CONDUCTION STUDIES
a. F"%i$ tran#port $e&i!e
ELECTRONIC METHOD
a. E"e!tro!hei!a" #t%$ie#
b. E"e!troni! onitorin+ o) i!ro"ea,a+e
MICROSCOPIC E-AMINATION
a. S!annin+ e"e!tron i!ro#!ope
b. Rep"i!ation an$ SEM
!. F"%ore#!ent i!ro#!opy
$. Co )o!a" i!ro#!ope
MISCELLANEOUS
a. Arti)i!ia" !arie#
b. Mar+ina" per!o"ation
!. Re#in in)i"tration etho$
RECENT AD.ANCES
a. Nano"ea,a+e
b. E"e!tron i!ro probe
!. Ion bea i""in+ probe
$. Con#tant $epth )or )erentor
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
INTRODUCTION
The +oa" o) operati&e $enti#try i# to re#tore the tooth to it# )or an$
)%n!tion. One o) the re*%i#ite o) i$ea" re#torati&e ateria" i# to a$apt it#e")
to !a&ity /a""#. Aon+ the &ario%# re#torati&e ateria"# !%rrent"y %#e$ an$
in#pite o) treen$o%# ipro&eent in ean# an$ te!hno"o+y0 non o) the
ateria" !o%"$ a!t%a""y 1oine$ !hei!a""y /ith tooth #%r)a!e. The +ap "e)t
bet/een the !a&ity /a"" an$ re#torati&e ateria" p"a!e an iportant ro"e in
pro+no#i# o) re#torati&e treatent.
In the pa#t0 p%"pa" rea!tion# to the $enta" pro!e$%re /ere tho%+ht to be
in$%!e$ by the e!hani!a" irritation# "i,e Heat0 &ibration0 +a"&ani2ation0
et!.0 or !hei!a" irritation by the re#torati&e ateria"# an$ it# !oponent.
Re#ear!h ha&e $eon#trate$ that probab"y ba!teria" "ea,a+e /a# a +reater
threat to the p%"p than the to(i!ity o) the re#torati&e ateria".
A +reat $ea" o) $enta" re#ear!h ha# "ea$ to $e&e"opent o) &ario%#
re#torati&e ateria"# an$ etho$# that pro&i$e %# "on+ ter !"ini!a" #%!!e##.
A"" the#e ateria"# an$ etho$# ha&e a #in+"e !on!ept in in$ that i# to
!reate an inter)a!e 3 a bon$ /hi!h !o%"$ pre&ent any type o) "ea,a+e to
o!!%r bet/een the re#toration an$ the tooth. Thi# !"ini!a""y %n$ete!tab"e
pa##a+e o) )"%i$# an$ i!roor+ani## tere$ 4i!ro"ea,a+e5 ha# it# e))e!t
not on"y on the "on+e&ity o) the re#toration b%t a"#o on the &ita""y o) tooth
it#e"). .ario%# #t%$ie# ha&e #ho/n that0 it i# not the to(i!ity o) the ateria"0
/hi!h !a%#e# p%"pa" $aa+e b%t the !o"oni2ation o) ba!teria or their to(in#0
/hi!h !a%#e the p%"pa" $aa+e. In a$$ition0 it !an !a#e $i#!o"oration0
hyper#en#iti&ity0 re!%rrent !arie# ha#tenin+ o) ar+ina" brea, $o/n0 a"" o)
/hi!h "e$ to p%"pa" patho"o+y an$ )ai"%re o) the re#toration. It i# intere#tin+
to ,no/ that there are $i))erent etho$# o) $ete!tin+ i!ro"ea,a+e0 b%t #ti""
!on&entiona" etho$# are on"y )o""o/e$. Thi# arti!"e pre#ente$ here i# a
#%ary o) &ario%# te!hni*%e# %#e$ to #t%$y i!ro"ea,a+e0 /hi!h !o%"$
+i&e a better in#i+ht o) the tooth6re#toration inter)a!e0 a!t a# a +%i$e )or
)%t%re in&e#ti+ation an$ enhan!e one /ith a ,no/"e$+e o) /hat ha# been
$one an$ /hat !o%"$ be $one to $ete!t an$ pre&ent i!ro"ea,a+e an$
pro&i$e a better re#toration.
Microleakage :
Mi!ro"ea,a+e !an be $e)ine$ a# the !"ini!a""y %n$ete!tab"e pa##a+e o)
ba!teria an$ ba!teria" pro$%!t#0 )"%i$# 0 o"e!%"e# or ion# )ro the ora"
en&ironent a"on+ the &ario%# +ap# pre#ent in the !a&ity re#toration
inter)a!e. 7Ki$$ 89:;<
Mi!ro"ea,a+e i# a"#o $epen$ a# the pa##a+e o) ion#0 ba!teria or
ba!teria" to(in# bet/een the tooth an$ re#torati&e inter)a!e.
The difference causes occurrence of Microleakage are
8< Poor a$aptation o) re#torati&e ateria"#
=< It# !ontra!tion $%rin+ #ettin+
>< Non a$heren!e to tooth #tr%!t%re
?< De)oration %n$er "oa$
@< Teperat%re in$%!e$ &o"%e !han+e#.
For i!ro"ea,a+e to o!!%r 0 the inter)a!e i# !opo#e$ o) tooth0 #ear
"ayer0 )i""in+ an$ the !eentin+ e$ia.
3 possible roues of !icroleakage"
8. Aithin or &ia the #ear "ayer
=. 'et/een #ear "ayer an$ !a&ity &arni#h B !eent
>. 'et/een !a&ity &arni#h B !eent an$ the re#toration.
MICRO#E$%$&E $ND MET'ODS O( DETECTIN& IT"
.ario%# etho$# to $ete!t i!ro"ea,a+e C
I" $ir pressure !ehod
II" )eneraion sudies
a. Dye penetration
b. Chei!a" tra!er#
!. Ra$io i#otope#
$. Ne%tron a!ti&ate$ ana"y#i#
e. 'a!teria" to(in# an$ ba!teria" pro$%!t#
). Chei!a" $i))%#ion te!hni*%e
III" (luid conducion sudies
a. F"%i$ tran#port $e&i!e
I*" Elecronic !ehod
a. E"e!tro!hei!a" #t%$ie#
b. E"e!troni! onitorin+ o) i!ro"ea,a+e
*" Microscopic e+a!inaion
a. S!annin+ e"e!tron i!ro#!ope
b. Rep"i!ation an$ SEM
!. F"%ore#!ent i!ro#!opy
$. Con)o!a" i!ro#!ope
*I" Miscellaneous
a. Arti)i!ia" !arie#
b. Mar+ina" per!o"ation
!. Re#in in)i"tration etho$
*II" Recen ad,ances
a. Nano"ea,a+e
b. E"e!tron i!ro probe
!. Ion bea i""in+ probe
$. Con#tant $epth )or )erentor
-" $IR )RESSURE MET'OD
Thi# etho$ /a# intro$%!e$ by Harper 898=8. A !"a## II aa"+a
re#toration in a #tee" $ye /a# !on#tr%!te$ an$ air %n$er pre##%re /a#
$e"i&ere$ to the )"oor o) !a&ity. The re#toration /a# then e(aine$ %n$er
/ater. Mi!ro#!opi! e(aination o) the re"ea#e o) air b%bb"e# )ro the
ar+in o) the re#toration re&ea"e$ i!ro"ea,a+e.
." )ENETR$TION STUDIES :
$/ D0ES :
They are or+ani! tra!er# %#e$ in $enti#try to $ete!t i!ro"ea,a+e.
They ay be #o"%tion# or parti!"e# o) #%#pen#ion.
Dye "ea,a+e !an be e&a"%ate$ in any o) the )o""o/in+ /ay#.
a" )assi,e
The re#tore$ teeth are e(po#e$ to $ie %n$er !on#tant ato#pheri!
pre##%re0 )or re*%ire$ perio$ o) tie.
b" *accu! or negai,e
The re#tore$ teeth are e(po#e$ to the $ie %n$er ne+ati&e pre##%re.
c" )osii,e pressure
The teeth are p"a!e$ in a !ontainer /ith a i( o) )re#h"y prepare$
epo#y re#in an$ the $ye. The !ontainer i# then p%t in an a%to!"a&e an$ the
pre##%re i# in!rea#e$ to re*%ire$ "e&e".
d" Cenrifuge"
In thi# etho$ the re#tore$ teeth are p"a!e$ in +"a## &ia# ier#e$ in
$ye an$ p"a!e$ in the !entri)%+e )or re*%ire$ ao%nt o) tie.
1/ R$DIO$CTI*E ISOTO)ES :
The /i$e#prea$ %#e o) i#otope# /a# baae$ part"y on the inherent
abi"ity o) i#otope# to penetrate ore $eep"y than the $ye o) tra!er# that ha$
been %#e$ pre&io%#"y an$ part"y on the )a!t that a%tora$io+raphy te!hni*%e
peritte$ the $ete!tion o) in%te ao%nt# o) tra!er# that other/i#e !o%"$
not be !oon"y &i#%a"i2e$=. The i#otope# %#e$ are C Ca?@ 0 !8?0 I>80 S>@0
Na== 0 P>=0 RbD; an$ C8? 7ra$io a!ti&e #%!ro#e TC99. The root# an$
!ro/n# o) the e(tra!te$ teeth are painte$ /ith &arni#h e(!ept )or the #%r)a!e
ie$iate"y a$1a!ent to e(perienta" re#toration. Then the #ea"e$ teeth are
ier#e$ in the i#otope #o"%tion )or #e&era" ho%r#. A)ter reo&a" )ro the
i#otope #o"%tion the teeth are #%b1e!te$ to pro"on+e$ rin#in+. The teeth are
then !%t into "on+it%$ina" #e!tion# thro%+h the re#toration. The !%t #%r)a!e#
are app"ie$ to a photo+raphi! )i". The re#%"tin+ a%to ra$io+raphi! in$i!ate#
the pre#en!e an$ "o!ation o) any ra$ioa!ti&e i#otope# that ha# penetrate$
bet/een the re#toration an$ the !a&ity /a"".
C/ 1$CTERI$# STUDIES
'a!teria ha&e a"#o been %#e$ in the #t%$y o) i!ro"ea,a+e. Thi# i# ore
rea"i#ti! than $ye an$ i#otope $i))%#ion etho$ be!a%#e the #i2e o) o#t $ye
o"e!%"e# an$ i#otope# i# in)inite#ia" in !opari#on /ith ba!teria. The
)i""e$ teeth are p"a!e$ in broth !%"t%re0 the )i""in+ ateria"# are reo&e$ an$
$entina" #ha&in+# )ro the ba#e o) the !a&ity o) !%"t%re$ 7De&e"ope$ by
po##0 Ai""ia an$ Fa"!etti 89D@<. Another etho$ i# i#o"atin+ the )i""e$
!ro/n o) a tooth )ro it# root %#in+ p"a#ti! t%be #ea"e$ /ith epo(y re#in. A
broth ino!%"ate$ /ith a ba!teria" !%"t%re /a# p"a!e$ in !onta!t /ith the root
o) the tooth. Mi!ro"ea,a+e i# $ia+no#e$ i) the #teri"e broth t%rne$ !"o%$y.
Ae !an e&a"%ate$ both api!a" an$ !orona" "ea,a+e by thi# etho$> .
E(ap"e# o) ba!teria %#e$ are entero!o!!%# )e!a"i# an$ #trepto!o!!%#.
D/ 1$CTERI$# TO2INS $ND 1$CTERI$# )RODUCTS:
Mo#t"y the #o"%b"e ba!teria" )a!tor#0 /hi!h are re"ea#e$ by or+ani##
penetrate$ ore e))i!ient"y an$ rapi$"y than the ba!teria" !e""#..ario%#
ateria"# "i,e Lipopo"y#a!!hri$e# an$ !e"" /a"" ateria"# #%!h a# $e(tran
ha&e #ho/n to pro&o,e in)"aatory re"ation# to $enta" p%"p.
E/ NEUTRON $CTI*$TION $N$#0SIS:
Thi# etho$ /a# intro$%!e$ by Goin+ et a" 789;D<. Thi# etho$ !an
be %#e$ both in&i&o an$ in&itro?0@.In thi# etho$ the teeth are i#o"ate$ /ith
a "ate( i#o"ator i.e. the !"ini!a" !ro/n /a# i#o"ate$ an$ =" o) an+ane#e
7non 3 ra$ioa!ti&e < /a# in1e!te$ into the )"e(ib"e "ate( ba+ )or a #oa,in+
perio$ o) one ho%r. The te#t teeth /ere e(po#e$ to a p%"#e$ ne%tron )"%(.
Irra$iation at 8 e+a/att )or t/o in%te# pro&i$e$ +oo$ !o%ntin+ o) +aa
ray ei##ion /ere ea#%re$ /ith the #!inti""ation $ete!tor an$ a +erani%
!ry#ta" "ine$ to a +aa ray #pe!troeter. A +raph o) !o%nt# &er#%# !hanne"
n%ber# i# p"otte$ #o that $ata in )or o) n%eri!a" printo%t !o%"$ be
!on&erte$ into tota" !o%nt#. The !a"!%"ate$ %pta,e e(pre##e$ a# i!ro+ra#
o) an+ane#e per tooth.
(/ C'EMIC$# TR$CERS
Intro$%!tion by Korn )ie"$ 3 89@> . Thi# etho$ in&o"&e# the %#e o)
t/o !o"o%r"e## !$opo%n$# to pro$%!e an opa*%e pre!ipitate. The #i"&er
nitrate etho$ o) ea#%rin+ i!ro"ea,a+e i# an a!!eptab"e te!hni*%e. A
@EF #i"&er nitrate #o"%tion i# %#e$ to ier#e the in&itro #pe!ien0 it i# then
rea!te$ /ith a photo+raphi! $e&e"ope$ #%!h a# ben2ene 0 $io"
7Hy$ro*%inone<. Pro!e##in+ or De&e"opin+ te!hni*%e# &ary /i$e"y /ith
$e&e"opin+ tie#0 /hi!h &arie$ bet/een D an$ 8; ho%r#. Do%+"a# 789DD<
ea#%re$ "ea,a+e a"on+ the tooth inter)a!e %#in+ #in+"e tran#&er#e #e!tion
!%t at the !enter o) ea!h re#toration an$ ob#er&e$ %n$er a #tereoi!ro#!ope
in!orporatin+ a !a"ibrate$ #!a"e.
&/ C'EMIC$# DI((USION TEC'NI3UE"
De#!ribe$ by Cri#p 0 thi# etho$ re*%ire# preparation o) a po"ye#ter
$i#! 7Fi+. 8a0 8b0 8!0 <. The #pe!ien i# p"a!e$ in the !enter o) the !ir!%"ar
po"ythyne t%be an$ #et in a po"y#ter o%ntin+ re#in. The 1%n!tion o) the
enae" B re#in inter)a!e# i# #ea"e$ by app"yin+ !oat# o) &arni#h or nai" po"i#h.
The apparat%# ha# a U #hape$ t%be /ith t/o ar#. The o%nte$ #pe!ien i#
!"ape$ bet/een the E 3 rin+# in the ri+ht han$ ar /ith the %n!%t tooth
#%r)a!e "o/er o#t. 8E " o) $eioni2e$ /ater i# a$$e$ to the ri+ht han$ ar
an$ the other ar i# )i""e$ /ith CaC"=
So"%tion %nti" the "e&e"# o) "i*%i$ are e*%a" in both the ar#. To
inii2e e&aporation0 a !or, "ine$ /ith thin po"yethy"ene #heetin+ i# %#e$ to
#ea" ea!h ar. At &ario%# inter&a"#0 = " o) "i*%i$ i# /ith$ra/ne$ )ro the
ri+ht han$ ar /ith a pipette. The "e&e" in the ri+ht han$ ar i# aintaine$
by a$$ition o) = " o) $eioni2e$ /ater !o%ntin+ !a"!i% ion# in the
/ith$ra/n "i*%i$ i# "i*%i$ i# !arrie$ o%t in an in$%!ti&e"y !o%p"e$ p"a#a
7ICP< in#tr%ent. Any !a"!i% pre#ent i# $ete!te$ an$ thi# i# in$i!ati&e o) a
"ea,a+e that ha# o!!%rre$.
3" (#UID CONDUCTION STUDIES
Thi# etho$ /a# $e&e"ope$ by Pa#h"ey. The teeth are #e!tione$ a)ter
the p"a!eent o) a re#toration o) re#toration. The #e!tion a)ter the p"a!eent
o) a re#toration. The #e!tion teeth are !onne!te$ to a p"a#ti! t%be. Thi#
!onne!tion i# !"o#e$ ti+ht"y by t/i#tin+ a pie!e o) #tain"e## #tee" /ire. The
p"a#ti! t%be i# )i""e$ /ith $eioni2e$ /ater. A #tan$ar$ +"a## !api""ary t%be i#
!onne!te$ to the p"a#ti! t%be at the o%t"et o) the #pe!ien. U#in+ a #yrin+e
the /ater i# #%!,e$ ba!, appro(iate"y > into the open en$ o) the +"a##
!api""ary0 rea!tin+ an air b%bb"e in the !api""ary. The /ho"e #et %p i# then
p"a!e$ in /ater bath at a !ontra#t teperat%re. U#in+ #yrin+e0 the air b%bb"e
i# a$1%#te$ to a #%itab"e po#ition /ithin the !api""ary0 a re*%ire$ hea$ #pee$
pre##%re i# app"ie$ )ro the in"et #i$e o )or!e the /ater thro%+h the &oi$
a"on+ the )i""in+0 thereby $i#p"a!in+ the air b%bb"e in the !api""ary t%be. The
&o"%e o) )"%i$ o) tran#port i# ea#%re$ by ob#er&in+ the o&eent o) the
air b%bb"e. The $i#p"a!eent o) air b%bb"e i# re!or$e$ a# the )"%i$ tran#port
re#%"t 7F< /hi!h i# e(pre##e$ in " B $ay
4" E#ECTRONIC MET'OD :
a5 Elecroche!ical Sudies
It i# !on$%!tietri! te!hni*%e $e&e"ope$ by Ga!ob#on an$ .on
Fra%nhoter in 89:@. Thi# #t%$y /a# to e&a"%ate !han+e# in the $ien#ion o)
the !a&ity /a"" or re#toration interpha#e %#in+ an e"e!tro!hei!a" !e"" /a"".
'e!a%#e +"a## ha# a #ii"ar !oe))i!ient o) thera" e(pan#ion to the tooth
#%b#tan!e +"a## t%be o) ? interna" $iaeter an$ 8@ o) "en+th /a#
!ho#en )or the #t%$y. The t/o or !a&ity i# )ore$ by a ni!,e" 3 p"ate$ a##
e"e!tro$e. A)ter in#ertin+ the ateria"0 ? o) the +"a## t%be i# ier#e$ in
a 8F otion o) "a!ti! a!i$. A "ea$ )ro the bra## e"e!tro$e i# !onne!te$ to
one terina" o) !%t an$ thi# i# )%rther !onne!te$ thro%+h a #erie# o)
re#i#tan!e to a re)eren!e #e!rete that i# )ore$ by a ni!,e" 3 p"ate$ a## ro$.
The !ir!%it i# !op"ete$ /hen the i#p"a!e bet/een the te#t ateria" an$
pa## i# o!!%pie$ by e"e!tro$e# /hen there i# a "ea,a+e o) the #o"%tion. Th%#
the a##a+e i# e"e&ate$.
15 E#ECTRONIC MONITORIN& O( MICRO#E$%$&E"
Thi# te!hni*%e a""o/# a rea" 3 tie e"e!troni! n%berin+ o) i!ro
)"o/. Thi# perit# #e&era" rea$in+ to be obtaine$ )ro #pe!ien# o&er a
perio$ o) tie an$ e"e!troni! onitorin+ enab"e# in)oration to be +enerate$
!ontin%o%#"y o&er "on+ perio$ in re#t tie.
The i!ro"ea,a+e ea#%rin+ #y#te !on#i#t# o) t/o ain part#.
a< Con#tant pre##%re re#er&oir#
b< Mi!ro6pre##%re #en#or
The !on#tant pre##%re hea$ i# pro&i$e$ by a #tain"e## #tee" pre##%re
&e##e". Thi# i# !onne!te$ thro%+h &a"&e# to an e"e!troni! pre##%re #en#or to
onitor the pre##%re an$ a an%a" air p%p. Thi# a""o/# pre!i#e !ontro" o)
pre##%re in the &e##e" an$ the &a"&e o) the p%"p a""o/# a !on#tant pre##%re to
be #%pp"ie$ to the #pe!ien0 /hi"e %n$er te#t. The i!ro pre##%re #en#or
!on#i#t# o) pie2o 3 #en#iti&e po/er #%pp"y. Thi# pro&i$e# an o%tp%t o) E.8:@
. B o) H+ pre##%re !han+e at #en#or. .o"ta+e !han+e# are !on#tant"y
onitore$ on a !hart re!or$er. Pre##%re !han+e# a# #a"" a# E.E@ o) H+
!an be $ete!te$ ro%tine"y. Mi!ro"ea,a+e ea#%reent# are a$e in#i$e a
"en+th o) !"ear po"y&iny" !h"ori$e t%bin+ /ith ,no/n in#i$e an$ o%t#i$e
$iaeter0 !onne!te$ bet/een a pre##%re re#er&oir an$ the pre##%re #en#or. A
pre##%re re#er&oir an$ the pre##%re #en#or. A bo"%# o) /ater i# in1e!te$ into
the #en#or en$ o) the t%be be)ore the #pe!ien i# in#erte$ )ro thi# en$.
To))"eire atri!e# are %#e$ to #ea" the t%bin+ aro%n$ the #pe!ien
an$ a"#o the pre##%re #en#or. A !on#tant air pre##%re i# then app"ie$ to the
/ater bo"%# to )or!e thro%+h any i!ro#pa!e# aro%n$ the root )i""in+ an$
!han+e# in air pre##%re on the #en#or #i$e o) the #pe!ien are re!or$e$.
Ahen the rea$in+# !op"ete a i!ro#yrin+e i# %#e$ to in1e!t 8 " o) /ater
into the t%be bet/een the #en#or an$ #pe!ien to !a"ibrate the #y#te. The
!a"ibration ea#%re# the pre##%re !han+e# a##o!iate$ /ith the intro$%!tion o)
/ater. U#in+ thi# proportiona"ity )a!tor0 the !han+e# in pre##%re ea#%re# a#
the re#%"t o) i!ro"ea,a+e !an be !on&erte$ to &o"%e o) "ea,a+e per %nit
tie. The apparat%# #en#iti&ity i# typi!a""y E.EE@" B in.
6" MICROSCO)IC E2$MIN$TION
a5 Scanning Elecron Microscop7 8SEM5
The ob1e!t to be &ie/e$ i# prepare$ #o that it perit# a thin "ayer o)
hea&y eta"0 #%!h a# +o"$ or pa""a$i%0 to be $epo#ite$ on the #pe!ienH#
#%r)a!e. A !oon etho$ )or eta" "ayerin+ re*%irin+ the #pe!ien to be
!oate$ /ith !arbon pro&i$e an e"e!tri!a""y !on$%!tin+ ba#e. The hea&y
eta" #%!h a# +o"$ or +o"$ pa""a$i% a""oy0 /hi!h #er&e# a# #o%r!e o)
#e!on$ary e"e!tron# i# atta!he$ to the !arbon. A# a bea o) e"e!tron# #!an#
the #%r)a!e o) the ob1e!t. Soe are re)"e!te$ 7'a!, #!atter e"e!tron#< an$
other# are e1e!te$ 7Se!on$ary e"e!tron#< )ro the hea&y eta" !o#t. The#e
e"e!tron# are !apt%re$ by e"e!tron $ete!tor# that are interprete$ an$
$i#p"aye$ a# a three $ien#iona" ia+e. SEM i# %#%a""y %#e$ to ea#%re +ap
)oration that o!!%r# bet/een the re#toration# an$ the /a""# an$ the )"oor o)
the reparation#. The $e)e!t# at the #%bi!ron "e&e" !an be ob#er&e$ at
re*%ire$ a+ni)i!ation #%!h a# ( =EE or ( 8EEE. Fina" e&a"%ation i# a$e in
the i!rophoto+raph#.
b5 Replicaion Scanning Elecron Microscop7 :
Thi# etho$ o) SEM i# ipro&e$ by %#e o) rep"i!a#. Thi# a""o/#
!han+e in the #i2e o) ar+ina" $e)e!t# to be )o""o/e$ on a "on+it%$ina" ba#i#
an$ !an be app"ie$ !"ini!a""y in &itro. In &i&o te!hni*%e rep"i!a# are a$e o)
the e(perienta" re#toration an$ $ire!t"y a)ter the ba#e"ine )ini#hin+ an$ at
re*%ire$ inter&a"# o) tie. The#e #%r)a!e# are !"eane$ /ith a #%r)a!e a!ti&e
!a&ity !"ean#er0 )o""o/e$ by !"eanin+ /ith a @F o) NaOC" #o"%tion. The
"i*%i$# are !ontin%o%#"y rene/e$ $%rin+ the "a#t ;E #e!on$# perio$ o)
#!r%bbin+ /ith !otton pe""et#. Ea!h #ta+e !"eanin+0 /hi!h are repeate$ t/i!e
i# )o""o/e$ by /a#hin+ /ith /ater. Rep"i!a ipre##ion#0 are then a$e o)
b%!!a" an$ "in+%a" #e!tion# /ith a &iny" #i"i!one ipre##ion ateria".
Ne+ati&e ipre##ion# are rep"i!ate$ /ith epo(y re#in# to obtain po#iti&e
!a#t. The !a#t# are prepare$ )or SEM by o%ntin+ on eta" #t%b# an$
!oatin+ /ith +o"$ by #tan$ar$ e&aporation teeth or #p"%tterin+.
Rep"i!a# are e(aine$ /ith SEM.
Confocal Microscop7
Thi# i# a La#er S!annin+ i!ro#!ope0 /hi!h enab"e# in a!hie&in+
%"tip"e #!annin+. The a$&anta+e here i# that it perit# opti!a" #e!tionin+
o) the #pe!ien# thereby arti)a!t# $%e to an%a" #e!tionin+
F"%ore#!ent Mi!ro#!opy
They %#e U. ra$iation on #e"e!te$ $ye0 /hi!h are !apab"e o)
ab#orbin+ the#e ra$iation# at one /a&e"en+th an$ eittin+ at a $i))erent
/a&e"en+th.
'O9 DOES $ CON(OC$# MICROSCO)E 9OR%:
A "a#er i# %#e$ to pro&i$e the e(!itation "i+ht 7in or$er to +et &ery hi+h
inten#itie#<. The "a#er "i+ht 7b"%e< re)"e!t# o)) a $i#!hroi! irror. Fro there0
the "a#er hit# t/o irror# /hi!h are o%nte$ on otor#I the#e irror# #!an
the "a#er a!ro## the #ap"e. Dye in the #ap"e )"%ore#!e#0 an$ the eitte$
"i+ht 7+reen< +et# $e#!anne$ by the #ae irror# that are %#e$ to #!an the
e(!itation "i+ht 7b"%e< )ro the "a#er. The eitte$ "i+ht pa##e# thro%+h the
$i!hroi! an$ i# )o!%#e$ onto the pinho"e. The "i+ht that pa##e# thro%+h the
pinho"e i# ea#%re$ by a $ete!tor0 i.e.0 a photo%"tip"ier t%be.
So there ne&er i# a !op"ete ia+e o) the #ap"e 3 at any +i&en
in#tant0 on"y one point o) the #ap"e i# ob#er&e$0. The $ete!tor i# atta!he$ to
a !op%ter /hi!h b%i"$# %p the ia+e0 one pi(e" at a tie. In pra!ti!e0 thi#
!an be $one perhap# > tie# a #e!on$0 )or a @8= ( @8= pi(e" ia+e. The
"iitation i# in the #!annin+ irror#. O%r !on)o!a" i!ro#!ope 7)ro Noran<
%#e# a #pe!ia" A!o%#ti! Opti!a" De)"e!tor in p"a!e o) one o) the irror#0 in
or$er to #pee$ %p the #!annin+. Thi# %#e# a hi+h 3 )re*%en!y #o%n$ /a&e in
a #pe!ia" !ry#ta" to !rate a $i))ra!tion +ratin+0 /hi!h $e)"e!t# the "a#er "i+ht
7a!t%a""y0 the )ir#t $i))ra!tion pea, i# %#e$0 /ith the 2eroth 3 or$er pea,
bein+ thro/n a/ay<. 'y &aryin+ the )re*%en!y o) the #o%n$ /a&e0 the AOD
!han+e# the an+"e o) the $i))ra!te$ "i+ht0 he"pin+ #!an the #ap"e *%i!,"y0
a""o/in+ %# to ta,e @8= ( ?DE pi(e" ia+e# >E tie# per #e!on$. I) yo% /ant
to "oo, at a #a""er )ie"$ o) &ie/0 o%r !on)o!a" i!ro#!ope !an +o e&en
)a#ter 7%p to ?DE )rae# per #e!on$0 a"tho%+h I per#ona""y )in$ that =?E
)rae# per #e!on$ i# a +oo$ pra!ti!a" "iit<.
;" MISCE##$NEOUS
a5 $rificial Caries
Thi# !an be pro$%!e$ in &itro %#in+ either ba!teria" !%"t%re# or a
!hei!a" #y#te i.e0 the a!i$i)ie$ +et te!hni*%e# a# )ir#t $e#!ribe$ by
M%he"ean in 89;E . The #%r)a!e o) enae" i# #%b1e!te$ to a !on#tant atta!h
o) hy$ro+en ion# /hi"e the +et a!t# a# a $i))%#ion barrier )or $i##o"&e$
ateria". The "e#ion# pro$%!e$ by thi# te!hni*%e are #t%$ie$ in po"ari2e$
"i+ht an$ t/o part# are #een .
a< An o%ter "e#ion
b< A !a&ity /a"" "e#ion
Po"ari2e$ "i+ht i!ro#!opy i# %#e$ to $eterine the e(tent o)
$einera"i2ation o) !a&ity /a""# a$1a!ent to the re#toration#. J%anti)i!ation
o) re#%"t# i# po##ib"e /here $epth o) "e#ion i# !ho#en a ea#%rab"e paraeter
an$ the $e+ree o) $einera"i2ation ay a"#o be a##e##e$ *%antitati&e"y.
15 Marginal percolaion:
Thi# in!"%$e# #t%$y o) openin+ an$ !"o#in+ o) the ar+in# o)
re#toration# /hen #%b1e!te$ to teperat%re !han+e# both in the o%th an$ in
e(tra!te$ teeth. The re#toration# are !oo"e$ to 9
E
! in i!e /ater an$ are
ob#er&e$ %n$er a i!ro#!ope a# the teeth are /are$ by )in+er#. Ahen
$rop# o) /ater are #een to e(tr%$e )ro the ar+in# o) the re#toration# a#
teperat%re in!rea#e#0 in$i!ate#0 i!ro"ea,a+e o) the re#toration#. Thi#
o!!%r# be!a%#e o) a $i))eren!e in !oe))i!ient o) thera" e(pan#ion bet/een
the teeth an$ the re#toration# an$ by thera" e(pan#ion o) )"%i$ that o!!%pie#
the !er&i!e# bet/een teeth an$ re#toration#.
C5 Resin infilraion Mehod:
De&e"ope$ ain"y to a##e## the ar+ina" #ea"in+ abi"ity to the root
!ana" /a"" an$ the root !ana" )i"in+ ateria" at $i))erent "e&e"#. The
#pe!ien# are !oate$ /ith nai" po"i#h to /ithin = o) the en$ o) the ape(.
The re#in i# prepare$ $i##o"&in+ 8.? +# o) re#or!ino" in = " o) ?EF
)ora"$ehy$e #o"%tion an$ the pH a$1%#te$ to D.= /ith a*%eo%# pota##i%
hy$ro(i$e ie$iate"y be)ore %#e. I!e i# p"a!e$ to pre&ent o&erheatin+ an$
preat%re po"yeri2ation . The teeth are ier#e$ I re#or!ino"
)ora"$ehy$e re#in o) @ $ay# o) ?
E
! an$ re#in i# a""o/e$ to po"yeri2e
!op"ete"y )or ? $ay# at roo teperat%re. Sap"e# are reo&e$I the nai"
po"i#h i# !op"ete"y reo&e$. They are then ebe$$e$ in epo(y re#in an$
#e!tione$ hori2onta""y at 8.@ 7"e&e" 8 < =.@ 7"e&e" II<0 >.@ 7"e&e"
III< . Fro the anatoi!a" ape(0 #e!tion# are ier#e$ in HCL )or )e/
in%te# in or$er to !o"or the re#in . A"" !ro## #e!tion# are tran#i""%inate$
an$ &ie/e$ at a a+ni)i!ation o) ( =@ /ith #tereoi!ro#!ope an$
photo+raph# are ta,en )or ia+e ana"y#i# . Dar, bro/n !o"o%re$ re#in area#
at the +ap at ea!h "e&e" are ea#%re$ %#in+ a per#ona" ia+e ana"y2in+
#y#te.
CONST$NT DE)T' (I#M (ERMENTOR
8CD((5:
CEFF i# one o) the re!ent etho$ o) $ete!tin+ i!ro"ea,a+e. The
"ea,a+e o) ba!teria in to the tooth re#toration inter)ere i# #t%$ie$ here. CDFF
i# ba#i!a""y a #y#te to !reate a# in&i&o #it%ation. Thi# +enerate# a "ar+e
n%ber o) bio)i"#. Prepare$ #ap"e# are p"a!e$ into the CDFF o&er /hi!h
the bio)i"# are +enerate$. At perio$i! inter&a"# the #ap"e# are ta,en %p )or
ana"y#i#. The penetration o) ba!teria )ro the bio)i"# !an be ana"y2e$ by
SEM an$ &ita" #tainin+ to e#tiate the i!ro"ea,a+e.
Thera" !y!"in+ an$ "oa$ !y!"in+
A"" the #pe!ien# be)ore they are te#te$ )or i!ro"ea,a+e %n$er+o
thera" !y!"in+ or "oa$ !y!"in+ or both in or$er to #ti%"ate the ora"
!on$ition#.
Ther!al c7cling:
It i# $e)ine$ a# the in&itro pro!e## o) #%b1e!tin+ a re#toration an$ tooth
to teperat%re e(tree# that are #ii"ar to tho#e )o%n$ in the ora" !a&ity.
#oad C7cling :
Gor+en#on intro$%!e$ the ter e!hani!a" per!o"ation to $eon#trate
e!hani!a" )a!tor# in the ora" en&ironent that i+ht pro$%!e a#yetri!
pre##%re on )i""in+# an$ on the i!ro #pa!e# bet/een the )i""in+ an$ the tooth
#tr%!t%re.
CONC#USION
Tho%+h any etho$# are a&ai"ab"e )or #t%$y o) i!ro"ea,a+e0 the
+enera" ten$en!y i# #een aon+ re#ear!her# aro%n$ the /or"$ to #ti!, to the
!on&entiona" etho$ i.e.0 $ye penetration. The tie ha# !oe /here in
ne/er etho$#0 /hi!h are ore a!!%rate #ho%"$ be #%e$ #o a# to attain a
ore pre!i#e &a"%e.
RE(ERENCE
8. Art an$ #!ien!e o) operati&e Denti#try 3 St%r$e&ant 0 ?
th
e$n.
=. Phi""ipH# #!ien!e o) Denta" Materia"# 3 Kenneth G. An%#a&i!e0 8E
th
E$n.
>. Note# on Denta" Materia"# 3 E.C. Cobe
?. Dete!tion o) Mi!ro"ea,a+e aro%n$ Denta" re#toration 3 G o) Operati&e
Denti#try 0 899:.
@. In &itro $entina" penetration by tra!e# %#e$ in i!ro"ea,a+e #t%$ie# I E
.G 3 899D 7>8<
;. A F"%ore#!ent $ye etho$ )or $eon#tratin+ "ea,a+e aro%n$
re#toration G. o) Dent Re#789;;<

You might also like