Effect of Post-Harvest Treatments and Wrapping Materials on Ripening, Shelf Life and Post- Harvest Quality of Mango (Mangifera

indica L.) cv. Dashehari.

A Synopsis Submitted To Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut

By Mr. Abhimanyu Kumar Singh ID. No. 2680 IN PARTIAL FULFILMENTOF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHYLOSOPHY IN HORTICULTURE DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE SARDAR VALLABHBHAI PATEL UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE & TECHNOLOGY, MEERUT-250110 (UP) INDIA

Synopsis of the doctorate research work in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the doctoral degree 1. Name of the student2. ID.No.3. Degree programme4. Registration year/Batch5. DepartmentAbhimanyu Kumar Singh (2680/PG-13) Ph.D. Horticulture 2013-2014 Horticulture

6. University Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut. 7. Name of the advisor/Chairman- Dr.Manoj Kumar Singh (Assistant Professor) 8. Member of the advisory committee: 1) Dr. Satya Prakash 2) Dr. Sunil Malik 3) Dr. Mukesh Kumar 4) Dr. Pooran Chand

Thesis Topic/Title: Effect of Post-harvest treatments and wrapping materials on ripening, shelf life and Post- harvest quality of mango (Mangifera indica L) cv. Dashehari. Introduction: - Mango is recognized as one of the choicest and is well accepted fruit all
over the world and also acknowledged as the king of fruit (Shahjahan et al., 1994). In India mango is considered to be the best of all indigenous fruits because of its excellent flavour, attractive fragrance, beautiful shades of colour, delicious taste and nutritional value. Ripe mango is exceedingly refreshing to eat and is an excellent source of Vitamin-A and C. The immature and green fruit is used in various ways in curries, pickles and chutneys. Ripe mango slices and pulp can be preserved and canned for use when the fresh fruit is out of season. Dashehari variety is most important and popular varieties of north India. The fruit is medium size (about 150 g in weight), attractive in shape (oblong oval) and colour. The pulp is also soft and sweet with pleasant flavour. It is very yielder but irregular in bearing. The keeping and canning quality of the fruit is good. It comes in bearing even after four years of planting. It is mid-season cultivar, maturing toward the end of June. The fruits undergo many physiological and biochemical changes that lead to ripening and senescence. Shelf-life of mango might be extended by stopping or slowing down these physico-chemical changes. Due to lack of proper preservation technology, the post-harvest loss of mango due to decay is considerable. To reduce this loss and to increase the shelf-life,
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efforts are need to develop post-harvest technologies. Recently, (Hassan, 2010) reported that the post-harvest loss of mango in supply chain was 27%. Hence, adequate measures should be taken to prolong shelf-life of mangoes. Due to mishandling, inadequate storage or lack of post-harvest technical knowledge, producers and traders have to face about 27% losses (Hassan, 2010) and loss of this perishable commodity is estimated up to 320.7 thousandtons annually with a value of Tk 3,000 lakh in the country (Haq, 2002). India is the second largest producer of fruits occupies about the area under fruit cultivation is 6982 thousand hectare with a production of 81285 MT and productivity about 7.2 MT per hectare in India. India shared about 21.1 % in production of mango next to banana. Total 2500 thousand hectare cultivated area under the mango cultivation in the country. The production of mango is 18002 thousand MT with productivity of 7.2 MT per hectare. Uttar Pradesh is the largest producer of mango in the country after the state like Andhra Pradesh. The total area under mango cultivation in Uttar Pradesh is 274.03 thousand hectare with production of 4386.99 thousand MT and productivity is about 16.0 MT per hectare (Anonymous 2013). Post harvest handling is the problem of mango as due to climacteric nature of the fruit. So, post-harvest handling can play a major role to reduce the losses.

1. JUSTIFICATION & PRACTICAL UTILITY

This work focused on the evaluation and the comparison of difference post-harvest treatments and wrapping materials to find out the ripening behaviour of mango fruits when stored at room temperature and to determine the pos-harvest quality as affected by various physical and chemical treatments. The hypothesis is that if the fruits treated with appropriate method and concentration of a various physical and chemical treatment prior to storage with appropriate wrapping materials enhances the ripening of mango and the shelf-life of the fruits can be extended. Keeping in view the above facts in mind, the present investigation entitled Effect of Post-harvest treatments and wrapping materials on ripening, shelf life and Post- harvest quality of mango cv. Dashehari will be carried out at Post Harvest Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, SVP University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut- 250110 in the year 2014 and 2015, respectively. The following objects shall be achieved during the experimentation.

2. OBJECTIVES:
1. To find out the ripening behaviour of mango cv. Dashehari as affected by different physical, chemical and wrapping materials. 2. To determined the post-harvest quality as affected by different physical, chemical and wrapping materials. 3. To find out shelf-life as affected by different physical, chemical and wrapping materials.

3. BRIEF RESEARCH REVIEW

Bhullar et al. (1981) found that the TSS contents of fruits tended to increase with the maturity and, therefore the highest increased initial TSS contents at harvest. During the storage period the TSS contents increased up to 9th day on ripening in all stages with all treatments. The increase in TSS during ripening might be due to the alteration or transformation in cell wall structure and break down of complex carbohydrates, peptic substances, hemicelluloses or other polysaccharide into simple sugars and dehydration of fruits during storage. Maini et al. (1984) found that the fruits wrapped with different wrappers exhibited significantly less decay loss in comparison to unwrapped fruits. The least decay (16.4%) was observed in fruits wrapped in newspaper. Butter paper and Nylon net were next in order of superiority. Wrapping of polythene sheet proved to be the least effective. The decay incidence showed progressive increase with increasing period of storage. There was significant difference among the loss estimated at 15 days of storage. Khumlert (1992) found that polythene provides a protective covering which slowed down the rate of respiration and delayed ripening on mango. Kapse (1993) found that the mango is highly perishable, ripen faster during summer and unfit for consumption very soon. Pre-cooling of mango is very recent concept in postharvest technology but, has a great importance especially in export of mangoes. General aim of pre-cooling is to remove field heat and slower down the respiration which helps in minimizing the susceptibility to microbes and reduce water loss and thereby increase shelflife. The pre-cooling at 12 and 16 C temperature resulted in improving the quality of ripened fruits and delayed ripening with the extension of shelf-life by about 4 days than control also completely inhibited the incidence of stem end rot and anthracnose till 13th day of storage with or without fungicidal treatments in mango cv. Kesar.
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Koolpluksee et al. (1993) reported that the post-harvest treatments of wrapping materials manifested highly significant differences in respect of time required for ripening. White paper treated fruits required maximum time (5.253 days) for ripening among the treatments followed by brown paper (4.290 days). On the other hand the minimum ripening time (3.573 days) was need in control treatments. Kumar and Singh (1993) reported that pre-harvesting sprays of GA3 (50 or 75 ppm) or ethrel (500 ppm ) brought forward mango (cv. Amrapali ) fruits maturity by 8-11 days and ripening by 10-14 days as compared to control. It was significantly improved the fruit quality (TSS content, sugar, ascorbic acid and - carotene concentration) and reduced the spoilage losses under storage condition. Shahjahan et al. (1994) study has got support by different post-harvest treatments showed highly significant variation in storability of mango. The maximum shelf-life (11.50 days) was observed in brown paper bagged fruits and the closest (11.17 days) of it was obtained in newspaper bagged fruits whereas minimum shelf-life was found in control treatment (7.83 days). Singh and Sharma (1996) recorded that Ethrel 600 ppm treatment improved juice and total soluble solid content and reduced acidity in grape (cv. Thompson seedless) berries. Krishnamurthy and Rao, (2001) reported that the post-harvest losses in mango are about 25 to 30 per cent. This is mainly due to the non availability of commercial low temperature store houses,lack of cool chain during transport and storage. Srinivasa et al. (2002) who observed that when fruits were kept in low density polythene bag showed off-flavour due to fermentation and fungal growth which has conformity with the present findings. Fruit skin colour as affected by CaNO3 treatments increased up to 1.5 - 2.5%. Gautam et al. (2003) found that the change in skin colour from green to yellowishgreen was observed on 6- 8th day, while yellow colour was developed on 10th day with 1.5% CaNO3. However, light green, greenish-yellow and yellowish-green colour was obtained with 2.0 and 2.5% CaNO3 on 6th, 8th and 10th days. Hiwale and Singh (2003) found that the more acidity content was recorded in all treatments on 6th day of storage, while it decreased markedly on 8th and 10th day of storage respectively. The maximum acidity (0.91, 0.42 and 0.39%) was recorded with fruit covered with polythene sheet (200 gauge) at all the stages of storage period, while minimum acidity (0.17%) was found with Bavistin (500 and 750 ppm) on 10th day of storage. It was due to

slow rate of degradation in acidity in fruits covered with polyethylene bags reduced physiological losses in weight and enzymatic activity, thereby slowing the rate of ripening. Mumzuroglu et al.(2003) reported that the huge amount of important fruits crops are being spoiled due to prevailing temperature, humidity, inappropriate post-harvest handling as well as sub-optimal knowledge in the field of post-harvest technology after harvesting. This spoilage of fruits is attributed to adverse biochemical changes, namely losses of weight owing to respiration and transpiration, losses of flesh hardness, losses of resistance to different microbial attack and overall devastating deterioration of carbohydrate, protein, lipid, some oxidative enzymes, minerals and nutrient status. Minerals play an important role in physiological function of the body especially in the buildings and regulation process. Mango is one of the favoured fruits of the country and considered as a good source of vitamins, proteins, sugars, fat and dietary minerals including calcium, potassium, magnesium, iron and so many others. Singh et al. (2003) observed that the organoleptic characters of mango and sapota like fruit colour, pulp colour and taste showed the highest score in the fruits when treated with pre-cooling at 8C for 8 hours. Kulkarni et al.(2004) reported that ethrel (500 ppm ) treated mango fruits ripened 8 days with excellent sensory quality attributes, whereas control fruits ripened in 12 days. Physico-chemical parameters such as TSS, pH, total sugars and total carotenoids showed increasing trend up to 8 days during ripening. Patel (2006) reported that the physiological loss in weight in mango could be decreased by pre-cooling treatment. In the initial period (5th) days of storage, marketable fruit percentage was significantly more in fruits treated with pre-cooling treatments at 8C for 8 hours. Pandey et al. (2006) found that the application of the wrapping materials influenced the characteristics of mango fruits during storage at ambient the physiological loss in weight (PLW) of mango fruits increased in storage period. Minimum weight loss was recorded in fruits wrapped with newspaper and maximum weight loss was recorded in fruits wrapped with polythene sheet and control. This may due to higher rate of respiration and transpiration of fruits on 5, 10 and 15 days after storage. Singh et al. (2010) an experiment was carried out to assess the effect of various chemicals and fungicidal treatment on post-harvest quality of mango cv. Amrapali. Ethrel 750 ppm treated fruits showed better results followed by ethrel 500 ppm. Treatment ethrel+bavistin (750+1000 ppm) were also found to be the significantly superior over control
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in respect of post-harvest quality of fruit. Based on results of this study, it can be concluded the ethrel 750 ppm was found to be the most suitable treatments in improving post-harvest parameters, i.e., specific gravity, moisture loss, decay, acidity, sugar content and sugar acidity ratio etc. Malik at el. (2011) reported that the late maturing (En Aug to Mid Sept) Pakistan mango cv. Sufaid Chausa has high export potential, particularly in neighboring markets of Iran and China. Some more fruit were also subjected to HWT of 48 degrees C for 60 min with additional dip of hot carbendazim (40 g/100 Lit.) at 52 degree C for 5 min. Non-treated fruits were considered as control. Treated fruits were divided into two equal lots and stored at 10 and 12 degrees C (80-85% RH). During storage, fruit peel colour and softness were recorded on 21, 27 and 32 days, while disease development, physico-chemical and organoleptic characteristics were assessed at ripe stage. Fruit subjected to HWT (48 degrees C for 60 min.) with additional treatments of hot carbendazim (40 g/100 Lit.) at 52 degree C for 5 min were more firm and had higher level of total sugars as compared to the fruit of other treatments. Among organoleptic characteristics better pulp colour core with better taste, texture and aroma was recorded in fruit stored at 10 degree C by the taste panel. After that ethylene treatment and at final day of ripening. Over all open top packaging was found to be more advantageous as compared to closed top packaging, in both cultivars under low temperature storage (11 degree C; 80-85% RH).

4. TECHNICAL PROGRAMME
S.No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. Details of Treatments Ethrel 500 ppm + Brown paper Ethrel 500 ppm + Tissue paper Ethrel 500 ppm + Butter paper Ethrel 750 ppm +Brown paper Ethrel 750 ppm + Tissue paper Ethrel 750 ppm + Butter paper Ethrel 1000 ppm + Brown paper Ethrel 1000 ppm + Tissue paper Ethrel 1000 ppm + Butter paper Bavistin500 ppm +Brown paper Bavistin 500 ppm + Tissue paper Bavistin 500 ppm + Butter paper Bavistin 1000 ppm + Brown paper Bavistin 1000 ppm + Tissue paper Bavistin 1000 ppm + Butter paper Bavistin 500 ppm + Brown paper Bavistin 500 ppm+ Tissue paper Bavistin 500 ppm + Butter paper Pedicillate fruit 15mm + Brown paper Pedicillate fruit 15mm + Tissue paper Pedicillate fruit 15mm + Butter paper Control Treatments T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 T13 T14 T15 T16 T17 T18 T19 T20 T21 T22

1) Design- Completely Randomized Design (CRD) 2) Number of treatments- 22 3) Number of replication- 3 4) Total number of treatments- 66 5) Experimental Materials- Dashehari cv. of mango shall be taken for the experiment in coming season. Dashehari is a medium season cultivar which is ready to harvested 25 June onward. Its fruits are small to medium size (150 g.), ovate-oblong, good cropper and have biennial bearing tendency, peels are readily, somewhat fiber, pulp firm, deep orange red fibreless. The quality of fruits is good excellent in test, good to table purpose, the mature
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fruits are harvested in hard green stage and have a consumable life span up to 9 to 11 days at normal room temperature during transportation to distant markets. 6) Experimental site- Post Harvest Technology Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, SVP University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut-250110 in fourth coming year, 2014 and 2015, respectively.

OBSERVATION TO BE RECORDED
To find out the effect of post-harvest treatments and wrapping materials on ripening, shelf life and Post-harvest quality of mango. The following observations shall be taken during in experimentation. A. Physical qualitative characters 1. Fruit skin colour 2. Flavour / Aroma 3. Organoleptic test 4. Marketability 5. Moisture loss 6. Decay% 7. Fruit firmness 8. Specific gravity B. Chemical qualitative characters 1. TSS 2. Sugar content 3. Acidity 4. Sugar / Acidity Ratio

References
Anonymous 2013. Indian Horticulture Database, N.H.B. Gurgaon Haryana (India). Bhullar, J.S.; Khakhar, U.V. and Agnihotri, R.P. 1981. Studies on storage of Kinnow mandarin. Punjab Hort. J., 21: 27-31. Gautam, B., S.K. Sarkar and Y.N. Reddy 2003. Effect of post-harvest treatments on shelf-life and quality of Banganapalli mango. Ind. J. Horticul., 60, 135-139. Haq, A. 2002. Pasckage for mango production, post-harvest techniques and its export prospects, Mango Res. Inst. Shajabad. pp: 1- 15. Hassan, M. K. 2010. A Study to Formulate Policy for Post-harvest Loss fruits and Vegetables and Socio-Economic Uplift of the Project Funded by USAID and EC, and Ministry of Food and Disaster Capacity Strengthening Reduction of

Stakeholders.P.188 (A Research

Jointly implemented by FAO and FPM of the under the National Food Programme

Management

Programme NFPCSP). , 60, 1-9.

Hiwale, S.S. and S.P. Singh 2003. Prolonging shelf-life of guava. Ind. J.Horticul.

Kapse, B. M. 1993. An integrated Approach to post-harvest handling of mango (Mangifera indica L.). Cultivar Kesar. Ph.D. thesis, G.A.U., S. K. Nagar. Khumlert, R. 1992. Effect of gibberellic acid (GA3) on some physico-chemical characteristics of Kheaw and Sawoey mango fruit. College Laguna ( The Phillipines). 95p. Koolpluksee, M. S. Mesta. And Subhadrabandhu, S. 1993. Effect of modified atmospheres on quality and chilling injury of Nam Dok Mai mango fruits, Kaset. J. Nat. Sci., 27(2):115-124. Kulkarni, S.G.; Kudachikar, V.B.; Vasantha, M.S.; Prakash, M.N.K.; Prasad, B.A. and Ramana, K.V.K 2004. Studies on effect of ethrel dip treatment on the of mango variety Neelum. Journal of Food scienceand 220. Kumar, P.and Singh, S. 1993. Effect of GA3 and Ethrel on ripening and cv. Amrapali. Horticulture Journal. 6(1):19-23. Maini, S.B., Diwan, B., Lal, B.B. and Anand, J.C. 1984. Post-harvest management of apples. Indian J. Hort., 29: 25-26. Malik, A.J.; Malik, M.S.; Muhammad, A.k.; Rajwana, I.A.; Saleem, B.A.; Rabiahameed and Mazhar, M.S.; 2011. Performance of hot water phytosanitary treated mangoes for intended export from Pakistan to Iran and Biology.13:5,645-651. China. International Journal of Agriculture and quality of mango ripening behaviour

Technology Mysore. 41(2):216-

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Mumzuroglu, O., Karatas, F. and Geekil, H. 2003. The vitamin and selenium contents of apricot fruit of different varieties cultivated in different geographical regions. Food Chemistry, 83: 205-12. Pandey, G., Verma, M.K. and Tripathi, A.N. 2006. Studies on storage behaviour of apple cultivars. Indian J. Hort., 63: 368-371. Patel, U.A. 2006. Effect of post-harvest treatments on storage behaviour of hybrid mango (Mangifera indica L.) cv. Amrapali and Neelphonso. M.Sc.(Agri.) thesis, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat. Shahjahan, M.; Shell, S.; Zaman, M. A. and Sakur, M. A. 1994. Optimization of harvesting maturities for major mango cultivars in Bangladesh, Bangladesh J. Sci. Res., 12(2):209-215. Singh, M.K.Malik, S.Kumar,M.and Kumar.A ;( 2010). Effect of various chemical and fungicidal treatments on post-harvest quality of mango (Mangifera indica L.) cv. Amarapali. Annals of Horticulture Vol.:, No.;323-332 Singh, P.V. and Sharma, P.K 1996. Effect of ethrel on ripening and quality of Thompson seedless grapes. Indian Journal of Horticulture.53(3):202- 205. Singh, Ram; Dittander, Kumar and Goyal, R. K. 2003. Effect of oil emulsions and precooling on shelf-life of mango cv. Amarapali. Haryana J. Hort. Sci., 32(1&2): 54-55. Srinivasa, P. C.; Baskaran, R. M.; Ramesh, N. K.; Prashanth, V. H. and Tharanathan, R. N. 2002. Storage studies of mango packed using biodegradable chitosan film, European Food Res. Tech., 215(6):504-508.

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Technical program (year/semester wise) start to thesis completion:1st year (1st Sem.)
Course Number STAT- 512 BIOCHEM- 501 APH- 711 APH- 790 Subject Experimental Design Basic Biochemistry Nutrition of Horticultural Crops Thesis Research Credit Hours 3 4 4 2 Total credit-13

1st year (2ndSem.)

Course Number GP- 610 APH- 731 APH-610 APH- 620 APH- 790 Subject In situ and Ex situ Conservation of Germplasm Post Harvest Physiology of Horticultural Crops Seminar Special Problem Thesis Research Credit Hours 3 3 1 2 3 Total credit-12

2nd year (1stSem.)

Course Number GP- 501 GP- 503 GP- 510 APH- 733 APH- 790 Subject Principles of genetics Principles of plant breeding Breeding for Biotic and Abiotic Stress Resistance Research methods in horticulture Thesis Research Credit Hours 3 3 3 2 5 Total credit-16

2nd year (2nd Sem.)

Course Number APH- 690 APH- 790 Subject Seminar Thesis Research Credit Hours 1 6 Total credit-7

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3rd year (1st Sem.)

Course Number APH- 790 Subject Thesis Research Credit Hours 7 Total credit-7

3rd year (2nd Sem.)

Course Number APH- 790 Subject Thesis Research Credit Hours 7 Total credit-7

(Signature of student)

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Certificate from advisory committee

Certified that the research work proposed in this synopsis, to be carried out by Mr. Abhimanyu Kumar Singh, Id. No. 2680 is original and the programme has been critically examined.

Chairman/ Advisor (Dr. Manoj Kumar Singh)

Member (Dr. Satya Prakash)

Member (Dr. Sunil Malik)

Member (Dr. Mukesh Kumar)

Member (Dr. Pooran Chand)

Forwarded of the college Dean

Forwarded to dean PGS

HOD

College Dean

Approved

Dean PGS

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