90

DCN3701/1123
#3 (Due Monday 4/15 10:00AM )
This homework covers the contents of Loading Effects of sensor devices.

1. Potentiometers are frequently used to measure linear or angular displacements; it is
expected that the output voltage of the sensor circuit is proportional to the
fractional displacement.
1). Draw the sensor circuit with a supply voltage V
s
and load resistor R
L.
5%
2). Draw the Thevenin equivalent circuit of this sensor system. 5%
3). Show that the relationship between output voltage V
L
and input fraction x is
nonlinear. 10%
4). Suppose the lord resistance R
L
is 4.7K and we require that the maximum
nonlinearity of this sensor system is less than 5%, find a suitable potentiometer
resistance. 10%
5). If the rated power dissipation is 0.1Watt, and the total angular displacement
range of the sensor is (3/2) (270), find an expression of the sensitivity of this
sensor. 10%.

Ans
1).
T
d
d
L
R
P
R
L
V
S
V

2).
x V E
S Th
=
) 1 ( x x R R
P Th
=
L
R
L
V

T
d
d
x =
3).




output voltage V
L
and input fraction x is nonlinear.
x) (1 R
1
x R
1
R
1
p p th

+ =
x) - (1 R
x) 1 (x R
x x)R - (1 R
R
p
p
p p
th
=
+
=
1 x) (1
R
R
1
V
R x) (1 R
R
V
h R R
R
E V
L
p
s
L p
L
s
L
L
th L
+
=
+
=
+ +
=


4).

+
=
x) )x(1
R
R
( 1
)
R
R
x)( - (1 x
V N(x)
L
p
L
p 2
s


N(x) has a maximum value of

1
R
R
if
L
p

|
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
1587
7 . 4 27
4
05 . 0
27
4
0.05
R
R
V
27
4
N

L
P
s
P
P
L
P
R
K
R
R
R
R
P
=1.5k

5).
V V W
R
V
S
P
s
25 . 12 1500 1 . 0 1 . 0 , V
dx
dV
2
S
L
=
sensitivity= 12.25/270 = 45.4 mv/


2. Give an example to show that a buffer amplifier can improve the loading effect of
a sensor device. 20%

Ans
pH glass electrod E
Th
=59pHmV Z
Th
=R
Th
=10
9
indicator
Z
L
=R
L
=10
4
buffer amplifier Z
in
=10
12
Z
out
=10
(1) pH glass electrod sensor system indicator
59pH
mV
10
9

10k VL
True PH Measure PH
pHM=VL/59
Glass pH electrode Indicator

5.2
pH
5
9 4
4
L Th
L
Th L M
10
59
1
10 10
10
59
59
1
Z Z
Z
E
59
1
V pH


|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
+
= =
(2) pH glass electrod sensor system indicator buffer amplifier
unity gain
59pH
mV
10
12

10k VL
True PH Measure PH
pHM=VL/59
Glass pH electrode Indicator
VIN
VIN
10
9
10

FET input operational amplifier

pH 998 . 0
59
1
10 10
10
10 10
10
59
59
1
V
4
4
9 12
12
L M
=
+

+
= = pH
(1) (2) (1) loading error -1pH (2)
loading error -0.002pH buffer amplifier
loading effect

3. An electronic differential transmitter gives a current output of 4 to 20 mA linearly
related to a differential pressure input of 0 to 10
4
Pa. The Norton impedance of the
transmitter is 10
5
, The transmitter is connected to an indicator of impedance
250 via a cable of total resistance 500. The indicator gives a reading between 0
and 10
4
Pa for an input voltage between 1 and 5V. Calculate the system
measurement error, due to loading, for an input pressure of 5x10
3
Pa. 25%

Ans

mA
i
N
12 i
4 20
20
0 10
10 5
N 4
3 4
=

10

pp. 73 [5.15]

R C N
N
R N R
R R R
R
R i
+ +
= V i
N
=12mA R
N
=10
5
R
C
=500 R
R
=250
V VR 9777 . 2
10 500 250
10
250 012 . 0
5
5
=
+ +
=

Pa
P
measure
25 . 4944 P
0 10
10
1 5
9777 . 2 5
measure 4
4
=

system measure error = P
measure
- P
input
= 4944.25-5000 = -55.75Pa

4. Taking force sensor as an example, try to explain the importance of process
loading in the selection of sensor devices in practical applications. 15%

Ans

F
k
k
F
k k
k
F
x k F sensor
F x k F process
S
P
P S
S
S
S S
S P
+
=
+
=

=
+ =
1
1

F
S
F
k
S
>>k
p
process loading