Balancing Best Practices 6329A1

Balancing Best Practices
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About the Bently Nevada Balancing Fundamentals course: This course is a 3-day introduction to the basic concepts of machinery balancing. It incorporates many established topics from the Machinery Diagnostics course, but concentrates especially on those topics which apply directly to machinery balancing. This Best Practices topic introduces suggestions that have been proven to be helpful for people performing machinery balancing. As always, it is up to each individual participant to determine the most appropriate way to apply these Best Practices, if at all, at his or her own operation.
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Balancing Fundamentals
Caution
Balancing a machine can be a very complex process. A complete description of every possible situation is beyond the scope of this introductory course. For the best understanding of your unique situation, it is recommended that you contact a Machinery Diagnostic Engineer through your local Bently Nevada office.
It is impossible for a short, introductory course such as this one to qualify its participants as experts. It is certainly not intended to supply all of the answers that can possibly arise during a machinery balancing job. Nevertheless, the Balancing Fundamentals course is expected to provide its students with a better understanding of the basics of machinery balancing - including some guidelines on when to ask for expert assistance.
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Topics
! ! ! ! ! Evaluating Machine Condition Decisionmaking Understanding Engineering Assumptions Collecting Transient Data Recognizing Resonance
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Topics (continued)
! ! ! ! ! Considering Mode Shapes Compensating for Runout Applying the Ten Percent Rule Machine Balancing Techniques Documenting Results
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Evaluating Machine Condition

Before attempting to balance a rotor, remember that an increasing 1X vibration may be caused by changes other than unbalance.
Loose footing? Rub? Misalignment? Shaft Crack?
Before attempting to balance a machine, you need to understand the balancing process and be aware of the potential problems involved in misrepresenting balance conditions, or providing incorrect information for calculations. Caution: It is VERY important to determine if high 1X vibration is actually a result of unbalance before adding or removing correction weights. Attempting to balance machinery that has other problems may result in unpredictable and possibly catastrophic results.
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Evaluating Machine Condition

! Some causes of unbalance in an established machine:
Broken blade or vane Fouling with dirt, corrosion, or process material Differential thermal expansion (thermal bow) Loose rotating component
Unbalance does not happen only to newly-installed or recently-repaired rotors. Even a machine that has been running smoothly for months or years may suddenly develop an unbalanced condition. Here are some of the more common causes: Broken blade or vane Fouling with dirt, corrosion, or process material Differential thermal expansion (thermal bow) Loose rotating component For conditions such as these, the best solution to the unbalance is to correct the root cause of the problem before balancing the machine. Consider a loose part, for instance. Balancing the machine to compensate for the part would only be effective as long as the loose part remained fixed in position. If the part were to shift, the rotor would once again be unbalanced. Whatever the cause of a high vibration problem, always analyze and diagnose your available machinery information before attempting to balance a machine
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Decisionmaking
! Should the machine be allowed to continue running, or should it be stopped now and repaired before it suffers damage?
BNC Machinery Diagnostic Engineers can provide guidance and help you understand your options.
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Decisionmaking
! If the machine really has a balance problem:
Is it appropriate to leave the rotor as it is? Does the rotor need an in-place trim balance? Does the rotor need to be removed for balance correction? Does the rotor need major rebuilding or replacement?
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Decisionmaking
! Is another malfunction causing high 1X vibration?
thermal bows or load vector rub condition cracked shaft internal or external misalignment fluid-induced instability incorrect bearing clearance degraded bearing supports
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Understanding Engineering Assumptions

! Linearity of Machine Response
Actual response may be non-linear if shaft displacement is excessive.
Bently Balance methodology assumes that machinery response is fundamentally a linear function. If the machine is operating under a range of conditions where response is highly non-linear, it may be very difficult to achieve a predictable balance solution. A machine's response is greatly affected by the support stiffness, such as with a bearing. The system stiffness and therefore response is directly related to the rotor position inside a bearing. Bearing stiffness includes the effects of foundations and supports as well as the lubricating film of the bearing itself. Attempting to balance a machine under highly non-linear areas of response such as at or near a resonance, may result in unpredictable results. Fluid film stiffness is reasonably linear over normal small ranges of rotor displacement, but can become quite nonlinear if the shaft displacement is excessive. As the shaft approaches the bearing surface, it squeezes the viscous lubricating fluid into a very thin film--causing stiffness to increase rapidly, as shown in the bathtub graph. Bearing supports and the rotor itself have a more linear response, since they are designed to be loaded well below the proportional limit for the materials from which they are made.
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! Repeatability of Machine Response
Influence Vectors only change when some characteristic of the machine is modified. If Influence Vectors change, investigate!
H = C/W H = ((O+C)-O)/W
Bently Balance methodology assumes that the machine response to the addition or subtraction of a weight is repeatable. Results that are not repeatable might signify that the problem is not a simple unbalance situation. One of the most powerful features of Bently Balance is its ability to use historical Influence Vectors (IVs). But Influence Vectors can change if something has happened to the rotor since they were last calculated. Before using historical IVs, ensure that nothing has changed which could significantly affect the machine's response. If influence vectors have changed, this is an indication that the machine conditions have changed. Before proceeding, it is best to identify the reasons for such changes. If Influence vectors have changed significantly, new influence vectors should be calculated. Review of Influence Vector Calculation: Recall the calculation of influence vectors from the earlier explanation in Section 5 of your Student Manual (Single Plane Balance Response topic, page 7):
H = C/W, or H = ((O+C)-O)/W
Where: H is the influence vector, with units of observed displacement per amount of mass in the calibration weight. C is the response due to the calibration weight. W is the angular location and mass of the calibration weight. O is the original vibration response of the machine before the calibration weight was added.
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! Repeatability of Slow Roll Vectors
Slow Roll Vectors should remain constant unless something happens to change runout. If slow roll changes, it is time to investigate the rotor more closely.
Slow Roll Vectors should remain relatively constant. The slow roll vectors effectively represent 1x runout that is not associated with unbalance and should be subtracted from vibration data as long as the slow roll values remain constant. Any changes in slow roll vectors are an indication of changing machine conditions, such as: mechanical damage to observed rotor surface magnetization of observed rotor surface corrosion of observed rotor surface change in rotor bow, either permanent or thermal
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! Distribution of rotor mass affects rotor mode shapes:
Evenly-distributed mass such as a long, flexible generator rotor acts like several small masses. Concentrated mass such as a short, massive disk acts as a single weight plane.
The distribution of rotor mass will have a significant affect on rotor mode shapes. The mass distribution should be considered: evenly-distributed mass such as a long generator rotor concentrated mass such as a short, massive disk. Individual Rotor Modeling If you have a unique machine situation that could benefit from exact rotor modeling, contact your Bently Nevada Service Representative. Bently Nevada Engineers can perform this service on a case-by-case basis.
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Collecting Transient Data

! Transient Data
Gives accurate picture of the mode shapes Used in polar plots which help in determining required correction weight placement Allows examining influence of the weight changes over the entire speed range
Although a machine may be balanced based on measurements taken at a single operating speed, it is much better to collect measurements over a transient event--such as a startup or shutdown--whenever possible. With Bently Balance, the ability to import ADRE for Windows databases greatly facilitates the use of transient vibration data. Transient data collection is important to machinery balancing for several reasons: Transient data is necessary to give an accurate picture of the mode shapes of the shaft. Polar plots derived from the transient data give an accurate presentation of the vibration and help you determine the required correction weight placement. Using transient data, the influence of the weight changes can be examined over the entire range of startup/shutdown data--ensuring that there are no problems, particularly near resonance(s). Two of the most commonly-used transient data plots are the Polar Plot and the Bode Plot. Both plots display the same vector data in different ways. Polar plots are used in Bently Balance to help the diagnostician identify mode shapes, resonant speed ranges, slow roll vectors, structural resonances, and high spot/heavy spot locations. In addition, predicted results are also presented on the polar plots. Transient data provides a visual characterization of machine response over the entire speed/operating condition range. The user can derive the synchronous amplification factor as well from these transient data formats.
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Recognizing Resonance
! Occurs at ~90 degrees phase lag from the angle of the heavy spot. Indicated by:
Peak in 1X vibration amplitude Rapid change in 1X vibration phase lag angle
! Caution: Balancing a
machine for operation close to a resonance speed is risky and should be avoided.
Resonance occurs at a shaft rotative speed (or speed range) equal to a lateral natural frequency of the rotor system. Due to rotor unbalance, when the speed increases or decreases in this range, the observed vibration characteristics are: a peak in the 1X Amplitude, and a more rapid change in the 1X vibration phase lag angle.
The resonance speed is at the point that is 90 degrees phase lag from the angle of the heavy spot for that resonance mode. This speed may be slightly different from the rotative speed peak amplitude point. These changes may not happen at the same frequency due to nonlinearity, damping, and/or asymmetry in the system stiffness. As a rotating machine changes speeds (such as during a startup) it may pass through one, two, or even more speed ranges where vibration increases substantially above normal values for steady state operation. When this effect is caused by reaching a natural vibration frequency of the entire rotor, it is known as a "balance resonance." The speed corresponding to this effect has historically been called a "critical" speed. Note: Some machines may have other important resonances besides those of the rotor itself. For example, mounting pedestals, piping systems, and other attached structures all have their own unique natural frequencies. It is possible that machine vibration could excite these structural resonant frequencies as well as those associated with the machine rotor. The mode shape of a rotor changes when entering a speed range corresponding to a balance resonance frequency of the rotor. The Polar and Bode plots show a vibration amplitude peak at resonance and a change in the direction of the vibration vector--which lags by approximately 90 at resonance and up to 180 when the speed is well above the resonance.
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Considering Mode Shapes

! Rotor mode shapes change when passing through balance resonance.
Long, flexible rotors can have more mode shapes. Short, rigid rotors have fewer mode shapes.
Although rotors appear rigid, they actually bend slightly. Depending on their stiffness, distribution of mass, and the frequency of the "forcing function" caused by rotation speed, rotors set up longitudinal standing waves with characteristic shapes. These vibrational modes can affect both the vibration response of the rotor and the measurements taken by proximity probes. The first mode for a flexible rotor is a single bow, arching between two bearings and shown in the "Cylindrical Translational Mode" diagram above. This shape corresponds to a vibrating string on a musical instrument such as a cello, or a jump rope being spun slowly. The machine rotor takes this shape when operating in the range of speeds associated with the first balance resonance. The second mode is a double bow, forming an "S" shape between two bearings, and shown in the Pivotal/Conical Mode diagram. This shape corresponds to a vibrating musical instrument string that is being touched lightly at midspan. The machine rotor takes this shape when operating in the range of speeds associated with the second balance resonance. Some machines with long, flexible rotors and very high operating speeds may actually encounter the third mode or even higher modes. But the majority of rotating machines operate in either the first or second mode.
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Considering Mode Shapes

! Vibration transducers are subject to the following effects as the rotor mode changes:
measured vibration will be small if the transducer is near a nodal point and larger if the transducer some distance away from the nodal point. measured vibration will be out of phase when comparing two transducers on opposite sides of a nodal point, due to the "rocking" effect of the rotor.
Nodal Points are locations of zero rotor displacement. For a first mode vibration, the two nodal points are both somewhere in or near the bearings supporting the rotor. For a second mode, two of the nodal points would be in or near the bearings and the third node would be somewhere between the two bearings. Nodal points are affected by system stiffness and mass distribution. The mode shape of a rotor changes when passing through a balance resonance during a startup or shutdown. Resonance is characterized by an amplitude peak and a corresponding 90 degree lagging change in phase angle. The Polar Plot will show a vibration amplitude peak at resonance and a change in the direction of the vibration vector-- typically lagging by 180 once the system is well above the resonance. Once the machine has passed through a balance resonance, a close study of the vibration readings will help determine the new rotor mode shape. As the rotor mode shape changes, the internal clearances of the machine will also change. Also, the Polar plots of vibration will be strongly affected. The Polar plots are a prime source of information about the mode shape of the rotor. Vibration transducers are subject to the following effects as the rotor mode changes: measured vibration will be small if the transducer is near a nodal point and larger if the transducer some distance away from the nodal point. measured vibration will be out of phase when comparing two transducers on opposite sides of a nodal point, due to the "rocking" effect of the rotor.
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Compensating for Runout

! Two types of runout:
Mechanical Electrical
! Measured at slow roll conditions:

Slow enough so dynamic motion (vibration) effects are negligible. Typically below 10% to 20% of the first balance resonance speed.
Rotor runout (sometimes called "glitch"), as measured with a proximity probe, exists in two forms, mechanical and electrical. Either or both of these effects may introduce errors into measured rotor vibration: Mechanical runout generates an A.C. output signal from a shaft relative transducer caused by a change in the gap between the transducer and the rotor and not from either a change in shaft centerline position or from vibration. Common sources include out-of-round shafts, scratches, hoist chain marks, dents, rust or other conductive buildup on the shaft, punched stencil marks, flat spots and engravings. Electrical runout generates an A.C. output signal from a proximity probe transducer caused by effects other than a change in the gap between the probe and rotor. Electrical runout is the result of non-uniform shaft material properties such as electrical conductivity, resistivity, or permeability or a local (spot) magnetic field at the point being observed on the shaft. Electrical noise, poor grounding, capacitive coupling between power and signal lines can all add to electrical runout. Rotor synchronous runout is measured at machine "slow roll" speed and should be repeatable, by definition. Slow roll speed is defined as a machine rotative speed low enough so that dynamic motion (vibration) effects from such forces as unbalance are negligible. On most machines, slow roll speed typically occurs below 10% to 20% of the first balance resonance frequency (first "critical" speed).
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Compensating for Runout

! Document for future use
Manually or electronically
! Compensate plots
Manually or electronically
Runout Documentation For balancing calculations, it is important that synchronous runout be verified as repeatable. Runout should be documented on each balancing run--usually during slow roll following a machine shutdown from normal operating conditions--to ensure that it has not changed due to thermal effects, "gravity" bow, alignment or other effects. When using ADRE for Windows, slow roll data may be captured electronically. However, when recording manual measurements, this data must be taken manually. Applying Runout Compensation In terms of balancing, the vibration signal error introduced by runout that is synchronous with rotative speed (1X) must be taken into account during the balancing calculations. Synchronous runout is a repeatable vector quantity (amplitude and phase) that has a frequency equal to the shaft rotative frequency (1X) and can be vectorially subtracted from the 1X vibration signal. Synchronous runout should be factored out of balance measurements by vector diagrams or vector arithmetic (for manual calculations), or by electronic compensation (when using ADRE for Windows data).
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Applying the 10% Rule

! If you have no prior knowledge of the machine: Use a calibration weight which will generate a force less than 10% of the rotors mass.
If you have reliable prior balancing data for a machine, you can assign Calibration Weights based on that information. However, if you do not have such information--and particularly if the machine operates at high speed (above 6000 rpm), you should follow this general guideline: Caution: The first calibration weight installed on the machine should not yield a centrifugal force greater than 10% of the weight of the rotor. Once the response is known, additional weights can be modified to the needed size to balance the unit. Bently Balance calculates centrifugal force automatically, and provides a warning message if a proposed balance weight will exceed the 10% Rule.
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! Reasons for the 10% Rule
The unfamiliar machine may have an unexpectedly severe resonance response during startup. If vibration becomes severe during a startup, there may not be adequate time to shutdown the machine before damage is done.
Reasons for the 10% Rule The unfamiliar machine may have an unexpectedly severe resonance response during startup. This vibration at resonance may be made much worse by the newly-installed weight. If vibration becomes severe during a startup, there may not be adequate time to shutdown the machine before damage is done. This is especially likely for a machine such as an electric motor, which accelerates very quickly.
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! Calculating Centrifugal Force:
Fc = Mr 2
Fc = Centrifugal Force M = Mass of weight r = Radius of weight location 2 = Shaft speed2
The centrifugal force created by a Balance Weight is directly proportional to the mass of the weight, its radial distance from the center of the rotor, and the square of the rotor speed. Calculate the force resulting from a balance weight by using the following equation: Fc = Mr2, or M = Fc/r2 Fc = centrifugal force exerted by the balance weight M = mass of the balance weight r = radius of the balance weight location on the weight plane (from the center of the rotor) = rotor speed in radians per second
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! Metric (SI) Units Example - based on a large induction motor with the following characteristics:
M = 907 kg r = 25.4 cm, speed = 3585 rpm
! First, find rotor weight: F = MG

F = (Mrotor)(G) = (907 kg)(9.806 m/s2) = 8894 kg-m/s2 or 8894 N. Note: Newtons (N) of force are equivalent to units of kg-m/s2.
Metric (SI) Units Example - based on a large induction motor with the following characteristics: Rotor Mass = 907 kg, Weight plane slot radius = 25.4 cm, Rotor speed = 3585 rpm, Gravitational acceleration, G = 9.806 m/s2 Substituting these values into the equations will allow calculating the mass for a calibration weight that satisfies the "10% Rule. First, find the rotor weight: F = MG. F = (Mrotor)(G) = (907 kg)(9.806 m/s2) = 8894 kg-m/s2 or 8894 N. Note: Newtons (N) of force are equivalent to units of kg-m/s2. Now find the force equal to 10% of the rotor weight: (10%)(8894 N) = 889.4 N or 889.4 kg-m/s2. Substituting this force into the equation M = Fc/r2 will give the maximum size of the balance weight that meets the "10% Rule". Convert rpm to radians/second and substitute into the equation as : (3585 rpm) / (9.55 rpm/(rad/s)) = 375.4 rad/s. M = Fc/r2 = (889.4 kg-m/s2)/(0.254 m)(375.4 rad/s)2 M = 0.0248 kg or 24.8 g
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! Now find the force equal to 10% of rotor weight:
(10%)(8894 N) = 889.4 N or 889.4 kg-m/s2. Substitute this force into the equation M = Fc/r2 to find the maximum allowable size of the balance weight.
! Convert rpm to radians/second and substitute into the equation as :

(3585 rpm) / (9.55 rpm/(rad/s)) = 375.4 rad/s. M = Fc/r 2 = (889.4 kg-m/s2)/(0.254 m)(375.4 rad/s)2 M = 0.0248 kg or 24.8 g
Metric (SI) Units Example - based on a large induction motor with the following characteristics: Rotor Mass = 907 kg, Weight plane slot radius = 25.4 cm, Rotor speed = 3585 rpm, Gravitational acceleration, G = 9.806 m/s2 Substituting these values into the equations will allow calculating the mass for a calibration weight that satisfies the "10% Rule. First, find the rotor weight: F = MG. F = (Mrotor)(G) = (907 kg)(9.806 m/s2) = 8894 kg-m/s2 or 8894 N. Note: Newtons (N) of force are equivalent to units of kg-m/s2. Now find the force equal to 10% of the rotor weight: (10%)(8894 N) = 889.4 N or 889.4 kg-m/s2. Substituting this force into the equation M = Fc/r2 will give the maximum size of the balance weight that meets the "10% Rule". Convert rpm to radians/second and substitute into the equation as : (3585 rpm) / (9.55 rpm/(rad/s)) = 375.4 rad/s. M = Fc/r2 = (889.4 kg-m/s2)/(0.254 m)(375.4 rad/s)2 M = 0.0248 kg or 24.8 g
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Machine Balancing Techniques

! Balancing Process:
Measure Baseline Response Perform Calibration Run(s) Evaluate Machine Response Calculate Influence Vectors (IVs) Calculate Solution Apply Correction Weights Verify Solution Document Results
The basic concept behind modern machinery balancing is that it is possible to find Influence Vectors (IVs) by measuring the machine's response to a known Calibration Weight installed in a known location on a Weight Plane. Once the IVs are known, this information may be used to calculate the mass and location for Solution Weight(s) to reduce vibration to a minimum. This approach greatly reduces the "trial and error" methods that were used in years past. Basic Balancing Procedure (1) Measure Baseline Response - Perform a "Reference Run" and record the machine's vibration response before the installation of a Calibration Weight. Transient conditions such as startup or shutdown provide the most useful information. (2) Perform Calibration Run(s) - Install a known Calibration Weight at a known location on a specific Weight Plane. Record the machine's vibration response with the Calibration Weight installed. Apart from the addition of a Calibration Weight, the more closely you can duplicate the conditions that existed during the Reference Run, the better. (3) Evaluate machines response - from transient data, if available (polar, bode). (4) Calculate Influence Vectors (IVs) - Compare the machine's response BEFORE and AFTER the Calibration Weight was installed to determine the Influence Vectors. (5) Calculate Solution - Use the IVs to determine Solution Weight(s) to minimize the machine's vibration response. Ensure the solution makes sense before installing correction weights. (6) Apply Correction Weights to Machine - Install (or remove) Correction Weights as calculated based on the IVs. (7) Verify the Solution - Take another set of vibration samples during startup to verify the machine vibration has changed as expected. (8) Document Results - Capture all of the pertinent information for posterity. You never know who might need it - or when!
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! Measure Baseline Response
At normal operating conditions
! Perform Calibration Run(s)

On as many weight planes as practical
Measuring Baseline Response The most important consideration is to take your representative baseline measurements at conditions that are as close as possible to normal operating conditions of speed, load, temperature, flowrate, etc. This way, the calculated influence vectors will be useful for calculating a solution at these same conditions. Performing Calibration Runs Once again, machine conditions should be as close as possible to normal operating conditions of speed, load, temperature, flowrate, etc. Hypothetically, a separate calibration run should be made for each individual weight plane. Realistically, the weight plane(s) closest to the measurement points of concern are the ones which usually have the biggest effect. Since there may be only a limited window of opportunity during a particular outage, you may need to select a small number of calibration runs which will produce the most useful information.
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! Evaluate Machine Response
Transient Plots (polar, bode)
! Calculate Influence Vectors (IVs)

Manually or using software Compare with previous values
! Calculate Solution
Consider optimal alternatives
Evaluate Machine Response Always use transient data, if available, as it includes valuable information (such as resonance speeds) that is not available from data taken at a single operating point. Calculating Influence Vectors When comparing the before and after data from your calibration runs, it is important to ensure that the calibration weights were the only variables which changed. Speed, load, temperature, flowrate, and other process parameters should be as consistent as possible between runs. Compare the new IV values with any historical influence vectors you may have available. If these values are inconsistent, further investigation may be required. It is possible that undetected damage or other changes may have occurred to the machine since the last time IV values were determined. Calculating Solution When calculating a solution, it is important to consider the most typical operating conditions for the machine. For instance, if the machine spends a large amount of time at two very different operating conditions, an optimal solution should be determined which works well with both of these operating conditions.
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! Apply Correction Weights
Slot type, Hole type, Other... Grinding/Welding
! Verify Solution
Capture the machine's response during the first startup after installation
Applying Correction Weights Once a solution is calculated, Correction Weights are added or removed on Weight Planes. For large machines, this usually involves inserting threaded cylindrical weights (in a hole type weight plane) or inserting a sliding weight and clamping it into place (in a slot type weight plane). On some machines, this may involve adding or removing washers on a coupling bolt, or even bolting on lead plates (such as on the blades of large cooling tower fans). Smaller machines may not be designed for the addition of balance weights. Instead, their rotors may need to have weight added by weld buildup or removed by drilling or grinding (or even by a laser cutter). Note: When adding or removing material from a small rotor which does not incorporate a balance weight plane, it is extremely important to keep track of the angular orientation of the rotor - especially if the rotor will be removed from its casing for the mass adjustment. It may be necessary to mark the shaft with a phase reference mark before the rotor is removed. Verify Effects of Correction Weights Capture the machine's response during the first startup after installation of the Correction Weights in order to verify that the solution was adequate.
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! Document Results!

Vibration Vectors Runout Vectors (Slow Roll) Influence Vectors Transducer type and orientation Angular reference frame for machine and Weight Planes Calibration Weights and Correction Weights Speed/load and Process conditions Balance calculations and graphs
Documenting Results It is very important that you document the steps you performed to balance the machine. This documentation may include hard copy reports as well as electronic information such as an ADRE for Windows database. If the rotor ever needs rebalancing in the future, the documentation you create now will be extremely valuable. The following is a list of minimum suggested information to be recorded: All vibration vectors Synchronous runout vectors (taken at Slow Roll conditions) Influence Vectors Transducer type and orientation Angular reference frame for machine and Weight Planes All Calibration Weights and Correction Weights used Speed/load and process conditions during machine Runs Copies of any balance calculations and graphs -andAny other pertinent machine or process information you think might be useful! Note: You can use the New Event Wizard in Bently Balance to add written notes to your balance database.
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! Document Results!
Machine Train layout
Documenting Results Machine Train layout - A machine train drawing summarizes a large amount of useful information in a very small space. Create a drawing for the machine being balanced if one does not exist already. The example shown above was created in Bently Balance for a 75 MW steam turbine generating set that is part of a combined cycle cogeneration plant. The following components are shown in the drawing: High Pressure / Intermediate Pressure Steam Turbine Low Pressure Steam Turbine 2-Pole Generator (3600 RPM @ 60 Hz output) Five fluid film radial bearings Two rigid couplings Two Balance Weight Planes (on the generator) Five pairs of X-Y displacement probes One Keyphasor phase reference probe
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Helping you Balance your Machinery
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Balancing Best Practices