Wind Power Projects

mer Emre Orhan emre.orhan@fichtner.com.tr

Agenda
FICHTNERs Presentation Introduction and History of Wind Wind Market in Turkey and in Europe Introduction to Aerodynamics of Wind Turbines Wind Measurements Wind Resource Assessment Components of a Wind Turbine Installation and Operation of WPPs Environmental Aspects of WPPs Financial Aspects of WPPs Selected References

FICHTNER Independent Engineering and Consulting

Founded in 1922 and 100% family owned since then Germanys biggest independent engineering and consultancy company Staff strength: Turn-over 2010: Home office (Stuttgart) ca. 450 Home office: 133 million EUR Total ca. 1,800 Total: 201 million EUR On a global level FICHTNER takes part in approximately 1,200 projects with an overall investment volume of around 60 billion EUR. FICHTNER is represented in more than 50 countries worldwide.

FICHTNER Turkey
FICHTNER group has been working on various projects in Turkey for more than 40 years. FICHTNER Turkey was established as a branch of FICHTNER in Istanbul in July 2008. Completed numerous projects mainly in the private sector Brought together experienced international experts with local engineers/consultants to work on the most important projects of Turkey Vision of FICHTNER Turkey: Becoming indispensable in energy sector by providing optimum solutions through turnkey services to its customers Provide state-of-the art engineering and technical services to meet our costomers needs in growing energy market Permanent educational training of our personnel to keep our leading position on an international level

FICHTNER Turkeys Strength

2 fully operating offices (one in Istanbul, the other in Ankara) with about 30 permanent staff members. Combines Turkish expertise on local, regional and economical and political aspects with German know-how by working with a mixed permanent team in Turkey. Internationally recognized in its activities, specifically on: Due diligence reports and lenders engineering services Studies from first site review up to detailed design Site supervision Assessment of operational processes Up-to-date with all national and international performance standards (i.e. IFC, Equator Principles, etc.) Excellent reputation among international finance institutions and banks (The World Bank, IFC, KfW, EIB, EBRD, TSKB) as well as commercial banks ( Bankas, Garanti Bankas, DenizBank, LBBW, ABN, AMRO, Deutsche Bank ...) Ability to use all the know-how gained internationally in the worldwide FICHTNER Group for any specific project

Our Clients
Private investors Commercial banks Energy utilities Development banks Municipal utilities

Government institutions Industry Associations

FICHTNERs Services
Hydropower
CO 2
HFC N 2O PFC SF 6

Environmental Management Climate Protection

Wind Power

CH 4

Biomass Solar Power: PV & CSP Desalination Geothermal Power Waste Management Thermal Power Water and Infrastructure
900 Gesamte installierte elektrische Leistung in MW 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Aug. 2006

Energy Efficiency Information Technologies Privatization Management Consulting

Introduction and History of Wind

1890-Denmark, Paul la Cour was first to discover the fast rotating turbines with fewer blades were more efficient in electricity generation 1927-US, Jacobs brother started producing wind turbine generators 1920s, first vertical axis wind turbine, Darrieus turbine was invented by George Darrieus 1980-US, first wind farm in the world consisting of 20 turbines

Introduction and History of Wind

Another vertical axis turbine is Savonius Less efficient but economic and compact Low noise

Introduction and History of Wind

One, two and three bladed concepts for horizontal axis Three bladed is known as Danish concept

Wind Market in Turkey and in the World

Biggest players in the World Wind Market by 2010

Wind Market in Turkey and in the World

Biggest players in the World Wind Market by 2010
Country China USA Germany Spain India Italy France UK Canada Denmark Turkey Capacity (MW) 41800 40200 27214 20676 13065 5797 5660 5204 4008 3752 1329

Wind Market in Turkey and in the World

Installed capacity (MW) in terms of energy source (end of 2010)

Natural Gas Coal Hydro Wind

33-34 % 23-24 % 32 % 3%

Wind Market in Turkey and in the World

Electricity Production (GWh) in terms of energy source (end of 2010)
Source Natural Gas
Do al Gaz 45,9% Kmr 17,94%

(GWh) 96470 37700 51500 14490 5100

Coal Hydro Import Coal Liquid gas Wind Geothermal Biogas Other Total

Di erleri 0,5% Ithal Kmr 6,89%

Hidro 24,5%

3870 1040 210180

Rzgar-JeotermalSv Akaryakt Atk-Di er RES 2,43% 1,84%

Wind Market in Turkey and in the World

Renewable Energy Potential inTurkey Source Hydro Wind Solar Geothermal Biomass Potential 35.000 MW 48.000 MW 380 bi kWh/a 600 MW 200 MW Under Construction 8.265MW 636 MW 20 MW 15 MW In Operation 15.729 MW 1.246 MW 77 MW 81.2 MW

Wind Market in Turkey and in the World

Wind Power inTurkey

Wind Market in Turkey and in the World

Wind Power inTurkey
Year 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Capacity (MW) 19 19 21 21 20 65 207 333 801 1329

Wind Market in Turkey and in the World

Wind Power inTurkey According to Elektrik Enerjisi Piyasas ve Arz Gvenlii Strateji Belgesi dated to 18.05.2009: Minimum 30% from renewable energy sources 20000 MW of wind

Wind Market in Turkey and in the World

Top 10 Manufacturers in the World by 2011 Vestas GE Sinovel Enercon Goldwind Gamesa Dongfang Suzlon Siemens RE Power

Introduction to Aerodynamics of Wind Turbines

Kinetic energy in the wind is defined by:

where E= energy in wind in joules m= mass of air passing through the swept area in kg v= velocity of air in m/s

Introduction to Aerodynamics of Wind Turbines

Capacity Factor Is the ratio of the actual output of a power plant over a period of time and its potential output if it had operated at full capacity the entire time Around 30-40 % for the wind power plants in Turkey

Wind Measurements
Meteorological Mast consists of: Anemometers Wind vanes Temperature sensor Barometric sensor Data logger

Wind Measurements
anemometers wind vanes

temperature humidity sensor

data logger

Wind Measurements-Anemometers
Cup Anemometers

Wind Measurements-Anemometers
Cup Anemometers

Wind Measurements-Wind Vanes

Wind Measurements-Data Logger

Wind Resource Assessment

Wind is generated by the uneven heating of the earth surface Larger amount of solar radiation is absorbed compared to the poles Hot air rises at the tropics and flow towards the poles The Coriolis force causes the flow of hot air in the upper atmosphere to turn right

Wind Resource Assessment

Wind Resource Assessment - Statistics

k: shape parameter A: scale parameter

Wind Resource Assessment

Wind Resource Assessment

Preliminary assessment alternative sites are evaluated based on wind resource maps

Onsite wind measurement for at least one year

Spatial and temporal extrapolation

Annual Energty Production (AEP) including uncertainties and losses

Output of the AEP calculation goes into the financial model

Wind Resource Assessment

Wind Atlas Methodology

Wind Resource Assessment

Source of wind data: On site measurements Weather stations Numerical weather models NCEP and NCAR NARR ECMWF

Wind Resource Assessment

Resource Estimation Models: Microscale models WasP WindPro WindFarmer

Wind Resource Assessment

Resource Estimation Models: Microscale models Scale of applicability is in the order of 100 km Regional wind climate is generated from the on site measurements Inputs: Obstacles Roughness Orography Wind resource and wind resource map

Wind Resource Assessment

Wind Rose

Wind Resource Assessment

Wind Profile

Wind Resource Assessment

Weibull Distribution and Power Curve

Wind Resource Assessment

Wind Resource Map

Wind Resource Assessment

Wind Resource Map

Wind Resource Assessment

Wind Turbines Micrositing

Wind Resource Assessment

Uncertainty Calculation
Uncertainty of energy yield (%)

Uncertainty Conditions

Comment

Uncertainty of wind measurement equipments and meteorological data Data losses and failures Long Term Correlation Anemometer Calibration Mast Influence 9 9 3 3 Uncertainty of wind measurement equipment, meteorological data and correlation model and long term correlation.

Uncertainty of meteorological data implementation to wind park location Air Flow Model Terrain Description Park Efficiency Model 5 6 4 Uncertainty of description of complex terrain, air flow model and wake effect.

Uncertainty of wind turbine characteristics WEC Power Curve Total Uncertainty: 5 16.79 Uncertainty of WEC characteristic.

Wind Resource Assessment

Loss Estimation
Loss mechanism approx. Comment

Grid loss

2.0%

Assumption

Availability of the Wind Turbines

3.0%

Assumption

Maintenance

1.0%

Assumption

Grid availability

0.4%

Assumption

Cut-out wind speed Icing / rotor blade degradation Total

0.0% 0.6% 7.0%

Included in calculation Data

Wind Resource Assessment

P50-P75-P90 values are computed Economical basis of the project Uncertainty calculation is very important 12-20 % uncertainty in energy yield

Components of a Wind Turbine

Rotor and Hub Nacelle Tower and Foundations

Components of a Wind Turbine

Rotor

Installation and Operation of Wind Power Plants

Access roads and internal roads Foundation and base ring Tower in three or four pieces Nacelle Hub Rotor

Installation and Operation of Wind Power Plants Delivery to the Port

Installation and Operation of Wind Power Plants Delivery to the Port

Installation and Operation of Wind Power Plants Delivery to the Port

Installation and Operation of Wind Power Plants Unloading

Installation and Operation of Wind Power Plants Unloading

Installation and Operation of Wind Power Plants Unloading

Installation and Operation of Wind Power Plants Unloading

Installation and Operation of Wind Power Plants Access Roads

Installation and Operation of Wind Power Plants Transportation

Installation and Operation of Wind Power Plants Transportation

Installation and Operation of Wind Power Plants Transportation

Installation and Operation of Wind Power Plants Transportation

Installation and Operation of Wind Power Plants Foundation

Installation and Operation of Wind Power Plants Foundation

Installation and Operation of Wind Power Plants Tower

Installation and Operation of Wind Power Plants Tower

Installation and Operation of Wind Power Plants Tower

Installation and Operation of Wind Power Plants Tower

Installation and Operation of Wind Power Plants Tower

Installation and Operation of Wind Power Plants Tower

Installation and Operation of Wind Power Plants Nacelle

Installation and Operation of Wind Power Plants Nacelle

Installation and Operation of Wind Power Plants Rotor Assembly

Installation and Operation of Wind Power Plants Rotor Assembly

Installation and Operation of Wind Power Plants Rotor Assembly

Installation and Operation of Wind Power Plants Rotor Assembly

Installation and Operation of Wind Power Plants Rotor Assembly

Installation and Operation of Wind Power Plants Rotor Assembly

Installation and Operation of Wind Power Plants Wind Farm

Installation and Operation of Wind Power Plants Switchyard

Environmental and Social Aspects of Wind Power

Noise impacts Impacts on bird species Aesthetical impacts Possible stakeholder displeasure Electromagnetic interference problems Health and safety considerations Possible interaction with a sensitive site

Environmental Services for Wind Power Projects

Environmental and Social Due Dilligence (DD) Studies Environmental Monitoring & Audits (during pre-construction, construction and operation) Environmental Risk, Sustainability and Vulnerability Analyses International Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) Studies Public Consultation Activities Resettlement Action Plans (RAP) Environmental and Social Management Monitoring Plans (ESMP) Health & Safety Management

Environmental Services for Wind Power Projects

Equator Principles are linked with IFC Performance Standards Most international financial institutions have adopted the Equator Principles Situation with Turkish Banks
either the bank has high environmental standards (consideration of National+International Standards) or there is an international financing institution involved in the financing which makes consideration of international standards necessary

FICHTNER has wide experience in all national and international standards like Equator Principles, IFC Performance Standards, EBRD Standards and EIB Procedures.

VER Project Development & CO2 Trading

CO2 Trading is an additional cashflow, increases the financial feasibility of the project, increases the credibility of the project (good indicator for the technical, environmental and social aspects of the project) helps to solve the problems during project financing

VER Project Development & CO2 Trading

FICHTNER has experience all over the world in development of projects under various VER standards like Gold Standard, VCS, VER+, Social Carbon.. does turnkey project development from development of the project documentation till selling of VER credits gives assistance during VER trading, finding possible buyers

Fichtners Experience in CO2 Trading Services

Slovakia Romania Bulgaria Moldova Slovenia Croatia BosniaHerzegovina Albania Macedonia Czech Republic Kosovo Greece Liberia Ecuador Peru Bolivia Paraguay Brazil Zambia Botswana Russia Poland Belarus Ukraine Kazakhstan Kazakhstan

Mongolia

Turkey Egypt Saudi Arabia DR Kongo

Iran Pakistan India UAE

China

Mexico Nicaragua

Laos Thailand Vietnam Malaysia

Georgia Armenia Kenya Azerbaijan Uganda Mozambique

Indonesia

Australia

Uruguay

South Africa Legend: Fichtner CDM / JI / VER Projects Fichtner Branches / Project Offices

For more information :

www.co2-info.com www.fichtner.com.tr www.fichtner.de

Financial Aspects of Wind Power Plants - CAPEX

Capital Costs % of TIC 44.76 10.48 11.60 8.01 74.85 $ per kW 895 210 232 160 $1497

Total project cost: 1.4 million Euro per MW for USA and Europe around 1 million Euro per MW for Turkey

Equipment Costs
Nacelle Blades Towers Transportation Equipment Total

Balance of Plant
Materials Construction Transformer Electrical HV line extension Materials Subtotal Labor Foundation Erection Electrical Management/Supervision Misc. Labor Subtotal Development/Other Costs HV Internconnection Engineering Legal Services Site certificate Development/Other Subtotal Balance of Plant Total Total 0.97 1.01 0.55 0.26 2.79 25.15 100.00 20 5 20 11 56 $503 $2000 0.62 0.70 1.02 0.53 3.80 6.67 12 14 20 11 76 $133 10.82 1.22 1.29 2.36 15.68 216 24 26 47 $314

Financial Aspects of Wind Power Plants - OPEX

Operations and Maintenance Costs

% of TIC

$ per kW

Labor/Personnel
Field salaries Administrative Management Labor/Personnel Subtotal 14.30 2.30 5.70 22.30 2.86 0.46 1.14 $4.47

Materials and Services

Vehicles Site maintenance Fees, etc. Utilities Insurance Fuel Consumables Spare parts Materials/Services Subtotal Total 2.20 0.90 0.40 1.70 16.60 0.90 5.60 49.30 77.70 100.00 0.44 0.17 0.09 0.35 3.33 0.17 1.13 9.86 15.53 $20

Wind Resource Assessment

Risks: Correct energy yield calculation Uncertainty calculation Accurate modeling Wind data assessment Selection of the correct wind turbine Micrositing Operation and Maintenance Agreements

Lenders Engineering for 24 MW & 120 MW Wind Farm

Lenders Engineering Services for the 24 MW Kemerburgaz and 120 MW Karaburun Wind Parks, Turkey
For an international investor group interested in financing the existing Kemerburgaz and projected Karaburun wind parks, FICHTNER performs the following LE services: Contractors' design and contracts review for all project components: - Wind energy converters - Access roads and crane platforms - Internal cabling - Grid connection Verification and calculation of energy losses for wind farm and grid connection Control and comment on provided time schedules and integration Determination of project risks and classification Construction supervision for Karaburun Wind Park on behalf of Lenders
7353P01

Istanbul Istanbul

24 MW Kemerburgaz Wind Farm Ankara Ankara

120 MW Karaburun Wind Farm

Client: Project data: Period:

Confidential 120 MW - 60 x 2 MW WECs 11.2008 - ongoing

Lenders Engineering for 24 MW Wind Farm

Wind and energy yield assessment report for 24 MW Turguttepe Wind Farm, Western Anatolia region, Turkey
FICHTNER prepared a wind and energy yield assessment study for a lender. The scope of works included: Site visit and inspection of wind meteorological mast and instrumentation according to MEASNET/IEC Standards Roughness, obstacle and orography definition and verification of project area and surroundings Completeness and integrity of data collection, validation and verification with long term correlation using MCP methods Classification of wind park according to IEC standards Assessment of energy yield for whole wind park and each WEC locations including premicrositing study Wind Farm Performance: Uncertainty and loss calculation, efficiency and capacity factors, probability of exceedance analysis
7446P01

Client: Project Data: Period:

Confidential 24 MW 4constellations 12.2009 - 01.2010

Lenders Engineering for 34 MW Wind Farm

Due Diligence services for 34 MW Wind Farm, Marmara Region, North Western Anatolia, Turkey
FICHTNER prepared Due Diligence study on a wind farm for a group of lenders. The study was prepared for a 34 MW wind farm located in Marmara Region of Turkey. The scope of works include: Assessment of energy output per single gauging position, and execution of premicrositing procedures Wind farm performance, efficiency factors, and capacity factors for several WEC positions according to the given specifications Environmental and permitting review Financial model review Technology and contracts (WECs and BoP) review

Client: Project Data: Period:

Confidential 34 MW - 2 constellations 09.2010 - ongoing

7477P02

Lenders Engineering Services for 4 HEPPs

Lenders Engineering Services for 4 HEPP projects, Turkey
All four HEPPs are located in the Black Sea Region of Northern Turkey with an installed capacity of 68 MW and 232 GWh/a. The works include technical review of 4 HEPP projects which were already under construction: Technical review of the construction planning including hydrology, topography, geology and geotechnics, environmental and social aspects, E&M equipment, energy, contracts and licenses as well as expenses Quarterly construction follow up reports

Client:

Isbank & TSKB, Istanbul, Turkey 68 MW 10.2009 - 09.2010

Project data: Period:

7425P01

Lenders Engineering Services for 10 HEPPs

Lenders Engineering Services for 10 HEPP projects with 144 MW total capacity to be installed, Turkey
The general scope of work can be outlined as follows: The compliance of the tender process with investors procurement, policies and rules The compliance with the project implementation plan prepared by investor Site visits and reviews of all documents A structured and comprehensive approach to risk management Site geology, hydrology and design review Review of environmental impact assessment Review of EPC contract Recommended amount of contingent support Power purchase agreement, grid connection Operation and maintenance cost Review of input data for financial model Approvals and permits Project implementation Consistency of project documents Reports and process

Client:

LBBW Stuttgart,Germany; Nisan Elektromekanik Enerji, Ankara, Turkey 144 MW 03.2008 - 04.2009

Project Data: Period:

7286P01

Arkun Dam and HEPP Project

Technical and Environmental Advisory Services for Arkun Dam and HEPP Project, Turkey

FICHTNER provides Lenders Engineering services in prior & post financial close phases. Services provided in prior financial close are: Identifyication of project risks Review of hydrology/geology, sedimentation, E&M equipment, hydraulic structures, dam design and layout, reservoir operation scheme, annual energy generation, CAPEX & OPEX, project schedule, project agreements and permits, grid connection, financial aspects, Review of environmental and social documentation in terms of compliance with GIIP, Equator Principles and IFC Performance Standards. Services provided in post financial close are: Review of construction process, Technical input for waiver and amendment requests, Assessment of the status and compliance with the environmental, social, health and safety requirements
7533A01

Client: Project data: Period:

EnerjiSA & Yapkredi 236 MW 06.2010 - ongoing

Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Financing Facility

Assist EIB with the implementation of Energy Energy Efficiency Financing Facility 2007.
The technical assistance to be provided under this framework agreement covers the following three areas: Assisting the Finance Institution in screening financial proposals (sub-projects) for eligibility and prepare sub-project applications that describe the projects feasibility, confirm its eligibility and in general justify the use of funding under the EEFF 2007. Prepare an energy audit or a feasibility study/investment proposal upon request of the financial intermediary or the EIB. After the implementation of each sub-project, verify the results against the sub-project applications.

Client: Project Data:

EIB Framework agreement amount ; 2 Million EUR 05.2010 - ongoing

Period:

6739A02

Kuadas Regional Solid Waste Management

Technical Assistance and Supervision Services for the Kuadas Regional Solid Waste Management Project, Turkey
Technical assistance to Solid Waste Management Project for the Ku-Atak Municipal Union project includes the supervision of the construction of a new sanitary landfill, a pilot composting plant, recycling plants in each municipalities, collection systems for recyclables and MSW collection equipment and the rehabilitation of existing dumpsites. The service contract has four main components: Project Implementation and Construction Supervision Technical Assistance regarding Closure and Rehabilitation of the Existing and Old Dumpsites Capacity Building Program to the Ku-Atak Municipal Union Assistance in Tendering Service Contracts to the Ku-Atak Municipal Union and technical support to the PIU and the CFCU
7213A01

Client:

CFCU (Central Finance and Contract Unit), Ku-Atak Union, MoEF, ECD Turkey, Bank of Provinces

Project Data: 1.5 million m3 cap., 36 ha Period: 2006 - 2009

Water Supply and Wastewater Management

Priority Projects on Water and Wastewater Management, Northern Cyprus

The EU has been funding several municipal water and sanitation projects in Northern Cyprus. The project tasks consisted of updating master plans as well as preparing designs and tender documents (FIDIC Red &Yellow Book and EC PRAG Rules) for a number of investments in the water supply and wastewater sector. These investments covered 5 wastewater treatment plants and one desalination plant. Moreover, potable water network replacement and sewerage extension projects were required as a complementary part of above mentioned investments. The scope of services provided by FICHTNER include: Topographic survey and subsoil investigations Geotechnical calculations Hydrographic/oceanographic studies and hydraulic analyses Environmental Impact Assessment Site selection and detailed engineering design Tender document preparation and tendering Training
6910F01

Client:

The European Commission Financial Unit, Brussels, Belgium

Project Data: Sewerage network area of 1,450 ha 5 WWTPs with capacity of 3,000 45,000 m3/day Desalination plant with capacity of 25,000 m3/day Period: 03.2008 - 12.2009

Due Diligence
Iskenderun 2 x 605 MW Coal-Fired Power Plant, Turkey
Appraisal of contracts: FSTA, PPA, EPC, O&M, coal haulage agreements Expert review of environmental impact assessment Appraisal of technical concept Review of permit documents, time schedules and principal suppliers Evaluation of input figures for financial model

Client: Project Data: Period:

kfW, West LB, Dresdner Kleinwort Benson 2 x 605 MW 06.1999 - ongoing

Technical & Environmental Due Diligence

Due Diligence Services of technical and environmental aspects for a Natural Gas Distribution Company (BASKENTGAZ), Turkey
For ABN Amro Bank FICHTNER carried out a technical and environmental due diligence of BASKENTGAZ gas distribution company. Based on existing due diligence reports and business plans, FICHTNER assessed the key business drivers such as Gas demand projections, Tariffs, Expansion program (CAPEX) And operational issues (OPEX). In addition, FICHTNER analyzed the EHS issues of the companies and prepared a comprehensive due diligence report.

Client: Period:

ABN Amro Bank 03.2008 - 06.2008

Technical & Environmental Due Diligence

Due Diligence Services of technical and environmental aspects for a Natural Gas Distribution Company (IZGAZ), Turkey
For EBRD and iFC FICHTNER carried out a technical and environmental due diligence of IZGAZ gas distribution company. Based on existing due diligence reports and business plans, FICHTNER assessed the key business drivers such as Gas demand projections, Tariffs, Expansion program (CAPEX) And operational issues (OPEX). In addition, FICHTNER analyzed the EHS issues of the companies and prepared a comprehensive due diligence report.

Client: Period:

EBRD and IFC 01.2009 - 03.2009

200 MW Denizli CCGT Power Plant

Lenders Engineering Services for 200MW Natural Gas CCPP, Turkey
This assignment covers following tasks: Assessment of the existing Feasibility Study, review of construction related contracts and documents, technical aspects and implications of the contracts Review of the program for long term operation and maintenance agreement of the plant Evaluation of project execution risks Assessment of commercial, environmental and technical risks Monitoring the progress during implementation

Client: Project data:

Turkish Bank, Turkey 200 MWe CCGT Power Plant 01.2011 - 2012

Period:

900 MW Gebze CCGT Power Plant

Lenders Engineering Services for 900MW Natural Gas CCPP, Turkey
The study covers the following tasks:

Review of the feasibility study, evaluation of construction related contracts and documents, technical aspects and implications of the contract to the project Review of the program for long term operation and maintenance agreement of the plant Assessment and evaluation input figures for financial modelling Assessment of commercial, environmental and technical risks Monitor project implementation Monitor the operation phase and maintenance up to end of the warranty period
7425A01

Client:

Turkish Bank Consortium

Project data:

900 MWe CCGT Power Plant 12.2010 - 2014

Period:

Thank you for your attention !

Fichtner GmbH & Co. KG

Merkezi Almanya Trkiye Istanbul Subesi

Bdkdere Cad. Polat Han No. 87/5

34387 Mecidiyeky Istanbul /Turkey Phone: +90 (212) 217 17 76 E-Mail: gul.reiche@fichtner.de Homepage: www.fichtner.com.tr