Varga - Roman Mortaria From Salla

Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 61 (2010) 145184
0001-5210/$ 20.00 2009 Akadmiai Kiad, Budapest

First published online 5 December, 2009
DOI: 10.1556/AArch.60.2009.2.6
ROMAN MORTARIA FROM SALLA
G. VARGA
E-mail: varga.gabor80@gmail.com
Abstract: Mortaria were used in Pannonia in the entire Roman period, but they changed in form and material from
time to time. Potter' s stamps indicate that some of them were imported goods, but they were mostly local products. The article
deals with mortaria found in ZalalOvo (ancient Salla) between 1973 and 2005 and tries to draw a picture of the chronology and the
provenance of the different mortarium types.
Keywords: Roman pottery, mortarium, potter's stamp, Zalalovo
In recent years two major works dealt with mortaria found in Pannonia.
l
Both publications concen-
trated on potter's stamps, although they emphasized the importance of typology and the analysis of the material.
E. Krekovic also raised again the old question of the function of these vessels.
In order to answer some problems we investigated all the mortaria sherds found in Salla. This study deals
with stone mortaria, gritted ceramic bowls and ungritted forms identical to the gritted ones. The Samian ware
forms of mortaria will only be mentioned here because they have already been published.
CATALOGUE
1. Stone mortaria
I. Shallow bowl with a small rectangular handle. The wall at the rim is thick, at the bottom it is thin. There were probably four
handles. Rd.: 34 cm. Crystalline limestone. Id. no. 2000/2. (Fig. 1.1)
2. Same form and material as cat. no. 1. Rd.: 28 cm. Id. nos 2000/46, Ill. Date: AD 120- 140
2
(Fig. 1.2)
3. Deep bowl , the upper part is missing. The wall is very thick. The inner surface is smooth, the outer one is roughly worked. Bd.:
21 cm. Quartz conglomerate. Id. no. 2005/89. (Fig. 1.3)
4. Small, shallow bowl. It probably had a handle because the larger fragment slightly broadens at the end. Rd.: 20 cm. Crystalline
limestone. Id. nos 1986/35, 37. (Fig. 1.4)
Three of the four stone mortaria were made from crystalline limestone - the same material that was used
for gravestones. Just like gravestones, mortaria were probably also made in Noricum where crystalline limestone
was mined. The forth object (cat. no. 3) was made of quartz conglomerate: this stone material can be found in the
nearby (e.g. in Hetes). Unfortunately the rim is broken but certainly it had a different shape, it was deeper than the
other three pieces. It might have a different function as well.
The very few published Pannonian stone mortaria represent various types.
3
Therefore I cannot classify
the objects, I can only note that cat. nos 1 and 2 (Fig. 1.1- 2) are very similar.
1 KREKOVIC 2004, 93- 100 and MLADONICZKI 2007, 197- 218.
2 Dates are given on the basis of coins and Samian ware
found in the same archaeological context. The coins were identified
by F. Redo, the Samian ware by D. Gabler.
3 Aquincum: SZILAGVI 1956, PI. VTT,2; Brigetio: BORHY
2006, 116, 173; Orvenyes: CSIR T. 43,3; Bahica: CSIR T. 43,5.
Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 61, 2010
G. VARGA 146
2
)
3 4
5
6
7 8
-=-=-
o ,=
Fig. I. Stone mortaria (1-4) and Samian ware (5-8). Scale 1:4
ROMAN MORTARIA FROM SALLA 147
Fig. 2. Stamped mortaria. Scale 1:6
G. VARGA 148
11. Samian ware
5. Rim fragment of a shallow bowl, type Drag. 43. Rd. : ca. 40 cm. Rheinzabern. Date: 2
0
' century AD. Ref. : GABLER 1989, 456. (Fig. 1.5)
6. Restored fragments of a bowl, type Drag. 45. Rd.: 19 cm, bd.: 8 cm, h.: 9 cm. Id. nos 2002/ 125, 152. Rheinzabern. Date: AD 170-230.
(Fig. 1.6)
7. Bottom fragment ofa bowl , type Drag 45. Bd.: 10 cm.lnv. no. Z.2006.l30.1.1. Rheinzabern. Date: AD 170- 230. (Fig. 1.7)
8. Wall fragment of a bowl, type Drag. 45. Id. no. 1985/330. Rheinzabern, Date: AD 170-230. (Fig. 1.8)
9. Wall fragment with the collar ofa bowl , type Drag. 38. Central Gaul. Date: 2
0
' halfofthe 2
e
' century AD. Ref.: GABLER 1989, 456.
10. Rim fragment ofa martarium type Drag. 43.lnv. no. 4. Rheinzabern. Date: end of the 2
ed
century AD - first half of the 3" century AD.
Ref.: RFiZ 1975, 239.
11. Rim fragment probably ofa martarium, type Drag. 43. Rheinzabern. Date: AD 170- 230. Ref.: RFiZ 1978- 1979, 324.
D. Gabler published the Samian ware found in Salla. We cite here his definitions. Although Samian ware
made in Rheinzabern scarcely occur in Salla, there are some mortaria that represent both main types.
The most important information we can learn from these vessels is a new custom at the turn ofthe 2
nd
and
the 3
rd
centuries: a kitchen vessel became a table dish. Probably certain sauces were made in front of the guests'
eyes. This custom could have appeared earlier: ungritted bowls were also used as mortaria (cat. no. 9).4
Ill. Coarse wares
Coarse wares can be grouped according to various aspects like fabric, typology, stamps, shape of the
spout and shape of the vessel (which can be shallow or deep). Since we generally have to work with fragments, the
last three categories cannot always be observed. The fabric was defined only by visible attributes without scientific
investigations, which makes the grouping questionable. Because of typological overlapping, the categories of red
slip and glazed wares are also mentioned here.
Fabric
MI: Hard, coarse brown fabric with a pale orange slip. Occasional white (sand?) and moderate red inclusions. The grits are red.
M2: Hard, fairly fine buff fabric. Moderate red and sparse white (sand?) inclusions. The grits are red and white.
M3: Hard, fine pale brown fabric. Moderate black and sparse red inclusions. The grits are white.
M4: Hard, fine pinkish-cream fabric with a pink slip? Occasional white (sand) and red inclusions. The grits are white.
M5: Fine pink fabric. Occasional white (sand) and brown inclusions. The grits are white.
M6: Hard, coarse dark brown fabric. Moderate black and sparse white (sand) inclusions are visible. The grits are white.
M7: Fairly fine pink fabric with white slip. Sparse red and white inclusions.
M8: Hard, fairly fine light red-orange to greyish brown fabric. Sparse white and much less red inclusions. The grits are white.
M9: Hard, coarse yellow fabric. Occasional black inclusions. The grits are white.
M1O: Hard, fine grey fabric. Moderate orange-brown inclusions. The grits are red.
Ml1: Hard, coarse red-orange to brown fabric. It is tempered with sand. The grits are white. Occasionally with white slip?
Typology
Type A: Everted, more or less rounded rim with an internal ledge. The ledge is under or in the same height as the rim.
Type B: Everted rim without a ledge.
Type C: The everted, rounded rim has a ledge on the inner side, while the outer side is folded back.
Type D: Like type A, but made with a different technology. Either the ledge or the rim - which forms a collar - applicated separately. The
ledge is usually above the rim. It belongs to the red slip and glazed wares.
SpoutS
SI : The ledge runs along both sides of the spout at the end of it.
S2: The ledge ends at the start of the spout. There are L- or V-shaped impressions on both sides of the spout.
S3: Like S2, but with incised curves on both sides of the spout.
S4: Like S2, without decoration.
S5: The spout is formed by the ledge, which runs to the outer side of the rim. Tt belongs only to type D.
4 BIDDULPH 2008, 91- 100. Note also the form Consp.
43.1.3 with a spout.
5 All coarse ware spouts are identical to the Dramont D2
type mar/aria's spouts. For SI and S2 see PALLECCHI 2002, Fig. 8 and
9. For S4 see VIKIC-BELANCJ(': 1970, T. XI,3.
Ill.1. Stamped mortaria
12. Fabric M!. Type A. Spout type SI. Rd.: 37 cm, bd.: 17 cm, h.: 11.4 cm. Id. no. 1979111. (Fig. 2.12)
The stamp is two-lined: CNDOMI"TA"M / VALEA" T[-]' The reading can be Cn(aeus) Domit(i) Am(andi) or Am(oeni) / va/eat [qui f(ecit)}.
Similar stamps are known on bricks and on a lid from Rome (see CIL XV 1098,2433 and 1100) dating AD 75-80 and AD 90. (Fig. 3.12)
13. Fabric M2. Type A. Spout type SI. Rd.: 48 cm. Id. no. 20031120. (Fig. 2.13)
The stamp hardly touched the surface of the rim. Only a few letters are visible in the middle: [-]M[-] / [-]VI[-]. I do not know analogues
to this stamp, but the shape ofthe letters is very similar to cat. no. 12. (Fig. 3.13)
14. Fabric M3. Type B. Rd.: 49 cm. Id. no. 1982/ 10. Date: AD 138-211. (Fig. 2.14)
The two-lined stamp is illiterate.
6
(Fig. 3.14)
15. Fabric M3. Type B. Rd.: 52 cm. Id. no. 19781187. Date: AD 81-117. (Fig. 2.15)
The stamp is broken, a possible reading can be LGELL CT? The first letter could also be an E, the second could be a c. (Fig. 3.15)
16. Fabric M5. Type A. Rd.: 44 cm, bd.: 20 cm, h.: 11 cm. Id. nos 1983/ 183,325, 349. (Fig. 2.16)
Tt bears two stamps, a little cock and the inscription LVANO. Similar stamps are known from Gerulata and Savaria
7
(Fig. 3.16)
17. Fabric M6. Type A. Rd.: 34.5 cm.lnv. no. 78.29.18. Ref.: RFiZ 1976, 425. (Fig. 2.17)
The rim fragment bears two stamps, the upper one is a plant ornament, the other one is composed of the letters TFC between leaf orna-
ments. A similar stamp is known from Gorsium' (Fig. 3.17)
18. Fabric M8. Type C. Rd.: 76 cm. Id. no. 19811159. (Fig. 2.18)
The stamp is an oblique leaf damaged in the middle. A similar leaf is known from Lentia.
9
(Fig. 3.18)
19. Fabric M4. Type A. Rd.: 34 cm. Id. no. 2003/490. (Fig. 4.19)
The stamp is broken, only the rounded end of a leaf is visible. Analogues are known from Lentia, Rapis and Alberfalva.
1O
(Fig. 3.19)
20. Fabric M7. Type A? Rd.: 34 cm. Id. no. 2000/73. Date: AD 80-120. (Fig. 4.20)
The same stamp is impressed three times in alternate orientations. The inscription is [ .. ]OFF[-] / [.]XOF[-] / [ ... ]FF[-]. Tt must be ex off(icina).l1
(Fig. 3.20)
21. Fabric M8. Type B. Spout type S2. Rd.: 40 cm. Ref.: RFiZ 1976,425. (Fig. 4.21)
Tt bears two stamps, there is a plant ornament at the end of the second one: AGILlSF / FLOS. ' F' undoubtedly stands for f(ecit). A stamp of
this type is known from Savaria.
12
(Fig. 3.21)
22. Fabric M9. Type A. Spout type S2. Rd.: 34 cm, bd.: 14.5 cm, h.: 9.8 cm. Id. no. 1982/47. (Fig. 4.22)
Two stamps are visible, the second one is identical to cat. no. 21: QGTIM" BRI[ON-] / FLOS. The reading can be Q(- ) G(- ) Timbrio(ni:,).ll (Fig.
3.22)
23. Fabric M8. Type A? Spout type S2. Rd.: ca. 32 cm. Inv. no. 79.345.1. (Fig. 4.23)
There are two stamps on the rim, the upper one is a plant ornament. The other one is an inscription but it is damaged. Only the first three
letters can vaguely be seen, they might be either cOP[-] or COR[-]. Because of the identical plant ornament, this stamp must have been
Coran(ius)f(ecit) CC.
14
(Fig. 3.23)
TIL2. Imported coarse wares
24. Fabric MIO. Type B. Rd.: 50 cm. Inv. no. 76.30.112. (Fig. 4.24)
25. Fabric MIO? Secondarily burnt. Type B. Rd.: 48 cm. Id. no. 1981/6. (Fig. 4.25)
26. Fabric MIO. Type B. Rd. : 54 cm. Stray find. (Fig. 4.26)
27. Fabric M2. Type B. The bowl was repaired with a lead wire. Rd.: 44 cm. Id. no. 2003/58. (Fig. 4.27)
28. Fabric is like M8 but the grits are red. Type B. Spout is like type SI, although not a ledge but only incised decorations run along both
sides of the spout. The bowl is perforated, and there is another uncompleted bore hole on the outer surface of the bowl. Rd.: 22 cm. Id.
no. 2003/136. (Fig. 4.28)
29. Fabric M4. Type A. Rd.: 36 cm. Id. no. 2002/458. Date: AD 193-235. (Fig. 5.29)
30. Fabric M4. Type A. Rd.: 35 cm. Id. nos 2001 /93, 2003/359. (Fig. 5.30)
31. Fabric M4. Secondarily burnt. Type A. Rd.: 42 cm. Id. no. 2005/266. Date: AD 170-210. (Fig. 5.31)
6 I think the mortarium stamp from Burgenae is also
illiterate (BRUKNER 1981, PI. 60.11).
7 SNOPKO 1988, 154. MLADONICZKI 2007, 207 reads it as
L(ucius) Van(niu:,) Q[- }.
s FiG 1977/78, 203.
9 RUPRECHTSBERGER 1992, Abb. 31,10-11. This leaf type
could widely be used: very similar ones are known from Aquincum,
Poetovio (MLADONICZKI 2007, Fig. 1.5; 11.49) and Gerulata (SNOPKO
1988, Fig. 66).
10 RUPRECHTSBERGER 1992, Abb. 31.7; CZYSZ-SOMMER
1983,25, Abb. 4.3; SZIRMAI 1993, Fig. 28.1.
11 The third stamp might also be [ .... ]FI[-]. I suppose the
same can be read on a fragment from Tokod (KELEMEN 1981, 19
reads it as EXDFI). Since it is dated to the late Roman period, the two
stamps could not be related.
12 MLADONICZKI 2007,207.
13 On a similar stamp from Savaria it is QGTlM"BRIONIS /
FLOS (KARPATI 1894, 448). In a later publication the place of the MB
ligature is misprinted (Bu6cz 1967,76). MLADONICZKI 2007, kat. no.
66 cites this misprinted version. Other stamps from Savaria (MLA-
DONICZKI 2007, Fig. III.65), Ovilava (T.E.NOR. 2666), Aquincum
(NAGY 1937, 274) and Bedaium (PFAHL 2004, Kat.-Nr. 115) can be
the product either of Agilis or Q. G. Timbrionis, because we only
know the end of the second line FLOS with the plant ornament.
14 This stamp is known from Sarvar (GABLER 1991, Abb.
43) and 1 think the stamp from Carnuntum (GRUNEWALD 1983, Taf.
43.9) is not a retrograde COMV cc but a misread CORA"N F cc.
G. VARGA 150
19
12
13
14
20
aoQGG
JDG

.
-
21

er
-luO
BD
18

l m>55]

-.---.r-_.
o 5cm
Fig. 3. Mortarium stamps. Scale 1:2
15
17
22
23
19
24
o
20
23
Fig. 4. Stamped (19-23) and other imported mortaria (24-28). Scale 1:5
G. VARGA 152
Fig. 5. Imported (29-31) and provincial/local martaria: fabric M9 (32- 36). Scale 1:5
Fig. 6. Provincial/local mortaria: fabric M9 (37-41) and imitations of imported mortaria (42-45). Scale 1:5
G. VARGA 154
Ill.3. Provincial or local wares
Il1.3.1. Fabric M9
32. Fabric M9. Type A. Spout type S4. Rd.: 35 cm, bd.: 16.5 cm, h.: 9.5 cm. Id. nos 19S5/9, 292. Date: AD 75. (Fig. 5.32)
33. Fabric M9. Type A. Rd.: 40 cm. Id. no. 19S5/327. (Fig. 5.33)
34. Fabric M9. Type A. Rd. : 44 cm, bd.: 22.5 cm, h.: 13 cm. Td. nos 20001150, 163, lSS. (Fig. 5.34)
35. Fabric M9. Type A. Rd.: 36 cm, bd. : 17.5 cm, h.: S cm. Id. no. 2005/259. Date: AD 190-230. (Fig. 5.35)
36. Fabric M9. Type A. Rd.: 39 cm. Id. no. 2005170. (Fig. 5.36)
37. Fabric M9. Type B. Rd.: 3S cm, bd.: 15.5 cm, h.: 12.5 cm. Td. nos 19S5/S4, 103, lIS. (Fig. 6.37)
3S. Fabric M9. Type A. Rd.: 40 cm. Id. no. 2005/269. (Fig. 6.38)
40. Fabric M9. Type A. Spout type S4. Rd.: 33 cm. Tny. nos 7S.39.1, 7S.19.22. Date: after AD 120. (Fig. 6.40)
Ill.3.2. Imitations of imported mortaria
42. Fabric MS. Type A. Spout type SI. Rd.: 40 cm. Iny. no. 7S.l9.59. (Fig. 6.42)
43. Fabric MS. Type A. Rd. : 44 cm. Tny. no. 79.144.2. (Fig. 6.43)
44. Fabric MS. Type A. Rd.: 40 cm. Date: AD SO-l20. Tny. no. 7S.25.12. (Fig. 6.44)
45. Fabric MS. Type A? Spout type S2. Rd. : 46 cm. Id. no. 19S0/299. (Fig. 6.45)
46. Fabric MS? Secondarily burnt. Type A. Spout type S2. Rd.: 32 cm, bd. : 13 cm, h.: 10 cm. Tny. no. 7S.57.13. (Fig. 7. 46)
47. Fabric MS. Type A. Spout type S2. Rd. : 42 cm. Td. no. 19S5/91 . (Fig. 7.47)
4S. Fabric MS. Type A. Spout type S2. Rd.: 40 cm. Id. no. 1975/ 1S9. (Fig. 7.48)
49. Fabric MS. Fragment of a spout, type S2. Tny. no. 79.199.1.
Il1.3.3. Fabric M8
Il1.3.3.1. Spout type S3
50. Fabric MS. Type A. Spout type S3. Rd.: 34 cm, bd.: 14 cm, h.: 10.5 cm. Stray find. (Fig. 7.50)
51. Fabric MS. Type A. Spout type S3. Rd. : 42 cm. Td. no. 19S21103. Date: AD 69-79. (Fig. 7.51)
52. Fabric MS. Type A. Spout type S3. Rd.: 40 cm, bd. : 20 cm, h. : 11.5 cm. Td. no. 19S3/34S. (Fig. 7.52)
53. Fabric MS. Type A. Spout type S3. Rd.: 40 cm, bd.: IS.5 cm, h. : 11.5 cm. Stray find. (Fig. 8.53)
III.3.3.2. Spout type S4 or unidentified spout
54. Fabric MS. Type A. Spout type S4. Rd.: 32.5 cm, bd.: 16 cm, h.: 9 cm. lny. no. Z.94.1.7. Date: AD 13S-1S0. (Fig. 8.54)
55. Fabric MS. Type A. Spout type S4. Rd.: 34.5 cm, bd. : 16 cm, h.: 10 cm. Td. no. 1999/2S. (Fig. 8.55)
56. Fabric MS. Type A. Spout type S4. Rd.: 34 cm, bd.: 15.5 cm, h.: 9.5 cm.lny. no. Z.94.1.10. (Fig. 8.56)
57. Fabric MS. Type A. Spout type S4. Rd.: 31.5 cm, bd.: 14.5 cm, h.: 9 cm.lny. no. Z.99.7.1. (Fig. 9.57)
5S. Fabric MS. Type A. Spout type S4. Rd.: 30 cm, bd.: l3.5 cm, h.: 9 cm. Td. no. 19S5/271. (Fig. 9.58)
59. Fabric MS. Type A. Spout type S4. Rd. : 25 cm, bd. : 12.5 cm, h. : 7.5 cm.lny. no. Z.94.1.23. (Fig. 9.59)
60. Fabric MS. Type A. Spout type S4. Rd.: 34 cm. Id. no. 19S3/200. Date: AD 9S-1S0. (Fig. 9.60)
61. Fabric MS. Type A. Rd.: 42 cm. Td. no. 2005/3S1. Date: AD 190-230. (Fig. 9.61)
62. Fabric MS. Type A. Rd.: 32 cm. Id. no. 2005/ 155. Date: AD 170- 210. (Fig. 9.62)
63. Fabric MS. Type A. Rd. : 33 cm. Iny. no. 76.30.95.
64. Fabric MS. Type A. Rd.: 33 cm. Tny. no. 7S.14.4.
65. Fabric MS. Type A. Rd.: 40 cm.lny. no. 7S.l9.56.
66. Fabric MS. Type A. Rd. : 34 cm. Iny. no. 7S.54.1.
67. Fabric MS. Type A. Rd.: 32 cm. Tny. no. 7S.57.9.
6S. Fabric MS. Type A. Rd. : 32 cm. Iny. no. 7S.57.9.
69. Fabric MS. Type A. Rd. : 32 cm. Iny. no. 79.76.1.
70. Fabric MS. Type A. Rd.: 33 cm. Tny. no. 79.S7.3.
71. Fabric MS. Type A. Rd.: 2S cm. Iny. no. 79.SS.2.
72. Fabric MS. Type A. Rd.: 31 cm, bd.: 14 cm, h.: S cm. Iny. no. 7S.25.7. Date: AD SO-l20. (Fig. 10.72)
73. Fabric MS. Type A. Rd. : 29 cm. Tny. no. 79.S5.4. Date: AD 13S-1S0. (Fig. 10.73)
74. Fabric MS. Type A. Rd.: 40 cm. Id. no. 1975/9S. (Fig. 10.74)
75. Fabric MS. Type A. Rd.: 34 cm, bd.: 15 cm, h.: 10 cm. Iny. no. 79.257.1. (Fig. 10.75)
76. Fabric MS. Type A. Rd.: 36 cm. Td. no. 1975/265. (Fig. 10.76)
77. Fabric MS. Type A. Spout type S4. Rd.: 35 cm. Id. no. 1975/249. (Fig. 10.77)
7S. Fabric MS. Type A. Rd.: 30.5 cm, bd.: 14 cm, h.: 9 cm. Id. nos 1975/460, 19S2/469. (Fig. 10.78)
79. Fabric MS. Type A. Rd.: 34 cm, bd.: 15 cm, h.: 9.5 cm. Td. no. 1975/223. Date: AD l3S-1S0. (Fig. 10. 79)
SO. Fabric MS. Type A. Spout type S4. Rd.: 44 cm. Id. no. 1979/0 . (Fig. 10.80)
SI. Fabric MS. Type A. Rd.: 30 cm. Id. no. 19S2/ 14S. Date: AD 13S-1S0. (Fig. 10.81)
S2. Fabric MS. Type A. Rd.: 32 cm. Td. no. 19S011. (Fig. 11.82)
S3. Fabric MS. Type A. Spout type S4. Rd.: 37 cm. Id. no. 19S0/207. (Fig. 11.83)
84. Fabric M8. Type A. Rd.: 34 cm. Id. no. 1981 /67. Date: AD 160-180. (Fig. I1.S4)
85. Fabric M8. Type A. Rd.: 36 cm. Id. no. 1982/38. Date: AD 138- 180. (Fig. 11.S5)
86. Fabric M8. Type A. Rd.: 44 cm. Id. no. 19811153. (Fig. 11.S6)
87. Fabric M8. Type A. Rd.: 38 cm, bd.: 15 cm, h.: 12 cm. Id. no. 19811155. (Fig. II.S7)
88. Fabric M8. Type A. Rd.: 36 cm. Id. no. 1982/29. Date: AD 98- 138. (Fig. 1l.SS)
89. Fabric M8. Type A. Rd.: >36 cm. Id. no. 1982/40. Date: AD 150-210. (Fig. 11.S9)
91. Fabric M8. Type A. Rd.: 35 cm. Id. no. 19821158. Date: AD 98- 138. (Fig. 1l.91)
92. Fabric M8. Type A. Rd.: 32 cm. Id. no. 1982/ 135. (Fig. 12.92)
93. Fabric M8. Type A. Rd. : 34 cm. Id. no. 19821275. Date: AD 150-200. (Fig. 12.93)
94. Fabric M8. Type A. Rd.: 32 cm. Id. no. 1983/294. Date: AD 138- 180. (Fig. 12.94)
95. Fabric M8. Type A. Spout type S4. Rd.: 27 cm. Id. nos 2002/648, 2003/482. (Fig. 12.95)
96. Fabric M8. Type A. Rd. : 31 cm. Id. nos 2005/296, 381. Date: AD 140-210. (Fig. 12.96)
97. Fabric M8. Type A. Rd.: 36 cm. Id. nos 2005/293, 294. (Fig. 12.97)
98. Fabric M8. Type A. Rd.: 32 cm. Id. no. 1982/343. Date: AD 150-200. (Fig. 12.9S)
99. Fabric M8. Type A. Spout type S4. Rd. : 43 cm. Id. no. 1982/412. Date: AD 138-180. (Fig. 12.99)
102. Fabric M8. Type A. Rd.: 28 cm. Id. no. 1983/ 158. Date: AD 150-200. (Fig. 12.102)
103. Fabric M8. Type A. Rd.: 32 cm. Id. no. 19831168. Date: AD 138- 180. (Fig. 13.103)
104. Fabric M8. Type B. Rd.: >33 cm. Id. no. 1983/287. Date: AD 138-180. (Fig. 13.104)
108. Fabric M8. Type A. Rd.: 34 cm. Id. no. 1983/371. Date: AD 150-200. (Fig. 13.10S)
110. Fabric M8. Type A. Rd. : 36 cm. Id. no. 1983/370. (Fig. 13.110)
111. Fabric M8. Type A. Spout type S4. Rd.: 30 cm, bd.: 13.5 cm, h.: 9 cm. Id. no. 1984/62. (Fig. 13. 111)
113. Fabric M8. Type A. Rd. : 28 cm. Id. no. 1985/ 121. (Fig. 14.113)
116. Fabric M8. Type A. Rd.: 44 cm. Id. no. 1986/ 12. (Fig. 14.116)
117. Fabric M8. Type A. Spout type S4. Rd.: 36 cm. Id. no. 1986/48. (Fig. 14.117)
118. Fabric M8. Type A. Spout type S4. Rd.: 32 cm. Id. no. 1986112. (Fig. 14.11S)
119. Fabric M8. Type A. Rd. : 28 cm, bd.: 12 cm, h.: CG. 7.5 cm. Id. no. 1986/50. (Fig. 14.119)
120. Fabric M8. Type A. Spout type S4? Rd.: 28 cm. Id. no. 1986/65. (Fig. 14.120)
121. Fabric M8. Type A. Spout type S4. Rd. : 28 cm, bd. : 15 cm, h.: 7.5 cm. Id. nos 1986/66,92. (Fig. 14.121)
122. Fabric M8. Type A. Rd.: 34 cm. Id. nos 1986/ 102, 131. (Fig. 14.122)
124. Fabric M8. Type A. Spout type S4. Rd.: 30 cm. Id. no. 1986/ 103. (Fig. 15.124)
125. Fabric M8. Type A. Spout type S4. Rd.: 32 cm. Id. no. 1987/ 19. (Fig. 15.125)
126. Fabric M8. Type A. Rd.: 30 cm, bd.: 13 cm, h. : 9 cm. Id. no. 1987/48. (Fig. 15.126)
128. Fabric M8. Type A. Rd.: 34 cm. Id. no. 1987/ 119. (Fig. 15.12S)
129. Fabric M8. Type A. Rd.: 33 cm, bd.: 15.5 cm, h.: 9.5 cm. Id. no. 1988/18. (Fig. 15. 129)
131. Fabric M8. Type A. Rd.: 40 cm. Id. nos 2000/ 16, 105. Date: AD 100-170. (Fig. 16.131)
132. Fabric M8. Type A. Rd.: 37 cm, bd.: 19 cm, h.: 10.5 cm. Id. no. 2000/83. (Fig. 16.132)
134. Fabric M8. Type A. Rd. : 34 cm, bd.: 17.5 cm, h.: 9.5 cm. Id. no. 2001189. (Fig. 16.134)
135. Fabric M8. Type A. Rd. : 34 cm. Id. no. 2001 /89. (Fig. 16.135)
137. Fabric M8. Type A. Rd. : 40 cm. Id. no. 2002/92. Date: AD 117-170. (Fig. 16.137)
138. Fabric M8. Type A. Rd.: 32 cm. Id. no. 2002/221. Date: AD 140- 235. (Fig. 16.13S)
143. Fabric M8. Type A. Spout type S4? Rd.: 40 cm. Id. no. 2002/589. (Fig. 17.143)
144. Fabric M8. Type A. Rd.: 32 cm. Id. no. 2003/453. (Fig. 17. 144)
G. VARGA 156
48
Fig. 7. Provincial/local mortaria: imitations of imported mortaria (46-4S) and fabric MS, spout type S3 (49-52). Scale 1:5
Fig. 8. Provincial/local mortaria: fabric M8, spout type S3 (53) and spout type S4 (54-56). Scale 1:5
G. VARGA 158
Fig. 9. Provincial/local mortaria: fabric M8, spout type S4 or unknown. Scale 1:5
80
81
Fig. ID. Provincial/local mortaria: fabric M8, spout type S4 or unknown. Scale 1:5
G. VARGA 160
145. Fabric M8. Type A. Spout type S4. Rd.: 33 cm. Id. no. 2003/500. (Fig. 17.145)
146. Fabric M8. Type A. Rd. : 36 cm. Id. no. 2005/32. Date: AD 140- 170. (Fig. 17.146)
147. Fabric M8. Type A. Spout type S4. Rd.: 43 cm. Id. no. 2005/32. Date: AD 140-170. (Fig. 17.147)
149. Fabric M8. Type A. Rd.: 36 cm. Id. no. 2005/200. Date: AD 190- 230. (Fig. 17.149)
TIT.3.3.3. Type C
150. Fabric M8. Type C. Rd.: 34 cm. Inv. no. 76.30.28.
151. Fabric M8. Type C. Rd.: 35 cm. Iny. no. 78.56.3.
152. Fabric M8. Type C. Rd. : 40 cm. Id. no. 1979/411. (Fig. 17.152)
153. Fabric M8. Type C. Rd.: 40 cm. Id. no. 1979/0. (Fig. 18.153)
159. Fabric M8. Type C. Spout type S4. Rd.: 27 cm, bd.: 10 cm, h.: 8 cm. Id. no. 1986/37. (Fig. 18.159)
160. Fabric M8. Type C. Spout type S4. Rd.: 36 cm. Id. no. 1986/42. (Fig. 18.160)
161. Fabric M8. Type C. Rd.: 38 cm, bd.: 18 cm, h.: 13 cm. Id. nos 19861113, 123. (Fig. 18.161)
162. Fabric M8. Type C. Rd.: 32 cm. Id. no. 1986/ 148. (Fig. 18.162)
164. Fabric M8. Type C. Rd.: 28 cm, bd.: 11.5 cm, h.: 9 cm. Id. no. 19861117. (Fig. 19./64)
165. Fabric M8. Type C. Rd.: 35 cm, bd.: 15 cm, h. : 10 cm. Id. no. 1986/ 148. (Fig. 19.165)
166. Fabric M8. Type C. Spout type S4. Rd.: 39 cm. Id. no. 2005/210. Date: AD 200-230. (Fig. 19.166)
167. Fabric M8. Type C. Rd.: 36 cm. Id. no. 19861117. (Fig. 19./67)
169. Fabric M8. Type C. Rd.: 36 cm. Id. no. 2002/590. Date: AD 160-170. (Fig. 19.169)
170. Fabric M8. Type C. Rd.: 39 cm. Id. no. 20051233. Date: AD 190- 230. (Fig. 19.170)
171. Fabric M8. Type C. Rd.: 34 cm. Id. no. 2005/262. Date: AD 170- 210. (Fig. 19.171)
173. Fabric M8. Type C. Rd.: 29 cm, bd.: 14.5 cm, h.: 9 cm. Id. nos 1987/43,99. (Fig. 20.173)
174. Fabric M8. Type C. Rd.: 29 cm. Id. nos 1988/30, 1989/3. (Fig. 20.174)
180. Fabric M8. Type C. Rd.: 31 cm, bd.: 15 cm, h.: 10 cm. Id. no. 20011226. Date: AD 117- 170. (Fig. 20.180)
181. Fabric M8. Type C. Rd.: 36 cm, bd.: 15.5 cm, h. : 8 cm. Id. nos 2005/65, 88, 89, 268. Date: AD 190-230. (Fig. 20.181)
182. Fabric M8. Type C. Spout type S4. Rd. : 35 cm, bd. : 15 cm, h.: 9 cm. Id. nos 2005/72, 258. Date: AD 190- 230. (Fig. 20.182)
183. Fabric M8. Type C. Rd.: 32 cm. Id. no. 20021113. Date: AD 351- 361. (Fig. 21.183)
186. Fabric M8. Type C. Rd.: >38 cm. Id. no. 2005/303. Date: AD 170- 210. (Fig. 21.186)
111.3.4. Fabric Mll
187. Fabric MI1. Type A. Rd.: 37 cm. Id. nos 2005/266, 280. Date: AD 170- 210. (Fig. 21.187)
188. Fabric Mll. Type A. Rd.: 33 cm. Id. no. 2002/235. (Fig. 21.188)
189. Fabric M11 with white slip. Type A. Rd.: 32 cm. Id. no. 1984/63. (Fig. 21.189)
190. Fabric MI1. Type A. Spout type S3 or imitation of SI. Rd. : 30 cm, bd. : 11.5 cm, h.: 8 cm. Id. no. 1982/530. (Fig. 21.190)
192. Fabric M11. Type A. Rd. : 37 cm. Id. no. 1983/374. Date: AD 81 - 117. (Fig. 21.192)
193. Fabric Mll with white slip. Type A. Rd.: 30 cm, bd.: 13.5 cm, h.: 8 cm. Id. no. 1982/439. (Fig. 21.193)
194. Fabric Mll with white slip. Type A. Rd.: 32 cm. Id. no. 1984/286. (Fig. 21.194)
III.3.5. Misfired fragments
195. Fabric M8. Type A. Rd.: ca. 25 cm. Inv. no. Z.2004.100.l571.1. (Fig. 22.195)
196. Fabric M8. Type A. Rd. : ca. 26 cm. Iny. no. 78.37.1. (Fig. 22.196)
197. Fabric M8. Type A. Spout type S4. Rd.: ca. 30 cm. Id. nos 2002/442, 445, 453, 2003/62, 290. Date: AD 69- 170. (Fig. 22.197)
198. Fabric M9. Type A. Rd.: ca. 50 cm. Id. nos 20011113, 2002/588. (Fig. 22.198)
199. Fabric M9. Type A. Rd.: >41.5 cm, bd.: 22.5 cm, h.: 12 cm. Id. no. 20011142. (Fig. 22.199)
88
, ,
~ _ v ~ .. :--.- .. "
Fig. I!. Provincial/local mortaria: fabric M8, spout type S4 or unknown. Scale 1:5
G. VARGA 162

Fig. 12. Provincial/local mortaria: fabric M8, spout type S4 or unknown. Scale 1:5
108
Fig. 13. Provincial/local martaria: fabric MS, spout type S4 or unknown. Scale 1:5
G. VARGA 164
Fig. 14. Provincial/local martaria: fabric MS, spout type S4 or unknown. Scale 1:5
1l1.3.6. Uncommon forms
200. Fabric M8. The rim is everted but very short, it looks unfinished. Rd.: 32 cm. Inv. no. 78.23.17. (Fig. 22.200)
201. Fabric M11. The rim is nearly vertical straight, the bowl has a collar. Rd.: 30 cm. Id. no. 2001191. (Fig. 22.201)
202. Fabric MII. Type D. Spout type S5. Ungritted. Rd.: 32 cm. Id. no. 20011114. Date: AD 140- 170. (Fig. 22.202)
203. Fabric M11. Type D. Ungritted. Rd.: 28 cm. Id. no. 1982/238. (Fig. 22.203)
204. Fabric M11 with orange slip. Type D. Spout type S5. Ungritted. Rd.: 26 cm. Id. no. 1987/ 119. (Fig. 22.204)
205. Fabric M11. Type D. Ungritted. Rd.: 38 cm. Id. no. 2000/37. Date: AD 80- 200. (Fig. 22.205)
IV. Red slip ware
206. Fabric M8. The slip is orange. Type A. Rd. : 37 cm. Stray find. (Fig. 23.206)
207. Fabric M8. The slip is red. Type D. Rd.: 36 cm. Id. no. 2005/94. (Fig. 23.207)
208. Fabric M8. The slip is orange. Type D. Rd. : 31 cm. Stray find. (Fig. 23.208)
209. Fabric M8. Red bands are painted on the surface of the rim. Type D. Rd. : 29 cm. Stray find. (Fig. 23.209)
210. Fabric M8. The slip is red. Type D. Rd.: 26 cm. Id. no. 2005/229. Date: AD 190-230. (Fig. 23.210)
211. Fabric M8. The slip is orange. Type D. Rd.: 28 cm. Id. no. 2003/61. (Fig. 23.211)
212. Fabric M8. The slip and the painted bands on the rim are red. Type D. Rd.: >32 cm. Id. no. 1989178. (Fig. 23.212)
213. Fabric M8. The slip is worn but it must have been red. Type D. Spout type S5. Ungritted. Rd. : 33 cm. Id. no. 2005/54. (Fig. 23.213)
214. Fabric M8. The slip was either red or orange, because the fragment is secondarily burnt. Type D. Ungritted. Rd.: >38 cm. Id. no.
2005/ 142. (Fig. 23.214)
V. Glazed ware
215. Fabric MII. Green glazed with dark orange slip. Type D. Rd.: cm. Id. no. 1988/ 104. (Fig. 24.215)
216. Fabric M11. Green glazed with orange slip. Type D. Spout type S5. Rd.: 29 cm. Id. no. 1980/46. (Fig. 24.216)
217. Fabric M11. Green glazed with dark orange-red slip. Type D. Spout type S5. Rd.: 28 cm. Id. no. 1979/0. (Fig. 24.217)
218. Fabric MII. Green glazed with orange slip. Type D. Rd.: >24 cm. Id. no. 19821246. Date: AD 138- 180. (Fig. 24.218)
219. Fabric Mll. Green glazed with orange slip. Type D. Rd.: 45 cm. Id. no. 2005/51. (Fig. 24.219)
220. Fabric M11. Green glazed with reddish-brown slip. There are burnished bands on the exterior side. Type D. Rd.: 32 cm. Id. no. 2005/ 191.
Date: AD 170- 210. (Fig. 24.220)
221. Fabric Mll. Green glazed with reddish-brown slip. Type D. Rd.: 36 cm. Id. no. 19781261. (Fig. 24.221)
222. Fabric M8 or Ml1? Green glazed with reddish-brown slip. Type D. Rd.: 36 cm. Id. no. 19781155. (Fig. 24.222)
223. Fabric Mll. Green glazed with orange slip. Type D. Rd.: 32 cm. Id. no. 2005170. (Fig. 25.223)
224. Fabric Mll. Green glazed with brown slip. There are burnished bands on the exterior side. Type D. Rd.: 36 cm. Id. no. 1986/52. (Fig.
25.224)
225. Fabric Mll? Green glazed with red slip. There is a reddish-brown marbled decoration on the rim. Type D. Rd.: 36 cm. Id. no. 1978/218.
(Fig. 25.225)
226. Fabric MII? Green glazed with red slip. There is a reddish-brown marbled decoration on the rim. Type D. Rd.: 51 cm. Id. no. 1986/91.
(Fig. 25.226)
227. Fabric MIl. Secondarily burnt, the glaze is missing, the slip is brown. The painted bands on the rim can vaguely be seen. There are
burnished bands on the exterior side. Type D. Rd.: 40 cm. Id. no. 1986/ 100. (Fig. 25.227)
228. Fabric Mll. Brown glazed with brown slip. Type D. Rd.: 32 cm. Id. no. 20051122. Date: AD 190-230. (Fig. 25.228)
229. Fabric Mll. Brown glazed with orange slip. Type D. Rd.: 30 cm. Id. no. 1979/0. (Fig. 25.229)
230. Fabric MII. Brown glazed with vague traces of red slip. Ungritted. Type D. Rd.: 35 cm. Id. nos 2005/222, 236. Date: AD 140-170. (Fig.
25.230)
231. Fabric Mll. Green glazed with possible brown slip. Type D. Rd.: 29 cm, bd.: 7.5 cm, h.: ca. II cm. Stray find. (Fig. 25.231)
232. Fabric MII. Green glazed. Bottom fragment. Bd.: 8.5 cm. Id. nos 2005/68, 319. (Fig. 25.232)
233. Fabric M8? Green glazed. Type D. Spout type S5. Rd.: 43 cm. Stray find. (Fig. 25.233)
234. Fabric MII. Green glazed with painted orange bands on the rim. Type D. Rd.: 36 cm. Inv. no. 78.20.5.
235. Fabric M8. Brown glazed with red slip. Type D. Rd.: 36 cm. Inv. nos 78.16.6; 78.39.29.
236. Fabric Mll. Green glazed. Type D. Spout type S5. Rd.: 34 cm. Inv. no. 78.15.1.
237. Fabric MII. Green glazed. Type C. Rd.: 82 cm. Id. no. 20051290. Date: AD 170-210. (Fig. 26.237)
238. Fabric MII. Green glazed. Type C. Rd.: 44 cm. Id. no. 2002/321. (Fig. 26.238)
239. Fabric Mll. The glaze is worn, it was either green or brown. Type A. Rd.: 51 cm. Id. no. 2002/217. Date: AD 140-235. (Fig. 26.239)
240. Fabric MII. Green glazed. Type D. Spout type S5. Rd.: 34 cm. Inv. nr. 78.15.1. (Fig. 26.240)
241. Fabric MII. Possibly green glazed and ungritted. Type D. Rd.: 31 cm. Id. nr. 1981198. (Fig. 26.241)
242. Fabric MIl. Brown glazed. Type D. Rd.: 31 cm. Id. no. 1983/344. Date: AD 138- 180. (Fig. 26.242)
243. Fabric MII. Brown glazed. Type D. Rd.: 30 cm. Id. no. 2005/ 101. Date: AD 170-210. (Fig. 26.243)
244. Fabric M8. Dark brown glazed. Type D. Rd.: 40 cm. Id. nos 1979/68; 19811162. (Fig. 26.244)
G. VARGA 166
245. Fabric Ml1. Brown glazed, secondarily burnt. Type D. Rd.: 22 cm. Id. no. 2002/479. (Fig. 26.245)
246. Fabric Mll. Brown glazed. Type D. Rd.: 30 cm. Id. no. 1979/0. (Fig. 26.246)
247. Fabric Mll. Brown glazed. Type D. Rd.: 34 cm. Id. no. 2005/46. (Fig. 26.247)
248. Fabric Ml1. Brown glazed. Type D. Rd.: 39 cm. Id. no. 2005162. (Fig. 26.248)
249. Fabric M8? Dark brown glazed, ungritted. Type D. Rd.: 32 cm.lny. no. 78.20.11.
250. Fabric MI1. Dark brown glazed. Type D. Rd.: 30 cm. Iny. no. 78.23.8.
251. Fabric Ml1. Brown glazed. Type D. Rd.: 30 cm. Iny. no. 79.426.1.
CHRONOLOGY
The Romans inhabited Salla in the end of the reign of TiberiusY Unfortunately, none of the fragments
can be dated from the 1
st
phase of the military camp (AD 20-50). However, the first mortatia must have arrived
with the Roman army. This vessel form was unknown among the preceding Celtic pottery forms.'6
Imported and also local mortaria appeared between the middle of the pt century and the beginning of
the 2
nd
century. The imported mortaria mostly came from Central Italy as the stamp of Cn. Domitius Amandus
proves it (cat. no. 12). Supposedly, a few other items were also imported from Italy (cat. nos 13, 15, 24-28), but
these specimens still attested to occasional importation.
All the provincial/local wares imitate the imported Dramont D2 form. One of them also bears a potter's
stamp (cat. no. 20). On the basis of the rims and the spouts, imitations of imported mortaria (cat. nos 42-49) were
also produced at that time. The S3 spout type (cat. nos 50-53) and some specimens of fabric M9 (cat. nos 32,41)
could be either local or Pannonian products.
The widest range of the sherds are dated from the time of the municipality (AD 120-230). In the first half
of this period, imported mortaria probably from Italy are still present (cat. nos 14, 17). Some stamped fragments
cannot be dated but their analogues from Savaria and Sarvar are dated from this period (cat. nos 16, 21-23). These
were probably produced in Savaria.
Fabric M9 was also continuously used (cat. no. 40). Most ofthe sherds belong to fabric M8 (spout type S4),
which must have been a local product. This type was produced from AD 80 to AD 235. As fabric M8 is identical to
the stamped fragments from Savaria (cat. nos 16, 21, 23) and M9 to cat. no. 22, both fabric should be more precisely
classified by scientific analyses, which could define the differences between the products of Savaria and those of
Salla. The local production offabric M8 and M9 in Salla is proven by misfired pieces (cat. nos 195-199).
In the second half of this period, the import came from the western provinces, probably from Raetia (cat.
nos 18-19, 29-31) or Noricum, from where the stone mortars (cat. nos 1-3) originate. Besides the self-coloured
mortaria, which were still produced in this period, new techniques also appeared: red slip and glazing were usu-
ally applied on mortaria.
17
Beside a few probably imported ones (cat. nos 207-209, 226, 237), most of the speci-
mens were produced in Salla. Fabric Mll is a common material for local pottery, it was tempered with sand just
like grey coarse pottery. We also found a misfired sherd (cat. no. 232), a drop of glaze burnt on a fracture surface
proves that this sherd had already broken in the kiln.
After AD 230 Salla was a dead town. Only the ditches of the Amber Road contain finds from this period.
The settlement revived from AD 310 to the end of the 4th century. Unfortunately, none of the mortaria fragments
can be dated from this period. Because of the high number of stray finds in glazed ware, it is certain that some of
them were found in the corresponding layers ofSalla.
' 8
As mortaria were introduced in Pannonia by the Romans,
these vessels disappeared from the archaeological finds after the Romans had left.
'9
15 On the history of Sail a see REDO 2003,196-212.
16 BAATZ 1977, 155.
17 The red slip ware in Salla has the same dating as that
of Acs-Vaspuszta (GABLER et al. 1989, 477) but glazed mortaria were
earlier produced than expected on the base of the dating of Pan non-
ian specimens (BONIS 1990,28-29), although BJELAJAC 1992-93, 146
suggests a somewhat earl ier date (second half of the 3,d century).
18 It must be true mainly for the burnished ones: cat.
nos 220, 227 (OTTOMANYI 1991, 17, Fig. 14.73). The colour of the
glaze does not indicate any chronological difference. The colour can
change by the thickness of the glaze, e.g. on cat. nos 223 and 225
the glaze is yellow in the inner side of the rim and it becomes green
under it.
19 It should be emphasized if mortaria indicate the leyel
of Romanisation in the early Roman period (BAATz 1977, 155), it
also indicates whether the population of a settlement was still Ro-
man after the abandonment of Pannonia.
Fig. IS. Provincial/local mortaria: fabric M8, spout type S4 or unknown. Scale 1:5
G. VARGA 168
Fig. 16. Provincial/ local mortaria: fabric MS, spout type S4 or unknown. Scale 1:5
FORM AND FUNCTION
Mortarium was a dish originally made of stone and used all over the Mediterraneum. The production of
clay mortaria certainly started at a very early date because of the need of standardized production. Since pottery
was not hard enough to use a pestle for crushing anything in it, the inner surfaces of the bowls were covered with
grits. These grits are usually referred to as trituration grits, but it is a mistake: neither stone nor glazed mortaria
have rough surfaces. Although pestles were not found in Salla, the worn traces of cat. nos 59 (it is a restored bowl,
but it is not broken, only there is a rounded hole in middle of the bottom) and 129 prove that probably a wooden
pestle was used with the mortars. Also, the grits are usually missing in the centres of the bottom fragments.
2o
This means that mortaria were used for crushing spices and herbs for making sauces - a combination of
a cutting board and a mixing bowl-, as it has been known for a long time.
21
T only want to add that mortaria were
used neither for corn grinding
22
nor for cheese preparation.23 For these purposes, mill-stones and cheese-forms
were used.
T also think glazed mortaria served the same purpose as coarse ware mortaria, and the function did not
change because of the glazing.
24
Although these bowls have smaller rim diameters and wall-thicknesses, the grits
did not roughen but strengthened the surface, as it has already been mentioned. Glazing might make cleaning
easier, but the technology of glazing was not widely used in earlier times.
25
It is also worth mentioning that mor-
taria are part of not only the kitchenware but also the tableware, as it has already been mentioned at the discussion
of Samian ware. The red slip and glazed mortaria could also belong to tablewares.
Mortaria were also used in pharmacy, painting and cosmetics. The grinding of medicaments and raw ma-
terials of dyes and make-ups cannot be proven in the mortaria of Salla, only cat. no. 4 could serve such a purpose
because of the stone material and its small size.
IMPORTS
The low number of imported mortaria in Salla suggests that individual personal goods were taken to
Salla without an organised commerce. But proofs of trade can be found among the stamped mortaria in Pannonia
and in the neighbouring provinces.
The stamp of L(ucius) Bruttidius Augustalis was found in Novae and also in Gallia,26 that of L(ucius)
Lurius Verecundus in Salzburg and Kempten,27 of Fortunatus Domitiorum in Carnuntum and in Hispania,28 of
Cn(aeus) Domitius Arignotus in Poetovio, Kalsdorf, Gilnzburg and in Hispania
29
again. All of these workshops
worked in Rome in the second half ofthe 1 si century and a few ofthem also at the beginning ofthe 2
nd
century. The
last two ones belonged to the same family, the Domitii, as the stamp from Salla (cat. no. 12).
20 Ancient illustrations prove the usage of pestles. The
kitchen interior in the Golini Tomb, Orvieto (PALLECCHI2002, Fig. 2)
shows a servant who works with two pestles in a martarium stand-
ing on wooden legs. A mosaic found in Spain (FURGER 1985, Abb.
26) probably shows a martarium with a pestle. Unfortunately, the
pestle is not visible on the kitchen scene of the Igel monument (PAL-
LECCHI2002, Fig. 3). BAATZ 1977, 151 mentions a wooden pestle from
Saalburg.
21 BAATZ 1977, 148-154; BJELAJAC 1992-93, 139. MLA-
OONICZKI 2007, 197- 198 and PALLECCHI 2002, 277- 291 have already
collected the ancient sources on the usage of martaria, so fortu-
nately there is no need to repeat it. KREKOVIC 2004, 93 thinks the
question of function should be raised again, but the martaria found
in Salla do not justify it.
22 Stone mart aria could derive from prehistoric grinding
stones, which were undoubtedly used for grinding corn, but in the
Roman Age mill-stones were widely used so clay martaria must
have had a different function.
23 ROTTLANOER 1972- 73, 136- 139 divides the martaria
into the typological groups of real martaria and those that could be
used as cheese-forms, but he did not deal with the vessels defined
as cheese-forms. See e.g. FURGER 1985, Abb. 3 and from Pannonia:
GALLl NA et al. 2007, 216- 2l7.
24 OTTOMANYI 1991, 17.
25 The cleaning of gritted bowls could be difficult be-
cause of the uneven surface. Today's sets are composed ofa mortar,
a pestle and a scrubber (see e.g. Japanese suribachi and Mexican
molcajete).
26 PALLECCHI 2002, cat. no. 9.1- 2.
27 PALLECCHI 2002, cat. no. 25.7-9.
" PALLECCHI 2002, cat. no. 18.24- 26. On the stamp from
Carnuntum (MLADONICZKI 2007, Fig. U8), there is an AM ligature
very similar to the one on cat. na. 12. Both sherds might belong to
the samefiglina.
29 PALLECCHI 2002, cat. no. l8.39-45; MLADONICZKI 2007,
Fig. 11040; PFAHL 2004, Kat.-Nr. 39.
G. VARGA 170
Fig. 17. Provincial/ local mortaria: fabric M8, spout type S4 or unknown (141- 149) and rim type C (152). Scale 1:5
Fig. 18. Provincial/local mortaria: fabric M8, rim type C. Scale 1:5
G. VARGA 172
Fig. 19. Provincial/ local mortaria: fabric M8, rim type C. Scale 1:5
Fig. 20. Provincialllocal mortaria: fabric M8, rim type C. Scale 1:5
G. VARGA 174
I
183
Fig. 21. Provincial/local mortaria: fabric M8, rim type C (183-186) and fabric Mll (187-194). Scale 1:5
Q. Marcius Adiutor worked perhaps in Italy somewhat earlier in the first half of the 1 s( century and he also
exported his products to Hispania and to the Magdalensberg.30 I also have to mention Alexander Domitianus,31 the
Virillioni,32 Marcius Communis, a fragmentary stamp of ]S'PG[33 and T"F'C (cat. no. 17) with cat. nos 13-15 from
Salla who all could work in Italy although the Italian counterparts of their stamps are still unknown.
The imitation of original Italian stamps can also prove trade. Such imitations are known from Dacia and
Moesia. The workshop that is referred to CI(audius) Domitius Evarestus in the Romanian literature copied the
mortaria ofCn(aeus) Domitius Evarestus although it was a local workshop.34 I can once again mention the form of
the Pannonian mortaria that corresponds to the Dramont D2 form. This must be the proof of copying of imported
mortaria. (For the distribution of Italian mortaria and their imitations see Fig. 27.2.)
In the middle of the 3
rd
century, we can find some mortaria imported probably from Raetia and/or Noricum
(cat. nos 18, 207-209, 226, 237-238).35 They contain coarse, red slip and glazed wares. Red slip ware mortaria
were first produced probably in the workshop of Rapis, especially the ones with a marbled decoration on the rim
but they were widely imitated in Pannonia as well. Mortaria with collars (cat. no. 201) were also produced in this
workshop.36 The local potters very soon combined red slip with glazing, which replaced the imported goods in
the market.
I also classify some coarse ware mortaria in this group (cat. nos 19, 29-31). Two other ones stamped
by Severus
37
known from Vindobona and Carnuntum. Other stamps known from Vindobona, Carnuntum and
Savaria can only uncertainly be defined as imports from the western provinces.
38
PROVINCIAL PRODUCTION
Among the mortaria found in Salla, the most interesting sherds are the stamped Pannonian products.
Agilis, Q. G. Timbrionis, L. Vannius Q. and Coran(ius) probably worked in Savaria. The material ofthe mortaria
stamped by L. Vannius Q., Coran(ius) and Agilis are very similar. Although their materials completely differ, the
second stamp of Q. G. Timbrionis is identical to that of Agilis, so this mortarium also belongs to this Savarian
group. Similarly, the stamps of pine-branches connect Agilis and Coran(ius).
On the stamps of Coran(ius) from Sarvar and the stamp of Agilis from Savaria, the ccs abbreviation was
read as C(olonia) C(laudia) S(avaria).39 I doubt that this is correct and although I do not know the correct reading,
I consider it to be a tria nomina. On the stamp of Agilis found in Savaria, the interpunctuation is missing between
f(ecit) and C(olonia) although it appears everywhere where it is necessary. S(avaria) cannot be read on any stamp
ofCoran(ius). Moreover, only a few mortarium stamps bear place names.
40
I also have to mention Q. G. Timbrio who - because of his tria nomina - must have been a Roman citizen,
which makes doubtful that he worked as a potter. Also his name is probably in genitive without the word 'fecit'.
The word 'jios' can be read on his and Agilis' second stamp. The same word on dipinti refers to the content of the
amphora
41
but we do not know of any goods sold with mortaria. We also know Flos as a name.
42
30 PALLECCHI 2002, cat. no. 26.1-2.
31 His stamps are known from Apulum and Durostorum
(the mention of Ampelum seems to be a misprint: BALUTA-SERDAN
1979, 204, note 10) and Oescus (PETOLESCU 1984, 72).
32 MLAOON1CZKl 2007, 204, kat. no. 21, 71; PFAHL 2004,
Kat.-Nr. 84, 112.
33 MLADON1CZKI 2007, Fig. 111.61; Fig. IV.70.
34 See BJELAJAC 1992-93,143-145 with further literature
and PALLECCHl 2002, cat. no. 18.46.
35 Surprisingly, imports from Poetovio are not known
from Salla so there is a chance that cat. nos 18, 237-238 came not
from Raetia but from Poetovio.
36 CZYSZ-SOMMER 1983, T. 27-30.
37 Severus worked in either Ovilava or Lentia (RUPRECH-
TSIJERGER 1992, 47- 48) alternatively in Rapis (PFAHL 2004, Kat.-Nr.
7, 20).
38 MLADONICZKl 2007, Fig 111.57; V.90; V.92; IV.n; 1,21;
kat. no. 19.
39 E. Mar6ti borrowed this idea from A. M6csy without
checking any other possibilities (RFiZ 1976, 425, note 61). GABLER
1991, 74 cites this assumption, but he considers another solution as
well. The name of the officinator could appear in these abbrevia-
tions.
40 PFAHL 2002, 91-98 published a mortarium stamp with
the name of Kanabis Bon(nensibus), which can be considered as a
legionary stamp, and he also collected the mortarium stamps with
place names. He found only four other specimens.
41 BEZECZKY 1993, 241- 250.
42 SCHNURBEIN 1986, 45-59.
G. VARGA 176
195
~ - l . . \
204
201
~
202
205 7
Fig. 22. Misfired (195-199) and uncommon (200-205) fragments. Scale 1:5
Fig. 23. Red slip ware. Scale 1:4
G. VARGA 178
---
Fig. 24. Glazed ware: green glaze with red slip. Scale 1:4
230
Fig. 25. Glazed ware: green glaze with red slip (223-226), brown glaze with red slip (228-230)
and green glaze without slip (231- 233). Scale 1:5
G. VARGA 180
................
. . . .
,. ,.",. ,. " ,
/
240
Fig. 26. Glazed ware: green glaze (237-241) and brown glaze (242-248). Scale 1:5
Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae
Fig. 27. 1. Distribution of mortaria of Iustinianus and the Savarian workshops. 2. Distribution of Italian mortaria and their imitations
mortaria stamped by the Poetovian officina Iustiniani
mortaria stamped by the Savarian officinae

lVIil "'i! O I
Italian mortaria in the Danubian provinces
:' . }2.':. ... /;
: I (\-_. --owe
Z J e
INF.
imitations of stamped mortaria of Cn. Domitius Evarestus

W8(;1!hl'i! -F 0 d () I fa I h
Iu avum

INF.
1.
Olbia.
2.
G. VARGA 182
lfwe accept this latter possibility, there are three names on the stamp of Agilis found in Savaria. It makes
difficult to interpret these stamps. Two potters can certainly be identified: Agilis and Coran(ius). Probably, there
are two Roman citizens as well, C. C. S. and Q. G. Timbrio.l think Flos could be the officinator or the institor and
C. C. S. and Q. G. Timbrio were the owners of the land (dominus) or thefiglina. This could also mean that Flos
changed his working-place. A hypothetic relative chronology of these stamps can be drawn: the earliest mortaria
were made under the name of Q. G. Timbrio, then Agilis and finally Coran(ius) started to produce mortaria.
Coran(ius) worked after Flos had stopped working and the letters of his stamp were also simpler, however, the
earlier stamps copied the letter shapes of Italian stamps.
Certain mortarium stamps can be connected to those of lamps. Among the mortarium stamps found in
Salla, only the name of Agilis appears on lamps, but other names indicated on Pannonian mortarium stamps, like
Crescens, Favoris, Fortis, lustinianus and Ursulus, can also be found on lamps. All of them were Italian potters
43
whose lamps were either produced in branch workshops organized by institores or imitated by local workshops,
but spreaded widely and numerously in the Roman Empire.
The workshop of lustininanus is thought to be worked in this institor-system.
44
The workshops in Savaria
that used the FLos-stamp, could also work within this system and the mortaria stamped by Agilis and Q. G.
Timbrionis could be the products of two branch-workshops, while the mortaria of Coran(ius) might be the pro-
ducts of a third one. L. Vannius Q. could have another workshop judged from the different types of the stamps
bearing his name.
45
But this question has to be carefully considered because the potters had very common names in the
Roman Empire. The best example is Adiutor: at least three different potters stamped mortaria with this name in
Italy, Bavay and Halder.
46
lustinianus' mortaria were transported along the Drava river and further in the Lower-Danube region from
the turn of the 1
st
and the 2
nd
centuries until the 41h century.47 The products of the Savarian workshops are found
along the Amber Road from Salla to Gerulata and Carnuntum, and also in Noricum
48
(Fig. 27.1). These workshops
probably worked only in the second half of the 1 si century and in the 2
nd
century until the Marcomannic wars.
Both Poetovio and Savaria were deducted veteran colonies so the organisation of pottery production
seems common to have been identical to that in Italy. In Pannonia Inferior workshops organised by institores
are unknown. It could be the result of incomplete research but it is more likely that local workshops were more
successful. Also in Pannonia Superior these local workshops superseded the bigger workshops - which were
organised by institores and which tried to sell their products in a wider area - in the 2
nd
century the latest.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I have to express my thanks to S. Pallecchi (Department of Archaeology and Art History ofthe University
of Siena), who kindly informed me via email about her opinion on the correct reading of the stamp on cat. no. 12
and the known similar stamps. I am very grateful to M. Balla (Institute of Nuclear Techniques of the Budapest
University of Technology) and to P. Harshegyi (Aquincum Museum of the Budapest History Museum) who took
scientific investigations but unfortunately their results should be omitted because this article is published in a
reduced extent. I also owe thanks to T. Horvath (Archaeological Institute ofthe Hungarian Academy of Sciences)
who identified the raw materials of the stone mortars.
43 SCHNEIDER 1994, 127-142.
44 BONIS 1990,29.
45 1 also consider two other institares in Pannonia and
Dacia. One could be FIRMI FAVORIS known from Ovilava and Lentia
(T.E.NOR. 2675, 2691, 3636; RUPREcHTSBERGER 1992, Abb. 31.1- 2),
Viminacium (BJELAJAC 1992- 93, 140; PI. 1.4.) Savaria, Chur (M LA-
DONI CZKI 2007, Fig. III,63-64) and Giinzburg (PFAHL 2004, Kat.-
Nr. 40). This could have been the branch-workshop of either C(ai)
Calp(etani) Favoris (PALLECCHI 2002, cat. no. 11.7- 11) or rather of
Cn(aei) Damiti Favoris (PALLECCHI 2002, 18.39-48) both working
in Rome in the second half of the I" century. The other one is rep-
resented by Marcus Aretia and Filemon Aretia in Dacia and Moesia
(see BJELAJAC 1992- 93, 143 and AVRAM 1986, 163 with further lit-
erature).
46 Italy: PALLECCHI 2002, 195; Bavay: TERRISSE 1960, 159;
Fig. 1.1 - 3; RaIder: WILLEMS 1977, 121 ; Fig. 10. Perhaps a fourth one
is known from Savaria: MLADONICZKI 2007, kat. no. 57.
47 For dating see BONIS 1990, 29. For sites where Iustini-
anus' martaria were found see MLADONICZKI 2007, 201 , kat. nos 17,
33- 36, 41- 46.
48 See notes 7, 12 and 13.
AVRAM 1986
BAATZ 1977
BALUTA-SERBAN 1979
BEZECZKV 1993
BIDDULPH 2008
BJELAJAC 1992-93
BONIS 1990
BORHY 2006
BRUKNER 1981
Buocz 1967
CZYSZ-SOMMER 1983
CSIR
FiG 1977178
FURGER 1985
GABLER 1989
GABLER et al. 1989
GABLER 1991
GALLlNA et al. 2007
GRONEWALD 1983
KARPA TI 1894
KELEMEN 1981
KREKOVIC 2004
MLADONICZKI2007
NAGV 1937
OTTOMANVI 1991
PALLECCHI 2002
PETOLESCU 1984
PFAHL 2002
PFAHL 2004
REDO 2003
RFiZ 1975
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ABBREVIA nONS
indicates that the letters before and after this sign is ligated
bottom diameter
catalogue number
height
identification number of archaeological context
inventory number of Giicsej Museum, Zalaegerszeg
rim diameter
references

Varga - Roman Mortaria From Salla

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Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 61 (2010) 145184

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