Professional Documents
Culture Documents
MECHANICS
Ist part
- PHYSICAL QUANTITIES and DIMENSIONS - MEASURE UNITY SYSTEMS - SCALARS E VECTORS - DISPLACEMENT, VELOCITY, ACCELERATION - DYNAMICS PRINCIPLES - GRAVITY - MASS, WEIGHT, DENSITY, FLOW, PRESSURE
D. SCANNICCHIO 2009 01/23
BASIC MECHANICS
STATICS KINEMATICS DYNAMICS
D. SCANNICCHIO 2009 02/23
PHYSICAL QUANTITIES denition measurable DIMENSIONS fundamental [L] lenght [M] mass [t] time [i] electric current derived [L]a [M]b [t]c [i]d dimensional equations: control of physical relations uniformity FUNDAMENTAL CONSTANTS
D. SCANNICCHIO 2009 03/23
meter (m) kilogram (kg) second (s) ampere (A) C.G.S. System centimeter (cm) gram (g) second (s) Practical Systems
examples:
millimeter of mercury (mmHg) atmosphere (atm) hour (h) ngstrom () electronvolt (eV) ..............
D. SCANNICCHIO 2009 04/23
MULTIPLES and SUBMULTIPLE peta- (P) tera- (T) giga- (G) mega- (M) kilo- (k) 1015 1012 109 106 103
multipli multiples
deci- (d) centi- (c) milli- (m) micro- () pico- (p) nano- (n)
D. SCANNICCHIO 2009
SCALAR QUANTITIES
VECTOR QUANTITIES
characterization: 3 data
direction versus
modulus
modulus
v
application point
direction versus
letter v in bold
examples:
D. SCANNICCHIO 2009
displacement s velocity v
s = 16.4 m v = 32.7 m s1
07/23
trajectory :
DISPLACEMENT
vector s
a line tangent to the vector s in every point and in every subsequent time instant with the following components: x = x(t) y = y(t) z = z(t) t1 to s1 t2 s2
s = s(t)
C.G.S. (cm)
08/23
VARIATION (CHANGE) DEFINITION of a PHYSICAL QUANTITY variation or change symbol : variation or change:
a2 a1 = anal ainitial = !a
difference: a1 a2 = ainitial anal = !a distance variation s (in modulus): (from initial value s1=23 m to nal value s2=16 m) !s = 16 m 23 m = - 7 m (from initial value s1= 23 m to nal value s2=16 m) !s = 16 m (23 m) = + 39 m
D. SCANNICCHIO 2009 09/23
SOME MOTION of BODIES rectilinear motion (same direction and versus) : t1 t2 s1 = s(t1 ) s2 = s(t2 )
!s = s2 s1 = s(t2) s(t1)
rectilinear uniform motion rectilinear motion uniformly accelerated circolar uniform motion harmonic motion
D. SCANNICCHIO 2009
10/23
VELOCITY
velocity =
y z x 0
s2 t2 t0 s1 t1
!
!
s2
!
s1
!
vm
INSTANT VELOCITY
! ! s(t ) s(t ) s s ! 2 1 "s 2 1 = = velocit media: vm = t t mean velocity t2 t1 "t 2 1 ! ! !
"
!t
"
"
!t
dt
I.S. (m s1)
ACCELERATION
accelerazione media: mean acceleration :
!
"
"
I.S. (m s2)
DYNAMICS PRINCIPLES
in absence of forces a body is at rest or move with rectilinear uniform motion ( v = constant in modulus, direction and versus) force " physical quantity modifying the motion condition of a body motion condition of a body: dened by its velocity motion condition change " velocity vector change velocity vector change " acceleration vector
II- F = m a
D. SCANNICCHIO 2009
I- INERTANCE PRINCIPLE
DYNAMICS PRINCIPLES
II- F = m a
! !
I.S.
C.G.S.
newton (N) = kg
dyne (dyn) = gram
meter s2
= 100 000 = 105
1000 x 100
cm
s2
DYNAMICS PRINCIPLES
III- ACTION-REACTION PRINCIPLE BODY A BODY B
FAB = FBA
LINEAR MOMENTUM CONSERVATION linear momentum denition: q=mv
!q =0
D. SCANNICCHIO 2009
(isolated system)
16/23
FAB
+ FBA = 0
(vectors with same direction and opposite versus)
mA aA + mB aB = 0
mA !vA + mB !vB = 0
!qA + !qB = 0
D. SCANNICCHIO 2009
! q total = 0
(isolated system)
17/23
m2
18/23
FORCE FIELD
GRAVITY FORCE FIELD g = 9.8 m s2 = 980 cm s2 F=mg=p p = gravity force vector modulus p = m g direction vertical versus to ground
lines of force linee di forza
z y x
!
90
suolo ground
D. SCANNICCHIO 2009 19/23
m d= V
H2O
D. SCANNICCHIO 2009
[d] = [M][L]3
I.S. kg m3
C.G.S. g cm3
d = 1 g cm3 = 1000 kg m3
20/23
FLUID FLOW
V !t
V Q= !t
[Q] = [L]3[t]1
I.S. m3 s1
D. SCANNICCHIO 2009
C.G.S. cm3 s1
21/23
PRESSURE
" Fn .n F p= = !S !S " "
n Fn #S
"
F
!
"
I.S. C.G.S.
D. SCANNICCHIO 2009
22/23
PRESSURE 1 atmosphere = 760 mmHg = 760 tor = 1.016 106 barye = = 1.016 10 pascal = 1033 ggravity cm2
(0C)
D. SCANNICCHIO 2009
23/23
RECTILINEAR UNIFORM MOTION and MOTION with CONSTANT ACCELERATION rectilinear uniform motion v = constant = vo s = vo t + so so = initial displacement motion with constant acceleration a = constant = ao v = ao t + vo vo = initial velocity s = 1 ao t2 + vo t + so 2 so = initial displacement
D. SCANNICCHIO 2009
y
v
"
BULLET MOTION
" v =0 y
" v y
" v ox
vy
"
voy
!
" o v ox
"
vo
"
"
vox voy
"
"
x
vo
"
vx = vox vy = voy g t
D. SCANNICCHIO 2009
2v touchdown time t = g oy
CURVILINEAR MOTION
!
aT aN
! !
aN
!
aT
aT = dv dt 2 v aN = R
KEPLERS LAWS
1st - The planets in their motion around the Sun describe an elliptical orbit with the Sun in one of the ellipsis focuses. 2nd - The area sweeped by the vector radiuses are directly proportional to the times ! t spent to be traced: S1 S = 2 !t !t when S1 = S2 than ! t 1 = ! t 2 from which AB < CD . !t1 !t2 3rd - The square of revolution times T are directly proportional to the third power of the half longer orbital axis a: T2 = constant a3
D. SCANNICCHIO 2009