Music

Early
th 20

Century Music

DEMIDEC POWERPOINT LECTURE 2013

I: Music Theory

Music = Sound Organized in Time

REQUIRED ELEMENTS OF MUSIC
Time frame
Sound waves Mind to observe and understand sounds (listener)

OTHER ELEMENTS OF MUSIC (OPTIONAL)

Composer
Human and/or mechanical performers Recording equipment

Instruments: Hornbostel-Sachs
Ethnomusicologists study the music of foreign cultures and/or compare music of multiple cultures. Leading ethnomusicologists Curt Sachs and Erich von Hornbostel classified instruments as follows:
Hornbostel-Sachs Classification Chordophones Aerophones Sound Wave Source Strings vibrate Air column vibrates Examples Violin, cello, guitar, harp French horn, flute, saxophone, tuba

Membranophones
Idiophones Electrophones

Skin (membrane) vibrates

Instrument itself vibrates Electrical oscillator creates sound waves

Bass drum, tambourine, timpani

Xylophone, bell, woodblock Theremin, synthesizer

Instruments: Western Families

Families are also used to group Western instruments
Family Characteristics Examples

String Brass Woodwind Percussion Keyboard

Performers bow or pluck the strings Performers buzz their lips to vibrate the air column Performers use their breath to channel air Performers strike the instrument to produce sound Performers strike keys

Chordophones: violin, guitar, harp Aerophones: trumpet, trombone, tuba Aerophones: flute, clarinet, saxophone Membranophones: timpani, tambourine Idiophones: bells, cymbals Chordophones: piano Piano, organ, harpsichord

Video: Music Families

Electronic Instruments and Music

After WW II, a new genre emerged: Musique concrte Instruments or electronics produce sounds and are recorded Composers mechanically edit and manipulate sounds Loudspeakers perform the completed musical collages Originated in France
Watch Leon Theremin playing his own electronic instrument.

A Little Physics: Sound Waves

Frequency determines Pitch
Pitch: a sounds highness or lowness Measured in Hertz (Hz) oscillations/second A-440 Hz popular tuning note

Amplitude determines Loudness

Loudness = dynamics Measured in Decibels

Most pitches consist of multiple frequencies

Fundamental: lowest and loudest frequency
Determines what note you hear

Overtones: higher and fainter frequencies

All Pitches are Created Equal

Equal temperament tuning, todays most popular tuning system, becomes standard around 1750

1 octave = 12 parts = 12 distinct pitches

The 12 pitches in ascending order create a chromatic scale
A half step separates any two consecutive pitches
Twelve half steps divide an octave into twelve parts

An Octave

A Descending Chromatic Scale

It was an Accident(al)!
Markings called accidentals alter the pitch of a note
A flat () lowers a pitch by one half step A sharp (#) raises a pitch by one half step

Equal temperament makes enharmonic pitches possible

Enharmonic pitches sound identical despite different notation Example: E-flat and D-sharp

Do You Smell Something Fishy?

Scale: group of pitches in ascending order, in a set pattern of whole and half steps
Most Western scales use 7 of the 12 possible pitches of the octave

Scale Degrees
Tonic: first and most important pitch Dominant: second most important; fifth pitch Leading tone: lies a half step below the tonic; sounds unstable
Moves upward by a half step to more stable tonic

Name that Interval

An interval describes the distance between any two pitches. Intervals may be harmonic (simultaneous) or melodic (consecutive). They are measured in terms of half steps.

# of Half Steps 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Interval (Abbreviation) Half step (V or m2) Whole step (M2) Minor third (m3) Major third (M3) Perfect fourth (P4) Augmented fourth (aug4), diminished fifth (d5), tritone (TT) Perfect fifth (P5) Minor sixth (m6) Major sixth (M6) Minor seventh (m7) Major seventh (M7) Octave (P8)

Major Developments
Two whole steps One half step Three whole steps One half step
The major scale pattern is especially common in Western music

The chart on the left demonstrates the pattern of whole and half steps
Remember the numbers 2 , 3 to memorize this pattern

A scale may start on any pitch, but retains the same interval pattern
12 different-sounding major scales exist, one for each note of the chromatic scale
The Pattern of whole and half steps always remains the same

Some Minor Adjustments

One Whole Step One Half Step Two Whole Steps
The chart on the left shows the pattern of whole and half steps in a natural minor scale

Each of the three types of minor scales lowers the third scale degree by a half step when compared to a major scale
MINOR SCALE Natural
Harmonic LOWERED SCALE DEGREES (COMPARED TO MAJOR) RAISED SCALE DEGREES (COMPARED TO NATURAL MINOR)

One Half Step

One Whole Step

3, 6, 7
3, 6 3

N/A
7 6, 7

Melodic

A Scale Tutorial
Review major and minor scales with this video demonstration.
Remember: Semitone = half step

Tone = whole step

Compare major and minor scales by listening to the audio links below the video.

All of these scales begin on the note A

Major Natural Minor Harmonic Minor Melodic Minor

Its All Relative or Is It?

Relative Scales
Same Pitches

Parallel Scales
Different Pitches

Different Tonics

Same Tonic

We Got Rhythm
General Rhythmic Terms Meter and Measures
Rhythm: An audible set of varying durations

Beat: A steady pulse underlying most music; may be audible or inaudible

Tempo: The speed of the beat Meter: Organizes beats into groups Measures/Bars: Units that group together strong and weak beats Downbeat: The first and strongest beat in a measure Anacrusis (Pickup Note(s)): Note(s) before the first beat of a measure Time Signature: A fraction-like number that indicates the meter and the size of a measure

Syncopation: Emphasis on weak beats or notes between beats

Melody
Melody: a sequence of individual pitches To transpose:
Start the melody on a different note Keep the sequence of intervals constant The melody remains recognizable

Conjunct
Smooth, stepwise Mostly whole and half steps

Contour: shape of a melody

Usually described as conjunct or disjunct
Disjunct
More leaps Many intervals larger than major second

Home, Home on the Range

Range: refers to the highest and lowest playable notes on an instrument Register: refers to a part of an instruments range
For example, a piece can exploit an instruments high, middle, or low register

Tessitura: indicates which register is most frequently used in a piece

A piece with a high tessitura, for example, mostly uses notes from an instruments upper range

More Rhythmic Terms

Presto: Very fast

Allegro: Fast
Moderato: Moderate Andante: Walking speed Adagio: Slow Lento (Grave): Very slow Ritardando: Slow down Accelerando: Speed up Poco a poco: Gradually

Time Signature

Top Number: Beats per Measure

Bottom Number: Length of the Beat

Mixed meter: juxtaposes different meters

Irregular meter: features unusual groupings of beats, such as 5 or 7

Polymeter: occurs when multiple instruments simultaneously suggest multiple meters

Subito: Suddenly

Time Signatures
Watch a more detailed explanation of time signatures here.

Keys to Success
Key: determines the pitch relationships within a piece

Keys center on the tonic pitch of a scale

When a musician refers to the key of D Major, for example, the tonic is D

Key signature: designates a key using accidentals (sharps and flats)

Diatonic: pitches from within the key Chromatic: pitches from outside the key

Living in Harmony
Two or more pitches sounding at once produce harmony Common-practice tonality governs the harmonies in most Western music Chord: A grouping of three or more simultaneous pitches Triad: A chord consisting of exactly three pitches separated by two intervals of a third
Triad Fifth Third Root

Highest note Middle note

Lowest Note

Triads, Triads, Triads

Four different qualities of triads feature different patterns of third intervals Triad Type Major Root-Third Major Third Third-Fifth Minor Third A composer can invert a triad by placing a note other than the root, or lowest note, at the lowest pitch level Bottom Note Root Third Fifth Chord Position Root position First inversion Second inversion

Minor
Diminished Augmented

Minor Third
Minor Third Major Third

Major Third
Minor Third Major Third

The Circle of Fifths

The circle of fifths visually represents the relationship between major keys Clockwise, it ascends in perfect fifths, hence the name

The most closely related keys are neighbors on the circle of fifths

Harmony: More Terms to Know

Voice leading: composers invert chords to make singing a selection easier
This technique enables singers to sing conjunct lines rather than frequent leaps

Bass line: lowest voice in a chord progression Seventh chords: add the seventh above the root to any triad
Dominant seventh chord: includes scale degrees 5,7,2, and 4

Open position chords: the notes are spread out over a large span Closed position chords: the notes are close together, usually in the same octave Modal mixture: a chromatic alteration of one or more pitches of a triad

Modulate: to change keys

Making Progress(ions)
Harmonic progressions: unstable dissonance resolves to stable consonance
Tritone: three whole steps; very dissonant interval must resolve to consonance

Diatonic triads use only the pitches in the key

Tonic triad (I) is most stable, most important Dominant triad (V) resolves to tonic Supertonic (ii) and subdominant (IV) = predominant harmonies
These harmonies lead to the dominant

Predominant (ii or IV)

Dominant (V)

Tonic (I)

A typical chord progression

Texture
Texture describes the number of layers in a piece of music and how these layers interact
Monophony
One melody, no accompaniment Same pitches at the same time (unison)

Heterophony
One melody with simultaneous variations Common in early jazz

Homophony
Melody with subordinate accompaniment

Polyphony
Two or more melodic lines Possible because of counterpoint (a complex system of combining melodic lines)

Dynamics
Dynamics indicate the relative loudness and softness of sounds

Articulation
Articulation describes the mechanics of starting, sustaining and ending a sound.

Form in Music
Form refers to the overall organization of a musical piece.
Like architecture, form combines smaller units to create a larger structure.

Piece

Piece as a whole exhibits a form It consists of themes

Themes

Create coherent melodies Phrases combine to form themes Present unified musical ideas Often appear in related pairs Usually come to rest on a cadence Smallest unit of form Smallest noticeable repeating idea

Phrases

Motives

Most Common Forms

Repetition: Technique of repeating the exact same pitches, rhythms, and harmonies

Theme and variations: repeats a melody (theme) with significant alterations [continuity and contrast]
Twelve-Bar Blues: the musician performs often improvised variations over a repeated chord progression Ternary form: a.k.a. three-part form or ABA form contains a contrasting middle section Fugue: Uses imitation and counterpoint to develop a theme polyphonically

Sonata form: first movement form in three parts exposition, development, and recapitulation

Sonata Form: Three main parts

Exposition Development Recapitulation

First idea in tonic Transition Second idea in dominant

Experiments with musical ideas Sounds more unstable

Typically same organization as the exposition Does not modulate

Sonata Cycle Organizes Movements

THREE-MOVEMENT VERSION FOUR-MOVEMENT VERSION

Pre-19th Century

1. Fast sonata form

2. Slow ternary

3. Fast sonata or rondo

1. Fast sonata 2. Slow ternary

3. Minuet and trio

4. Fast sonata or rondo

th 20 -Century
Frequent modulation

Techniques
20TH-CENTURY: ARNOLD SCHOENBERG
Emancipation of the dissonance no resolutions to consonance Atonal music no scale 12-tone method no tonic pitch Techniques influence many composers

19TH CENTURY MUSICAL COMPLEXITY

Chromatic harmonies

Rich seventh chords

Delay of resolution to tonic

II. Classical Music and Modernism

Musical Style Periods

Middle Ages (c. 800-1400) Renaissance (c. 1400-1600)

Baroque (c. 1600-1750)

Classical (c. 1750-1830)

Romantic (c. 1830-1910)

Modern (c. 1900-present)

Modernism The Musical

CLINGING TO THE PAST

th 20

Century

EMBRACING THE FUTURE

Development of the canon the body of popular repertoire

Growth of post-Romanticism A conservative style Flourishing of American concert life
Famous conductor: Leopold Stokowski

More composers break with the past

Unprecedented diversity of popular and classical styles

Technological innovations influence the production and distribution of music

New instruments invented

Rise of conservatories to educate musicians

Radio
Radio created larger audiences for music Listeners heard a wide range of styles Telephones and Telegraphs improved communication Wireless technology further facilitated communication
Developed by Guglielmo Marconi (Left)

Transmission of Morse Code

Full Musical Performances

Recording Technology
Tinfoil
Wax Cylinders

Flat Discs

Commercial Production

Recordings provided private entertainment

Pioneered by Thomas Edison (right)
Popularized opera singer Enrico Caruso

A portable Trench model for soldiers appeared Also useful for ethnomusicologists making field recordings

Film
c.1890
Live musicians perform film scores

1891

Synchronizing images with recorded sound Kinetophone (left) played short films with sound

1900s

Debate over the problem of amplification

1927

Adoption of sound-on-film technology by the movie industry

Modernism
Innovations in Art:
Drip paintings Jackson Pollack

Innovations in Music:
Tone Clusters dissonant blocks of sound

Impressionism
Origins in French art
Pioneered by Claude Monet
Example: paintings of a Japanese bridge

Emphasis on color and light Vague forms

Impressionists They render not the landscape but the sensation produced by the landscape. -Art critic Jules-Antoine Castagnary

Impressionism in Music
SYMBOLISM MUSICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Poetic movement
Focuses on imagery, not narrative Evokes vague, dreamlike atmospheres

Vague forms
Unconventional chords and scales Weak rhythmic pulse

Includes breaks in the flow of the text

Emphasizes timbres, or tone colors

Debussy and Impressionism

Learn more about the Impressionist movement in art and music.

Listening Selection 1 - I
The Basic Breakdown

Featured Excerpt
Composer

Voiles from Prludes, Book I, No. 2 Claude Debussy

Date
Genre Form Instrumentation

1909
Prelude; a genre of character pieces ABA Piano Solo

The prelude A short piano work, or character piece Influenced by Romantic composer Frdric Chopin Origins in Prelude and Fugue

Ambiguous translation of the word Voiles: The veil The sail

Listening Selection 1 Form

A
Wholetone scale

B A Coda Official Nationalism

Pentatonic Scale
Wholetone glissandos Conclusion

Expressionism
Emphasized extreme emotions, not serene beauty Searched for a dark inner reality within the unconscious mind

Schoenbergs portrait of fellow composer Gustav Mahler

Edvard Munchs The Scream

The Pioneers of Musical Expressionism

Second Viennese School

Arnold Schoenberg

Alban Berg

Anton Webern

Listening Selection 2 - I
The Basic Breakdown Featured Excerpt Composer Date Poet Genre Nacht from Pierrot Lunaire Arnold Schoenberg 1912 Albert Giraud Song cycle Piano, cello, flute/piccolo, clarinet/bass clarinet, violin/viola, voice

Instrumentation Delivery Style

Sprechstimme

The clown-like Pierrot

Listening Selection 2 - II
OLD CHARACTERISTICS EXPRESSIONIST CHARACTERISTICS

ABACA Poetic Form

Use of Passacaglia form
Features a repeated bass line called an ostinato

Emphasizes dark, low instruments

An ominous fermata a long held note

Playing on the bridge creates a scratchy sound in the strings Vocalist uses Sprechstimme in between singing and speaking

Word-painting music reflects images of the text

Nacht on Stage
Here you can watch an eerie staged performance of Nacht from Pierrot Lunaire. The soprano is dressed as the clown-like character Pierrot.

Primitivism
Focused upon elemental human existence Inspirations:
Traditional art, especially of Africa and the South Pacific

Emphasis on bold color and simple lines Painter Paul Gaugin

Inspired by visits to the Pacific

Influenced composers such as Igor Stravinsky

Paul Gaugins Landscape on La Dominique

Listening Selection 3 - I
The Basic Breakdown
Featured Excerpt Composer The Rite of Spring Igor Stravinsky

The Ballets Russes This concert series brings Russian ballet to Paris
Led by impresario Sergei Diaghilev

Date Genre Instrumentation Style

1913 Ballet Full orchestra Primitivism

Premiered Igor Stravinskys three groundbreaking ballets:

Firebird Petrushka The Rite of Spring

Listening Selection 3 - II
Primitivist scenario, or story, in two main parts:
The Adoration of the Earth The Sacrifice

Featured medieval Russian costumes

The intentionally jagged, awkward choreography did not recall traditional ballet
A magazine published drawings of some of the dance moves (right)

Listening Selection 3 - III

My idea was that the Prelude Expressionist-like distortions of familiar sounds [Introduction] should represent the Opening high bassoon solo awakening of nature, the scratching, gnawing, wiggling of birds and Folk-music influences beasts. Igor Stravinsky
Disorienting, unpredictable rhythms Primitivist links between humanity and nature Opening high bassoon solo Complication of texture

Listening Selection 3 Omens of Spring

Multiple simultaneous ostinati
These brief melodic/rhythmic snippets repeat over and over again

Unstable rhythmic pattern - polymeter

Different instruments play in different meters at the same time

E-flat dominant 7th

F-flat major triad

Stravinskys New chord

Igor Stravinsky

Listening Selection 3 The Rite of Spring

Riot occurs at 1913 Premiere
Enters the repertoire as an orchestral piece Scholars reconstruct the original ballet (right)

Nationalism
A way of expressing national identity, and a more conservative musical style.

Nationalist Composers
France
Rejection of German music The Group Les Six

England
Inspiration from past music Ralph Vaughan Williams

Finland
Resistance to political dominance

Spain
Glorification of national culture Enrique Granados

USA
Patriotism and innovation

Jean Sibelius

Charles Ives

Technology and Nationalism

5 Ways Bartk integrated Folk Music:

Ethnomusicologists
Began to study national folk songs and dances These often wanted to preserve this music

Folk tunes take priority Folk tunes and original music equal Folk tunes act as a recurring motto Themes imitate folk tunes Imitation of the folk spirit

Two Famous Hungarians Studied Folk Music Early

Zoltn Kodly Bla Bartk Made transcriptions made from field recordings These recordings became basis of many of their compositions

Field Recordings (L) vs. Composition (R)

Listening Selection 4 I
The Basic Breakdown Featured Excerpt Composer Date Number of Parts Instrumentation Style

Romanian Christmas Carols, First Series

Bla Bartk (right) 1915 10 Piano Solo Nationalism

Listening Selection 4 II
FOLK INFLUENCES
Modes non major/minor scales

TWO COMMON MODES OF THINKING

Ionian
Resembles the major scale

Flexible Meter

Aeolian
Resembles the minor scale

Drones long held notes

Atonality
PANTONAL SCHOENBERGS TERM FOR HIS ATONAL STYLE Promoted by Second Viennese School:
Schoenbergs Emancipation of the Dissonance Arnold Schoenberg Alban Berg Anton Webern Atonality refers not to a specific movement but to a technique in which music lacks a tonic it could, for instance, appear in an expressionist or primitivist composition

CommonPractice Tonality

Increasing Chromaticism in the 19th century

Pre-Atonal Webern
Langsamer Satz (1905) an example of a highly chromatic, restless, melodic, late-Romantic work for string quartet.
Schoenberg felt that music such as this had grown so chromatic, that the next logical step was to break with tonality altogether.

Listening Selection 5 - I
The Basic Breakdown Featured Excerpt Composer Date Instrumentation Style Auerst langsam from Six Bagatelles for String Quartet, Op. 9,No. 5 Anton Webern 1911-1913 String Quartet Atonality

Pitch Aggregate this term refers to all twelve pitches of the chromatic scale, or within a twelvetone row
These 12 pitches appear gradually in this work

Emphasis on Timbre, not traditional melody

Pizzicato plucked strings Mute alters the timbre

Pointillism
Very sparse texture

Use of Klangfarbenmelodie
Tone-color melody

Listening Selection 5 - II

A Baroque-Era Canon by J.S. Bach

An Introduction to 12-tone Serialism

III. Early Century Popular Music

FROM TIN PAN ALLEY TO A PLAYER PIANO NEAR YOU

th 20

Folk Music
Transmission Functions
Not Just Entertainment

Changes
Immigration and urbanization

Oral Tradition

Transcriptions Preserve Songs Recordings Preserve Performances

Practical Uses

Blending of Styles

Reinforces Ethnic Identity

Record Industry Spreads Traditions

Stage Traditions
seria Italy buffa National Traditions of Opera Germany Singspiel opra-ballet
Gilbert and Sullivans British operettas grew especially popular in the US

France

opracomique

oprabouffe

operetta

Minstrel Shows
A behind the times American operatic tradition
Development of black-face Invented Charles Matthews visiting English actor Shows emphasize southern stereotypes, especially of African Americans Conventions Walk-around features entire cast at the end of an act Cakewalk dance that mimicked high-society manners Stephen Foster (1826-64) the most famous Minstrel song composer

Music halls hosted similar shows in Britain

Vaudeville
TWO TERMS A HYPOTHETICAL CUE SHEET FOR MUSICIANS
Text Music Peaceful flute solo Humming winds G minor chord fortissimo Frenzied music Joyous music

Bill List of Acts

I love my alpaca farm. The alpacas sing beautifully. But oh no! The alpaca barn is on fire! I must save my alpacas! They are saved.

Turns Individual Acts

(Alpacas prance in Waltz until curtain delight) A standard house set of cues helped the musicians accompany many acts with little rehearsal.

Bands
James Reese Europe and the 369th U.S. Infantry Regiment Band, a popular African-American military band

Multi-Thematic Form for Marches

Short Introduction

Strain 1

Strain 2

Contrasting Trio Section

Bombastic Break Strain

Sousas The Stars and Stripes Forever

An example of multi-thematic form, as performed by the United States Marine Band.

Gospel
ORIGINS: THE BAY PSALM BOOK CHARACTERISTICS AND IMPACT

Songs blended popular styles

Appeared in printed collections Used to attract religious converts

Popular among the Military during the War

Sung by mourning Americans after the sinking of the Lusitania

Politicized Music
NATIONAL ANTHEMS: THE STAR SPANGLED BANNER
Poem by Francis Scott Key

MUSIC FOR CAUSES: DAME ETHEL SMYTH AND WOMENS SUFFRAGE THE MARCH OF THE WOMEN

Set to the tune of To Anacreon in Heavn

Becomes official Military Anthem in 1916

Becomes official National Anthem in 1931

Ragtime
SCOTT JOPLIN A FAMOUS COMPOSER AN EXPLANATION OF RAGTIME

Listening Selection 6 - I
The Basic Breakdown PROS AND CONS OF A PIANO ROLL RECORDING

Featured Excerpt
Composer Date Instrumentation Style Recording Method

Maple Leaf Rag

Scott Joplin 1899 Piano Solo Ragtime Piano Roll

Preservation of an early performance Lack of dynamics or articulations

Listening Selection 6 Multi-Thematic Form

The Influence of Ragtime

Individual Dances Ragtime

Foxtrot

Invention of Swing Rhythms

Stride Piano

Blues
AFRICAN MUSICAL INFLUENCES
Syncopation

EARLIER EXPRESSIONS OF THE BLUE DEVILS

Spirituals groups express religious message

Call-and-response singing

Shouts song and dance group ritual

Melismatic singing multiple notes/syllable

Work songs/field holler sung in the fields

12-Bar Blues Form Repeated Pattern

A I I I I

A
B

IV
V

IV
V

I
I

I
I

This pattern features a standard 12-measure chord progression spread over a three-line stanza.

Country vs. Classic Blues

COUNTRY BLUES CLASSIC BLUES

Solo singer
Informal venues Lyrics about love gone sour or politics

Often small ensembles called combos

More formal venues Lyrics about love and romance

Loose treatment of conventions

Improvised Famous Performer: Robert Johnson

Less rhythmic freedom

Sometimes notated Famous Performer: Gertrude Ma Rainey

Country vs. Classic Blues Recordings

COUNTRY BLUES ROBERT JOHNSON CLASSIC BLUES GERTRUDE MA RAINEY

Sweet Home Chicago

Deep Moaning Blues

W.C. Handy and his Memphis Orchestra, c. 1918

Father of the Blues published early classic blues sheet music

Listening Selection 7 - I
The Basic Breakdown

Featured Excerpt
Composer Date of Composition Date of Performance Instrumentation Performers Style

St. Louis Blues

W.C. Handy 1914 1925 Singer, cornet, and reed-pipe organ Bessie Smith, Louis Armstrong, and Fred Longshaw Classic Blues

Singer Bessie Smith

Listening Selection 7 Form

12-bar blues

12-bar blues

8 bars

8 bars

12-bar blues

The Birthplace of Jazz

Storyville, New Orleans Red Light District

The Earliest Early Jazz Styles

NEW ORLEANS JAZZ DIXIELAND JAZZ

Mostly black musicians

Usually little formal training Layered, collective improvisation everybody improvises at once

Mostly white musicians

More musically literate More planned performances more often employed notated scores

End of Storyville

Musicians Move Away

Increased Sophistication

Solos Last an Entire Chorus

Chicago Jazz

West End Blues (1928)

An early jazz recording featuring a famous trumpet solo by Louis Armstrong.
His virtuosity demonstrates an improvement in technical ability over earlier New Orleans Jazz.

Listening Selection 8 - I
The Basic Breakdown Featured Excerpt Composer Date Instrumentation Notable Performers Style Dippermouth Blues Joe King Oliver 1923 Two cornets, trombone, clarinet, woodblock, banjo/vocals, piano King Oliver, Louis Armstrong, Lillian Hardin New Orleans/Chicago Style Jazz Jazz Trumpeter Louis Armstrong

Listening Selection 8 Stylistic Blend

Blues
12-Bar Blues Pattern

New Orleans Style

Typical Small Combo

New Features
Planned Music
Stop-Time Choruses Sound Faster

Flattened Blue Notes

Collective Improvisation

Uneven Swung Rhythms

Heterophonic Textures

Whiny Trumpet WahWah Mute

American Theatrical Music

Operetta
European classical origins Glorified the trained voice Romantic stories Victor Herbert: Babes in Toyland (1903)

Musical Comedy
Drew upon American popular song styles Believable characters George M. Cohan: Little Johnny Jones (1904)

Will Marion Cook and In Dahomey

Early classical Training
Turns to popular song composition Writes In Dahomey (1902), a musical comedy The show appears on Broadway It meets with huge success in the West End

In Dahomey Featured an African-American Cast

Listening Selection 9 - I
The Basic Breakdown Featured Excerpt Show Composers I Wants to Be (A Actor Lady) In Dahomey Harry von Tilzer and Vincent Bryan

Date
Genre Character Singing Style

1902
Musical Comedy Interpolation Aida Overton Walker New Orleans/Chicago Style Jazz

Listening Selection 9 Form

Intro

Vamp

Vamp

Revue
French Origins
Variety Show

Satirized recent events Constant Interpolations numbers added after a show premieres Famous Revue Series: Ziegfeld Follies

Revues helped popularize the showgirl image

Tin Pan Alley

Flourishing Publishing Business Song-Pluggers Advertise Music by Playing Newest Scores Popularity Home Entertainment Barbershop Quartets

Lax Copyright Law Sparks Musicians Outrage Founding of the American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers (ASCAP)

Tin Pan Alley Initially Referred to This New York Music Publishing District

Listening Selection 10 - I
The Basic Breakdown Featured Excerpt Composer Lyricist Date Performer Form Style Take Me Out to the Ball Game Albert von Tilzer Jack Norworth 1908 Ed Meeker Verse/Chorus Form Popular Song

Listening Selection 10 Form

Intro

(Vamp)

(fill)

Coda

Take Me Out to the Ball Game

As recorded on a piano roll and performed by a player piano.
Early listeners of the CD recording of Maple Leaf Rag would have heard Joplins performance on similar player piano.

Film Scores
Use of Live Piano or Orchestra Vaudeville House Musicians use Cue Sheets

Specialized Venues Appear: Nickelodeons

Creation of Custom or Original Film Scores Development of Sound on Film Technology
An Early Movie Theater

The Birth of a Nation A Popular Film

JOSEPH CARL BREILS CUSTOM SCORE

Popular Songs

Original Music

Classical Music
The Birth of a Nation (1915) addresses controversial racist themes.

The Birth of a Nation

Get a sense of the use of music and racist themes of the film by watching this clip.
This excerpt features a classical composition, Wagners Ride of the Valkyries.

IV. Musical Responses to The Great War

Three Composers Eager to Go Fight

Maurice Ravel
Deemed too light for the air force Became a driver

Anton Webern
Dismissed for poor eyesight

Bla Bartk
Considered physically unfit

Helped prepare new recruits

Collected folksongs from soldiers

Eager to Go II Three British Composers

George Butterworth
Quickly enlisted

Ralph Vaughan Williams

Became ambulance driver

Gustav Holst

Failed physical exam

Died in battle

Oversaw amateur music

Helped train soldiers in music

Longing to Stay: Alban Berg

Wozzeck
Alban Bergs expressionist opera Plot: A soldier murders and commits suicide Antagonists: A sadistic army doctor and an inhumane captain Influenced by composers miserable training-camp experience

Alban Berg, an unhappy training camper

Irving Berlin Popular Song Composer

Drafted after gaining US citizenship Wrote Oh! How I Hate to Get Up in the Morning mocking military life

Asked to write a show to raise money

In response, completed Yip, Yip, Yaphank Irving Berlin

Hyphen-Americans
Many immigrants in the US

Fritz Kreisler
Austrian violinist living in America Stopped performing

Naturalized citizens maintain ethnic identity

Karl Muck
German conductor in Boston Accused of spying after his orchestra did not perform the national anthem

Wartime fear of foreigners in the US

What about the enemies music?

Some Places Ban Foreign music Decreased Travel and Communication Composers Become National Heroes

Foreign Musicians Lose Jobs

Musicians Change Their Foreign Names

Transcending the Boundaries

The Christmas Truce of 1914 Enemy soldiers sing together instead of fighting

Creative Blocks and Inspiration

Thought of the war create writers block Arnold Schoenberg has difficulty composer King Alberts Book This charity collection of essays and other works appeared in England Included Edward Elgars chorus: Carillon Sing, Belgians, Sing! Also: Claude Debussy: Berceuse hroque Quotes Belgian national anthem

British Composer Edward Elgar

Works Commemorate the Fallen

Claude Debussy
En blanc et noir Includes dedications to dead soldiers

Edward Elgar
The Spirit of England Evokes the sound of Aeroplanes

Maurice Ravel
Le Tombeau de Couperin Toccata imitates airplanes

Works About, and for, Soldiers

Non-specific references to war in some works Stravinskys A Soldiers Tale commented upon the general plight of the soldier New music composed for disabled veterans Pianist Paul Wittgenstein Lost his right arm Surge in new pieces for the left hand

That would have been hard enough with two hands!

Popular Music and the War: Topics

Consolation
When the Roll is Called Up Yonder Pre-war song

Family Experiences
Hello, Central, Give Me No Mans Land Refers to the Telephone

Distance from Home

Theres a Long, Long Trail Hit among soldiers

Melancholy Fear
Keep the Home Fires Burning By pilot Ivor Novello

Listening Selection 11 - I
The Basic Breakdown Begins life as an obscure musical-hall song Adopted by Irish soldiers on the front, then British soldiers

Featured Excerpt
Composer Date Performer Form Style

Its a Long, Long Way to Tipperary Jack Judge 1912 John McCormack Verse/Chorus Form Musical-Hall Song

Enjoys enormous popularity Becomes The Marching Anthem on the Battlefields of Europe

Listening Selection 11 - II
Peppy Music
Magic Formula?

Air of Longing

Songs of Worship, Lamentation, and Humor

Religious Themes
Nearer my God to Thee

Sorrow
Cathdral e de Rheims

Folksong Collecting
John Jacob Niles

Grief
The Bravest Heart of All

Popular Texts
In Flanders Fields

Humorous Songs
Oh! How I Hate to Get Up in the Morning

Songs to Persuade
The nature of propaganda lies essentially in its simplicity and repetition. Only the man who is able to reduce the problems to the simplest terms and has the courage to repeat them indefinitely in this simplified form, despite the objection of the intellectuals, will in the long run achieve fundamental success in influencing public opinion.
- Joseph Goebbels, Adolf Hitlers propaganda minister

The Devil tells his son to stay in hell and not fight in this song.

Listening Selection 12
The Basic Breakdown Featured Excerpt Composer I Didnt Raise My Boy to Be a Soldier Al Piantadosi

Sheet music reportedly sells 700,000 copies

Lyricist
Date

Alfred Bryan
1915

Accused of being antimilitary propaganda

The United States enters the war Quick decline in popularity of pacifist songs

Performer
Form Style

Peerless Quartet
Verse/Chorus Form Popular Song

Pacifist vs. Recruitment Songs

A Pre-War Song

A Wartime Song

What Kind of an American Are You?

By Albert von Tilzer
Notice how the upbeat performance style sometimes seems to contradict the seriousness of the text, much as in I Didnt Raise My Boy to be a Soldier.

Anthems and Patriotic Songs

Scottish Highlanders Playing Bagpipes at the Front

More Purposes of Wartime Music

Conserving Resources
Ill Do Without Meat and Ill Do Without Wheat But I Cant Do Without Love

Marketing Campaigns
The Makins *Makings+ of the U.S.A. (A Plea in Song for Tobacco for the Boys Over There

New Patriotic Songs

Hassgesang gegen England (An Anti-British Song)

Theatrical Entertainments
Inspired Morale and Propaganda

Listening Selection 13
The Basic Breakdown Featured Excerpt Composer Date Performer Form Style Over There George M. Cohan 1917 Nora Bayes Verse/Chorus Form Popular Song

Over There attracted many famous singers

Over There
Sung by opera star Enrico Caruso, and featuring his heavy Italian accent.

Soldiers of Color
Minority soldiers face both ambivalence and discrimination Distribution of discriminatory text Secret Information Concerning Black American Troops has little influence

Relative acceptance of minorities in Europe

Songs appear that honor the patriotism and courage of minority soldiers A Song about Minority Soldiers

James Reese Europe

Leads a professional orchestra Enlists in the army

Leads an all-black regiment band Band becomes famous for jazzy interpretations Becomes first African-American officer to lead troops into battle

Bandleader James Reese Europe

Listening Selection 14
The Basic Breakdown Featured Excerpt Composers Date Performer Form Style On Patrol in No Mans Land James Reese Europe, Eubie Blake, and Noble Sissle 1918 Noble Sissle and Europes Hellfighter Band Verse/Chorus Form Popular Song This song recounts actual wartime experiences