Mineral Admixtures & Blended Cements

Primary purposes of adding mineral admixtures or supplementary cementing materials in concrete

To replace cement (economical & technical reasons, and environmental consideration) To improve the workability of fresh concrete To reduce heat and early temperature rise To enhance the durability of hardened concrete

Mineral admixtures are divided into 3 main categories

1. Pozzolanic materials
2. Cementitious materials

supplementary cementing materials

3. Non-reactive materials (ground lime stone, silica flour)

May react weakly with cement under certain conditions
Main use, for workability purposes in masonry cements

Pozzolanic Materials
History and origins Greeks: Addition of naturally occurring materials from volcanic origin to hydraulic limes Romans adopted & extended Greek technology (e.g. Parthenon)

[Alkali activated binder, e.g. fly ash and/or ggbs]

Pozzolanic Materials
Pozzolan
Pozzouli, a town in the Bay of Naples that was the source of a highly prized deposit of ash from Mt. Vesuvius The name pozzolan is now applied to any aluminosilicate materials, of either natural or industrial origin Powder: naturally occurring or to be ground to cement fineness
(Mindess et al 2003)
Rice husk ash (RHA) Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) Abundant sources Much have been studied Little in actual use

WHY?

Pozzolanic Materials
Natural Pozzolans
Volcanic ask etc

By-product materials
Fly ash inorganic, non combustible residue of powdered coal after burning in power plants Silica fume a by-product in the manufacture of Silicon metal and alloys Rice husk ash siliceous residue that remains after the rice husks are burnt under controlled conditions Calcined clay under controlled temperatures (700-900 oC) to produce a highly reactive amorphous aluminosilicate (metakaolin)

Composition

Typical CEM l

20

65

(Mindess et al 2003)

ASTM C 618 for fly ash & natural pozzolans

Class F fly ash (BS EN 450-1: 2005) produced from bituminous and sub-bituminous coals (SiO2+Al2O3+Fe2O3) 70% (BS EN 450-1 not less than 70%) Class C fly ash produced from lignitic coals (SiO2+Al2O3+Fe2O3) 50% BS EN 450-1: reactive SiO2 content at least 25 % by mass

Composition
Crystalline components (identified by X-ray diffraction method)
A good pozzolan should have a high fraction of reactive glassy or amorphous material Most pozzolanic materials contain various quantities of inert crystalline phases Examples
Low-calcium fly ash Class F High-calcium fly ash Class C
(Mindess et al 2003)

Class F ash: quartz, mullite, hematite, magnetite Class C ash: free CaO, anhydrite (CaSO4), C3A, C2S, etc

Composition (contd)
Minor components
Alkali oxides
in situations where pozzolanic materials are used to control AAR, alkali content of the materials should be determined

(BS EN 450-1 Na2O equivalent not to exceed 5.0% by mass) Unburnt carbon (determined by Loss on Ignition)
In SF; 1-2% In FA: 0.5-3% (sometimes as high as 25%) In RHA: 3-8% Concern for air-entrainment Color of concrete

SO3 and periclase (crystalline MgO)

unsoundness

Physical Characteristics

(Mindess et al 2003)

Note: Surface area > 1 m2/g (1000 m2/kg) Air permeability not suitable

silica fume small size packing effect reduce bleeding, reduce the size of capillary pores

(Mindess et al 2003)

fly ash

(Mindess et al 2003)

Pozzolanic Reactions
Principal reaction: amorphous silica reacts with CH from cement hydration CH + S + H C-S-H Composition of C-S-H from pozzolanic reactions
In cases of fly ashes or natural pozzolans: not very different from that formed in regular hydration, C/S is slightly lower generally In cases on silica fume or rice husk ash, C/S is significantly different from that of cement hydration, ~1.0

Kinetics of the reaction is similar to the slow rate of hydration of C2S. Thus, the addition of pozzolan has a similar effect to higher C2S content in cement
Reduce early heat evolution and early strength, but not long-term strength so long as water is available Increase the overall solid volume, reduce the porosity, increase strength and durability

Pozzolanic Reactions
The extent of a pozzolanic reaction can be followed by monitoring over time the decrease in CH derived from hydrating of CEM 1

(Mindess et al 2003)

Slow rate of pozzolanic reaction requires prolonged period of moist curing (particularly for durability of cover concrete) Pozzolanic reaction is more temperature sensitive than regular cement hydration (tropical climate beneficial)

Ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS)

Obtained from the production of iron Typical composition
CaO = 35-45%, SiO2 = 32-38%, Al2O3 = 8-16%, MgO = 5-15%, Fe2O3 <2%, sulfur = 1-2%

Reactivity of slags can vary widely depends on

Glass content and composition and fineness

ASTM C 989 assess slag reactivity by strength activity index

(mortar with 50% OPC and 50% slag/mortar with 100% OPC)

Blended Cements - US
Note: Compare with EN 197-1 specifications

- Setting time
- Strength - Heat

- Sulfate resistance

Examples of Cementitious Materials

C24

TYPICAL PROPERTIES OF CEMENTITIOUS MATERIALS

COMPOUNDS CaO PERCENTAGE BY MASS CEM I 65(63) GGBS 40(40) Fly Ash 3(1) [20]# SF 0.15(0)

SiO2
Al2O3 Fe2O3 Na2O K 2O MgO

20(22)
5(6) 3.5(3) 0.1 0.7 0.1 3.1 3.2 300 400

38(35)
11(8) 0.3(0) 0.4 0.8 7.5 2.9-3.0 350 600

50(50) [35]#
28(25) [20]# 10.4(10) [5]# 0.7 2.5 2.0 2.3-2.6 400 - 700

92(90)
0.7(2) 1.2(2) 1.0 1.5 0.2 2.2-2.4 20,000*

Density kg/m3
Fineness m2/kg

(Data from a different source) *Approximate value by nitrogen absorption method #[High Lime pfa]

Mineral Admixture EN Standards

Fly Ash: [No SS EN]
BS EN 450-1: 2005, Fly ash for concrete Part 1: Definition, specifications and conformity criteria BS EN 450-1: 2005, Fly ash for concrete Part 2: Conformity evaluation

Silica Fume [SS EN 13263]

BS EN 13263-1: 2005, Silica fume for concrete Part 1: Definitions, requirements and conformity criteria BS EN 13263-1: 2005, Silica fume for concrete Part 2: Conformity evaluation

Ground granulated blast furnace slag [SS EN 15167]

BS EN 15167-1: 2006, Ground granulated slag for use in concrete, mortar and grout Part 1: Definitions, specifications and conformity criteria BS EN 15167-2: 2006, Ground granulated slag for use in concrete, mortar and grout Part 2: Conformity evaluation

Specification for Supplementary Cementitious Materials

Type II Addition Supplementary Cementitious (or cementing) Materials (SCM) for Concrete ground granulated blastfurnace slag (ggbs) fly ash (includes co-combustion, pulverized fuel ash - pfa) condensed silica fume (csf) SCM added to Portland cement (CEM I) which provides calcium hydroxide needed for pozzolanic reaction Stage 1 Reaction PC (CEM I) + water ---------> CSH + CH Stage 2 - Pozzolanic (Secondary) Reaction SCM + CH + water ----------> CSH (CSH = calcium silicate hydrates, CH = calcium hydroxide)

Specification for Supplementary Cementitious Materials Fly Ash

C31

BS EN 450 : 2005 Fly ash for concrete Part 1: Definition, specifications and conformity criteria Part 2: Conformity evaluation
Fly Ash Definition Fly ash fine powder of mainly spherical, glassy particles, derived from burning of pulverised coal, with or without co-combustion materials, which has pozzolanic properties and consists essentially of SiO2 and Al2O3, the content of reactive SiO2 as defined and described in EN 197-1 being at least 25% by mass Fly ash is obtained by electrostatic or mechanical precipitation of dustlike particles from the flue gases of furnaces fired with pulverised coal, with or without co-combustion materials Fly ash may be processed, for example by classification, selection, sieving, drying, blending, grinding or carbon reduction, or by combination of these processes, in adequate production plants. Such processed fly ash may consist of fly ashes from different sources, each conforming to the definition given in this clause. If one or more incoming fly ashes are obtained from co-combustion, then the processed fly ash shall be considered as fly ash from 17 combustion

Specification for Supplementary Cementitious Materials Fly Ash

C32

Test Cement Clause 3.3

Selected brand of Portland cement of type CEM I, strength class 42,5 or higher, conforming to EN 197-1 to be used for carrying out the tests needed to evaluate conformity to the requirements of 5.3.2 (Activity index), 5.3.3 (Soundness), 5.3.5 (Initial setting time) and 5.3.6 (Water requirement). Test cement is selected by the fly ash producer and is further characterised by its fineness and contents of tricalcium aluminate and alkalis as follows: Fineness (Blaine): At least 300 m2/kg Tricalcium aluminate: 6% to 12% Alkalis (Na2O equivalent): 0,5% to 1,2% Note: Performance with job cement and concrete may be very different, particularly in the case of combination in concrete production, when the Portland cement of type CEM I is not from a single source of consistent quality. [Fly ash not yet available locally, no import without G-to-G agreement 18 on waste across national boundaries, only as pre-blended cements]

Specification for Supplementary Cementitious Materials Fly Ash

Chemical Requirements Clause 5.2

Chemical composition expressed as proportions by mass of dry fly ash Loss on ignition (EN 196-2, but using ignition time of 1h) Category A: Not greater than 5,0% by mass Category B: Between 2,0% and 7,0% by mass Category C: Between 4,0% and 9,0% by mass Chloride (EN 196-21 expressed as Cl- ion) Not greater than 0,10% by mass Sulfuric anhydride (EN 196-2 expressed as SO3) Not greater than 3,0% by mass Free calcium oxide (EN 451-1) Not greater then 2,5% by mass, if > 1,0% conformity to soundness needed Reactive calcium oxide (EN 197-1:2000 method of calculation) Not to exceed 10.0% by mass, not required if total content of 19 calcium oxide 10,0%

Specification for Supplementary Cementitious Materials Fly Ash

Chemical Requirements - continued

Silicon dioxide (SiO2) aluminium oxide (Al2O3) and iron oxide (Fe2O3)

(EN 196-2 modified as indicated in 5.2.1)

Sum of these not less than 70% by mass, deemed to be satisfied for combustion of pulverised coal only Total content of alkalis (EN 196-21 as Na2O eqv) Not to exceed 5,0% by mass Magnesium oxide (EN 196-2) Not greater than 4,0% by mass, deemed to be satisfied for combustion of pulverised coal only* Soluble phosphate (Annex C normative) Not greater than 100 mg/kg, deemed to be satisfied for combustion of pulverised coal only* *Note: Currently, coal fired power generation stations may add municipal solid waste as fuel (up to 10% and more in future) and defined as co-combustion 20

Specification for Supplementary Cementitious Materials Fly Ash

Physical Requirements Clause 5.3

Fineness (EN 451-2) Ash retained when wet sieved on a 0,045 mm mesh sieve shall fall within the limits of categories specified below: Category N: 40% by mass 10% of declared value Category S: 12% by mass (no tolerance) Activity index (EN 196-1) Ratio (in %) of compressive strength of standard mortar bars, prepared with 75% test cement plus 25% fly ash by mass, to compressive strength of standard mortar bars prepared with 100% test cement, when tested at the same age Standard mortar bar for compressive strength at 28 days and at 90 days 75% and 85% respectively Soundness (EN 196-3) Expansion determined on 30% fly ash and 70% test cement by mass 10 mm Where free calcium oxide content of fly ash 10% by mass, requirement deemed to be satisfied
21

Specification for Supplementary Cementitious Materials Fly Ash

Physical Requirements continued

Particle density (EN 196-6) Shall not deviate by more than 200 kg/m3 from value declared by producer Initial setting time (EN 196-3) Determined on a 25% fly ash plus 75% test cement by mass cement paste 120 min longer than initial setting time of a 100% by mass test cement paste that meets requirements in EN 197-1 when test alone Fly ash from combustion of pulverised coal only shall be deemed to satisfy this requirement Water requirement (method in Annex B (normative) Method of determining the water requirement for Category S fly ash 95% of that for test cement alone (not required for category N)

Durability Requirements
Fly ash conforming to definition in 3.2, fulfilling chemical requirements in 5.2 and physical requirements in 5.3 deemed 22 to satisfy durability requirements

Specification for Supplementary Cementitious Materials Fly Ash

Fly Ash
Currently there is no fly ash being produced in Singapore, but new coal fired electricity power plant may be built in the future Currently fly ash cannot be directly import (classified as a waste) Fly ash may be preblended with CEM I as a blended cement (conforming to EN 177-1 CEM II/A, CEM ll/B ) and can then be imported Other cement types with fly ash and other supplementary cementitious materials, e.g. ggbs, limestone powder, may also be used in preblended cements (CEM IV and CEM V) and can be imported

Durability Requirements
Fly ash conforming to definition in 3.2, fulfilling chemical requirements in 5.2 and physical requirements in 5.3 deemed to satisfy durability requirements The k-value concept (EN 206-1, Subclause 5.2.5.2) permits type ll additions (fly ash and silica fume) to be taken into account by replacing water/cement ratio with water/(cement + k x addition) ratio [Note: BS 8500 (SS 544) provides alternate specific recommendations for different exposure conditions in terms of cement type, minimum cement content and maximum water-cement ratio]

Specification for Supplementary Cementitious Materials GGBS SS EN 15671 : 2008 Ground granulated blast furnace slag for use in concrete, mortar and grout Part 1: Definitions, specifications and conformity criteria Part 2: Conformity evaluation GGBS Definition

C31

Granulated blastfurnace slag vitrified material made by rapid cooling of a slag melt of suitable composition, obtained by smelting iron ore in a blastfurnace, consisting of at least two thirds by mass of glassy slag and possessing hydraulic properties when suitably activated NOTE Rapid cooling includes quenching in water (granulation) and projecting through water and air (pelletisation) Ground granulated blastfurnace slag fine powder made by grinding granulated blastfurnace slag Clause 4 Constituents The main constituent shall be granulated blastfurnace slag as defined. Its chemical composition shall consist of at least two-thirds by mass of the sum of calcium oxide (CaO), magnesium oxide (MgO) and silicon oxide (SiO2). The remainder shall be aluminium oxide (Al2O3) together with small amount of other components. The ratio 24 by mass (CaO + MgO)/(SiO2) shall exceed 1.0.

Specification for Supplementary Cementitious Materials GGBS

Chemical Requirements Clause 5.2

Chemical properties of ground granulated blastfurnace slag shall conform to the requirements in Table 1 Table 1 Chemical requirements given as characteristic values
Property magnesium oxide sulfide sulfate loss on ignition, corrected for oxidation of sulfide chloride b Test reference EN 196-2 EN 196-2 EN 196-2 EN 196-2 EN 196-2 Requirements a 18 % 2.0 % 2.5 % 3.0 % 0.10 %

moisture content
a b

Annex A

1.0 %

Requirements are given by mass of the ground granulated blastfurnace slag Ground granulated blastfurnace slag may contain more than 0.10 % chloride but in that case the maximum chloride content, as a value not to be exceeded, shall be stated on the packages of the documents (see Clause 6)
25

Specification for Supplementary Cementitious Materials GGBS

Physical Requirements
Fineness (EN 196-6) Specific surface not less than 275 m2/kg Requirements when combined with test cement Initial setting time (EN 196-3) Combination (by mass) of 50% ggbs with 50% test cement shall not be more than twice as long as that of test cement on its own Activity index (EN 196-1) Ratio (in %) of compressive strength of combination (by mass) of 50% ggbs with 50% test cement to the compressive strength if test cement on its own with water : combination ratio and water : cement ratio both at 0,50 Activity index: at 7 days and at 28 days shall be not less than 45% and 70% respectively

26

Specification for Supplementary Cementitious Materials GGBS

Test Cement
The test cement shall conform to EN 197-1 and shall be selected by the ground granulated blastfurnace slag manufacturer, subject to the following restrictions: - CEM I, of strength class 42,5 or higher; - Blaine fineness shall be at least 300 m2/kg; - tricalcium aluminate shall be between 6% and 12%; - alkali (Na2O equivalent) content shall be between 0.5% and 1,2% (same requirements as test cement for fly ash)

Durability Requirements
GGBs conforming to SS EN 15167-1: 2008 is deemed to satisfy durability requirements, provided that other requirement for durability of concrete in relevant standards and/or regulations valid in the place of use are fulfilled. The k-value concept (EN 206-1, Subclause 5.2.5.2) covers only type ll additions (fly ash and silica fume) without any provision for GGBS in a similar manner (see SS 544-1: 2009 for guidance) 27

Specification for Supplementary Cementitious Materials GGBS

Evaluation of conformity
Initial type testing and factory production control shall be carried out according to relevant clauses in EN 15167-2 Conformity shall be continually evaluated on the basis of testing of spot samples for properties using test methods and minimum testing frequency for autocontrol testing by manufacturer as specified in Table 2 Statistical criterion: percentile Pk of 10% for required characteristic value or an allowable probability of acceptance CR (consumers risk) of 5% Conformity shall be verified either by variables or by attributes, as described in 8.22 and 8.2.3 and as specified in Table 2 The control period shall be 12 months for the routine situation.

Table 2 Properties, test methods and minimum testing frequencies for the autocontrol testing by the manufacturer or his agent and the statistical assessment procedure Minimum testing frequency: Routine situation and Initial period for a new GGBS Statistical assessment procedure: Inspection by Variable or by Attributes for indicated chemical and physical properties [Use of combination without producers certified conformity data may need to verify conformity by user pre-blended cement preferred]

Slag Hydration
GGBFS reacts slowly with water, strength development too slow Activation of slag by
Soluble sodium salts, NaOH, Na2CO3, NaSiO3 Ca(OH)2

Slags are commonly activated by Portland cement

In slag-cement blends, slag also shows pozzolanic behavior Products of slag hydration
A mixture of C-S-H and AFm (monosulphoaluminate)

The rate of hydration of activated slag is similar to that of C2S, as is the heat of hydration

Specification for Supplementary Cementitious Materials Silica Fume BS EN 13263 : 2005 Silica Fume for concrete Part 1: Definition, requirements and conformity criteria Part 2: Conformity evaluation Definitions
Silica fume (condensed silica fume, microsilica) very fine particles of amorphous silicon oxide collected as a by-product of the smelting process used to produce silicon metal and ferro-silicon alloys Silica fume slurry homogeneous, pH regulated liquid suspension of silica fume in water, typically with a dry content of 50% by mass, corresponding to about 700 kg of silica fume per m3 of slurry Densified silica fume silica fume that has been treated to increase the bulk density by particle agglomeration, the bulk density typically being above 500 kg/m3 Undensified silica fume silica fume taken directly from the collection filter, the bulk density typically being in the range 150 kg/m3 to 350 kg/m3 30

Specification for Supplementary Cementitious Materials Silica Fume

A48

Chemical Requirements
Silicon dioxide (EN 196-2) SiO2 : not less than 85% by mass Elemental silicon (ISO 9286) Si : not less than 0,4% by mass Free calcium oxide (EN 451-1) CaO : not greater than 1,0% Sulfate (EN 196-2) SO3 : not greater than 2,0% by mass Total content of alkalis (EN 196-2) Na2O equivalent : to be declared Chloride (EN 196-2) Cl : not greater than 0,3% by mass, if > 1,0% by mass, upper limit for characteristic value to be declared by manufacturer Loss on ignition (EN 196-2) by using ignition time of 1 hour, not greater than 4,0% by mass
31

Specification for Supplementary Cementitious Materials Silica Fume

Physical Requirements
Specific surface (ISO 9277) by nitrogen absorption, not less than 15,0 m2/g, (15 000 m2/kg) nor more than 35,0 m2/g (35 000 m2/kg) Dry mass content in slurry dry mass content shall not deviate from value declared by supplier by more than 2% by mass of slurry when determined by drying a representative sample of at least 5 g of slurry in a well ventilated oven at (105 5) OC to constant mass Activity index (compressive strength from mortar bars EN 196-1) ratio (in %) of compressive strength prepared with 80% test cement plus 10% silica fume per mass of total binder to that prepared with 100% test cement, when test at the same age and at least 100% when tested at a mortar age of 28 days

32

Specification for Supplementary Cementitious Materials Silica Fume

Conformity Criteria
Autocontrol testing based on testing spot samples by manufacturer for properties, test methods and minimum testing frequencies as specified in Table 1 of EN 13261-1:2005 Conformity criteria for physical and chemical properties and evaluation procedure based on spot samples and statistical conformity criteria on the same basis as for fly ash, either using inspection by variables or inspection by attributes [Silica fume in powder or slurry form, product likely to be certified] [Note: Conformity control for fly ash follows similar approaches as for ggbs and silica fume see EN 450-1 and EN 15671 for details]

Specification for Supplementary Cementitious Materials Silica Fume

Test cement
Selected brand of Portland cement of type CEM I, strength class 42,5 or higher, conforming to EN 197-1 to be used for carrying the tests needed to evaluate conformity to the requirement of 5.3.3 in EN 13263-1:2005

Test cement is selected by the silica fume manufacturer and is further characterised by its fineness and contents of tricalcium aluminate and alkalis as follows: Fineness (Blaine): 300 m2/kg to 400 m2/kg (EN 196-6) Tricalcium aluminate: 8% to 12% (EN 196-2) Alkalis (Na2O equivalent): 0,6% to 1,2% (EN 196-2)
The requirements of test cement for silica fume is not identical to that for fly ash and GGBS (both with same requirements)

34

Specification for Supplementary Cementitious Materials Test Cements

Comparison of Test Cements

Test cement requirements CEM I, strength class
Blaine fineness m2/kg Tricalcium aluminate Alkali (Na2O equivalent)

Addition Fly ash 42,5 or higher

at least 300 6% to 12% 0,5% to 1,2%

GGBS 42,5 or higher

at least 300 6% to 12% 0,5% to 1,2%

Silica fume 42,5 or higher

300 to 400 8% to 12% 0,6% to 1,2%

Note: Test cement for silica fume meets requirements for testing fly ash and GGBS [single test cement for all three preferred] Cements used as test cements are for conformity testing of additions and may not be of the same chemical and physical properties as that to be used in a project. Initial testing of designed concrete is necessary, unless the particular concrete has been certified or demonstrated to meet the requirements for the project from inspection records by an accredited Certification Body (by SAC in Singapore)
35

Effects of Mineral Admixtures on Properties of Fresh & Hardening Concrete

Heat of hydration
Reduce the overall heat of hydration Reduce the rate of heat liberation Reduce temperature rise in concrete

Workability
Improve cohesiveness Fly ash and silica fume are particularly beneficial due to their spherical shape

Addition of fly ash allow w/cm to be reduced while maintaining slump

Silica fume is more beneficial provided that a water reducing admixture is used (spherical particles provide lubrication among cement particles; eliminate bleeding and segregation, but make concrete more susceptible to plastic shrinkage)

Effects on Microstructure
Increase C-S-H & reduce CH leads to more homogenous microstructure (CH contributes mainly high pH) Improve pore structure, reduce overall porosity & pore size

(Mindess et al 2003)

Effects on Strength Development

Develop very good strength over time May reduce early-age strength, can be offset by reducing w/cm More reactive pozzolanic materials such as silica fume and calcined clay will reduce setting time and contribute to early strength
Note: Pozzolanic reaction contributes to a lot more strength gain between 28 and 56 days than CEM l (control)

(Mindess et al 2003)

Effects on Drying Shrinkage and Creep

As an approximation, addition of mineral admixtures does not significantly affect the drying shrinkage or creep of concrete However, if volume changes are critical, test should be made to determine the exact characteristics under the anticipated service conditions. [Issues to be covered under hardened concrete]

Effect on Durability
Used extensively for improving the durability of concrete Improvements in durability result from the reduction in CH, changes in pore structure, and reduction in w/c
Increase sulfate resistance Control alkali-aggregate reaction Reduce chloride diffusion Reduce leaching and efflorescence

EN 206-1 5.2.5.2 k-value concept: Type II additions to be taken into account by replacing: water/cement ratio with water/(cement + k x addition) ratio in minimum cement content for durability requirements BS 8500 (SS 544) for deemed to satisfied approach for different exposure conditions provides specific minimum cement content and maximum water/cement ratio directly in relation to specific types of cement (i.e. inclusive of k-value concept)

Linear expansion of concrete exposed to standard ASTM tests for sulphate attack or alkali-aggregate reaction (More details in topic on aggregates)

(Mindess et al 2003)

Expansion limit for AAR

Note: Better performance with ggbs than fly ash at commonly used replacement rates in both cases

Solid lines: w/c=0.5

(Mindess et al 2003)

Concrete Constituent Materials Water

BS EN 206-1, Mixing water (clause 5.1.4)
Suitability is established for mixing water and for recycled water from concrete production conforming to EN 1008.

BS EN 1008: 2002 Mixing water for concrete Specification for sampling, testing and assessing the suitability of water, including water recovered from processes in the concrete industry, as mixing water for concrete
The new standard replaces BS 3148: 1980 and provides more specific requirements and test methods including water recovered from processes in the concrete industry

Water recovered from processes in the concrete industry shall conform to the requirements of Annex A (normative)
Clause A.4 Requirements provides additional requirements to those set out in Clause 4 Requirements for all types of water

Constituent Materials for Concrete Water

BS EN 1008: 2002 Mixing water for concrete Specification for sampling, testing and assessing the suitability of water, including water recovered from processes in the concrete industry, as mixing water for concrete
3 Classification of types of water 3.1 Portable water This water is considered as suitable for use in concrete. Such water needs no testing 3.2 Water recovered from processes in the concrete industry This water, defined in A.2.1, will normally be suitable for use in concrete, but shall conform to the requirements of Annex A (normative) 3.3 Water from underground sources This water may be suitable for use in concrete, but shall be tested 3.4 Natural surface water and industrial waste water This water may be suitable for use in concrete, but shall be tested 3.5 Sea water or brackish water This water may be used for concrete without reinforcement or other embedded metal, but is in general not suitable for the production of reinforced or prestressed concrete For concrete with steel reinforcement, or embedded metal, the permitted total chloride content in the concrete is the determining factor 3.6 Sewage water This water is not suitable for use in concrete

Concrete Constituent Materials Water

Clause 4 Requirements The water shall be examined in accordance with the test procedures stated in Table 1. (see BS EN 1008, Table 1 for details) Table 2 Maximum chloride content of mixing water (see BS EN 1008, Table 2 for details) or maximum value in concrete in 5.2.7 of EN 206-1 Sulphates as SO42- shall not exceed 2 000 mg/l. Alkaliequivalent sodium oxide content not normally exceed 1 500 mg/l Table 3 Requirements for harmful substances or tests for setting time and compressive strength (see BS EN 1008 Table 3 for details) Clause 4.4 Setting time and strength When tested in accordance with 6.1.4 the initial setting time obtained on specimens made with the water shall be not less than 1 hour and not differ by more than 25% from the initial setting time obtained on specimens made with distilled or de-ionised water. The final setting time shall not exceed 12 hours and not differ by more than 25% from the final setting time obtained on specimens made with distilled or de-ionised water. The mean compressive strength at 7 days of the concrete or mortar specimens, prepared with the water, shall be at least 90% of the mean strength of corresponding specimens prepared with distilled or deionised water

Concrete Constituent Materials Water

Clause 4 Requirements Table 1 Requirements and test procedures for preliminary inspection of mixing water

Concrete Constituent Materials Water

Clause 4 Requirements Table 2 Maximum chloride content of mixing water
End use Prestressed concrete or grout Concrete with reinforcement or embedded metal Concrete without reinforcement or embedded metal Max. chloride content mg/l Test procedure

500

1 000
4 500

6.1.3

Table 3 Requirements for harmful substances

Substance Sugars Phosphates; expressed as P2O5 Nitrates; expressed as NO3Lead; expressed as Pb2+ Maximum content (mg/l) 100 100 500 100 6.1.3 Test procedure

Zinc; expressed as Zn2+

100

Concrete Constituent Materials Water

Conformity evaluation The requirements given in this standard are expressed as absolute values. For conformity the mixing water shall conform to the requirements given in Clause 4.
Annex A (normative) Requirements for the use of water recovered from processes in the concrete industry All water recovered from processes in the concrete industry or combined water used in concrete shall conform to the requirements specified in clause 4 and the following requirements: Water in storage shall be adequately protected against contamination. Water with a density less than or equal to 1.01 kg/l may be assumed to contain negligible amount of solid material. Daily inspection of density of recovered water or combined water Suitability of recovered water or combined water to Clause 4.

Annex B (informative) Testing scheme for mixing water for concrete (see EN 1008: 2002 for details)

Comparison of ASTM and BS-EN Standards

ASTM
Portland cement Blended cements C 150 Spec for Portland cements C 595 Spec for blended hydraulic cements C 1157 Performance Spec for blended hydraulic cements Mineral admixtures

BS-EN
197-1: 2000 (SS EN 197-1: 2008) CEM I Portland cement 197-1: 2000 (SS EN 197-1: 2008) CEM II Portland comp. cement CEM III blastfurnace cement CEM IV pozzolanic cement CEM V composite cement

C 618 Spec for coal fly ash 450-1: 2005 Fly ash for concrete and raw or calcined natural Definition, spec, and conformity pozzolans for use in concrete criteria C 989 Spec for GGBFS for use in concrete and mortars 15167-1: 2006 (SS EN 15167: 2008) Ground granulated blast furnace slag for use in concrete, mortars, and grouts 13263-1: 2005 (SS EN 13263: 2008) Silica fume for concrete

C 1240 Spec for silica fume used in cementitious mixtures

Comparison of ASTM and BS-EN Standards

ASTM Aggregate C 33 Spec for concrete aggregates (not including lightweight, heavyweight, and recycled aggregates) BS-EN BS-EN 12620: 2002 (SS EN 12620: 2009) (including natural, manufactured, and recycled aggregates with density > 2000kg/m3) BS EN 934-2: 2012 (SS EN 934-2: 2009)* Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout

Admixtures C 494 Spec for chemical admixtures C 1017 Spec for chemical admixtures for flowing concrete Water C 94 Spec for Readymixed concrete calls for test on setting time and 7day strength of mortar

BS EN 1008: 2002 Mixing water for concrete (including water recovered from processes in the concrete industry, as mixing water for concrete

Further Reading - Optional

Topic Cement Mineral admixtures Chemical admixtures Water Aggregate Fresh concrete Hardened concrete - responds to stress - Time dependent deformation Hardened concrete - assessment of strength Durability Mindess et al (2003) Chapters 3 & 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 8 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 9 Chapter 13 Chapter 16 Chapter 14 Chapter 18 Neville (5th Ed) Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 5 Chapter 4 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 6 Chapter 9 Chapter 12 Chapter 10

E- book: Mindess et al : 2003