Morgan Barbee CHEM1252L-002 Lab Report 9 Due March 30, 2014 Experiment Nine Br nsted Acid-Base Reactions Introduction:

n: In this lab acids donate protons to a base which is called a Br nsted acid-base reaction. Weak acids are unable to completely dissociate causing only a portion of weak acids to donate protons. Each acid has a conjugate base, this duo is called a conjugate acid-base pair. In order to measure the acidity (pH) of the solution the concentration of the H3O+ must be determined. H3O+ must be determined since H+ is not possible in an aqueous solution. The higher the concentration hydronium ion determines the lower pH. To determine the strength of an acidic solution (acid-dissociation constant) was used and to determine the strength of a basic solution (base-hydrolysis constant) was used.

Procedure Forty microwells were set up on a paper towel that was used to label the sets of microwells. These microwells were used to test the pH range of the eight substances using five indicators. Each microwell one drop of indicator was added for every three drops of the substance. Another drop of the indicator was added to the solution when the color was not shown clearly. All forty microwells colors were recorded in a table, then the microwells were emptied and cleaned thoroughly before they were returned to the lab materials area. Data Table 1: This table was used to determine the pH ranges using the colors. BTB BCG TB PHPH AZYR pH

10

11

12

13

Bromothymol Blue (BTB): yellow (6.0-7.6) blue

Bromocresol Green (BCG): yellow (3.8-5.4) blue

Thymol Blue (TB): red (1.2-2.8) yellow, yellow (8.0-9.6) blue Phenolphthalein (PHPH): colorless (8.0-9.8) magenta

Alizarin (AZYR): yellow (10.0-12.0) red

Table 2: This are the data collected from the experiment. The data was recorded using colors to determine the pH range using the above colored table Substance acetic acid ammonium acetate ion carbonate ion sulfate ion ammonia bicarbonate ion bisulfate ion BTB Yellow Blue Blue Blue Green Yellow Blue Yellow BCG Yellow Blue Blue Blue Blue Green Yellow Yellow TB Yellow Blue Green Blue Yellow Yellow Green Red PHPH Colorless Magenta
Light Magenta

Magenta Colorless Colorless Pink Colorless

AZYR Yellow Orange Yellow Red Yellow Yellow Orange Yellow

pH Range 1.2-3.0 4-5.4 9.0-9.8 12.0-14.0 6.0-8 9.6-10 9.0-9.8 0.0-1.2

Table 3: Ranges of Ka values and Kb values and the actual Ka and Kb values. Actual Ka Ka KA Actual Kb Kb KB 1.8 x 105 0.0289 5.03x10^-6 5.55x10-10 3.45x10^-13 1.99 x10^-9 acetic acid -10 -5 5.6 x 10 5.00 x10^-8 7.92 x10^-11 1.79x10 2.00 x10^-7 1.26 x10^-4 ammonium -10 1.7510-5 2.00 x10^-5 4.99 x10^-7 5.62x10 5.00 x10^-10 2.00 x10^-8 acetate ion -11 -4 1.90 x10^-11 0 1.79x10 5.26 x10^-4 0 carbonate ion 5.6 x 10 -2 -13 1.2 x 10 19.9 0.00199 8.33x10 5.0 x10^-16 5.00 x10^-12 sulfate ion -10 5.6 * 10 3.15 x10^-19 5.00 x10^-20 1.7510-5 3.17 x10^4 2.00 x10^5 ammonia -11 -4 5.0x10 5.00 x10^-10 1.99 x10^-8 2.0x10 1.99 x10^-5 5.02 x10^-7 bicarbonate ion 1.0*-2 -1.25 2.91 x10^-2 1.0x10-12 -8 x10^-15 3.44 x10^-13 bisulfate ion *Both the known Kb and Ka were found on the internet to answer a question in discussion section. Calculations: Equation 1: This equation was used to determine the [H3O+] when given the pH. The original pH equation to solve for [H3O+] is place first then is rewritten to solve for the [H3O+]. pH = -log[H3O+] [H3O+] = 10-pH Equation 2: This equation was used to determine the Ka and Kb values. The Ka equation was used when the reactants were acting like an acid. The Kb equation was used when the reactants were acting like bases.

Equation 3: This equation was used to determine the Ka and Kb values when either Ka or Kb values were known. The on the information sheet. in this equation is the Kw constant that is given to us

Equation 4: These equations were used when determining the pOH to solve for the K b value. The first equation is used to determine the pOH when give the pH. The second equation is used to determine the [OH-] of the pOH. The third equation was rearranged to solve for the [OH-]. pOH= 14 - pH pOH= -log[OH-] [OH-]=10-pOH
(All of the above equations or versions of these equations are shown in the following examples.)

Reaction Acid: CH3CO2H (aq) + H2O (l) R I C E CH3CO2H 0.200M -x 0.2-x H2O

H3O+ (aq) + CH3CO2- (aq) H3O+ 0 +x x [ [ ][ ] ] CH3CO20 +x x

pH 1.2 = -log[H3O+]

[H3O+] = 10-1.2 [H3O+] =0.063=x

0.0289

pH 3.0 = -log[H3O+]

[H3O+] = 10-3.0 [H3O+] =0.001=x

5.03x10^-6

Reaction Base: CH3CO2- (aq) + H2O (l) R I C E CH3CO20.200M -x 0.2-x H2O

OH- (aq) + CH3CO2H (aq) OH0 +x x [ [ ][ ] ] CH3CO2H 0 +x x

pOH= 14-9 =5 pOH 5 = -log[OH-] [OH-] = 10-5 [OH-] = 1x10^-5 = x

5.00x10^-10

pOH= 14-9.8 =4.2 pOH 4.2 = -log[OH-] [OH-] = 10-4.2 [OH-] = 6.31x10^-5 = x

2.00x10^-8

Discussion The acids and bases have been listed below from the weakest to the strongest. Acids NH4+ < CH3CO2H Bases SO42- < CH3CO2- < CO32-

Reaction acetic acid CH3CO2H (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + CH3CO2- (aq) Ammonium NH4+ (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + NH3 (aq) acetate ion CH3CO2- (aq) + H2O (l) OH- (aq) + CH3CO2H (aq) carbonate ion CO32- (aq) + H2O (l) OH- (aq) + HCO3- (aq) sulfate ion SO42- (aq) + H2O (l) OH- (aq) + HSO4- (aq) Ammonia NH3 (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + NH2-(aq) bicarbonate ion HCO3- (aq) + H2O (l) OH- (aq) + H2CO3 (aq) bisulfate ion HSO4- (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + SO42- (aq) The amphiprotic substances (ammonia, bicarbonate ion and bisulfate ion) could act as an acid or a base. In this experiment the ammonia acted as a strong base due to Kb was larger than Ka and the pH was basic not acidic. The bicarbonate ion acted as a strong base due to Kb being larger than Ka and the pH was basic not acidic. The bisulfate ion acted as an strong acid since the pH was very acidic and the Ka value was larger than the Kb value. This implies that whichever constant is larger (either Ka or the Kb) the solutions acidity or basicity will correspond to that value. The bicarbonate ion can act mostly acid when the reaction gives up the hydrogen to form the carbonate ion and two hydrogen atoms. The actual values of Ka and Kb were very close to the calculated ranges that were determined from the lab. The known values of Ka and Kb are listed above in table 3 along with the values calculated in the lab. The bicarbonate ion, ammonia and sulfate ion were the farthest from the actual values of Ka and Kb. This could have been caused because there might have not been enough indicator to determine the color correctly or the researchers definition of a color was not correctly determined. Some errors was that the bottles containing the solution did not all have the same drop size. Some bottles had drops(x3) that filled the microwell completely where some barely filled half of the microwell. The colors were not standardized, so the researcher had to take a best guess on what the color was. Since no set color this could have introduced error when the color could have went one way or another (orange yellow).

Conclusion:

In this lab we determined how to find the pH of a solution through using

different indicators to identify a range of pH from the observed colors. Using these pH ranges

we determined the Ka and Kb value ranges by determining the acid dissociation and base hydrolysis reactions.