Professional Documents
Culture Documents
29/09/09
The course opens with the fall of the Roman Republic and the establishment of a new system of rule under the first emperor, Augustus. The nature of that rule - provincial government, the imperial cult, the presentation of imperial power - is central to any understanding of the first two centuries AD. Why were some emperors (Caligula, Nero, Commodus) viewed as "bad", while others (Augustus, Trajan, Marcus Aurelius) were praised for their virtues? The course also examines the economic and social history of the Empire, looking in particular at the absorption of Greek culture by the Roman elite, at slavery, and at early Christianity. It then moves on to consider the extent to which this 'old world' of the early Empire survived the upheavals of the so-called Third Century Crisis and the impact of the reforms of both Diocletian and the Christian emperor Constantine. The theme of change is central for a consideration of the rise of Christianity in the fourth and fifth centuries and for understanding the shift in government to a more highly centralised and ceremonial monarchy. This is an often unsettling journey through a lateAntique world of distant god-like emperors, wild ascetic holy men, great saints, excitable virgins, charismatic heretics, oppressive bureaucrats and violent barbarians. The last named are significant. In looking at the so-called "decline and fall" of the Roman Empire, it is important to ask why the empire "fell" in the West but survived largely intact in the East. The middle part of the course concentrates on the period from the fifth to the eighth centuries. The fading away of the structures of the Roman state in the West in the fifth century led to the emergence of various 'barbarian' successor kingdoms, each influenced to a greater or lesser extent by Roman institutions, but also by the social traditions and martial culture of the 'barbarian' newcomers. The different kingdoms are examined, as too is the position of the popes in Rome. At the same time, consideration is given to the history of the surviving eastern Empire with its capital at Constantinople. Justinian's attempts to restore the fortunes of the empire through internal reform and wars of reconquest are studied, as too is the social and economic history of the Mediterranean world at this time, which witnessed the first great outbreak of bubonic plague. The difficulties faced by the emperors of Constantinople in the late sixth century, the impact of warfare first with Persia, and then with an expansionist Islamic foe, and the response of the eastern, or 'Byzantine', empire to this phenomenon in the form of 'iconoclasm' are addressed. Consideration is given to the emergence of a vibrant and distinctive Islamic culture in the lands conquered by the Arabs. The latter part of the paper covers part of the period of Frankish and Carolingian dominance in western Europe in the eighth and ninth centuries, a time of remarkable political and cultural coherence, combined with crucial, very diverse and formative developments in every sphere of life. A principal focus is the expansion of Frankish rule eastwards and southwards into Germany, Italy and Spain, and the rise of the Carolingians under Pippin III, Charlemagne, Louis the Pious and Charles the Bald, an unbroken line of succession in the male line. Their interaction within the realms with the aristocracy, the church and the female members of their elite groups, as well as with external rivals and enemies such as the Vikings, the Slavs and Byzantium, is examined. Social adjustments, economic change and the establishment of a distinctive intellectual and cultural tradition in western Europe that drew strongly on the Roman past throughout the period from the fourth century onwards, are explored in relation to the wealth and variety of primary sources surviving from this period. Among the written sources - narrative, legislative, legal, epistolary and poetic - there is much now available in English translation. There are also many other categories of historical evidence exploited, such as archaeology, artefacts, architecture, art and coinage.
Law 59 Charters and Legal Practice 60 Women 62 Economic and Social issues 64 Culture and Intellectual Developments 66 The Carolingian Renaissance 67 Einhard and Carolingian Historiography 69 Music 71 Latin Canon Law 500-900 72 Carolingian Thought 73 Grammar 75 Book Production and the development of Script 76 Early Medieval Art 78
J.R.Fears, Princeps a diis electus: The Divine Election of the Emperor as a Political Concept at Rome (1977) D.Fishwick, The Imperial Cult in the Latin West.. Etudes Prliminaires aux religions orientales...108, vols. I.1-2, II.1-2 (1987-92) I. Gradel Emperor Worship and Roman Religion (2004) K. Hopkins Conquerors and Slaves (1978) ch.5. S.Price, "Between man and God: Sacrifice in the Roman imperial cult", Jl.Rom.Stud. 70(1980), 28-43 S.Price, Rituals and Power: The Roman Imperial Cult in Asia Minor (1984) S.Price, "From noble funerals to divine cult: the consecration of Roman emperors", in D.Cannadine and S.Price, edd., Rituals of Royalty: Power and Ceremonial in Traditional Societies (1987), at 56-105 R.R.R.Smith, "The Imperial reliefs from the Sebasteion at Aphrodisias", Jl.Rom.Stud. 77 (1987), 88138 ROMAN RELIGION AND OTHER RELIGIONS T.Barnes, "Legislation against the Christians", Jl.RomSt.58 (1968), 32-50 M.Beard, J.North and S.Price, Religions of Rome (1998). 2 vols: history and sourcebook H.Chadwick, The Early Church (1973) P.Garnsey, "Religious Toleration in classical antiquity", in W.J.Sheils, ed., Persecution and Toleration: Studies in Church History, vol.21 (1984), 1-28 K. Hopkins A World Full of Gods (1999) Lane-Fox, R. Pagans and Christians (1986) J.H.W.G.Liebeschuetz, Continuity and Change in Roman Religion (1979) R.MacMullen, Paganism in the Roman Empire (1981) R.MacMullen, Christianizing the Roman Empire, AD 100-400 (1984) J.North, "Religion and Politics: from Republic to Principate", Jl.Rom.Stud.76 (1986), 251-8 J.B. Rives Religion in the Roman Empire (2007) T.Rajak, Josephus: the historian and his society (1983) E.M.Smallwood, The Jews under Roman Rule (1976) G.E.M. de Ste Croix, "Why were the early Christians persecuted?", in M.I.Finley, ed., Studies in Ancient Society (1974),210-49,256-62 G.Vermes, Jesus the Jew (1973) FRONTIERS OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE P.A.Brunt, "Laus Imperii", in Garnsey and Whittaker, ed, Imperialism in the ancient world (1978), 159-92 B.Isaac, The Limits of Empire. The Roman Army in the East (1990. Rev.ed.1995) A.D.Lee, Information and Frontiers: Roman foreign relations in late antiquity (1993) E.N.Luttwak, The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire (1976)(Reviewed by Mann, Jl Rom.St 69 (1979), 175-83 J.C.Mann, "The frontiers of the Principate", in Temporini, ed., Aufstieg und Niedergang der Rmische Welt, II.1 508-531 M.Todd, The Northern Barbarians 100 BC- AD300. Rev. ed. (1987) C.R.Whittaker, Frontiers of the Roman Empire (1994) and Rome and Its Frontiers: The Dynamic of Empire(2004) W. Pohl, I. Wood and H. Reimitz (eds), The Transformation of Frontiers from late Antiquity to the Carolingians (Leiden, 2001) F. Curta (ed.), Borders, barriers and ethnogenesis: Frontiers in late Antiquity and the early middle ages (Turnhout, 2006) Whittakers work in particular, however, needs to be revised in the light of G. Greatrex Roman Frontiers and Foreign Policy in the East in R. Alston and S. Lieu (ed.) Aspects of the Roman East: Papers in Honour of Professor Fergus Millar published as Studia Antiqua Australiensia 3 (2007) GENDER AND SEXUALITY M.Beard, "The Sexual Status of Vestal Virgins", Jl.Rom.Stud. 70 (1980), 12-27 S. de Beauvoir, The Second Sex ( 1949; Penguin 1972) P.Brown, The Body and Society (1988) G.Clark, Women in the Late Roman World (1993) C.N.Degler, "Is there a history of women?" Oxford Inaugural Lect. 1974
S.Dixon, The Roman Mother (1988) C. Edwards The Politics of Immorality in Ancient Rome (1993) R. FlemmingMedicine amd the Making of Roman Women (2000) M.Foucault, History of Sexuality, vols. I-III (Penguin) J.Gardner, Women in Roman law and society (1986) M.Lefkowitz and M.Fant, Women's Life in Greece and Rome (1982). Sourcebook. S.Pomeroy, Goddesses, whores, wives and slaves: women in classical antiquity (1975) A.Rousselle, Porneia: on desire and thebody in antiquity (1988) J.W.Scott, "Gender: a useful category of historical analysis", Am.Hist.Rev. 95.5 ( Dec. 1986), 1053-76 M. B. Skinner Sexuality in Greek and Roman Culture (2005) SLAVERY K.R.Bradley, Slavery and Society at Rome (1994) K.R.Bradley, Slaves and Masters in the Roman Empire (1984) M.I.Finley, Ancient Slavery and Modern Ideology(1980) L.Foxhall, "The dependent tenant", Jl.Rom.Stud. 80 (1990), 97-114 P.Garnsey, Cities, Peasants and Food (1998), chs.2 & 8 P.Garnsey, Ideas of Slavery from Aristotle to Augustine (1996) W.V.Harris, "Towards a study of the Roman slave trade ", in J.H.d'Arms and E.C.Kopff, edd., The Seaborne Commerce of Ancient Rome (1980), 117 ff. K.Hopkins, Conquerors and Slaves (1978), ch.1 K.Hopkins, "Novel Evidence for Roman Slavery", Past and Present 138 (1993), 3-27 D.Rathbone, "The Slave mode of production in Italy", Jl.Rom.Stud.73 (1983), 160-8 W.Scheidel, "Quantifying the sources of slaves in the early Roman empire", JRS 87 (1997), 156-69 T.Wiedemann, Slavery. Greece and Rome New Surveys...19 (1987) T.Wiedemann, Greek and Roman Slavery (1981). Sourcebook Much of the above needs to be revised in the light of K. Harper The Greek Census Inscriptions of Late Antiquity, Journal of Roman Studies 98 (2008) pp. 83-119. GLADIATORS Roland Auguet Cruelty and Civilization The Roman Games (paris, 1970, English translation 1994) Thomas Weidemann Emperors and Gladiators (1992) THE ECONOMY W. Scheidel, Ian Morris and Richard Saller (ed.) The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World (Cambridge, 2008) contains useful essays on many topics. Ian Morris and J.G. Manning The Ancient Economy Evidence and Models (Stanford, 2005) important. R.P.Duncan-Jones, Structure and Scale in the Roman Economy (1990) R.P.Duncan-Jones, Money and Government in the Roman Empire (1994) M.I.Finley, The Ancient Economy. 2nd ed. 1985 P.Garnsey, Famine and Food Supply in the Graeco-Roman World: Responses to Risk and Crisis (1988) P.Garnsey and R. Saller, The Roman Empire: Economy, Society and Culture (1989),Part II P.Garnsey ( ed. W.Scheidel), Cities, Peasants and Food (1998) K.Greene, The Archaeology of the Roman Economy (1986) K.Hopkins, "Taxes and Trade in the Roman Empire (200 BC-AD 400), Jl.Rom.Stud. 70 (1980), 10125. Hopkins, "Introduction", in P.Garnsey, K.Hopkins and C.R.Whittaker, ed., Trade in the Ancient Economy (1983) K.Hopkins, 'Models, ships and staples", in P.Garnsey and C.R.Whittaker, ed. Trade and Famine, 84-109 (1983) K.Hopkins, "Rome, taxes, rents and trade", Kodai 6/7 (1995/96), 41-75 C.Howgego, "The supply and use of money in the Roman world", Jl. Rom.Stud.82 (1992) W. Jongman Economy and Society of Pompei (1988) F.Meijer and O.van Nijf, Trade, Transport and Society in the Ancient World. A Sourcebook.(1992) C.R.Whittaker, " Trade and Aristocracy in the Roman Empire", Opus 4 (1985), 1-27 C.R.Whittaker, ed., Pastoral Economies in Classical Antiquity. (1988) J. Bananji Agrarian Change in Late Antiquity (Oxford, 2001)
LITERACY M.Beard, "Writing and Ritual: A Study in Diversity and Expansion in the Arval Acta", Pap. Brit.Sch.Rome 53 (1985), 114-162 M.Beard et al. Literacy in the Roman World. Jl.Rom.Arch. Suppl.Ser.No.3 (1991) E.E.Best, "Literacy and Roman Voting", Historia 23 (1974), 428-38 A.D.Booth, "Elementary and secondary education in the Roman empire", Florilegium 1 (1979), 1-14 A.K.Bowman and G.D.Woolf, ed., Literacy and Power in the Ancient World (1994) J.Goody and I.Watt, "The consequences of literacy", in J.Goody, ed., Literacy in Traditional Societies (1989) W.V.Harris, Ancient Literacy (1989) E. Meyer, Legitimacy and law in the Roman world: tabulae in Roman belief and practice (Cambridge, 2005) HISTORIOGRAPHY, ESPEC.TACITUS C.-J.Classen, "Tacitus - Historian between Republic and Principate", Mnemosyne 41 (1988), 93-116 F.R.D.Goodyear, Tacitus. Greece and Rome New Surveys in the Classics (1970) J.Henderson, "Tacitus/the World in Pieces", Ramus 18 (1989), 69-210 E.Keitel, "Principate and Civil War in the Annals of Tacitus", Am.Jl.Phil. 105 (1984), 306-25 T.J.Luce, "Tacitus' Conception of Historical Change: the Problem of Discovering the Historian's Opinions", in I.S.Moxon, J.D.Smart and A.J.Woodman, ed., Past Perspectives: Studies in Greek and Roman Historical Writing (1986), 143-57 R.Martin, Tacitus (1981) R.Mellor, Tacitus (1993) P.Plass, Wit and the Writing of History: the Rhetoric of Historiography in Imperial Rome (1988) A.Wallace-Hadrill, Suetonius: The scholar and his Caesars (1983) B.Williams, "Reading Tacitus' Tiberian annals", Ramus 18 (1989), 140-66 A.J.Woodman, Rhetoric in Classical Historiography: Four Studies (1988) and Tacitus Reviewed (1988) A.J. Woodman and C. Kraus Greece and Rome Surveys: Latin Historians (1988) ROME AND THE EAST Alcock, S. E. (ed.). The Early Roman Empire in the East (Oxford, 1997) Ando, C. Imperial Ideology and Provincial Loyalty in the Roman Empire (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 2000) Beard, M., North, J., Price, S. Religions of Rome (Cambridge, 1998) Bowman, A.K. et al. Representations of Empire: Rome and the Mediterranean World (London, 2002) Butcher, K. Roman Syria and the Near East (London, 2003) Eliav, Y. Z. Jews and Judaism 70-429CE, in A Companion to the Roman Empire. Ed. D. S. Potter (Oxford, 2006) Garnsey, P.D.A & Whittaker, C.R. Imperialism in the Ancient World (Cambridge, 1978) Goldhill, S. (ed.). Being Greek under Rome: The Second Sophistic, Cultural Conflict and the Development of the Roman Empire (Cambridge, 2001) Gradel, I. Emperor Worship and Roman Religion (Oxford, 2002) Harris, W. V. (ed.). The Spread of Christianity in the first four centuries: Essays in Interpretation (Leiden, 2005) Impact of Empire series: The Transformation of Economic Life under the Roman Empire (2002), The Representation and Perception of Roman Imperial Power (2003), Roman Rule and Civic Life (2004), The Impact of Imperial Rome on Religions, Ritual and Religious Life in the Roman Empire (2006) Isaac, B. The Limits of Empire: The Roman Army in the East. Revised Edn (Oxford 1993) Matten, S.P. Rome and the Enemy: Imperial Strategy in the Principate (Berkeley, 1999) Millar, F. The Roman Near East 39BC-AD337 (Cambridge, Mass., 1993) Millar, F. Rome, the Greek World, and the East (Chapel Hill and London, 2002-06) Price, S. Rituals and Power: The Roman Imperial Cult in Asia Minor (Cambridge, 1984) Price, S. Religions of the Ancient Greeks (Cambridge 1999) Salomies, O. The Greek East in the Roman Context (Helsinki, 1999) Sartre, M. The Middle East under Rome (Cambridge, Mass., 2005)
Sherk, R. K. Rome and the Greek East to the Death of Augustus (Cambridge, 1984) Sherk, R. K. The Roman Empire: Augustus to Hadrian (Cambridge, 1988) Sidebottom, H. Ancient Warfare: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford, 2005) Swain, S. Hellenism and Empire: Language, Classicism, and Power in the Greek World AD 50-250 (Oxford, 1996) Swain, S., Edwards, M. (eds). Approaching Late Antiquity: The Transformation from Early to Late Empire (Oxford, 2004) Whitmarsh, T. The Second Sophistic. Greece & Rome New Surveys in the Classics no. 35 (Oxford, 2005) Whittaker, C. R. Frontiers of the Roman Empire: A Social and Economic Study (Baltimore and London, 1994)
W.T.Avery, "The Adoratio purpurae", Mem.Amer.Acad.Rome 17 (1940), 66ff P.Brown, Power and Persuasion, ch.1 and 134-6, 154-8 S.G.MacCormack, Art and Ceremony in Late Antiquity (1981) S.G.MacCormack, "Change and continuity in late antiquity: the ceremony of Adventus", Historia 21 (1972), 721-52 J.F.Matthews, The Roman Empire of Ammianus Marcellinus (1989), ch.11 A.D.Nock, "The emperor's divine comes" , Jl. Rom.Stud.37 (1947), 101-116 Ch. Rouch, "Acclamation in the Late Roman Empire", Jl.Rom.Stud 74 (1984), 181-99 R. Rees, Layers of Loyalty: Latin Panegyric AD 289-307 (Oxford, 2002) C.Walden, "The Tetrarchic Image", Oxf.Jl.Arch.9 (1990), 221-36 LATE ROMAN ADMINISTRATION Codex Theodosianus (Transl. C. Pharr), espec. chs. 6-8 Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, vols 1-2 (ed. Jones etc; Martindale) C.Kelly, in CAH XIII C. Kelly, Ruling the Later Roman Empire (2004) W.Liebeschuetz, "Government and administration in the later Empire" in J.Wacher, ed., The Roman World (1987) R.MacMullen, Changes in the Roman Empire (1990) R.MacMullen, Corruption and Decline of Rome (1988) J.F.Matthews, Western Aristocracies and Imperial Court (1975) J.F.Matthews, The Roman Empire of Ammianus Marcellinus, ch.12 F.S.Pedersen, Late Roman Public Professionalism (1976) CHRISTIANIZATION OF THE EMPIRE P.Athanassiadi, Julian: An Intellectual Biography (1992) G.Bowersock, Hellenism in late Antiquity (1990) P.Brown, Power and Persuasion in late antiquity (1992), ch.4 P.Brown, in CAH XIII A.Cameron, Christianity and the Rhetoric of Empire (1991) H.Chadwick, "Conversion in Constantine the Great", in D.Baker, ed., Religious Motivation... (1978) P.Chuvin, A Chronicle of the Last Pagans ( 1990) B.Croke and J.Harries, ed., Religious conflict in fourth century Rome (1982) (documents) G.Fowden, The Egyptian Hermes, esp. 126-134 R.MacMullen, Christianizing the Roman Empire, AD 100-400 (1984) R.Markus, The End of Ancient Christianity (1990) F.R.Trombley, "Paganism in the Greek World at the end of Antiquity: the Case of Rural Anatolia and Greece", Harv. Theol. Rev. 78 ( 1985), 327-52 F.R.Trombley, Hellenic Religion and Christianisation, c. 370-529 vol.1 (1993) HERESY AND SCHISM P.Brown, Religion and Society in the age of Augustine (1972) (Manichees,Pelagians, Donatists) H.Chadwick, Priscillian of Avila (1976) E.A.Clarke,The Origenist Controversy: the cultural construction of an early Christian debate (1993) W.Frend, The Donatist Church (1952) J.N.D.Kelly, Early Christian Doctrines (1958)(for reference) S.Lieu, Manichaeism in the Late Roman Empire and in Medieval China (2nd ed. 1991) J-L.Maier, le dossier de Donatisme (1989) B.R.Rees, Pelagius: A Reluctant Heretic (1988) R.van Dam, Leadership and Community in Late Antique Gaul (1985), 78-114 R.D.Williams, Arius, Heresy and Tradition (1987) R. Price and M. Whitby (ed.) Chalcedon in Context Church Councils 400-700 (Liverpool, 2009)
MONASTICISM Athanasius, Life of Antony (transl. in R.Gregg, Athanasius (1980)) E.A.Clark, The Life of Melania the Younger (1984) E.Davies and W.H.Baynes, Three Byzantine Saints (1948) Palladius, The Lausiac History, ed. C.Butler Theodoret, History of the Monks of Syria (transl.R.Price(1985)) B.Ward, Harlots of the Desert (1987) P.Brown, "The Rise and Function of the Holy Man in Late Antiquity", Jl.Rom.Stud.61 (1971), 80-101 (repr. in Society and the Holy in late antiquity (1982) P.Brown, Body and Society in late antiquity (1988) P.Brown, The cult of the saints (1981) P.Brown, Power and Persuasion (1992), ch.3 D. Caner, Wandering, Begging Monks: Spiritual Authority and the Promotion of Monasticism in Late Antiquity (Berkeley, 2002) D.J.Chitty, The Desert, a City (1966) E.A.Clarke, Ascetic Piety and Women's Faith (1986) M. Dunn, The Emergence of Monasticism: From the Desert Fathers to the Early Middle Ages (Oxford, 2000) G.Lawless, St. Augustine and the Monastic Rule (1987) Ph.Rousseau, Pachomius:the making of a community in fourth century Egypt (1985) Ph.Rousseau, Basil of Caesarea (1994) G.Fowden, "The Pagan Holy Man in late antique society", Jl. Hell. Stud. 102 (1982), 33-59 C. Rapp Holy Bishops in Late Antiquity (Berkeley, 2005)
THE COUNTRYSIDE C.R.Whittaker and P.Garnsey, in CAH XIII(1998) J. Banaji, Agrarian Change in Late Antiquity - Gold, Labour and Aristocractic Dominance (Oxford, 2001) (2nd edition 2007) W. Bowden, L. Lavan abd C. Machado (ed) Recent Research on the Late Antique Countryside (Leiden, 2004) N. Christie (ed.) Landscapes in Transition (2005) P.Garnsey, in Cities, Peasants and Food, ch. 9 (1998) M.I.Finley, Review of A.E.R.Boak, Manpower Shortage and the Decline of the Roman Empire in the West (1955), Jl.Rom.Stud.48 (1958). M.I.Finley, in Finley, ed. Studies in Roman Society (1974) A.H.M.Jones, "The Roman colonate", in The Roman Economy (1974) M.I.Finley, Ancient Slavery and Modern Ideology (1980), ch.4 T.Lewit, Agricultural Production in the Roman Economy, Brit.Arch.Rep. Intern.Ser.568 R.MacMullen, "Late Roman Slavery", in Changes in the Roman Empire, ch.23 D.Rathbone, Economic Rationalism and Rural Society in Third Century Egypt (1991) C.R.Whittaker, Land, City and Trade in the Roman Empire (1993), ch.3 N. Christie (ed.) Landscspes in Transition (2004) W. Bowden, L. Lavan and C. Machado (ed.), Recent Reseaerch on the Late Antique Countryside (Leiden, 2004) T. Lewit, Vanishing Villas: What Happened to Elite Rural Habitations in the West in the 5th and 6th Centuries AD Journal of Roman Archaeology 16 (2003) P. Sarris, The Origins of the Manorial Economy: New Insights from Late Antiquity English Historical Review CXIX 481 (2004) P. Sarris Economy and Society in the Age of Justinian (2006) C. Grey Contextualising Colonatus: the Origo of the Late Roman Empire, JRS 97 (2007) needs to be read in the light of the criticisms contained in: B. Sirks The Colonate in Justinians Reign, JRS 98 (2008) M. Decker Tilling the Hateful Earth: Agriculture in the Late Antique East (Oxford, 2009) P. Sarris Aristocrats, Peasants, and the State, 300-900, Journal of Agrarian Change 9.1 (2009).
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Sources (General)
M. Maas Readings in Late Antiquity A Sourcebook (London, 2000) an invaluable digest for late Roman and Byzantine studies. Ammianus Marcellinus History tr. J.C. Rolfe (Cambridge Mass, 1935) also available in Penguin Classics translated by Andrew Wallace-Hadrill Aurelius Victor De Caesaribus tr. H.W. Bird (Liverpool, 1994) Eutropius Breviarium tr. H.W. Bird (Liverpool, 1993) E.A. Thompson (ed.) and B. Flower (tr.) A Roman Reformer and Innovator (1952)
Secondary (General)
A.H.M. Jones The Later Roman Empire (3 Vols., Oxford, 1964) a work of monumental scholarship E. Stein Histoire du Bas Empire (2 Vols, Paris, 1949) undoubtedly the best narrative guide to this period. Otherwise, there remains much of value in J.B. Bury History of the Later Roman Empire (2 Vols, Cambridge, 1926) P.R.L. Brown The World of Late Antiquity (London, 1971) a seductive read Averil Cameron The Later Roman Empire (London, 1993) and The Mediterranean World in Late Antiquity (London,1993) Roger Collins Early Medieval Europe 300-1000 (London, 1991) especially good for the early period Much excellent material is to be found in Averil Cameron and Peter Garnsey (eds) The Cambridge Ancient History Vol. XIII The Late Empire A.D. 337-425 (Cambridge 1998) Averil Cameron, Bryan Ward-Perkins and Michael Whitby (eds.), The Cambridge Ancient History: Volume XIV Late Antiquity: Empire and Successors, A.D. 425-600 (Cambridge, 2000) See also Alan Bowman, Averil Cameron and Peter Garnsey (eds), The Cambridge Ancient History Volume XII The Crisis of Empire, AD 193-337. Second edition (Cambridge, 2005) G. W. Bowersock, P.R.L. Brown, and O Graber (eds.) Late Antiquity: A Guide to the PostClassical World (Princeton, 1999) is of uneven quality. C. Mango (ed.), The Oxford History of Byzantium (Oxford, 2002) - see chapter one by P. Sarris. P. Garnsey and C. Humphress, The Evolution of the Late Antique World (Cambridge, 2001)
Secondary
In addition to works listed above, see: M. Rostovtzeff Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire (2 Vols, 2nd edn revised by P.M. Fraser, Oxford 1957) F. Millar The Emperor in the Roman World(London, 1977) and The Roman Empire and its Neighbours (London, 1971) A.M. Honor Law and the Crisis of Empire 379-455 A.D. (Oxford, 1998) crucial insights into the Theodosian Code and its context J.F. Matthews Western Aristocracies and Imperial Court (Oxford, 1976) and The Roman Empire of Ammianus Marcellinus (1989) S. MacCormack Art and Ceremony in the Later Roman Empire (1981)
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M. McCormick Eternal Victory: Triumphal Rulership in Late Antiquity, Byzantium and the Early Medieval West (Cambridge, 1986) P.R.L. Brown Power and Persuasion in Late Antiquity (Madison, 1992) and The World of Late Antiquity Revisited Symbolae Osloenses 72 (1997) a useful collection Alan Cameron Claudian (Oxford, 1970) W.H.G. Liebeschutz Barbarians and Bishops: Army, Church and State in the Age of Arcadius and Chrysostom (Oxford, 1990) J. Harris and I.N. Wood (eds.), The Theodosian Code (1993) C.R. Whittaker Frontiers of the Roman Empire (1994) C. Kelly, Ruling the Later Roman Empire (2004)
Secondary:
H. Chadwick The Early Church (London, 1967) and Priscillian of Avila (1976) P.R.L. Brown The Rise of Western Christendom (London, 1996; 2nd ed 2003), Augustine of Hippo (1967), Religion and Society in the Age of St. Augustine (1972), Society and the Holy in Late Antiquity (1982), The Making of Late Antiquity (1978), The Cult of the Saints 1981), The Body and Society (1988). See section on Saints at start of bibliography. J.H.G.W. Liebeschutz Continuity and Change in Roman Religion (1979) R. Lane-Fox Pagans and Christians (1986) E. R. Dodds Pagan and Christian in an Age of Anxiety (1965) A. Momigliano (ed.) The Conflict Between Paganism and Christianity in the Fourth Century (1959) P. Athanassiadi-Fowden and M. Frede (eds.) Pagan Monotheism in Late Antiquity (Oxford, 1999)
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N.H. Baynes Constantine the Great and the Christian Church Proceedings of the British Academy XV (1929) A.H.M. Jones Constantine and the Conversion of Europe (1948) T. Barnes Constantine and Eusebius (1981) R. Krautheimer Three Christian Capitals (1983) G. W. Bowersock Julian the Apostate (1978) M.R. Barnes and D.H. Williams (eds.) Arianism after Arius (1993) N. McGlynn Ambrose of Milan (1994) G. Fowden From Empire to Commonwealth Consequences of Monotheism in Late Antiquity (Princeton, 1993) B. Ward-Perkins From Classical Antiquity to the Middle Ages: Urban and Public Buildings in Northern and Central Italy (Oxford, 1984) J.N.D. Kelly The Oxford Dictionary of Popes (Oxford, 1986), Jerome (London, 1975) and Golden-Mouth The Story of John Chrysostom (London, 1995) D.J. Chitty The Desert a City (London, 1966) the best introduction to monasticism. O Chadwick John Cassian (1968) R.A. Markus The End of Ancient Christianity ( Cambridge, 1990) A. Stanliffe St. Martin and His Hagiographer (1983) P. Rousseau Ascetics, Authority and the Church in the Age of Jerome and Cassian (1978) M. Dunn The Emergence of Monasticism from the Desert Fathers to the Early Middle Ages (Oxford, 2000) N. Lenski (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine (Cambridge, 2006), Section II.
Secondary:
S. Dill Roman Society in the Last Century of the Western Empire (1896) B.H. Warmington The North African Provinces from Diocletian to the Vandal Conquest (1954) J.H.G.W. Liebeschutz Antioch, City and Imperial Administration in the Later Roman Empire (1972) S. Mitchell Anatolia, Land, Men and Gods (2 Vols, Oxford, 1992-3) R. Bagnall Egypt in Late Antiquity (Princeton, 1993) H. Sivan Ausonius of Bordeaux (1993) J. Drinkwater and H. Elton (eds.) Fifth-Century Gaul A Crisis of Identity? (1992) J. Harries Sidonius Apollinaris and the Fall of Rome (1994) still not as good as C.E. Stevens Sidonius Apollinaris (1933) K. Greene The Archaeology of the Roman Economy (1986) M. Bentley Companion to Historiography (London, 1997) see the piece by J. Banaji on agrarian history. J. Banaji, Agrarian Change in Late Antiquity - Gold, Labour and Aristocratic Dominance (Oxford, 2001) P. Sarris Economy and Society in the Age of Justinian (Cambridge, 2006) M. Decker Tilling the Hateful Earth: Agriculture in the Late Antique East (Oxford, 2009) C.Rapp and M.R. Salzman (ed.), Elites in Late Antiquity (Baltimore, 2000) R. Mathisen and D. Sanzer (ed.), Society and Culture in Late Antique Gaul: Revisiting the Sources (Aldershot, 2001).
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Literary Culture
H. Chadwick Early Christian Thought and the Classical Tradition (1966) H.I. Marrou Saint Augustin et la Fin de la Culture Antique (Paris, 1949) vital reading. A. Kaster Guardians of Language. The Grammarian and Society in Late Antiquity (Berkeley, 1988) J.W. Binns (ed.) Latin Literature of the Fourth Century (1974) C.Auerbach (tr. R. Manheim) Literary Language and its Public in Late Latin Antiquity and the Middle Ages (1965)
Visual Arts
R. Milburn Early Christian Art and Architecture (1988) R. Krautheimer Early Christian Art and Architecture (1965) A. Grabar The Beginnings of Christian Art (London, 1970) B. Kitzinger Byzantine Art in the Making (1971) W. Doringo Late Roman Painting K.M.D. Dunbabin The Mosaics of Roman North Africa (1978) K. Weitzmann Illustration in Roll and Codex (1970) and Late Antique and Early Christian Book Illumination (1977) C. Mango Byzantine Architecture (London, 1986) J. Elsner Art and the Roman Viewer The Transformation of Art from the Pagan World to Christianity (Cambridge, 1995) J.Lowden Early Christian and Byzantine Art (1997) a beautiful visual compendium
14
B: Guides to Sources
R.C. van Caenegem, Guide to the Sources of Medieval History (Oxford 1978) L. Genicot ed., Typologie des Sources du Moyen Age Occidentale (Turnhout, 1972-) In Reading Room in U.L., published in fascicles with separate authors, e.g. McCormick on Annals, Giles Constable on Letter Collections etc. (Weimar, W. Wattenbach, W. Levison and H Lowe, Deutschlands Geschichtsquellen im Mitterlalter 1953) P. Fouracre (ed.), The New Cambridge Medieval History. Volume I: c. 500-c. 700 (Cambridge, 2005) and R. McKitterick (ed.), The New Cambridge Medieval History II: c.700-c.900 (Cambridge, 1995) contain comprehensive source and secondary bibliographies. For good discussion of the sources see also chapter 3 by Halsall in NCMH I and chapter 1 by McKitterick in NCMH II). G Ostrogorsky, History of the Byzantine State (Oxford, 1968), each chapter opens with a useful survey of the sources L. Brubaker and J. Haldon, Byzantium in the Iconoclast Era (c.a. 680-850): The Sources (Aldershot, 2001) E, Jeffreys and J. Haldon (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Byzantium (Oxford, 2008)
C: History of Scholarship
R. McKitterick, 'The study of Frankish history in France and Germany in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries', Francia 8 (1981) 556-72. David Knowles, Great historical enterprises (London, 1962) Donald R. Kelly, Foundations of Modern Historical Scholarship (New York and London, 1970) Francois Hotman, Francogallia (1573-86) ed. R. Giesey and trans. J. Salmon, (Cambridge, 1972) B. Warmington, ' Edward Gibbon' in J. Cannon ed. The Historian at Work (London, 1980) pp. 19-35 H. Loyn, 'Marc Bloch', in ibid., pp. 121-34 E. Fueter, Histoire de l'historiographie moderne (Paris, 1914) ('moderne' = Petrarch onwards!) J. Cannon et al (eds.) Blackwells' dictionary of Historians (Oxford, 1988) is worth consulting. G Ostrogorsky, History of the Byzantine State (Oxford, 1968), Introduction M Bentley (ed.) Companion to Historiography (London, 1997) see especially the paper by P Heather R Cormack and E Jeffreys Through the Looking Glass: Byzantium Through British Eyes (Aldershot, 2000) R McKitterick and R Quinault (eds), Edward Gibbon and Empire (Cambridge, 1996) The thematic volumes in the Transformation of the Roman World series (14 vols, Leiden, 1997-) generally discuss the state of the subject in the introduction and conclusion to each volume.
D: Sources archaeology
Edward James, The Franks (Oxford, Blackwell, 1988) see also his 'Cemeteries and the problem of Frankish settlement in Gaul' in Peter Sawyer ed., Names, Words and Graves: Early mediaeval settlement (Leeds, 1979); Merovingian cemetery studies' in P. Rahtz (ed.) Anglo-Saxon Cemeteries 1979, B.A.R. Brit. Series 82 (Oxford, 1980) 35-55; 'Archaeology and the Merovingian monastery' in H. Clarke and M. Brennan ed., Columbanus and Merovingian Monasticism, B.A.R., Int. Series 113 (Oxford, 1981), pp. 33-55; The origins of France: from Clovis to the Capetians 500-1000 (London, 1982). See also his references to other authors and excavation reports. Klaus Randsborg, The First Millennium A.D. in Europe and the Mediterranean. An Archaeological Essay (1991) available in paperback, Helena Hamerow, Review article: 'The archaeology of rural settlement in early medieval Europe' Early Medieval Europe 3 (1994) 167-79 W H C Frend The Archaeology of Early Christianity, A History (London, 1997)
15
manuscripts
R. McKitterick, 'The scriptoria of Merovingian Gaul: a survey of the evidence' in Clarke and Brennan, Columbanus and Merovingian Monasticism pp. 173-207. See also: R Bagnall Reading Papyri, Writing Ancient History (London, 1995) E.A. Lowe, Codices Latini Antiquiores: A palaeographical guide to Latin manuscripts prior to the ninth century I-XI + Supplement (Oxford, 1935-1971) R. McKitterick, 'Script and book production' in Carolingian Culture: emulation and innovation, ed. R. McKitterick (Cambridge, 1994) (Aldershot, ------------------, Books, scribes and learning in the Frankish kingdoms, sixth to ninth centuries 1994) Bernhard Bischoff, Latin Palaeography (Cambridge, 1986) G Cavallo, Greek Bookhands of the early Byzantine Period AD 300-800 (London, 1987)
coins
On using the coin evidence, see P. Grierson, Numismatics, in J. M. Powell (ed.), Medieval Studies: An Introduction 2nd ed. (Syracuse, 1993) M. Blackburn, chapters on Money and Coinage in New Cambridge Medieval History I and II. The best detailed guide is Philip Grierson and Mark Blackburn, Mediaeval European Coinage I The Early Middle Ages (5th - 10th centuries) (Cambridge, 1986) P Grierson, Byzantine Coins (1982)
narrative sources
Apart from the general guides in section A, material on the primary narrative sources is usually devoted to the discussion of a single source or author. Some of the most useful are as follows (but other more detailed references concerning the narrative sources for each of the Germanic kingdoms will be provided in the relevant lectures): A. Momigliano, 'Pagan and Christian historiography in the fourth century', in The conflict between paganism and Christianity in the fourth century ed. A. Momigliano (Oxford, 1963) pp. 79-99. A. and A. Cameron, 'Christianity and tradition in the historiography of the late Empire', Classical Quarterly 14 (1964) 316-28. Christopher Holdsworth and T.P. Wiseman eds., The inheritance of Historiography 350-900 (Exeter, 1986) Averil Cameron, Procopius (London, 1985) F.L. Ganshof, 'L'Historiographie dans la monarchie franque sous les Merovingiens', Settimane di Studio del Centro Italiano di Studi sull'alto medioevo 17 (Spoleto, 1969) pp. 631-685 (in U.L. P532. c.32)
16
Walter Goffart, The Narrators of barbarian history. Jordanes, Gregory of Tours, Bede and Paul the Deacon (Princeton, 1988) Matthew Innes and Rosamond McKitterick, 'The writing of history', in Carolingian Culture: emulation and innovation ed. R. McKitterick (Cambridge, 1994) A Scharer and G. Scheibelreiter (eds.), Historiographie im frhen Mittelalter (Vienna 1994) contains many essays in English. Y Hen and M Innes (ed), The Uses of the Past in the Early Middle Ages (Cambridge, 2000) see especially the piece by McKitterick R McKitterick, History and Memory in the Carolingian World (Cambridge, 2004) R McKitterick, Perceptions of the past in the early middle ages (Notre Dame, 2006) saints' lives The most useful introductions are H. Delehaye, The Legends of the Saints (quite old, and translated from the French edition of 1955) P. Fouracre and R. Gerberding, Later Merovingian France (Manchester, 1996): see the introduction for an excellent discussion of hagiography and the study of saints lives. Ian Wood, 'The Vita Columbani and Merovingian hagiography', Peritia 1 (1982) 63-80 C.E. Stancliffe, Saint Martin and his Hagiographer (Oxford, 1983) Peter Brown, The Cult of the Saint (London, 1981) Pierre Rich ed., Hagiographie (Paris, 1981) P. Fouracre, 'Merovingian history and Merovingian hagiography', Past and Present (1990) Julia Smith, review article, Early Medieval Europe 1992 on narrative sources for the Germanic kingdoms (up to s.VIII) see separate list on Historiography J D Howard-Johnston and P A Hayward (ed.), The Cult of Saints in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages (Oxford, 1999) much of interest is also to be found in the Fall fascicle of the Journal of Early Christian Studies, Volume 6, 1998 G Cavallo (ed), The Byzantines (London, 1997) excellent article by C Mango on the Byzantine Saint. L L Coon, Sacred Fictions, Holy Women and Hagiography in Late Antiquity (Philadelphia, 1997) T Head (ed.), Medieval Hagiography. An Anthology (New York, 2000)
maps
T Cornell and J Matthews, Atlas of the Roman World (London, 1987) M. Parisse and J. Leuridan, Atlas de la France de l'an Mil: tat de nos connaissances (Paris 1994) C. Mohrmann and F. van der Meer, Atlas of the early Christian world (London, 1958) J. Engle (ed.), Grosser Historischer Weltatlas. Zweiter Teil. Mittelalter. (Bayerischen Schulbuchverlag 1970) The Times Atlas of European History (London, 1998 second edition) N. Hooper and M. Bennett, The Cambridge Atlas of Medieval Warfare (Cambridge, 1995) C. McEvedy, The New Penguin Atlas of Medieval Europe (Harmonsworth, 1993) J. Haywood, The Penguin Historical Atlas of the Vikings (1995) (London, M. Grant, The Routledge Atlas of Classical Hisory from 1700 B.C. to A.D. 565 5th edition 1994) A. MacKay with D. Ditchburn, Atlas of Medieval Europe (1997) R. McKitterick (ed.), The Times Medieval World (2003)
17
Historiography
A. Cameron, Procopius and the Sixth Century (London 1985) A. Kaldellis, Procopius of Caesarea: Tyranny, History, and Philiosophy at the End of Antiquity (Pennsylvania, 2004) M. Maas, John Lydus and the Roman Past (London, 1992) Michael Whitby, The Emperor Maurice and His Historian (Oxford, 1988). See also Whitbys piece in Averil Cameron and L.I. Conrad (eds.), The Byzantine and Early Islamic Near East I , Problems in the Literary Source Material (Princeton, 1992) J.M. Carri and N. Duval (eds.), De Aedificiis: le texte de Procope et les ralits (Brepols, 2001) W. Treadgold The Early Byzantine Historians (Eastbourne, 2007)
Secondary
C. Mango (ed.), The Oxford History of Byzantium (Oxford, 2002) - see chapter one by P. Sarris. More detailed bibliography will be distributed by Dr Sarris in his lectures. But the following are fundamental: Further to Stein, Jones and Brown (see Late Roman general works); C.Mango, Byzantium The Empire of New Rome (London, 1983) Averil Cameron, The Mediterranean World (London, 1993) Alan Cameron, Circus Factions (Oxford, 1976) Averil Cameron, Bryan Ward Perkins and Michael Whitby (eds.), The Cambridge Ancient History Volume XIV - Late Antiquity: Empire and Successors, A.D. 425-600 (Cambridge, 2000) G.Dagron, Empereur et Prtre (Paris, 1996); translated as Emperor and Priest: The Imperial Office in Byzantium (Cambridge, 2003) F. Dvornik, Early Christian and Byzantine Political Philosophy (2 Vols, Washington D.C., 1996) M. Maas (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Justinian (Cambridge, 2005)
18
J.A.S. Evans, The Age of Justinian The Circumstances of Imperial Power (London, 1996) J.A.S. Evans, The Empress Theodora - Partner of Justinian (Uni. of Texas, 2002) J. Moorhead, Justinian (London, 1994) not terribly good A.M. Honor, Tribonian (London, 1978) Averil Cameron, Images of Authority: Elites and Icons in Late Sixth-Century Byzantium in M. Mullett and R. Scott (ed.), Byzantium and the Classical Tradition (Birmingham, 1981) G.Greatrex, Rome and Persia at War (Leeds, 1998) and The Nika Riot: A Reappraisal Journal of Hellenic Studies CXVII (1997) P. Allen, The Justinianic Plague Byzantion 49 (1979) P. Sarris, 'The Justinianic Plague: Origins and Effects', Continuity and Change 17.2 (2002) P. Sarris Economy and Society in the Age of Justinian (2006) L.K. Little Plague and the End of Antiquity (2006) DO NOT READ W. Rosen Justinians Flea (2006) it isdreadful! L. Conrad, Epidemic Diseases in Central Syria in the Late 6th Century Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies 18 (1994) C.Foss, The Persians in Asia Minor and the End of Antiquity English Historical Review XC (1975) J.F. Haldon, Byzantium in the Seventh Century: The Transformation of a Culture (Cambridge, 1990) and Warfare, State and Society in the Byzantine World 565-1204 (1999) M. Hendy, Studies in the Byzantine Monetary Economy (Cambridge, 1985) J.D. Howard-Johnston, The Two Great Powers in Late Antiquity: A Comparison in Averil Cameron (ed.), The Byzantine and Early Islamic Near East III States, Resources and Armies (Princeton, 1995), Heraclius Persian Campaigns and the Revival of the East Roman Empire War and History 6.1 (1999) and Thema in A. Moffat (ed.) Maistor: Classical, Byzantine and Renaissance Studies For Robert Browning (1984) M. Kaplan, Les Hommes et La Terre (Paris, 1992) M. Maas, Roman History and Christian Ideology in Justinians Reform Legislation Dumbarton Oaks Papers (1986) J.Meyendorff, Justinian, the Empire and the Church Dumbarton Oaks Papers 22 (1968) B.Stolte, Justinianus Bifrons in P. Magdalino (ed.) New Constantines (Aldershot, 1994) J.Teall, The Barbarians in Justinians Armies Speculum XL (1965) W. Treadgold, A History of the Byzantine State and Society (Stanford, 1997) M.Whittow, The Making of Orthodox Byzantium (London, 1996) E. Yarsheter (ed.), The Cambridge History of Iran , III (2 Vols., Cambridge, 1983) R. Frye, The Heritage of Persia (London, 1962) D.Obolensky, The Byzantine Commonwealth (1971) M. Boyce, The Zoroastrians (1979) C. Hermann, The Iranian Revival (1977) J. Wieschoefer, Ancient Persia (1996) E. Dabrowa (ed.), The Roman and Byzantine Army in the East (Proceedings of Colloquium at Krakow, 1992) (1994) many excellent pieces on Byzantine/Persian warfare. S. Ashbrook Harvey, Asceticism and Society in Crisis (1990) D.Sinor (ed.), The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia (Cambridge, 1990) see essay on Avars. W. Kaegi, Heraclius: Emperor of Byzantium (Cambridge, 2002) G. Regan, First Crusader: Byzantium's Holy Wars (London 2001) See also the section on the Slavs and Central and Eastern Europe below.
19
Secondary
Further to Treadgold, Whittow, Obolensky, and Mangos New Rome, see: J. Shepard (ed.) The Cambridge History of the Byzantine Empire (Cambridge, 2008) contains much useful material, especially Whittow on the economy and Aupezy on Iconoclasm A.Bryer and J. Herrin (eds.), Iconoclasm (Birmingham, 1977) C. Mango (ed.), The Oxford History of Byzantium (Oxford, 2002) - chapters by Treadgold and Karlin-Hayter. M. Angold, Byzantium - The Bridge From Antiquity to the Middle Ages (London, 2001) - excellent on Iconoclasm and the Photian schism. H. Chadwick, East and West The History of A Schism in the Church (Oxford, 2003) G. Dagron, Emperor and Priest: The Imperial Office in Byzantium (tr. J. Birrell) (Cambridge, 2003) P.R.L. Brown, A Dark Age Crisis. Aspects of the Iconoclastic Controversy in Society and the Holy in Late Antiquity (London, 1982) W. Treadgold, The Byzantine Recovery 780-842 (Cambridge, 1988) S.Tougher, The Reign of Leo VI (1996) G.Dagron, Empereur et Prtre (Paris, 1996) R. Morris, Monks and Laymen in Byzantium (1995) R. Cormack, Writing in Gold (1985) P. Alexander, The Byzantine Apocalyptic Tradition (Berkeley, 1985) J.D. Howard-Johnston (ed.), Byzantium and the West (Amsterdam, 1988) J.Shepard and S. Franklin (eds.), Byzantine Diplomacy (Aldershot, 1992) J.F. Haldon, Warfare, State and Society in the Byzantine World 565-1204 (1999) T.S. Brown, Gentlemen and Officers (Rome, 1984) J.M. Hussey, The Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire (1986) P. Magdalino (ed.), New Constantines (Aldershot, 1994) C.Mango, Constantinople and Its Hinterland (Aldershot, 1995) C.Mango, Byzantine Architecture (London, 1986) L. Brubacker (ed.), Byzantium in the Ninth Century Dead or Alive? (Aldershot, 1998) M. Mullett, Writing in early medieval Byzantium in R. McKitterick (ed.) The Uses of Literacy in Early Medieval Europe (Cambridge, 1990) P. Pattenden, The Byzantine Early Warning System Byzantion 53 (1983) Chapters by M. McCormick and J. Shepard in R. McKitterick (ed.), The New Cambridge Medieval History II (Cambridge, 1995) Robert Browning, Literacy in the Byzantine World Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies 4 (1978) P. Grierson, Byzantine Coins (London, 1982) M. Hendy, Studies in the Byzantine Monetary Economy (Cambridge, 1985)
20
M. Angold (ed.), The Byzantine Aristocracy (Oxford, 1984), especially the piece by Patlagean M. Kaplan, Les Hommes et La Terre (Paris, 1992) A. Laiou and C, Morison The Byzantine Economy (2007)
21
Secondary
C. Mango (ed.), The Oxford History of Byzantium (Oxford, 2002) - chapter by R. Hoyland. R. Hoyland, Arabia and the Arabs from the Bronze Age to the coming of Islam (London, 2001) H. Kennedy The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates (1986; second ed. 2004) and The Early Abbasid Caliphate: a Political History (1981) H. Kennedy, The Court of the Caliphs: The Rise and Fall of Islams Greatest Dynasty (2004) M. Rodinson (tr. A. Carter), Mohammad (1971) G.R.D. King and A. Cameron (eds.), The Byzantine and Early Islamic Near East II Land Use and Settlement Patterns (1994) F.M. Donner, The Early Islamic Conquests (1981) A.A. Dixon, The Ummayad Caliphate (1971) G.R. Hawting, The First Dynasty of Islam (1986) P. Crone and M. Hinds, Gods Caliph (1986) O. Grabar, The Formation of Islamic Art (1974) M. Sharon, Black Banners from the East (1983) M.G. Morony, Iraq After the Muslim Conquests (1984) E.L. Daniel, The Political and Social History of Khurasan under Abbasid Rule (1979) H. Kennedy, The Armies of the Caliphs - Military and Society in the Early Islamic State (London, 2001) C. Robinson, Empires and Elites after the Muslim Conquest - The Transformation of Northern Mesopotamia (Cambridge, 2000). R. Hillenbrand, Islamic Art and Architecture (London, 1999) H. Kennedy The Great Arab Conquests (London, 2007) R. Hoyland New Documentary Texts and the Early Islamic State Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 2006 very important . C. Robinson The Ideological Uses of Early Islam, Past and Present 203 (2009) - likewise
22
Secondary
F. Curta, The Making of the Slavs - History and Archaeology of the Lower Danube Region c.500-700 (Cambridge, 2001) F. Curta, Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500-1250 (Cambridge 2006) W. Pohl, Die Awaren (Munich, 1988); English translation The Avars (2006) H.Reimitz, 'Conversion and control; the establishment of liturgical frontiers in Carolingian Pannonia', in W. Pohl, I. Wood and H. Reimitz (eds), The Transformation of frontiers from late antiquity to the Carolingians, The Transformation of the Roman World 10 (Leiden, 2001), pp.189-208 M. Hardt, 'Hesse, Elbe, Saale and the frontiers of the Carolingian empire', in Pohl, Wood and Reimitz (eds.), Transformation of frontiers, pp. 219-232. F. Dvornik, Byzantine missions among the Slavs (New Brunswick, 1970) J. Shepard, 'Slavs and Bulgars', in R. McKitterick (ed.), New Cambridge Medieval History vol 2 (1995), pp. 228-249. I Wood, The missionary life. Saints and the evangelisation of Europe 400-1050 (London, 2001). For the earlier background see W. Levison, England and the Continent in the eighth century (Oxford, 1946), M. McCormick, 'Diplomacy and the Carolingian encounter with Byzantium down to the accession of Charles the Bald', in B. McGinn and W. Otten (eds), Eriugena: East and West. Papers of the Eighth International colloquium of the Society for the Promotion of Eriugenian Studies (Notre Dame, 1994), pp. 15-48 M.McCormick, Origins of the European economy. Communications and commerce AD 300-900 (Cambridge, 2001), pp. 175-181. M. Borgolte, Der Gesandtenaustausch der Karolinger mit den Abbasiden und mit den Patriarchen von Jerusalem, Mnchener Beitrge zur Medivistik und Renaissance-Forschung 25 (Munich, 1976) J. Shepard and S. Franklin (eds), Byzantine diplomacy (Aldershot, 1992) especially A. Kazhdan, 'The notion of Byzantine diplomacy, pp. 3-23; J.Shepard, Byzantine diplomacy A.D. 800-1204: means and ends', pp. 41-72 T.C. Lounghis, Les ambassades byzantins en occident depuis la fondation des tats barbares jusqu'aux Croisades (Athens, 1980) A. Gillett, Envoys and political communication in the late antique west, 411-533 (Cambridge, 2003). A. Davids, 'Marriage negotiations between Byzantium and the west and the name of Theophano in Byzantium (eighth-to tenth centuries), in A. Davids (ed.), The Empress Theophano. Byzantium and the west at the turn of the first millennium (Cambridge, 1995), pp. 99-120 J. Shepard, 'A marriage too far? Maria Lekapena and Peter of Bulgaria', in Davids (ed.), The Empress Theophano, pp. 121-149. J. Shepard, 'Information, disinformation and delay in Byzantine diplomacy', Byzantinische Forschungen 10 (1985). F. Curta (ed.), Borders, barriers and ethnogenesis. Frontiers in late antiquity and the middle ages (Turnhout, 2005) F. Curta (ed.), East central and Eastern Europe in the early middle ages (Ann Arbor, 2005) P. Stephenson, The legend of Basil the Bulgar Slayer (Cambridge, 2004) F. Curta, 'The Slavic lingua franca (Linguistic notes of an archaeologist turned historian), East central
23
Europe/L'Europe du Centre Est 31 (2004) M. Innes, Review article. Franks and Slavs c. 700-c. 1000: The problem of European expansion before the millennium, Early Medieval Europe 6.2 (1997), pp. 201-16 Charles R. Bowlus, Franks, Moravians and Magyars. The struggle for the middle Danube 788-907 (Philadelphia, 1995) H.M.A. Evans, The early medieval archaeology of Croatia AD 600-900. British Archaeological Reports (Oxford, 1989) J.V.A.Fine, The early medieval Balkans (Ann Arbor, 1983) C.A. Frazee. 'The Balkans between Rome and Constantinople in the early middle ages 600-900 ', Balkan Studies 2 (1993) pp. 213-228 P.B. Golden, 'The peoples of the south Russian Steppes', in The Cambridge History of early inner Asia ed. D. Sinor (Cambridge, 1990), pp. 256-284. I. Supicic (ed.), Croatia in the early middle ages. A cultural survey (Zagreb and London, 1999)
24
Secondary P. Heather The Fall of The Roman Empire (2005) B. Ward-Perkins The Fall of Rome and the End of Civilization (2005) W. Goffart Barbarian Tides The Migration Age and the Later Roman Empire (Pennsylvania, 2006) G. Halsall Barbarian Migrations and the Roman West 376-568 (Cambridge, 2007) M. Innes Introduction to Early Medieval Western Europe (2007) M. Innes Land, Freedom, and the Making of the Medieval West Transactions of the Royal Historical Society XVI (2006)
Averil Cameron, Bryan Ward Perkins and Michael Whitby (ed.), The Cambridge Ancient History: Volume XIV: Late Antiquity - Empire and Successors, A.D. 425-600 (Cambridge, 2000) - chapter 18 by Wood. P. Fouracre (ed.), The New Cambridge Medieval History. Volume I: c. 500-c. 700 (Cambridge, 2005) chapter 2 by Halsall. introduction L. Musset, The Germanic Invasions (London, 1975 trans from Fr.ed. of 1965, still the best and has an excellent bibliography for the period up to 1974) Edith Wrightman, Gallia Belgica (London, 1985) esp. pp. 202-313. She also has a full bibliography M. Barley, European Towns. Their archaeology and early history (London, 1977) esp. pp.185-202. Edward James, The Franks, (Oxford, 1988) E.A. Thompson, Romans and barbarians: the decline of western Europe (Madison, 1982) J.M. Wallace-Hadrill, The Barbarian West (London, 1967) W. Goffart, Barbarians and Romans: the techniques of accommodation 418-584 (Princeton, 1980) Medieval H. Wolfram, 'Origo et religio. Ethnic traditions and literature in early medieval texts', Early Europe 3 (1994) 19-38. J. Durliat, 'Le salaire de la paix sociale dans les royaumes barbares (Ve-VIe sicles', in Anerkennung und Integration ed. H. Wolfram and Andreas Schwarz (Vienna, 1988) = Denkschrift der sterreische Akademie der Wissenschaften phil. hist. K1.193. See also the English summary and discussion of Durliat by Goffart in the same volume. K. Baus et al History of the Church vol. 2 (New York, 1980) Philip Dixon, Barbarian Europe (Oxford, 1976) = Noddy book H.- J. Diesner, The Great Migration (Leipzig and London, 1978) D. Talbot Rice (ed.), The Dark Ages (London, 1965) See also the articles by Edward James listed in the Introductory bibliography and follow up his references. Two older books still of value are: Ferdinand Lot, La fin du monde antique et le debut du moyen ge (Paris, 1968) available in English translation Louis Halphen, Les Barbares (1940)
25
M. Todd, The Early Germans 2nd ed. (Oxford, 1992) Patrick Geary, Before France and Germany (Oxford, 1988) Roger Collins, Early Medieval Europe, 300-1000 (1991) K. Randsborg, The First Millennium A.D. in Europe in the Mediterranean. An Archaeological Essay (1991) J. Harries, Sidonius Apollinaris and the Fall of Rome (London, 1995) P. Heather, Goths and Romans (Oxford, 1992) ------------, 'The Huns and the end of the Roman Empire in Western Europe', English Historical Review 110 (1995) 4-41 ------------, The Goths (Oxford, 1996) E. Demougeot, La formation de l'Europe et les invasions barbares 3 vols. (1969) L K Little and B H Rosenwein (ed), Debating the Middle Ages: Issues and Readings (Oxford, 1998) see excellent critique of Goffart by Chris Wickham (The Fall of Rome Will Not Take Place) and the useful piece on ethnicity by W Pohl. See also the 14 important volumes in the Transformation of the Roman World series (Leiden, 1997-). As well as the individual essays, each volume includes an introduction and conclusion analysing the particular theme. On barbarian settlement, see especially: W Pohl (ed), Kingdoms of the Empire in Late Antiquity. Transformation of the Roman World, 3 (Leiden, 1997) W Pohl and H Reimitz (ed) Strategies of Distinction: The Construction of Ethnic Identities 300800. Transformation of the Roman World, 2 (Leiden, 1998) G Ausenda (ed), After Empire, Towards an Ethnology of Europes Barbarians (Woodbridge, 1995) an uneven but interesting collection of essays. J C Russell, The Germanization of Early Medieval Christianity (Oxford, 1994) - unreliable. C P Wormald, The Decline of the Roman Empire and the Survival of its Aristocracy in the Journal of Roman Studies (LXVI (1976) pp 217-226 important See also the insightful articles by Barnish listed in the bibliography to his Cassiodorus: Variae (see Ostrogothic Italy below). P. Heather, The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History (2005) B.Ward-Perkins, The Fall of Rome and the End of Civilization (2005) G. Halsall, Barbarian Migrations and the Roman West (September 2006) T. F. X. Noble (ed.), From Roman Provinces to Medieval Kingdoms (2006): useful collection of articles on ethnicity, identity, accommodation, and Gaul W. Goffart, Barbarian Tides. The Migration Age and the Later Roman Empire (2006)
26
Secondary
C. La Rocca (ed.), Italy in the Early Middle Ages (Oxford, 2002) P. Fouracre (ed.), The New Cambridge Medieval History. Volume I: c. 500-c. 700 (Cambridge, 2005), chapter 6 by Moorhead. G. Halsall Barbarian Migrations and the Roman West (Cambridge, 2006) Averil Cameron, Bryan Ward Perkins and Michael Whitby (eds.), The Cambridge Ancient History vol. XIV - Late Antiquity: Empire and Successors, A.D. 425-600 (Cambridge, 2000), ch. 19 Thomas Hodgkin, Italy and her Invaders, eight volumes (London, 1892-1899) The Ostrogothic Invasion. Despite its age still useful and very readable. Chris Wickham, Early Medieval Italy (London, 1981) Jeffrey Richards, The Popes and the Papacy, 476-754 (London, 1979) Henry Chadwick, Boethius (Oxford, 1981) James J. O'Donnell, Cassiodorus (Berkeley, 1979) Thomas Burns, A History of the Ostrogoths (Bloomington, 1984) Herwig Wolfram, A History of the Goths (Princeton, 1989) A. Momigliano, 'Cassiodorus and the Italian culture of his time', Proceedings of the British Academy 41 (1955) pp. 207-45, reprinted in his Studies in Historiography (London,1966), pp. 181-210 Wilhelm Ensslin, Theoderich der Grosse (Munich, 1959) Walter Goffart, The Narrators of Barbarian History. Jordanes, Gregory of Tours, Bede and Paul the Deacon (Princeton, 1988) esp. pp. 20-111. Brian Croke, 'A.D. 476: The manufacturing of a turning point', Chiron 13 (1983) pp. 81-119 --------------(ed.), History and Historians in Late Antiquity (Sydney, 1983) A. van der Vyver, 'Cassiodore et son oeuvre', Speculum 6 (1931), pp.244-92 H. Wolfram, 'Gothic history and historical ethnography', Journal of Mediaeval History 7 (1981),309-19 S. Barnish, 'The Anonymous Valesianus II as a source of the last years of Theodoric', Latomus 42 (1983) 572-96 ------------, 'The genesis and completion of Cassiodorus 'Gothic history' Latomus 43 (1984), pp. 336-61 W. Goffart, Barbarians and Romans; the techniques of accommodation (Princeton, 1980) P. Grierson and M. Blackburn, Mediaeval European Coinage I (Cambridge, 1986), pp. 24-39 H. Wolfram, History of the Goths (Berkeley, 1987 from German ed. 1979) Evangelos Chrysos, 'Legal concepts and patterns of behaviour for the barbarians' settlement of Roman soil' in Das Reich und die Barbaren, ed. E. Chrysos and A. Schwarcz (Cologne and Vienna, 1989), pp. 13-24. Walter Goffart, 'The theme of the Barbarian invasions in Late antique and modern Historiography', in Chrysos and Schwarcz, pp. 87-108. Peter Heather, Goths and Romans (Oxford, 1992) John Moorhead, Theodoric in Italy (Oxford, 1993). See the important review of this book by Bryan Ward-Perkins in Early Medieval Europe 4( 1995) P Amory, People and Identity in Ostrogothic Italy (Cambridge, 1997) A H M Jones, The Constitutional Position of Odoacer and Theoderic, Journal of Roman Studies LII (1962) J M H Smith (ed.), Early Medieval Rome and the Christian West (2000): essay collection C Wickham, Framing the Early Middle Ages. Europe and the Mediterranean, 400-800 (2005): economic case studies, including Italy.
27
VISIGOTHS Sources
Ammianus Marcellinus, Res Gestae trans. in Loeb edition by J.C. Rolfe and in Penguin classic (1985) by Walter Hamilton and Andre Wallace - Hadrill. Isidore, History of the Goths, Sueves and Vandals, trans. B. Morini and G. Ford Vita S. Fructuosi, trans. F.C. Nock, (1945) Jordanes, History of the Goths, trans. C.C. Mierow Isidore, Etymologiae, ed. and trans. S. A. Barney, W. J. Lewis and J. A. Beach, The Etymologies of Isidore of Seville (2006) Conquerors and Chroniclers of early medieval Spain, trans. Kenneth B. Wolf (Liverpool, 1990) S P Scott (tr), The Visigothic Code (1912) J N Garvin (ed and tr), The Vitae Patrum Emeretensium (1946) C W Barlow (tr), Martin of Braga (Fathers of the Church, 62, 1969) and Works of Fructuosus of Braga (Fathers of the Church 63, 1969). In the former volume see also Leander of Sevilles celebration of the Third Council of Toledo (589)
Secondary
P. Fouracre (ed.), The New Cambridge Medieval History. Volume I: c. 500-c. 700 (Cambridge, 2005), chapters 7 and 13. E.A. Thompson, The Visigoths in the time of Ulfila (Oxford 1966) -------------------, The Goths in Spain (Oxford, 1969) -------------------, Romans and Barbarians (Madison, 1982) esp. chs. 2,3,8,9,10,11. Roger Collins, Early Medieval Spain (London, 1983, revised 2nd edn. 1995) J.M. Wallace-Hadrill, The Barbarian West (1967) ch.6 P.D. King, Law and society in the Visigothic Kingdom (Cambridge, 1972) S. Teillet, Des Goths la nation gothique (1984) A. Cajtro, The Spaniards (nothing on Visigoths) (1971) R. Collins, The Basques (Oxford, 1986) A. Sanchez-Albornoz, Spain: an historical enigma (1975 - responding to Cajtro) H. Lapeyre, ' Deux interpretations de l'histoire d'Espagne Annales E.S.C. (1965) on the Spanish editions of Cajtro and Sanchez-Albornoz. Roger Collins, 'Merida and Toledo: 550-585' in Visigothic Spain: New Approaches ed. Edward James, (Oxford, 1980) 189-222. See also the essays by Fontaine, King, Hillgarth. ----------------, 'Visigothic law and regional custom in disputes in early mediaeval Spain' in The Settlement of disputes in early mediaeval Europe ed. W. Davies and Paul Fouracre (Cambridge, 1986) pp. 85-104) ----------------, 'Julian of Toledo and the royal succession in late seventh-century Spain' in Early Mediaeval Kingship ed. P.H. Sawyer and I.N. Wood (Leeds, 1977) R. D'Abadal, 'A propos du legs visigothique en Espagne' Settimane di Studio del Centro Italiano i Studi sull'alto Medioevo (1958) E. Delaruelle, 'La vie religieuse populaire en Septimanie pendant l'poque wisigothique', Anales Toledanos (1971) J. Fontaine, 'Culture et conversion chez les Wisigoths d'Espagne'. Settimane di studio del Centro Italiano di studi sull'alto Medioevo (Spoleto, 1967) reprinted in his collected papers (1986) Culture et spiritualit en espagne du IV au VII sicles J. Hillgarth, 'Coins and Chronicles: propaganda in Visigothic Spain' Historia 1966 and see his contributions to James ed. Visigothic Spain (1980) and the Settimane...Spoleto for 1967 P.D. King, 'The alleged Territoriality of visigothic law', in B. Tierney and P. Linehan, eds, Authority and Power (Cambridge, 1980) reprinted P.A. Linehan, 'Religion, nationalism and national identity', Studies in Church History (1982) in his collected papers (London, 1983) F.X. Murphy, 'Julian of Toledo and the fall of the Visigothic Kingdom of Spain' Speculum 1952 B. Bachrach, 'A reassessment of Visigothic Jewish Policy 589-711' American Historical Review 78 (1973) B.S. Albert, 'Un nouvel examen de la politique anti-juive wisigothique. A Propos d'un article recent', Revue des tudes juives 135 (1976) (response to Bachrach) 1976 by P. Rich, Education and Culture in the Barbarian West, fifth to eighth centuries (Eng. trans. J.J. Contreni (Columbia) of 1962. French ed. but with updated bibliography) Herwig Wolfram, History of the Goths (1979) Eng. transl. and rev. ed. 1988. P Heather (ed), The Visigoths From the Migration Period to the Seventh Century An Ethnographic Perspective (1999)
28
S. Castellano, The Political Nature of Taxation in Visigothic Spain Early Medieval Europe 12.3 (2003) pp. 201-228. R. Collins, Visigothic Spain 409-711 (Oxford, 2004) C Wickham, Framing the Early Middle Ages. Europe and the Mediterranean, 400-800 (2005): economic case studies, including Visigothic Spain.
29
MUSLIM AND NORTHERN SPAIN IN THE EIGHTH, NINTH AND TENTH CENTURIES
Sources
Ibn 'Abd al-Hakem, History of the Conquest of Spain trans. J.H. Jones (Gottingen, 1858) Al-Makkakari, Histories extracts (substantial) translated in P. de Gayangos, The History of the Mohammedan dynasties in Spain 2 vols. (London, 1840-3) S.P. Scott, The Visigothic Code (Boston, 1910) Other material is discussed by Roger Collins in his Early Mediaeval Spain (2nd edn. London, 1995) J.P. Gilson (ed.), The Mozarabic Psalter (London, 1905) Vita Fructuosi trans. F.C. Nock (1946) Conquerors and Chroniclers of early medieval Spain trans. K.B. Wolf (Liverpool 1990)
Secondary
Roger Collins, Early Mediaeval Spain (London, 1983, 2nd edn. London 1995) I. Olague, Les Arabes n'ont jamais envahi l'Espagne (1969) C. Sanchez Albornoz, Espagne prislamique et Espagne musulmane', Revue Historique 237 (1967) P. Guichard, Structures sociales, 'orientales' et 'occidentales' dans l'Espagne musulmane (1977) and see the review in English by Peter Linehan, Social History 3 (1978) pp. 377-9. Y. Bonnaz, 'Divers aspects de la continuit wisigothique dans la monarchie asturienne', Mlanges de la Casa de velasquez 12 (1976) G. Martin, 'La chute du royaume wisigothique Espagne dans l'historiographie chrtienne des VIIIe et IXe sicles', Cahiers de Linguistique Hispanique Mdivale 9 (1984) T.F. Glick, Islamic and Christian Spain in the early Middle Ages (1979) and see the review by Peter Linehan in English Historical Review 97 (1982) 116-9. R. Bulliet, Conversion to Islam in the Mediaeval Period (1979) R.W. Southern, Western Views of Islam in the Middle Ages (1978) esp. ch.1. M. Diaz y Diaz, 'La circulation des manuscrits dans le Peninsule Iberique du VIIIe au Xie sicle', Cahiers de civilisation medievale 12 (1969) J. van Herwaarden, 'Origins of the cult of St James of Compostela', Journal of Mediaeval History 6 (1980) R.A. Fletcher, St James's Catapult (1984) chs. 1,3. J. Vicens Vives, Economic History of Spain (trans. 1974) R. Collins, 'Law and charters in 9th and 10th century Leon and Catalonia', English Historical Review 100 (1985) ------------, 'Visigothic law and regional custom in disputes in early mediaeval Spain' in The Settlement of Disputes in Early Mediaeval Europe ed. Wendy Davies and Paul Fouracre (Cambridge, 1986) pp. 85104. ------------, 'The Basques in Aquitaine and Navarre' in J.C. Holt ed. War, Government and Society in the Middle Ages (Ipswich, 1984) -------------, 'Charles the Bald and Wifrid the Hairy' in M. Gibson and J. Nelson (eds.), Charles the Bald, Court and Kingdom (Oxford, 1981) pp. 169-89 -------------, 'Literacy and the laity in early mediaeval Spain' in The Uses of Literacy in Early Mediaeval Europe ed. R. McKitterick (Cambridge, 1990) pp. 109-133. W. Montgomery Watt, A History of Islamic Spain (Edinburgh, 1965) Hugh Kennedy, The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates (London, 1986) P.K. Hitti, History of the Arabs (London, 1971 10th ed.), chaps. 24-28 H. Livermore, The Origins of Spain and Portugal (London, 1971) Kenneth Baxter Wolf, Christian Martyrs in Muslim Spain (Cambridge, 1988) P. Freeman, The Origins of Peasant Servitude in medieval Catalonia (1991) R. Collins, The Basques (Oxford, 1986) -----------, The Arab Conquest of Spain 710-797 (Oxford, 1989) -----------, 'Spain, the northern kingdoms and the Basques, 711-910' in R. McKitterick (ed.) The New Cambridge Medieval History II c.700-c.900 (Cambridge, 1995) pp. 272-90, ----------- and H. Kennedy, 'The Muslims in Europe' ibid pp. 249-271. R. Collins, Law, Culture and Regionalism in early Medieval Spain (Aldershot 1992) J.C. Cavadini, The Last Christology of the West. Adoptionism in Spain and Gaul 785-820 (Philadelphia, 1993) R. Walker, Views of transition. Liturgy and illumination in Medieval Spain (London and Toronto, 1998)
30
BURGUNDIANS Sources
The Burgundian Code trans. Katherine Fischer Drew (Philadelphia, 1972)
Secondary
L. Musset, The Germanic Invasions, (London, 1977), 54-66. M. Chaume, Les origines du duch de Bourgogne (Dijon, 1925) G. Kohler, Die Bekehrung der Burgunden zum Christentum', Zeitschrift fr Kirchengeschichte 58 (1938)227-43. O. Perrin, Les Borgondes (Neuchatel, 1968) Louis Blondel, 'Le prieure Saint-Victor, les dbuts du christianisme et la royaut burgonde de Gnve, Bulletin de la socit d'Histoire et d'archologique de Gnve 11 (1958), 211-58. 11 (1958) Marcel Beck, 'Bemerkungen zur Geschichte des ersten Burgundeenreiches', Schweizersche Zeitscrift fr Geschichte 13 (1963), 433-534. Ian Wood, 'Ethnicity and the ethnogenesis of the Burgundians', in Typen der Ethnogenese unter besonderer Bercksicchtigung der Bayern I, ed. Herwig Wolfram and Walter Pohl, Denkschriften der sterreichische Akademie der Wissenshaften, Phil-Hist. K1.201 (Vienna, 1990), 53-70. J. Durliat, 'Le salaire de la paix sociale dans les royaumes barbares (V-VI sicles)', inAnerkennung und Intergration ed. Herwig Wolfram and Andreas Schwarz, , Denkschriften der sterreichsche Akademie der Wissenschaften, Phil. Hist. K1. 193 (Vienna, 1988) pp. 21-72. **** Durliat's arguments are conveniently summarized by Walter Goffart in English in his contribution to this same volume:, pp. 73-85. D. Boyson, 'Romano-Burgundian society in the age of Gundobad', Nottingham Medieval Studies 32 (1988), pp. 91-118 Ian Wood, 'Clermont and Burgundy: 511-534', Nottingham Medieval Studies (1988) pp.119-25 Patrick Amory, 'The meaning and purpose of ethnic terminology in the Burgundian laws', Early Medieval Europe 1 (1993) 1-28 Frederick S. Paxton, 'Power and the power to heal. The cult of St Sigismund of Burgundy', Early Medieval Europe 2 (1993) 95-110 M. Innes Land, Freedom, and the Making of the Medieval West Transactions of the Royal Historical Society (2006)
31
ALEMANS Source
Laws of the Alemans and Bavarians trans. T. Rivers (Philadelphia, 1977) Ammianus Marcellinus trans. J.C. Rolfe and abridged version in Penguin Classic, trans. A.Wallace-Hadrill
Secondary
R. McKitterick, The Carolingians and the Written Word (Cambridge, 1989) 65-9, 77-89. L. Musset, The Germanic Invasions, 80-3. Die historische Landschaft zwischen Lech und Vogesen. Forschungen und Fragen zur (Augsburg, 1988) gesamtalemannishen Geschichte, ed. Pankraz Fried and Wolf-Dieter Sick a collection of useful essays on aspects of early mediaeval Alemannia, in Germany. M. Todd, The Early Germans (2nd edn. Oxford 1992) Ian Wood (ed), Franks and Alamanni in the Merovingian Period: An Ethnographic Perspective (1996)
32
VANDALS Sources
C.D. Gordon, The Age of Attila (1960) C. Courtois et al, ed., Tablettes Albertini (1952) Procopius, Bellum Vandalicum (Text with English translation in Loeb ed. Jordanes, Gothic History, trans. C.C. Mierow Victor of Vita, History of the Vandal Persecution trans. John Moorhead (Liverpool, 1992)
Secondary
A.H. Merrills (ed.), Vandals, Romans and Berbers. New Perspectives on Late Antique North Africa (2004): important essay collection. J. Moorhead, The Roman Empire Divided 400-700 (2001), 49-60 Averil Cameron, Bryan Ward-Perkins and Michael Whitby (eds.), The Cambridge Ancient History: Volume XIV Late Antiquity: Empire and Successors, A.D. 425-600 (Cambridge, 2000), chapter 20. The Cambridge History of Africa II ed. J.D. Fage, (Cambrige, 1978) pp. 410-89, 556-63. J.H.W.G. Liebeschuetz, Gens into regnum: the Vandals, in H.-W. Goetz, J. Jarnut and W. Pohl (eds), Regna and Gentes. The Relationship between Late Antique and Early Medieval Peoples and Kingdoms (2003), pp. 55-83 Morris Rosenblum, Luxorius, a Latin poet among the Vandals (1961) C. Courtois, Victor de Vita et son oeuvre (1954) -------------, Les Vandales et l'Afrique (Paris, 1955) Ludwig Schmidt, Histoire des Vandales (1953) W.H.C. Frend, 'The Vandals and Africa', Journal of Roman Studies 46 (1956) Lucien Musset, The Germanic Invasions (1976) H. -J. Diesner, Das Vandalesenreich (Stuttgart, 1966) Frank M. Clover, 'The symbiosis of Romans and Vandals in Africa', in Das Reich und die Barbaren,ed. Evangelos Chrysos and Andreas Schwarcz (Cologne and Vienna, 1989) pp.57-74. ------------------, Carthage, Romans and Vandals, (Aldershot 1994)
33
LOMBARDS Sources
Paul the Deacon, History of the Lombards trans. W. Dudley Foulke (Philadelphia, 1974 repr. of 1904 ed.) Liber Pontificalis ed. L. Duschesne, trans. into English to A.D. 715 as The Book of the Pontiffs into English by Raymond Davis (Liverpool, 1989) and The Eighth Century Popes (Liverpool 1992) and The Ninth Century Popes (Liverpool 1995) The Lombard Laws trans. Katherine Fischer Drew (Philadelphia, 1973) Monks, bishops and pagans, trans. Edward Peters (Philadelphia, 1975) which includes Jonas of Bobbio's Life of Columbanus and Paul the Deacon's Poems in honour of St.Benedict, as well as extracts from the Life of St. Barbatus.
Secondary
See also the works listed under Carolingian Italy following this bibliography. C. La Rocca (ed.), Italy in the Early Middle Ages (Oxford, 2002) Chris Wickham, Early Medieval Italy (London, 1982) ------------------, The Mountains and the City. The Tuscan Appenines in the early middle ages (Oxford, 1988) Thomas Hodgkin, Italy and her Invaders vols. V and VI (Oxford, 1916) Peter Llewellyn, Rome in the Dark Ages (London, 1972; reprint 1995) Thomas F.X. Noble, The Republic of St Peter, the birth of the papal state 680-825 (Philadelphia, 1984) Walter Goffart, The narrators of Barbarian History (Princeton, 1988) C.R. Bruhl, 'Zentral-und Finanzverwaltung im Franken und im Langobardenreich', Settimane di Studio del Centro Italiano di studi sull-Alto Medioevo, 20 (1972), 61-94. Jorg Jarnut, Prosopografische und sozial geschichtliche Studien zum Langbobardenreich in Italien(Bonn, 1972) G. Fasoli, I Longobardi in Italia (Bologna, 1965) O. Bertolini, Scritti scelti, (Livorno, 1968) D.A. Bullough, 'The Ostrogothic and Lombard kingdoms', D. Talbot Rice ed., The Dark Ages (London, 1965) 167-74, is succinct and valuable. I. Kiszely, The Anthropology of the Lombards (London, 1979) D. Bullough, 'The writing office of the dukes of Spoleto in the eighth century', in D. Bullough ed., The Study of Mediaeval Records (Oxford, 1971) pp. 1-21. Chris Wickham, 'Land disputes and their social framework in Lombard-Carolingian Italy 700-900', in The Settlement of Disputes in Early Mediaeval Europe ed. Wendy Davies and Paul Fouracre (Cambridge, 1986) Ross Balzaretti, 'The monastery of Saint Ambrogio and dispute settlement in early medieval Milan', Early Medieval Europe 3 (1994) 1-18. Chris Wickham, Land and Power. Studies in Italian and European Social History, 400-1200 (Rome and London, 1994) Richard Hodges (ed.), San Vincenzo al Volturno 1 (Rome 1993) II (Rome, 1995) P. Fouracre (ed.), The New Cambridge Medieval History. Volume I: c. 500-c. 700 (Cambridge, 2005), chapter 6 by Moorhead P. Delogu, 'Lombard and Carolingian Italy', in R. McKitterick (ed.) The New Cambridge Medieval History II c.700-c.900 Cambridge 1995) pp. 290-319 and Tom Brown, 'Byzantine Italy, c. 680c.876' in ibid, pp. 320-348 Neil Christie, The Lombards (Oxford, 1995) N.Everett, Literacy in Lombard Italy c. 568-774 (Cambridge, 2003) T.S. Brown, Early Medieval Italy 600-1216 (2004) See also the chapter on Paul the Deacon in R. McKitterick History and Memory in the Caroingian World (2007)
34
35
36
Political History
P. Fouracre (ed.), The New Cambridge Medieval History. Volume I: c. 500-c. 700 (Cambridge, 2005), chapters 8 and 14 C.E. Stevens, Sidonius Apollinaris and his age (1933) L. Musset, The Germanic Invastions (1975) J.M. Wallace-Hadrill, The Long Haired kings and other studies in Frankish History (1962) Fifth Century Gaul: A Crisis of Identity? ed. John Drinkwater and Hugh Elton (Cam., 1992) Samuel Dill, Roman Society in Gaul in the Merovingian Age (1926) I.N. Wood, 'Kings, kingdom and consent' in P. Sawyer and I.N. Wood. (ed.), Early Mediaeval Kingship (1977) J.R. Nelson, 'Queens as Jezebels: the careers of Brunhild and Balthild in Merovingian history' in D. Baker (ed.), Medieval Women (1978) H. Fischer, 'The belief in the continuity of the Roman Empire among the Franks of the fifth and sixth centuries', Catholic Historical Review 4 (1924) 536-555. M. Silber, The Gallic royalty of the Merovingian Franks in its relationship to the Orbis terrarum Romanus (1971) W. Goffart, 'Byzantine policy in the west under Tiberius II and Maurice: the pretenders Hermenigild and Gundovald 579-585, in Speculum 51 (1976) pp. 381-410. R. Collins, 'Theodebert I Rex magnus Francorum' in C. P. Wormald (ed.), Ideal and reality in Frankish and Anglo-Saxon Society (1983) I.N. Wood, 'The ecclesiastical politics in Merovingian Clermont' in Ibid. see also the Frankish Church Bibliography -------------, The Merovingian North Sea (Alingsas, 1985) -------------, The Merovingian kingdoms 450-751 (London 1993) ------------- and J. Harries(eds.), The Theodosian Code (London, 1994)
37
J. Harries, Sidonius Appollinaris and the fall of Rome (London, 1995) A.C. Murray, 'Immunity, nobility and the edict of Paris', Speculum 69 (1994) pp. 18-39 W. Daly, 'Clovis: how barbaric, how pagan?' Speculum 69 (1994) pp. 619-664 P. Geary, Before France and Germany (Oxford, 1988) Mark Spencer, 'Dating the baptism of Clovis, 1886-1993', Early Medieval Europe 3 (1994) 97-117 Judith W. George, Venantius Fortunatus. A Poet in Merovingian Gaul (1992) T. F. X. Noble (ed.), From Roman Provinces to Medieval Kingdoms (2006): Part III on Merovingian Gaul. P. Fouracre The Age of Charles Martel (London, 2000)
38
(1971) 33-51 many authors: Caratteri del secolo VII in occidente Settimane di Studio del Centro Italiano di studi sull'alto medioevo 5 (Spoleto, 1958) articles - French, German, Italian and English many leading scholars and comparre vol 19 devoted to studies on the eighth century.
Culture
J. Hubert et.al., Europe in the Dark Ages (1969) R. McKitterick, 'The scriptoria of merovingian Gaul: a survey of the evidence' in H. Clarke and M. Brennan, Columbanus and Merovingian Monasticism P. Rich, Education and Culture in the Barbarian West, ss. V-VIII, trans. J.J. Contreni (Columbia S. Carolina, 1976) Y Hen, Culture and Religion in Merovingian Gaul A D 481-751 (Leiden, 1995)
39
THE FRANKISH CHURCH 1. The church in late antiquity (see also reading lists from Dr. Kelly's lectures)
P.R.L. Brown, The world of Late Antiquity (1971); Augustine of Hippo (1962); Religion and Society in the age of Saint Augustine (1972); Society and the holy in late Antiquity (1982); The Cult of the Saints (1981) J.N.D. Kelly, Jerome (1975) D.J. Chitty, The Desert in a City (1966) H. Chadwick, The early church (1962) John Matthews, Western Aristocracies and imperial court 364-425 (Oxford, 1975) Averil Cameron, Bryan Ward Perkins and Michael Whitby (eds.), The Cambridge Ancient History Volume XIV - Late Antiquity: Empire and Successors, A.D. 425-600 (Cambridge, 2000): chapters 24-27, covering the organisation of the church, monasticism, holy men and the definition of orthodoxy.
SEE ALSO the bibliographies below on the Carolingian Church, and the Papacy and the Franks.
40
SAINTS
Sources as above.
R Davis (tr), The Lives of the Ninth-Century Popes (Liverpool, 1995) P. Fouracre and R. Gerberding, Later Merovingian France (Manchester,1996) J. McNamara (trans.), Sainted Women of the Dark Ages (1992) T.F.X. Noble and T. Head (trans.), Soldiers of Christ. Saints and Saints' Lives from late Antiquity and the early Middle Ages (Philadelphia, 1995) T. Head (ed.), Medieval Hagiography. An Anthology (New York, 2000)
Secondary
Peter R.L. Brown, The Cult of the Saints (Chicago 1981) ---------------------, 'The rise and function of the holy man in late antiquity', Journal of Roman Studies 61 (1971) pp. 80-101, reprinted in Peter R.L. Brown, Society and the Holy in Late Antiquity (London, 1982) Browns work needs to be revised in the light of: J D Howard-Johnston and P A Hayward (ed), The Cult of Saints in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages (Oxford, 1999) and M. Dal Santo Gregory the Great and Eustratius of Constantinople: The Dialogues on the Miracles of the Italian Fathers as an Apology for the Cult of the Saints, Journal of Early Christian Studies 17.3 (2009) pp. 421-457. P. Fouracre, 'Merovingian History and Merovingian Hagiography', Past and Present 1990 P. Fouracre and R. A. Gerberding, Late Merovingian France: History and Hagiography 640-720 (Manchester, 1996): introduction includes an excellent discussion of hagiography. I. Wood, 'The Vita Columbani and Merovingian hagiography', Peritia 1 (1982) (plus other articles) Review article on recent work on saints and hagiography: Julia M.H. Smith, in Early Medieval Europe 1 (1992) P.Rich ed., L'Hagiographie (Paris, 1982) T. Head, Hagiography and the Cult of Saint. The diocese of Orleans 800-1200 (Cambridge, 1990) M. Heinzelmann (ed.), Manuscrits Hagiographiques et travail des Hagiographes, Beihefte der Francia 24 (1992) David Rollason, Saints and relics in Anglo-Saxon England (Oxford, 1989) John Kitchen, Saints' lives and the Rhetoric of Gender (New York & Oxford, 1998) S. Sticca (ed.), Saints. Studies in Hagiography (Binghampton, 1996) J. Crook, The Architectural Setting of the Cult of Saints in the Early Christian West, c. 300-c. 1200 (Oxford, 2000) J. M. H. Smith (ed), Rome and the Early Medieval West (Leiden, 2000)
41
Ecclesiastical Policy
A. Dierkens, Abbayes et Chapitres entre Sambre et Meuse VIIe-XIe sicles (1985) pp. 320-8 R. McKitterick, as above, Frankish Kingdoms ch. 3 Levison as above W. Levison, Aus Rheinsicher und Frnkischer Frhzeit (1948) J. Semmler, 'Pippin III und die frnkischen Kloster Francia 3 (1975) 88-146 T. Reuter (ed.), The Greatest Englishman (Exeter, 1980) esp. Reuter's own essay.
42
Conquest
B.S. Bachrach, Early Carolingian Warfare-Prelude to Empire (Philadelphia, 2001) Jacques Boussard, 'L'Ouest du royaume franc aux VIIe et VIIe sicle', Journal des Savants (1973) pp. 3-27 Gabriel Fournier, 'Les campagnes de Pepin le Bref en Auvergne et la question des fortifications rurales au VIIe sicle', Francia 2 (1974) pp. 123-135. Richard Gerberding, The Rise of the Carolingians and the Liber Historiae Francorum (Oxford, 1987) S. Airlie, "Narratives of triumph and rituals of submission: Charlemagne's mastering of Baveria", Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 9 (1999), 93-120 K.L. Roper Pearson, Conflicting Loyalties in Early Medieval Bavaria: A View of Socio-Political Interaction 680-900, (Aldershot, 1999)
Language
R. McKitterick, The Frankish Church and the Carolingian Reforms 789-895 (1977) pp. 184-285. F. Lot, 'A quelle Epoque a-t-on cesse de parler Latin?', Archivum Latinitatis Medii Aevi VI Bulletin du Cange (19??) 97-159 H.F. Muller, 'When did Latin cease to be a spoken language in France?', The Romanic Review 12 (1921) 31824. Einar Lofstedt, Late Latin (1959) Roger Wright, Late Latin and early Romance in Spain and Carolingian France (1982) ---------------- (ed.), Latin and the Romance languages in the early middle ages (London, 1991) R. McKitterick, The Carolingians and the Written Word (Cambridge, 1989) M. Banniard, 'Language and communication in Carolingian Europe', in R. McKitterick (ed.), The New Cambridge Medieval History II: c. 700 - c.900 (Cambridge, 1995) pp. 695-708
Carolingian legislation
R. McKitterick, The Frankish Church and the Carolingian Reforms pp. 1-45 -----------------, The Frankish Kingdoms under the Carolingians pp. 77-106 -----------------, The Carolingians and the Written Word (Cambridge, 1989) ch.2. H. Lyon and J. Perceval, The Reign of Charlemagne (selected documents) B. Pullan, Sources for the history of Medieval Europe (ditto) R. McKitterick, 'Some Carolingian law books and their function' in B. Tierney and P. Linehan (eds.), Authority and Power. Essays presented to Walter Ullman on his 70th birthday (1981) Janet Nelson, 'Legislation and consensus in the reign of Charles the Bald' in P. Wormald (ed.), Idea and Reality in Frankish and Anglo-Saxon Society (Oxford, 1983) W. Davies and P. Fouracre (ed.), The Settlement of Disputes in early medieval Europe (Cambridge, 1986) esp. the essays by Ian Wood, Paul Fouracre and Janet Nelson. All the others are also of relevance. P. Rich, 'Les bibliothques de trois aristocrates laiques' reissued in his collected papers by Variorium. Look up under Rich. F. L. Ganshof, Les Capitulaires (1954) and Frankish Institutions (1968) C P Wormald Lex Scripta and Verbum Regis: Legislation and Germanic Kingship in P H Sawyer and I N Wood (eds) Early Medieval Kingship (Leeds, 1977)
43
P.D. King, Charlemagne. Translated Sources (1987) J. Percival, 'The precursors of Domesday: Roman and Carolingian Land Registers' in P. Sawyer (ed.), Domesday Book. A Reassessment (1985) pp. 5-28. W. Goffart, Caput and Colonate: towards a history of late Roman taxation (1974) (not regarded with favour by Roman historians) G.W. Coopland, The Abbey of St. Bertin and its neighbourhood (1914) C.H. Taylor, 'Note on the Origin of the Polyptychs' Mlanges d'Histoire offerts Henri Pirenne (1926) 47581. W. Goffart, 'Merovingian polyptychs: reflections on two recent publications', Francia 9 (1982) pp. 3-21. Brevium Exemplum trans. in Loyn and Percival, pp. 98-105 is a report, or rather, three separate reports of three types of property. Essential reading.
44
Secondary
C. La Rocca (ed.), Italy in the Early Middle Ages (Oxford, 2002) Chris Wickham, Early Medieval Italy. Central power and local society 400-1000 (London, 1981) E. Hlawitschka, Franken, Alemannen, Bayern und Burgunder in Oberitalien 774-962 (Freiburg, 1960) J. Fischer, Knigtum, Adel and Kirche im Knigreich Italien 774-875 (Bonn, 1965) P. Delogu, 'Structure politiche e ideologia nel regno di Ludovico II', Bolletino dell'Istituto Storico Italiano per il medio evo 80 (1968) pp. 137-89. C.J. Wickham, The Mountains and the City. The Tuscan Appenines in the early middle ages (Oxford, 1988) E.G. Ranallo, 'The bishops of Lucca from Gherard I to Gherard II (868-1003): a biographic sketch' in Atti del 5 congresso, pp. 719-35. Bryan Ward-Perkins, From Classical Antiquity to the middle Ages: urban public building in northern and central Italy A.D. 300-850 (Oxford, 1984) Peter Llewellyn, Rome in the Dark Ages (London, 1962) Donald Bullough, 'Baiuli in the Carolingian regnum Langobardorum and the career of Abbot Waldo (d. 813)', English Historical Review 77 (1962) pp. 625-37. --------------------, 'The counties of the regnum Italiae in the Carolingian period 774-888, a topographical study 1 Papers of the British School at Rome (1955) pp. 148-68 --------------------, 'Leo quid apud Hlotharium magni loci habebatur et le gouvernement du Regnum Italiae l'poque carolingienne', Le Moyen Age 67 (1961) pp. 221-45. K.F. Drew, 'The Carolingian military frontier in Italy', Traditio 20 (1964) pp. 437-47. -------------, 'The immunity in Carolingian Italy', Speculum 37 (1962) pp. 182-97. T.F.X. Noble, 'The revolt of King Bernard of Italy', Studi Medievale 15 (1974) pp. 315-26. C.E. Odegaard, 'The Express Engelberg', Speculum 26 (1951) oo. 77-103. F.E. Engreen, 'Pope John VIII and the Arabs', Speculum 20 (1945) pp. 318-30. R. Schumann, Authority and the Commmune, Parma 833-1133 ( Parma 1973) C.E. Boyd, Tithes and Parishes in medieval Italy (Ithaca, 1952) T.F.X. Noble, The Republic of St. Peter 640-825 (Princeton, 1984) Donald Bullough, 'Urban change in early mediaeval Italy: the exaample of Pavia', Papers of the British School in Rome 34 (1966) pp. 82-131. A.Ahmad, A History of Islamic Sicily (Edinburgh, 1975) Richard Hodges and J. Mitchell, The Archaeology, Art and Territory of an early medieval monastery, B.A.R. International Series 252 (1985) with many useful studies, particularly that by Chris Wickham. Chris Wickham, 'Land disputes and their social framework in Lombard-Carolingian Italy 700-900' in The Settlement of Disputes in early mediaeval Europe, ed. Wendy Davies and Paul Fouracre (Cambridge, 1986) John Mitchell, 'Literacy displayed: the use of inscriptions at the monastery of San Vincenzo al Volturno in
45
the early ninth century', in The Uses of Literacy in early mediaeval Europe, (ed.) R. McKitterick (Cambridge, 1990) pp. 186-225. J.H. Hallenbeck, 'Pope Stephen III. Why was he elected?', Archivum Historiae Pontificae 12 (1974) -------------------, 'King Desiderius as surrogate "patricius romanorum": The politics of equilibrium 757-768', Studi Medievali 30 (1990), pp. 49-64. D.H. Miller, 'The Roman Revolution of the eighth century: a study of the ideological background of the papal separation from Byzantium and the alliance with the Franks', Mediaeval Studies XXXVI (1974) --------------, 'Papal Lombard relations during the pontificate of Pope Paul I: the attainment of an equilibrium of power in Italy, 756-767', Catholic Historical Review L.V. 3 (1969) David F Sefton, 'Pope Hadrian I and the fall of the kingdom of the Lombards', Catholic Historical Review LXV (1979) J.T. Hallenbeck, Pavia and Rome: the Lombard monarchy and the papacy in the eighth century (Philadelphia, 1982) Richard Hodges (ed.), San Vincenzo al Volturno I (Rome, 1993) II (Rome, 1995) Chris Wickham, Land and Power. Studies in Italian and European Social history 400-1200 (Rome and London, 1994) Ross Balzaretti, 'The monastery of Sant'Ambrogio and dispute settlement in early medieval Milan', Early medieval Europe 3 (1994) 1-18 Paolo Squatriti, 'Water, nature and culture in early medieval Lucca', Early Medieval Europe 4 (1995) Patricia Skinner, 'Women, wills and wealth in medieval southern Italy', Early Medieval Europe 2 (1993) pp. 133-152 ------------------, Family power in southern Italy (Cambridge, 1995) R. McKitterick, 'Paul the Deacon and the Franks', Early Medieval Europe 8 (1999), pp.319-340 J.M. Smith (ed.), Early Medieval Rome and the Christian West (Leiden, 2000) G.V.B. West, 'Charlemagne's involvement in Central and Southern Italy: Power and the Limits of Authority', early Medieval Europe 9, (1999), pp. 341-61. N. Christie, Charlemagne and the renewal of Rome, in J. Story (ed.), Charlemagne. Empire and Society (Manchester, 2005), 167-82
46
Secondary
Every book about the Carolingians includes a discussion of the coronation of Charlemagne. You may find the following useful as a sample of different approaches: R. McKitterick, The Frankish Kingdoms under the Carolingians (London, 1983) D. Bullough, The Age of Charlemagne (London, 1974) R. Folz, The Coronation of Charlemagne (1974) H. Fichtenau, The Carolingian Empire (1957) Judith Herrin, The Formation of Christendom (Princeton, 1987) p. 448 ff. J.M. Wallace-Hadrill, The Frankish Church (Oxford, 1983) P.E. Schramm, Kaiser, Rome und Renovatio (1951) D. Hagermann, Karl der Grosse (Munich, 2000) M. Becher, Charlemagne (New Haven, 2003): excellent short introduction J. Story (ed.), Charlemagne. Empire and Society (Manchester, 2005), 52-70: important essay collection The best collection of studies on Charlemagne remains W. Braunfels (ed.), Karl der Grosse, Lebenswerk und Nachleben 4 vols. (Dsseldorf, 1965) which includes essays in German, French and English on all aspects of Charlemagne's reign. Note especially the essay, in German, by Peter Classen. This has now been revised and published separately as: Karl der Grosse, das Papsstum and Byzanz. Die Begrundung des karolingishen Kaisertums (Sigmaringen, 1985) The New Cambridge Medieval History II: c.700 - c.900 ed. R. McKitterick (Cambridge, 1995) includes chapters on the different regions of Western Europe as well as three thematic sections (pp. 381-848) on government and institutions, church and society, intellectual life and culture. Also on the papacy and the Franks you will find T.F.X. Noble, The Republic of St. Peter. The birth of the papal state, 680-825 (Philadelphia, 1984) very useful and replete with bibliographical references and summaries of debates by all scholars, including the German and French. For articles which summarise the coronation business the most helpful are F.L. Ganshof, The Imperial Coronation of Charlemagne. Theories and Facts (1959 and reprinted in his The Carolingians and The
47
Frankish monarchy (1972) and Peter Munz, The Coronation of Charlemagne in 800 (1960).
48
Secondary
W. Ullmann, The Growth of Papal Government in the Middle Ages (1960) T.F.X. Noble, The Republic of St. Peter (1984) a fine study of the growth of the papal states in the early middle ages and papal relations with the Franks to 824. P. Llewellyn, Rome in the Dark Ages (London, 1972) Jeffrey Richards, The Popes and the Papacy (London, 1979) E. Griff, 'Aux origines de l'tat pontificale: Charlemagne et Hadrian 1 722-5', Bull. de littrature ecclesiastique 55 1954 and 59 1958. L. Saltel, 'La Lecture d'un texte et la critique contemporaine Bull. litt. eccles. 42 1941. Addison & Baker 'The oath of purgation of Leo III', Traditio 8 1952 R. Folz, The Coronation of Charlemagne F.L. Ganshof, The Imperial coronation of Charlemagne (1949) C.E. Odegaard, 'The Empress Engelberga' Speculum 26 (1951) F. Dvornik, Les Slavs, Byzans et Rome au ixe sicle (1926) P. Devos, 'La mysterieuse episode finale de la Vita Gregorii de Jean Diacre', Analecta Bollandiana 82 (1964) G. L'Apotre, Pape Jean VIII (1895) F.E. Engreen, 'Pope John VIII and the Arabs', Speculum 20 (1945) P. Partner, 'Notes on the lands of the Roman church in the early middle ages', Papers of the British School at Rome 21, (1966) T. Hodgkin, Italy and her Invaders (1880) K. Morrison, The Two Kingdoms (Princeton, 1964) --------------, Tradition and Authority in the Western Church (Princeton, 1969) W. Ullmann, The Growth of Papal Government in the Middle Ages (3rd ed, London, 1970) H.K. Mann, The Lives of the Popes in the early middle ages (vols 1-5, 1902-) F. Gregorovius, History of Rome (1894) N. Christie, Charlemagne and the renewal of Rome, in J. Story (ed.), Charlemagne. Empire and Society (Manchester, 2005), 167-82
49
Monographs
L. Wallach, Alcuin and Charlemagne (1959) ------------, Diplomatic Studies from Latin and Greek documents from the Carolingian Age (1977) L. Levillain, L'avenement de la dynastie carolingienne et l'effondrement de l'etat franque' BEC 116, 1933, pp. 225-95 L.Halphen, Charles le Chauve (to 851 only) (Paris, 1951) ------------, Charlemagne and the Carolingian Empire (1978 Eng.) F. Felten, bte und Laienbte im Frankenreich (1980) Jean Chlini, L'aube du moyen age. Naissance de la chrtient occidentale (Paris, 1991) Frederick Paxton, Christianizing Death. The creation of a ritual process in early medieval Europe (Princeton, 1990) Joseph H Lynch, Godparents and Kinship in early medieval Europe (1986) Thomas Head, Hagiography and the Cult of Saints. The diocese of Orlans 800-1200 (Cambridge, 1990) Valerie I.J. Flint, The Rise of Magic in early medieval Europe (Oxford, 1991) Religion, Culture and Society in the early middle ages. Studies in honor of Richard E. Sullivan (ed.) T.F.X. Noble and John J. Contreni (1987)
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Political Reality R. Mc Kitterick Charlemagne: The Formation of a European Identity (Cambridge, 2008) is now the fundamental study
R. McKitterick (ed.), The New Cambridge Medieval History II : c.700 - c.900 (1995) esp. Part 1, pp. 1-343 R. McKitterick, The Frankish Kingdoms under the Carolingians 751-987 (1983) H. Fichtenau, The Carolingian Empire (1968) Louis Halphen, Charlemagne and the Carolingian Empire (1947 and 1977) D. Bullough, The Age of Charlemagne (1972) Karl Leyser, Communications and Power in medieval Europe. The Carolingian and Ottonian centuries, ed. T. Reuter (1994) M. de Jong, 'Power and humility in Carolingian society: the public penance of Louis the Pious', Early Medieval Europe 1 (1992) 29-52. P. Godman and R. Collins (ed.), Charlemagne's Heir. New Perspectives on the reign of Louis the Pious (Oxford, 1990) Janet L. Nelson, Charles the Bald (London, 1993) Timothy Reuter, Germany in the early Middle Ages (London, 1992) C.R. Bowlus, Franks, Moravians and Magyars. The struggle for the Middle Danube 788-907 (Philadelphia, 1995) P. Depreux, Prosopographie de lentourage de Louis le Pieux (781-840) (Sigmaringen, 1997): introduction on the palace followed by biographical entries for the members of Louis the Piouss entourage. M. Innes, State and Society in the early middle ages. The Middle Rhine Valley 400-1000 (Cambridge, 2000) J. Story, Carolingian Connections: Anglo-Saxon England and Carolingian Francia c. 750-870 (2003) H. J. Hummer, Politics and Power in Early Medieval Europe. Alsace and the Frankish Realm, 600-1000 (Cambridge, 2005) J. Story (ed.), Charlemagne. Empire and Society (Manchester, 2005)
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Wood (eds) Early Medieval Kingship (Leeds, 1977) Y Hen and M Innes (ed) The Uses of the Past in the Early Middle Ages (Cambridge, 2000) See the piece by McKitterick
Palaces
J. L. Nelson, Aachen as a place of power, in M. de Jong and F. Theuw (ed.), Topographies of Power in the Early Middle Ages (2001), pp. 217-42 R. Rich, Daily Life in the world of Charlemagne (1978) 41-7. R. Krautheimer, 'The Carolingian Revival of early Christian Architecture' Art Bulletin 24 (1942) R. Hinks, Carolingian Art (1935)
Royal portraits
J.Hubert et.al., Carolingian Art (1970) R. McKitterick 'Charles the Bald and the image of kingship in the early middle ages', History Today 38 (June 1988) p. 29-36. Donald Bullough, 'Images regum and their significance in the early medieval west', Studies in Memory of David Talbot Rice (ed.) G. Robertson and G. Henderson (1975), pp. 223-276 P. Schramm (ed.), Denkmale der deutsche Knige und Kaiser (1962) with a great many plates. P E Dutton and H L Kessler, The Poetry and Paintings of the First Bible of Charles the Bald (1997)
Coinage
P. Grierson, 'Money and coinage under Charlemagne' in W.Braunfels (ed.), Karl der Grosse I Persnlichkeit und Geschichte (ed.) W. Braunfels (Dsseldorf, 1965) P. Grierson, 'The Gratia dei rex cointage of Charles the Bald', in J. Nelson and M. Gibson (eds.), Charles the Bald: Court and Kingdom (1981) Simon Coupland, 'Money and Coinage under Louis the Pious', Francia 17 (1990) 23-54 ---------------------, Charlemagnes coinage: ideology and economy, in J. Story (ed.), Charlemagne. Empire and Society (Manchester, 2005), 211-29 ---------------------, The coinage of Lothar I (840-855), Numismatic Chronicle 161 (2001), 157-198 ---------------------, Between the devil and the deep blue sea: hoards in ninth-century Frisia, in B. Cook and G. Williams (ed.), Coinage and History in the North Sea World c. 500-1250. Essays in Honour of Marion Archibald (Leiden, 2006), 241-266: the hoard evidence for Scandinavian presence in Frisia. I.H. Garizpanov, 'The Image of Authority in Carolingian Coinage', Early Medieval Europe 8 (1999), pp. 197-218 Charter styles, seals etc. G. Tessier, La diplomatique royale Franaise (1962) P.E. Schramm, Kaiser Rom und Renovatio (1953) Genevra Kornbluth, 'The seal of Lothar II: Model and copy', Francia 17 (1990) pp. 55-68. ------------------------, Engraved Gems of the Carolingian Empire (Philadelphia, 1995)
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53
2005)
54
West Francia
Charles the Bald: Court and Kingdom, (ed.) Janet Nelson and Margaret Gibson (2nd rev. ed. London, 1990) Janet Nelson, Charles the Bald (1992) J. M. Wallace-Hadrill, A Carolingian Renaissance Prince, Proceedings of the British Academy 64 (1978), 155-89 Jean Devisse, Hincmar, archvque de Reims (1977) P. McKeon, Hincmar of Laon and Carolingian Politics (1976)
55
East Francia
T. Reuter, Germany in the Early Middle Ages (1991) E. J. Goldberg, Struggle for Empire. Kingship and conflict under Louis the German, 817-876 (2006) E. Goldberg, More devoted to the equipment of battle than to splendor of banquets: Frontier kingship, martial ritual, and early knighthood at the court of Louis the German, Viator 30 (1999), 41-78 W. Hartmann, Ludwig der Deutsche (Darmstadt, 2002) W. Hartmann (ed.), Ludwig der Deutsche und seine Zeit (Darmstadt, 2004) S. MacLean, Kingship and Politics in the Late Ninth Century. Charles the Fat and the End of the Carolingian Empire (2003)
Transformation or Decline?
M. Innes, State and Society in the Early Middle Ages (1999), esp. chapter 6, 195-240, on changes to the Carolingian system after 843. T. Reuter, Plunder and tribute in the Carolingian empire, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 35 (1985), 391-405 T. Reuter, The end of Carolingian military expansion in P. Godman and R. Collins (eds), Charlemagnes Heir (1990) J. L. Nelson, Introduction, in her The Frankish World 750-900 (1996) S. MacLean, Charles the Fat and the Viking Great Army: the military explanation for the end of the Carolingian empire, War Studies Journal 3 (1998), 74-95 J.W. Thompson, The dissolution of the Carolingian Fisc in the ninth century (1935) J. Dhondt, Etudes sur la naissance des principauts territoriales en France IX-X sicles (Bruges 1948)
56
Scandinavian background
A.P. Smyth, Scandinavian kings in the British Isles (1977)
57
E. Roesdahl, Viking Age Denmark (1982) K. Helle (ed.), The Cambridge History of Scandinavia: volume I. Prehistory to 1520 (2003) J. Adams and K. Holman (ed.), Scandinavia and Europe 800-1350. Contact, Conflict, and Coexistence (2004) J. Graham-Campbell, Cultural Atlas of the Viking World (1994) B. and P. Sawyer, Medieval Scandinavia. From Conversion to Reformation c. 800-1500 (1993) H.B. Clarke, M. N Mhaonaigh and R. . Floinn, Ireland and Scandinavia in the Early Viking Age (1998): three useful essays on Norway. S. Franklin and J. Shepard, The Emergence of Rus 750-1200 (1996), chapter 1: Scandinavians in the East.
Area studies
M. Garaud, 'Les incursions des Normandes en Poitou', Revue Historique 180 (1937) pp. 241ff A. D'Haenens, Les invasions normandes en Belgique (1967)
Military aspects
J. Lair, 'Les Normands dans l'Ile d'Oscelle, 855-861', Memoires de la socit Historique et Archologique de l'arrondissement de Pontois et du Vexin 20 (1898) p. 9-39. F. Vercauteren, 'Comment s'est-on dfendu , au IXe sicle, dans l'empire franc contre les invasions normandes?' in Annales du XXXe congres de la fdration archologique et historique de Belgique 1935 (1936) pp. 117-132. S. Coupland, The Carolingian army and the struggle against the Vikings, Viator 35 (2004), pp. 49-70.
Archaeology
H.M. Hassall and D. Hill, 'Pont de l'Arche: Frankish influence on the west Saxon burh?', Archaeological Journal 197 (1970) pp. 188-95. R. Hodges, 'Trade and market origins in the ninth century: an archaeological perspective of AngloCarolingian relations' in Gibson and Nelson, Charles the Bald, (1981) pp. 213-233. H. Clarke and B. Ambrosiani (eds.), Towns in the Viking Age (1991, repr. 1995) S. Coupland, Trading places: Quentovic and Dorestad reassessed, Early Medieval Europe 11 (2002), 209-232 Maritime Celts. Frisians and Saxons, ed. S. McGrail, CBA Research Report 71 (London,1990)
58
59
60
P. Sawyer and I.N. Wood (eds.), early Medieval Kingship (Leeds, 1977) B. Smalley (ed.), Trends in medieval political thought (Oxford, 1965), esp. the essay by J.M. WallaceHadrill. W. Ullmann, The Carolingian Renaissance and the Idea of Kingship (London, 1971) J.M. Wallace-Hadrill, The Frankish Church (Oxford 1983) J. Nelson, 'Kingship and Empire', in R. McKitterick (ed.), Carolingian Culture: emulation and innovation (Cambridge 1993) -----------, 'Kingship and royal government' in R. McKitterick (ed.), The New CambridgeMedieval History II: c.700 - c.900 (Cambridge, 1995), pp. 383-430 P.E. Dutton, The Politics of Dreaming in the Carolingian Empire (University of Nebraska, 1994) See also the special issue of Early Medieval Europe 7.3 (1998) on Politics and the Bible, ed. by M. de Jong Y. Hen and M. Innes, The Uses of the Past in the Early Middle Ages (2000)
61
Secondary Works
A. Angenendt, Kaiserherrschaft und Knigsstaufe (1984) H.H. Anton, Frstenspiegel und Herrscherethos in der Karolingerzeit (1968) H.X. Arquillire, L'Augustinisme Politique (1934) 2nd end. C.R. Bruhl, 'Frnkischer Kronungsbrauch und das Problem der Festkronungen' Historische Zeitschrift (1962) C. A. Bouman, Sacring and Crowning (Jakarta, 1957) is written by a liturgist and may therefore seem impenetrably technical. J. Devise, Hincmar et la Loi (1962) J. Dhondt, 'Election et Heredit sous les Carolingiens et les premiers Capetiens', Revue Belge de Philologie et d'Histoire (1939) M.J. Enright, Iona, Tara and Siossions: the Origin of the Royal Anointing Ritual (1985) constructs a very dodgy argument for the Irish origins of royal anointing; it includes useful summaries of the work of German scholars (e.g. Angenendt) C. Erdmann, Forschungen zur politischen Ideenwelt des Frhmittelalters (1951) E.H. Kantorowicz, Laudes Regiae: a Study of Liturgical Acclamations and Medieval Ruler Worship, is packed with vital material. P.D. King, Law and Society in the Visigothic Kingdom (1972) best study of these matters in Visgothic Spain. E. Magnou-Nortier, Foi et Fidelit (Toulouse 1976), is very useful for the ties between lord and vassal, which are just as important an element in carolingian governmental thought as the clerically devised inauguration ceremonies. M. MacCormick, Eternal Victory: Triumphal Rulership in late antiquity. Byzantium and the early mediaeval west (1986) J.L. Nelson, 'On the limits of the Carolingian Renaissance' and 'Legislation and consensus in the reign of Charles the Bald', both essays reprinted in J.L. Nelson, Politics and Ritual in early Mediaeval Europe (1986) --------------, The Frankish World, 750-900 (1996) and Rulers and Ruling Families in Early Medieval Europe (1999) also include important essays on inauguration rituals and rulers and ruling more generally. Ann J. Duggan (ed.), Kings and Kingship in Medieval Europe (London, 1993) ------------------------, Queens and Queenship in Medieval Europe (London, 1996)
62
LAW Sources
Leges Visigothorum ed. K. Zeumer (MGH LL sect. 1); Eng. trans. S.P.Scott, The Visigothic Code (Boston, 1910) Lex Burgundionum (ed.) Bluhme, MGH LL sect. 3 (1863) Eng. trans. K. Fischer Drew (Philadelphia 1949 and 1972) Lex Alamannorum, (ed.) K. Echmardt in MGH; Eng. trans. Theodore J. Rivers (1977) Lex Baiuuaoriorum, (ed.) MGH; Eng. trans. Theodore J. Rivers (1977) Lex Salica (ed.) K.A. Eckhardt, MGH; Eng. trans. (1) Theodore J. Rivers (1987) with the laws of the Ripuarian Franks (2) K. Fischer Drew, The Laws of the Salian Franks (Philadelphis 1991) Lex Ribvaria, (ed.) MGH, Eng. trans. Theodore J. Rivers (1987) Leges Langobardorum, (ed.) Bluhme, MGH; Eng. trans. K. Fischer Drew (1973)
Secondary
P.D. King, Law and Society in the Visgothic Kingdom (Cambridge 1972) ------------, 'King Chindaswind and the first territorial law code of the Visgothic kingdom', Visgothis Spain, New Approaches (ed.) E. James (Oxford, 1980) D. Claude, 'Freedmen in the Visigothic kingdom', ibid. F.S. Lear, 'The public law of the Visgothic code', Speculum 26 (1951) S.L. Gutermann, From Personal to territorial law. Aspects of the history and structure of the western legal constitutional tradition (New York 1972) P. Vinogradoff, Roman Law in Medieval Europe (1926) J. Gaudemet, 'Le Breviaire d'Alaric et les Epitomes', Ius Romanum Medii Aevi pars 1.2.baa (Milan 1965) K. Fisher Drew, 'The Germanic family of the Leges Burgundionum', Medievalia et Humanistica 15 (1963) J. McNamara, 'Marriage and divorce in the Frankish kingdom', in Women in Medieval Society (ed.) S.M. Stuard (1974) W.W. Buckland, A Manual of Roman Private Law (Cambridge, 1957) Alexander C. Murray, Germanic Kinship Structures (Toronto 1983) R. McKitterick, The Carolingians and the Written Word (Cambridge, 1989) ch. 2. ------------------, 'Some Carolingian law books and their function', in Authority and Power, (ed.) P.Linehan (Cambridge, 1986) P. Stein, 'Roman Law', The Cambridge History of Medieval Political Thought c. 350-c.1450 (ed.) J.H. Brown (Cambridge, 1988) *** SEE ALSO the Bibliography at the back of K. Fischer-Drew's translation of The Laws of the Salian Franks P. Amory, 'The meaning and purpose of ethnic terminology in the Burgundian laws', Early Medieval Europe, 2 (1993) C P Wormald Les Scripta and Verbum Regis: Legislation and Germanic Kingship in P H Sawyer and I N Woods (eds) Early Medieval Kingship (Leeds, 1977) Barbara H Rosenwein, Negotiating Space. Power, restraint and privileges of immunity in early medieval Europe (Ithaca, 1999) W. Davies and P. Fouracre (eds.), The settlement of disputes in early medieval Europe (Cambridge, 1986) -----------------------------------------, Property and Power in the early middle ages (Cambridge, 1995) M. Innes, State and Society in the early middle ages (Cambridge, 2000) P. Wormald, The Leges barbarorum: Law and ethnicity in the post-Roman West, in H.-W. Goetz, J. Jarnut and W. Pohl (eds), Regna and Gentes. The Relationship between Late Antique and Early Medieval Peoples and Kingdoms. Transformation of the Roman World 13 (2003) P. Wormald, The Making of English Law (Oxford, 1999): chapter 1 discusses the continental background to English law Averil Cameron, Bryan Ward Perkins and Michael Whitby (eds.), The Cambridge Ancient History Volume XIV - Late Antiquity: Empire and Successors, A.D. 425-600 (Cambridge, 2000), chapter 10.
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Facsimilies
Chartae Latinae Antiquiores. Catalogue with facsimilies and transcriptions of Latin charters prior to the ninth century ed. A. Bruckner and R. Marcichal and others (Lausanne 1954- ) P. Lauer and C. Samaran, Les diplmes originaux des Mrovingiens (1908) F. Lot and P. Lauer, Diplomata Karolinorum (1936-49) (from French collections) A. Bruckner, Diplomata Karolinorum (Basel 1974) (from Swiss collections)
Editions
G. Tessier, P Lauer, A Giry et al., Recueil des Actes de Charles le Chauve (Paris 1943-55) de Louis IV) (1914), Charles le Simple (1940), Eudes (=Odo) (1947) Monumenta Germaniae Historica (ed.) Mhlbacher for charters of Pippin, Carloman and Charlemagne; see also for Louis the German and his sons, Lothar I and Lothar II, Louis II and the Ottonian rulers, as well as for the Merovingians. The charters of Louis the Pious are not available in a modern edition: see the discussion by Peter Johnanek in Charlemagne's Heir (ed.) Roger Collins and Peter Godman (Oxford 1990). Private charters are generally edited from a particular archive or institution, too many to list here. An example is the charters of St. Gallen (ed.) Wartmann, and notes concerning others are given in ch. 3 of McKitterick, Carolingians and the Written Word (1990) The editions usually give a brief description of the content of each document in French or German. Source collections often include a few charters in translation. A. Rio The Formularies of Angers and Marculf: Two Merovingian Legal Handbooks (Liveropool , 2008)
Handbooks
H. Bresslau, Handbuch der Urkundenlehre fr Deutschland und Italian (1912) M. de Bouard, Manuel de diplomatique fraancaise et pontificale (1925) A. Giry, Manuel de diplomatique (1894) G. Tessier, Diplomatique royale franaaise (1962)
Topics
D.P. Blok, 'Les formules de droit romain dans les actes privs au haut moyen age', Miscellanea Medievalia in memoriam J.F. Niermeyer (Groningen, 1967) P. Classen, Kaiserreskript und Knigsurkunde (Thessalonika, 1979) Most of the essays in The Uses of Literacy in Early Mediaeval Europe, (ed.) R. McKitterick (Cambridge, 1990) include discussions of problems concerning the charter evidence and legal practice, particularly those by Kelly, Keynes, Wood, Collins and Nelson. See also McKitterick, The Carolingians and the Written Word (Cambridge, 1989) ch.3 and Paul Fouracre, 'Placita and disputes' in The settlement of Disputes in early mediaeval Europe (ed.) W Davis and P. Fouracre (1986) Robert-Henri Bautier, 'La chancellerie et les actes royaux dans les royaume carolingiens', Bibliothque de l' cole des Chartes 142 (1984), pp. 5-80. David Ganz, 'Bureaucratic shorthand and merovingian learning', in Ideal and reality in Frankish and AngloSaxon Society: Studies presented to J.M. Wallace-Hadrill (Oxford, 1983), pp. 58-75. Donald Bullough, 'Aula renovata: the Carolingian court before the Aachen palace', Proceedings of the British Academy 71 (1985), pp. 267-301 reprinted in D. Bullough, Carolingian Renewal: Sources and heritage (Manchester 1991) 'The meaning and purpose of ethnic terminology in the Burgundian laws, Early Medieval Europe 2 (1993) pp. 1-28. 'Serfdom and the beginnings of a seigneurial system' in the Carolingian period: a survey of the evidence'. Early Medieval Europe 2 (1993) 29-52
64
A.Rio Legal Practice and the Written Word in the Early Middle Ages (Cambridge, 2009) C. Wickham, 'Rural society in Carolingian Europe', in R. McKitterick (ed.), The New Cambridge Medieval History II: c.700 - c.900 (Cambridge, 1995), pp. 510-537 R. Balzaretti, 'The monastery of Sant' Ambrogio and dispute settlement in early medieval Milan', Early Medieval Europe 3 (1994) 1-18 R. Hodges (ed.), San Vincenzo al Voltumo (Rome 1993 and 1995). Excavation reports from 1981-86 with discussion of monastic landholding, especially by C. Wickham. Wendy Davies and Paul Fouracre (eds.), Property and Power in the early middle ages (Cambridge, 1995) -------------------------------------------------, The settlement of disputes in early medieval Europe (Cambridge, 1986)
65
WOMEN Sources
References to women are to be found in all types of historical source. It is best to focus on those discussed in some detail in some of the main secondary works, notably those of Nelson and Dronke. The selections in M. Maas, Readings in Late Antiquity (2000) also provide a useful starting point; works written by women include Hugeburcs Hodoeporicon of St Willibald (trans. in T. Head and T. Noble, Soldiers of Christ (1995)) and Dhuodas Liber Manualis (trans. by M. Thibaux (1998) or C. Neel (1991)). You need to decide for yourself how valid it is to separate the study of women from a more general social and political context.
Secondary
Similarly, many secondary works include discussion of women in the context of most issues. There are also specific studies though some are pretty dreadful. The secondary material on the period c.900 - c.1250 is richer (see the Paper 14 reading list). For the earlier period you may find the following useful: J M H Smith, Europe after Rome (2005), Men and women, pp. 115-47. L.M. Bitel, Women in Early Medieval Europe, 400-1000 (Cambridge, 2002) P. Skinner, 'Women, wills and wealth', Early Medieval Europe 3 (1994) Richard Saller, Patriarchy, Property and Death in the Roman Family (Cambridge, 1994) useful Roman background Judith Evans Grubbs, Law and Family in Late Antiquity (Oxford, 1995) Gillian Clark, Women in Late Antiquity (Oxford, 1995) A Arjava, Women and Law in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages (Oxford, 1996) G Nathan, The Family in Late Antiquity (London, 2000) Liz James (ed), Men, Women, and Eunuchs Gender in Byzantium (London, 1997) Derek Baker (ed.), Medieval Women (Oxford, 1978). See in particular the excellent essay by Janet L. Nelson, 'Queens as Jezebels: Brunhild and Balthild in Merovingian History', pp. 31-78. W.J. Sheils and Diana Wood (ed.), Women in the Church (Oxford, 1990), essays in particular by Janet L. Nelson, Elizabeth Ward, Jane Martindale. Martin Klaussen and Rosamond McKitterick on the early middle ages. S. Mosher Stuard (ed.), Women in Medieval Society S. Wemple and J. Kirschner (ed.), Women in the Mediaeval World (1987) Marcelle Thiebaux, The writings of mediaeval women (New York, 1987) with translated texts. Jane Hyam, Ermentrude and Richildis, in Charles the Bald: Court and kingdom, ed. J. Nelson and M Gibson (revised ed. 1990), p. 154-68. Elizabeth Ward, 'Caesars Wife; the career of the empress Judith', in Charlemagne's Heir. New Perspectives on the reign of Louis the Pious (ed.) R. Collins and P. Godman (Oxford, 1990) John Carmi Parsons (ed.), Medieval Queenship (Stroud, 1994) A. Duggan (ed.), Queens and Queenship (1997) Peter Dronke, Women Writers of the Middle Ages (Cambridge, 1984) P. Stafford, Queens, concubines and dowagers (1983) Patrick Corbet, Les saints ottoniens. Saintt dynastique, saintt royale et saintt feminine autour de l'an mil (Sigmaringen, 1986) Karl Leyser, Rule and Conflict in early mediaeval Society (London, 1982) R. McKitterick, The Carolingians and the Written Word, ch. 6, (1989) Suzanne Wemple, Women in Frankish Society (1985) Jane Gardiner, Women in Roman Law andf Society (London, 1986) David Herlihy, The Mediaeval Household (1989) Frauen in sptaantike und frhmittelater, (ed.) Werner Affeldt (Sigmaringen, 1990) arts. in Eng. Fr. and German. Weibliche Lebensgestaltung im frhen Mittelalter, ed. H.W. Goetz (Cologne 1991). Articles by Goetz, Heidrich, Baltrush-Schneider, McKitterick and Kuchenbuch. The paper by McKitterick is published in English as R. McKitterick, 'Women and literacy in the early middle ages' in R.McKitterick, Books, scribes and learning in the Frankish kingdoms, sixth to ninth centuries (Aldershot 1994), ch. XIII, pp. 1-43 Michel Parisse (ed.), Veuves et Veuvage dans le haut moyen ge (Paris 1994) J.M.H. Smith, 'The problem of female sanctity in Carolingian Europe', Past and Present 146 (1995) pp.3-37 V. Flint, 'Susanna and the Lothar crystal: a liturgical perspective', Early Medieval Europe 4 (1995) 61-86 P. Stafford and A.B. Mulder-Bakker (eds.), Gendering the Middle Ages (Oxford, 2000) L. Brubaker and J M H Smith, Gender in the Early Medieval World: East and West, 300-900 (Cambridge, 2004) K. Holum, Theodosian Empresses. Women and Imperial Dominion in Late Antiquity (1982) L. James, Empresses and Power in Early Byzantium (2001)
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L. Garland, Byzantine Empresses. Women and Power in Byzantium AD 527 to 1204 (1999) SEE ALSO the section 900-1250 in the Paper 14 Bibliography as some books contain articles ranging across the earlier middle ages.
OF RELATED INTEREST
Jack Goody, The Development of the Family and Marriage in Europe (Cambridge, 1983) D M Hadley (ed), Masculinity in Medieval Europe (London, 1999) (Chicago, John Boswell, Christianity, Social Tolerance and Homosexuality in the Early Middle Ages 1980) R. Le Jan, Famille et pouvoir dans le monde franc (vii-x sicle) (Paris, 1995) M. Parisse (ed.), Veuves et veuvage dans le haut moyen ge (Paris, 1993) S. Cavallo and L. Warner (eds.), Widowhood in medieval and early modern Europe (London, 1999), papers by Crick and Skinner. Averil Cameron, Bryan Ward Perkins and Michael Whitby (eds.), The Cambridge Ancient History Volume XIV - Late Antiquity: Empire and Successors, A.D. 425-600 (Cambridge, 2000), chapters 14-15 on the family.
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68
O.R. Constable Housing the Stranger in the Carolingian World (Cambridge, 2004) M. Mc Cormick, The Origins of the European Economy (Cambridge, 2002) A. Verhulst, The Carolingian Economy (Cambridge, 2002) H. Hamerow, Early Medieval Settlements: The Archaelogy of Rural Communities in N-W Europe 400-900 (Oxford, 2003) P. Sarris, The Origins of the Manorial Economy New Insights from Late Antiquity English Historical Review CXIX 481 pp. 279-311 E. James et al., The Origins of the European Economy A Debate Early Medieval Europe 12.3 (2003) pp.259-325 (discussion of McCormicks book) J. Story (ed.), Charlemagne. Empire and Society (Manchester, 2005): chapters by Loveluck on rural settlements and by Verhaeghe with Loveluck and Story on urban developments. T. Pestell and K. Ulmschneider (ed.), Markets in Early Medieval Europe. Trading and Productive Sites, 650850 (2003): chapters 1 and 14-19 for sites including Tiss (Denmark) and San Vincenzo al Volturno. P. Fouracre (ed.), The New Cambridge Medieval History I: c.500 - c.700 (Cambridge, 2005): chapters by Loseby on The Mediterranean Economy and Lebecq on The Northern Seas (fifth to eighth centuries). A very important collection of essays by Sarris, Faith, Banaji, Costambeys, Innes, Sijpesteijn, and Whittow is to be found in the Journal of Agrarian Change 9.1. (2009) a special issue edited by Sarris and Banaji in response to Wickhams Framing the Early Middle Ages (Oxford, 2005)
Numismatics
M. Blackburn, Money and Coinage in P. Fouracre (ed.), The New Cambridge Medieval History I: c.500 - c.700 (Cambridge, 2005) pp. 660-74 M. Blackburn, 'Money and Coinage' in R. McKitterick (ed.), The New Cambridge Medieval History II: c.700 - c.900 (Cambridge, 1995) pp. 538-60 Philip Grierson and Mark Blackburn, Mediaeval European Coinage with a catalogue of the coins in the Fitzwilliam Museum I The Early Middle Ages 5th - 10th centuries (Cambridge, 1986) Philip Grierson, Numismatics (1976) ------------------, 'Numismatics', Medieval Studies (ed.), J.M. Powell 2nd ed., (1994) ------------------, 'Commerce in the Dark Ages: a critique of the evidence', Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 9 (1959), pp. 123-40 ------------------, 'La fonction sociale de la monnaie en angleterre aux VIIe et VIIIe siecles', Settimane di Studio del Centro Italiano sull'alto medioevo (1961) ------------------, 'The Canterbury (St. Martin) hoard of Frankish and Anglo-Saxon coin ornaments', British Numismatic Journal 27 1952. ------------------, 'Charlemagne's coronation and the coinage of Leo III', Revue Belge de Philologie et d'Histoire 30 1952. ------------------, 'Money and coinage under Charlemagne', Karl der Grosse I (ed.) Wolfgang Braunfels (Dsseldorf, 1965) S. Coupland, Charlemagnes coinage: ideology and economy, in J. Story (ed.), Charlemagne. Empire and Society (Manchester, 2005), 211-29 D. Metcalf, 'The prosperity of North West Europe in the eighth and ninth centuries', Economic History Review 20 1967) -------------, Coinage in the Balkans (1965) -------------, 'Studies in the composition of early medieval coins', Numismatic Chronicle 7 ser. VII 1967 pp. 67-81. C.M. Cipolla, Money, Prices and Civilisation in the Mediterranean World ss. V - XVII (Princeton, 1956) P.H. Sawyer, Age of the Vikings pp. 89-119 (on Viking hoards) J.N. Hillgarth, 'Coins and Chronicles: propaganda in sixth century Spain and the Byzantine background', Historia 16, 1966, pp. 483-508 G.C. Miles, The coinage of the Visgoths of Spain (1952) K.F. Morrison, Carolingian Coinage (1967) not reliable W.Wroth, Catalogue of the coins of Vandals, Ostragoths and Limbards in the British Museum (London, 1911) W.A. Oddy, 'Analyses of Lombardic Tremisses by the specific gravity method', Numismatic Chronicles 12, 1972. J.P.C. Kent, 'The coins', in R.S.L. Bruce-Mitford, The Sutton Hoo Ship Burial I (London, 1978)
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CULTURE AND INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENTS The late antique and early medieval background Sources
H. Isbell, The last poets of imperial Rome (Penguin, 1971) James Stevenson (ed.), The new Eusebius (1969, rev. ed. 1987) --------------------------, Creeds, Councils and Controversies (1966, rev. ed. 1989) Augustine, Confessions ------------, City of God etc. See also the primary source lists in the sections above.
Secondary
Each of the key general works includes chapters on education, learning etc: Averil Cameron, Bryan Ward Perkins and Michael Whitby (eds.), The Cambridge Ancient History Volume XIV - Late Antiquity: Empire and Successors, A.D. 425-600 (Cambridge, 2000); P. Fouracre (ed.), The New Cambridge Medieval History. Volume I: c. 500-c. 700 (Cambridge, 2005); R. McKitterick (ed.), The New Cambridge Medieval History. Volume II: c. 700-c. 900 (Cambridge, 1995). H.I. Marrou, Education in Antiquity (Eng. tran. 1956) R. Markus, 'Paganism, Christianity and the Latin classics in the fourth century' in J.W. Binns, The Latin Literature of the Fourth Century (1974) P. Rich, Education and Culture in the Barbarian West, ss. V-VIII (1976 - Eng. trans. by J.J. Contreni) M.L.W. Laistner, Thought and Letters in western Europe 500-900 (1959) A. Momigliano, The Conflict between paganism and Christianity in the fourth century (1963) R. Syme, Ammianus Marcellinus and the Historia Augusta (1969) Peter Brown, Augustine of Hippo (1962) ---------------, Religion and Society in the age of St. Augustine (1972) ---------------, The Rise of Western Christendom (2nd ed., 2003) A. Cameron, Poetry and Propaganda at the court of Honorius (Oxford, 1970) John F. Matthews, Western artistocracies and the imperial court (1975) E.K. Rand, Founders of the Middle Ages (1928) Cambridge History of the Bible vol. I (on Jerome) and II (the chapters on the early middle ages). H. Chadwick, Boethius (1984) M. Gibson (ed.), Boethius and his influence on mediaeval culture (1984) J. Fontaine, Isidore de Seville et la culture wisigothique (1965) J.J. O'Donnell, Cassiodorus (1979) W. Goffart, The narrators of barbarian history (1988) John Matthews, The Roman Empire of Ammianus (London, 1989)
Byzantium
Cyril Mango, Byzantium (1980) Cyril Mango (ed.), The Oxford History of Byzantium (2002), esp. chapters 3 and 8. Cambridge Mediaeval History vol. IV, part II (1969) Nigel Wilson, Scholars of Byzantium (1983) Averil Cameron, Procopius and the sixth century (1985) P Lemerle, Byzantine Humanism (Canberra, 1986) G Horrocks, Greek A History of the Language and its Speakers (London, 1997) (See also Byzantium section above) G. Bowerstock, P. Brown and O. Grabar, Late Antiquity. A Guide to the Post-Classical World (Cambridge, Mass., 1999)
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Secondary
R. McKitterick (ed.) Carolingian Culture: emulation and innovation (Cambridge, 1993). This contains essays on The Carolingian renaissance, Carolingian political ideology, Carolingian thought, Latin Literature, German vernacular literature, grammar, The writing of history, Script and book production, art and architecture and Music. All essays are accompanied by Bibliographies as a guide to further reading, The Frankish Kingdoms under the Carolingians 751-987 (1983) chs. 6,8 and 11 and the references there given. R. McKitterick, The Carolingian renaissance of culture and learning, in J. Story (ed.), Charlemagne. Empire and Society (Manchester, 2005), 151-166 M.L.W. Laistner, Thought and Letters in Christian Europe 500-900 (1959) -------------------, The Intellectual heritage of the early middle ages (1963) Settimane de Studio del centro Italiano di studi sull'alto medioevo 19 (1972), contains a number of important articles. See also vol 39 (1992) on patronage of culture. R. McKitterick, The Frankish Church and the Carolingian reforms 789-895 (1977) ------------------, The Carolingians and the Written Word (1989) The Uses of Literacy in early mediaeval Europe, ed. R. McKitterick (Cambridge, 1990) (Aldershot, R. McKitterick, Books, scribes and learning in the Frankish kingdoms, 6th -10th centuries 1994) ------------------, Frankish kings and culture in the early middle ages (Aldershot, 1995) D. Bullough, The Age of Charlemagne (1972) --------------, 'Europae pater: Charlemagne and his achievement in light of recent scholarship', English Historical Review 85 (1970) pp. 59-105. W. Braunfels (ed.), Karl der Grosse. Lebenswerk und Nachleben vols. I-IV , especially vol. II (ed.) B. Bischoff, Das geistige Leben (Dsseldorf, 1965) J. Boussard, The Civilization of Charlemagne (1972) E. Patzelt, Das Karolingische Renaissance (1928) W. Edelstein, Eruditio et sapientia (1965) G. Gauche, Schullekture im Mittelalter (1970) L.D. Reynolds, Scribes and Scholars (Oxford, 1974) Y Hen and M Innes (ed), The Uses of the Past in the Early Middle Ages (Cambridge, 2000) see the piece by McKitterick R McKitterick, The Illusion of Royal Power in the Carolingian Annals in English Historical Review CXV (2000) pp 1-20 M. Draak, 'Construe marks in Hiberno-Latin manuscripts' Mededelingen der Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van wetenschappen 20 (1957) ------------, 'The higher teaching of Latin grammar in Ireland during the ninth century', ibid. 30 (1967) J.J. Contreni, The Cathedral School of Laon: its manuscripts and masters (1976)
71
S. Rabe, Faith, art and politics at St. Riquier. The symbolic vision of Angilbert (Philadelphia, 1995) J. Marenbon, From the circle of Alcuin to the School of Auxerre (1982) W. Treadgold (ed.), Renaissances and renascences in history (1985) esp. the article by John Contreni Uta-Renate Blumenthal (ed.), Carolingian Essays (1984) esp. the chapters by John Contreni and Donald Bullough M. Gibson and J. Nelson (eds.), Charles the Bald: court and kingdom (1981) A.F. West, Alcuin and the rise of the Christian schools (1892) dated but still has much use in it. R. L. Poole, Illustrations of mediaeval thought and Learning (1922) ditto D. Schaller, 'Poetic rivalries at the court of Charlemagne', in R.B. Bolgar (ed.), Classical influences in European Culture 500-1500 (1971) Charlemagne (Exhibition catalogue 1965) Charlemagne's Heir: New perspectives on the reign of Louis the Pious, ed. Roger Collins and Peter Godman (Oxford, 1990), esp. the essays by Mtherich and Sears. David Ganz, Corbie in the Carolingian Renaissance (Sigmaringen, 1990) Marco Mostert, The Library of Fleury (Hilversum, 1989) La Neustrie. Les pays au nord de la Loire de 650 850, (ed.) H. Atsma, Beiheifte der Francia 16/I and 16/II (Sigmaringen, 1989), esp. the articles by Rich, Vezin, Mtherich, Dierkens and McKitterick. The Role of the Book in Medieval Culture, ed. P. Ganz (Turnhout, 1986) esp. the article by Vezin. Haut Moyen-Age. Culture, ducation et Socit. tudes offerts Pierre Rich, ed. Michael Sot (Paris, 1990) M.M.Hildebrandt, The External School in Carolingian Society (Leiden, 1992) B. Kaczynski, Greek in the Carolingian Age: The St Gall Manuscripts (Cambridge, Mass. 1988) W. Berschin, trans. J.C. Frakes, Greek Letters and Latin Middle Ages (1988) R. McKitterick, 'Eighth-century foundations; M. Banniard, 'Language and communication in Carolingian Europe'; John J. Contreni, 'The Carolingian renaissance: education and literary culture', David Ganz, 'Theology and the reorganization of thought; idem, 'Book production in the Carolingian empire and the spread of Caroline minuscule'; Lawrence Nees, 'Art and architecture': all in R. McKitterick (ed.), The New Cambridge Medieval History II: c.700 - c.900 (Cambridge, 1995) pp 681-844. B. Eastwood, 'The astronomy of Macrobius in Carolingian Europe: Dungal's letter of 811 to Charles the Great', Early Medieval Europe 3 (1994) 117-34. P.L. Butzer and D. Lohrmann, Science in western and eastern civilisation in Carolingian times (Basle, 1993) R. McKitterick History and Memory in the Carolingian World (Cambridge, 2004) Y. Hen, The Royal Patronage of Liturgy in Frankish Gaul to the Death of Charles the Bald (877) (2001) R. McKitterick, Perceptions of the Past in the Early Middle Ages (Notre Dame, 2006)
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Secondary
R. McKitterick, The Frankish Kingdoms under the Carolingians, 751-987 (1983) ------------------, The Carolingians and the Written Word (1989) esp. pp. 236-41 M. Innes and R. McKitterick, 'The Writing of history' in McKitterick (ed.) Carolingian Culture: emulation and innovation (Cambridge, 1993) C. Holdsworth (ed.), The Inheritance of Historiography (Exeter, 1986) M.McCormick, Les Annales du Haut Moyen Age in L. Geniccot (ed.). Typologie des Sources du Moyen Age (Turnhout, 1975) G. Monod, Etudes critiques sur les sources de l'histoire carolingienne (Paris, 1878) W. Wattenbach, W. Levison and H. Lowe, Deutschlands Geschichtsquellen im Mittelalter (Weimar, 1953) R.C. van Caenegem, Guide to the Sources of Mediaeval History (Oxford, Amsterdam etc., 1978) H. Hoffman, Untersuchungen zur karolingischen Annalistik (Bonn, 1958) F. Unterkircher, Das Wienerfragment der Lorscher Annalen, Christus und die Samaritesin und Katechesa des Niceta von Remesiana (Graz, 1967) facsimiles of the Lorsch annals, filled in year by year by contemporary commentators. I. Haselbach, Aufstieg und Herrschaft der Karlinger und der Darstellung der sogenannten Annales Mettenses Priores (Lubeck, 1970) Janet L. Nelson, 'The Annals of St. Bertin', in Janet L. Nelson, Politics and Ritual in early mediaeval Europe (London, 1986) pp. 173-194. -------------------, 'Public Histories and private history in the work of Nithard', in Nelson, Politics and Ritual, pp. 195-238. Y. Hen and M Innes, The uses of the past in early medieval Europe (Cambridge, 2000) R. McKitterick History and Memory in the Carolingian World (Cambridge, 2004) S. MacLean, Kingship and Politics in the Late Ninth Century. Charles the Fat and the End of the Carolingian Empire (Cambridge, 2003) includes important discussions of the Annals of Fulda, Notker and other sources for the later ninth century. See also the articles by Labande and Gautier. F.L. Ganshof, 'L'historiographie dans la monarchie franque sous les Mrovingiens et les Carolingiens. Monarchie franque unitaire et Francie occidentale', Settimane di Studi del Centro Italiano di studi sull'alto Medioevo 17 La Historiografia (Spoleto, 1970) 631-85. A. Scharer and G. Scheibelreiter, Historiographie in Frhmittelatter (Vienna, 1994) with chapters in English by Wood, Sawyer, Collins, Reuter, Nelson, De Nie and McKitterick.
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Hans-Werner Goetz, Strukturen der sptkarolingischen Epoche im Spiegel der Vorstellungen eines Zeitgenossischen Mnchs. Eine Interpretation der "Gesta Karoli" Notkers von Sankt Gallen (Bonn, 1981) H. Lowe, 'Regino von Prum und das historische Weltbild der Karolingerzeit', Rheinische Vierteljahrsblatter 17 (1952), 151-79. -----------, 'Das Karlsbuch Notkers von St. Gallen und sein zeitgeschichtliche Hintergrund', Schweizerische Zeitschrift fr Geschichte 20 (1970), 269-302.
Einhard
F.L. Ganshof, 'Einhard, biographer of Charlemagne', trans. Janet Sondheimer in F.L. Ganshof, The Carolingians and the Frankish Monarchy (London, 1971). First published 1951. See his references to older commentary. A. Kleinclausz, Eginhard (Paris, 1942) Innes and McKitterick, The writing of history in McKitterick (ed.), Carolingian Culture, see above. R. McKitterick, 'The construction of the past in the early middle ages: the case of the royal Frankish annals', in Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 7 (1997), 101-30. ------------------, 'Paul the Deacon and the Franks', in Early Medieval Europe 8 (1999) 319-40 ------------------, History and its Audiences (Cambridge, 2000) D. Ganz, Einhards Charlemagne: the characterisation of greatness, in J. Story (ed.), Charlemagne. Empire and Society (Manchester, 2005), 38-51 J. Nelson, Tackling Einhards Life of Charlemagne, Journal of Ecclesiastical History 57.2 (2006)
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MUSIC General
Palographie Musicale (facsimile series published by the Abbey of Solemes) The New Grove Dictionary (individual articles, e.g. Neums) B. Stblein, Schriftbild der einstimmigen Musik (Leipzig, 1975) M. Huglo, Les Tonaires K. Levy, Gregorian Chant and the Carolingians (Princeton, 1998) and see the review article by R. McKitterick in Early Music History 19 (2000) pp. 279-91. S. Rankin, 'Carolingian Music', in R. McKitterick (ed.), Carolingian Culture: emulation and innovation (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 274-316.
Notation
Leo Treitler, 'Reading and singing: on the genesis of occidental music-writing', Early Music History 4 (1984) The New Grove, 'Neumatic notations' S. Corbin, Die Neumen B. Stblein, Schriftbild der einstimmigen Musik (Leipzig, 1975) E. Jammers, Tafeln zur Neumenschrift
Sequences
W. von den Steinen, Notker der Dichter R. Crocker, The Early Mediaeval Sequence B. Stblein: various articles: see under Stblein in The New Grove 'Sequences'
Tropes
papers by Arlt and Treitler in Forum Musicologicum 3 (1982) papers in Liturgische Tropen, ed. G. Silagi (1985) The New Grove 'Tropes' G. Weriss, Intritus Tropen, Monumenta Monodica Medii Aevi (1970)
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Penitentials:
Medieval handbooks of penance ed. and trans. J.T.McNeill and H.M. Gamer (1938) C. Vogel, Les penitentiels (Typologie des sources du moyen age 227, 1978)
Hibernensis:
R. Reynolds, Unity and diversity in Carolingian canon law collections, in Carolingian essays (ed.) U.R. Blumenthal (1983)
Pseudo-Isidore:
E. Sekel in Realencyclopdie fr protestantische Theologie und Kirche (3rd ed. 1906, vol 16)* H. Fuhrmann, Einfluss und Verbreitung des pseudoisidorischen Falschungen (1972-4)
Bishops' Capitularies:
C. de Clerq, La legislation religieuse franque (1936) P. Brommer, Capitula episcoporum. Die bischoflichen Kapitularien (Typologie de sources 43, 1985) and see his MGH edition.
Local centres:
R. Kottje, 'Einheit und Vielfalt des kirchlichen Lebens in der Karolingerzeit', in Zeitschrift fr Kirchengeschichte 76 (1965) R. Reynolds, 'Canon law collections in early ninth century Salzburg', in Monumenta iuris canonici (Ser. C, 1980) R. McKitterick, 'Knowledge of canon law in the Frankish kingdoms before 789: the manuscript evidence', Journal of Theological Studies 36 (1985) R. McKitterick, 'Unity and diversity in the Carolingian church', Studies in Church History 32 (1995) pp. 59-82. On introduction of the Dionysio-Hadriana to the Frankish Kingdoms see R. McKitterick, The frankish church and the Carolingian Reforms (1* esp. ch.1 and 2 (on episcopal statutes)). In U.L. Reading * The Seckel article on Pseudo-Isidore is translated into English in The New SchaffHerzog Encylcopedia of Religious Knowledge vol. IX (1911) (ed.) S.M. Jackson pp. 343-50. There is a discussion of the pseudo-Isidorean material in W. Ullmann, The Growth of Papal Government in the Middle Ages (1955) On Hincmar Bishop of Laon and his quarrel with his uncle, Archbishop Hincmar of Rheims and the connection with pseudo-Isidore, see P.R. McKeon, Hincmar of Laaon and Carolingian politics (1978) Fournier-Le Bras, listed at the top, will give you the neatest description of the different collections of the early middle ages, the Hispana and the abridged version known as the Epitome Hispanae, the collection of Dionysius Exiguus, the Vetus Gallica and the later Frankish collections Dionysio-Hadriana, Dacherina, Herovalliana etc. The Collectio canon Hibernensis, compiled from biblical and patristic sources rather than exclusively referring back to earlier collections of the laws of the church (and originally apparently Irish) on matters both of doctrine and discipline, is discussed well by Reynolds. But note the distinction between the historically ordered collections, with the decrees of Church councils and papal decisions on church matters being preserved in chronological order of issue, and the systematic collections by subject compiled later in the barbarian Kingdoms.
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A:
G. Leff, Medieval Thought from St. Augustine to Ockham (1958) John Marenbon, Early Medieval Philosophy 480-1150 (1983) A. Armstrong, The Cambridge History of Later Greek and early mediaeval Philosophy (1967) J. Pinborg (ed.), The Cambridge History of Later Mediaeval Philosophy (1982) H. Chadwick, Boethius (1982) A. S. McGrade (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Medieval Philosophy (2003)
B:
R. McKitterick, Carolingian Culture: emulation and innovation (1993) esp. the essay by John Marenbon. ------------------, The Frankish kingdoms under the Carolingian 751-987 (1983) chs. 6,8 and 11. M.L.W. Laistner, Thought and Letters in Western Europe 500-900 (1959) -------------------, The intellectual heritage of the early middle ages (1966) R.L. Poole, Illustrations of Medieval Thought and Learning (1920) E. K. Rand, Founders of the Middle Ages (1926) J.M. Wallace-Hadrill, The Frankish Church (1983) ch.15. P. Godman and R. Collins (ed.), Charlemagne's Heir (1990) chs. 19-24.
C: (i)
Carolingian intellectual life - studies of individuals and issues Gottschalk and predestination
M. Gibson, 'The Continuity of learning 850-1050' in Viator 2 D. Ganz, 'The debate on predestination' in J.L. Nelson and M.T. Gibson (eds.) Charles the Bald: Court and Kingdom (2nd ed. 1991) ----------, Corbie in the Carolingian Renaissance (1991) ----------, 'Theology and the organisation of thought' in R. McKitterick (ed.), The New Cambridge Medieval History II: c.700 - c.900 (Cambridge, 1995) pp 758-785
(ii)
Periphyseon (ed.) with Eng. trans. I.P. Sheldon-Williams (1968-81) Homily on Prologue to St. John (ed.) with Fr. trans. E. Jeauneau (1969) Commentary on John (ed.) with Fr. trans. E. Jeauneau (1972) John Scotus Eriugena trans. Gregory of Nyssa, Maximus the Confessor and the Celestial Heriarchy of Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite, as well as writing his treatise on Predestination (ed. S. Madec) glosses in Martianus capella, On the Marriage of Philology and Mercury (ed.) E. Jeauneau or C. Lutz, and the other works cited above. For a clear description of Eriugena's thought see R.L. Poole in section B above. See also essays in J.J. O'Meara and L. Bieler, The Mind of Eriugena and the discussion. J.J. O'Meara, Eriugena (1988) The best guide to Eriugena is still M. Cappuyns, Jean Scot Erigne: sa vie son oeuvre sa pense (1933), but see also John Marenbon, From the circle of Alcuin to the school of Auxerre (1981). S. Gersh, From Iamblichus to Eriugena (1978) exemplifies the 'Beierwalters approach' described by Dr. Marenbon, in tracing elements of Platonic philosophy in the work of Eriugena. See also J. Marenbon, 'Wulfad, Charles the Bald and John Scotus Eriugena' in Nelson and Gibson (eds.), Charles the Bald (2nd ed. Aldershot, 1991)
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D.
J. Marenbon, From the circle of Alcuin to the school of Auxerre (1981) NB. Boethius in the Middle Ages, ed. Margaret Gibson (Oxford, 1981) has many useful essays on thought, logic and philosophy in the early middle ages. D. Ganz, "Theology and the organisation of thought", in R. McKitterick (ed.), The New Cambridge Medieval History II c.700-c.900 (Cambridge, 1995), pp. 758-85. J. Cavadini, The last Christology of the West (Philadelphia, 1993)
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GRAMMAR
The grammars written by the grammatici of the Roman Empire, most of them active in the fourth and fifth centuries, were the starting point for teachers of the early middle ages. The most widely read of the Grammatici were Donatus ca 350 Ars minor and Ars Major. Priscian (ca 500) Institutio de nomine, Partitionees and Institutions grammaticae Isidore of Seville, (ob. 636) Etymologiae Bk.1. The works of the Grammatici were edited by Heinrich Keil, Grammatici Latini (Leipzig 1855-80). Donatus is in vol. IV, pp. 355-410 and Priscian in vols. II and III. Donatus has also been re-edited recently by:Louis Holtz, Donat et la tradition de l'enseignement grammatical (Paris, 1981) (reviewed by V.Law in Beitrge zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Literatur 108, 1986) pp. 101-9. On ancient education see H.I. Marrou, A History of Education in Antiquity (London, 1956) Also the best guides are: V. Law, The Insular Latin Grammarians (Woodbridge, 1982) ---------, 'Linguistics in the earlier Middle Ages: the insular and Carolingian grammarians', Transactions of the Philological Society (1985) pp. 171-93. ---------, 'The study of Grammar', in R. McKitterick (ed.), Carolingian Culture: emulation and innovation (Cambridge, 1994) pp. 88-110. On the attempt to reconcile grammar with religious teaching see: D.C. Lambot, (ed.) Oeuvres thologiques et grammaticales de Godescalc d'Orbais (Louvai, 1945) J. Jolivet, 'L'enjeu de la grammaire par Godescalc' in Jean Scot Erigne et l'histoire de la philosophie (Paris, 1972) pp. 79-87. B. Lfstedt, L. Holtz, A. Kibre (ed.), Smaragdi Liber in partibus Donati, Corpus Christianorum Continuatio Medievalis 68 (Turnhout 1986). This has a useful introduction in French. On the contribution of the Irish to the study of grammar in the Carolingian Empire see L. Holtz, 'Grammariens irlandais au temps de Jean Scot: quelques aspects de leur pdagogie', in Jean Scot Erigne et l'histoire de la philosophie pp. 69-78.
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1.
Parchment gradually superseded papyrus in the course of the fourth century. The codex form of the book also began to predominate in the fourth century and it was the Christian's preferred format for the book. T.S. Pattie and E.G. Turner, The Written Word on Papyrus (British Library, London, 1974) Naphtali Lewis, Papyrus in Classical Antiquity (Oxford, 1974) R. Reed, The nature and making of parchment (London, 1975) M.L. Ryder, 'Parchment: Its history, manufacture and composition', Journal of the society of Archivists 2 (1964) pp. 391-9. C.H. Roberts and T.C. Skeat, The Birth of the Codex (British Academy 1983) and see the review by R. McKitterick in The Library (1985) pp. 360-3.
2.
Pens were made usually of goose quills or from reeds (phragmites communis). Ink made from gall apple, iron etc. mixed with wine or vinegar. Marc Drogin, Medieval Calligraphy (Montclair, New Jersey, 1980) Jacques Stiennon, Paleographie du moyen age (Paris, 1973) Bernhard Bischoff, Paleographie (1979) (- in German, also available in French by Jean Vezin and in English as Latin Palaeography (Cambridge, 1990) - paperback. [All three have sections on techniques and materials for writing, as do many of the introductory handbooks]
3.
(a)
Scripts
Roman script system: Capitals - Square capitals (Capitalis quadrata); Rustic Capitals (Capitalis rustica); early Roman cursive; uncial; half-uncial; late Roman cursive.
E. Maunde Thompson, An Introduction to Greek and Latin Palaeography (1912) James J. John, 'Latin Paleography' in Medieval Studies. An Introduction (ed.), J.M. Powell (Syracuse, 1976); 2nd ed. 1993) E.A. Lowe, Handwriting. Our Mediaeval Legacy (1969) B.L. Ullman, Ancient Writing and its influence (reprint 1969) A. Petrucci, 'L'onicale Romania', Studi Medievali 3 ser. 12 (1972, 75-114 at 108. See the collection of Petrucci's papers in English translation (New Haven and London, 1995)
(b)
Visigothic minuscule: see M. Diaz y Diaz's monograph (1978) (in Spanish). Beneventan minuscule: see E.A. Lowe, The Beneventan Script (revised text by V. Brown (Rome, 1980)). Insular half uncial - see Julian Brown, introduction to the facsimiles of Insular miniscule -the Lindisfarne Gospels (1968) and now of Durham MS A.11.10 (1982). Also his Collected Papers. A Palaeographer's View (1993) (ed.) J. Bateley. English uncial: E.A. Lowe, English Uncial (1960), E.A. Lowe, Codices Latini Antiquiores. The British Isles (esp. the Introduction). Merovingian cursive. uncial and half uncial: R. McKitterick, 'Frankish uncial: a new context for the Echternach scriptorium' in Willibrod, zyn wereld en zyn werk (ed. P. Bange and W. Weiler (Nijmegen, 1990) [also in McKitterick, Books, scribes and learning] Merovingian royal diploma script, C. Saamaran and F.Lot (1951) Luxeuil minuscule: E.A. Lowe, 'The Script of Luxeuil' in E.A. Lowe, Palaeographical papers (1971)
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'Laon a z' miniscule; Corbie minuscule - Leuchtar minuscule, Maurdramnus minuscule. Caroline miniscule - types according to different scriptoria: Tours, Rheims. Metz, Corbie, Rheims, St. Amand, Cologne etc. for all these in the early stages of development see the introduction to E.A. Lowe, Codices Latini Antiquiores, vol. VI.
Merovingians
E.A. Lowe, Codices Lugdunenses Antiquiroes (1920) (Lyons) R. McKitterick, 'The Scriptoria of Merovingian Gaul: a survey of the evidence' in H. Clarke and M Brennan, Columbanus and Merovingian Monasticism (1981) D. Ganz, 'The Merovingian Library of Corbie' in ibid. R. McKitterick, 'The diffusion of insular culture in Neustria between 650 and 850: the implications of the manuscript evidence' in La Neustrie ed. H. Atsma, Beihefte der Francia 16/II (1989)pp. 395-432 (also in McKitterick, Books, scribes and learning)
Carolingians
E.K.Rand, The script of Tours (1929) L.W. Jones, The Script of Cologne (1932) F.L. Carey, 'The scriptorium of Rheims during the archbishopric of Hincmar in L.W. Jones (ed.) Classical and Medieval Studies in honor (sic) of Edward Kenneth Rand (New York, 1938) W.M. Lindsay, Palaeographica Latina (1916 onwards), vols. I-V contains many articles on early minuscules. B. Bischoff, Die Sudostdeutschen Schreibschulen vols I and II (1974 and 1980) -------------, Manuscripts and libraries in the Age of Charlemagne (Cambridge, 1994) John J. Contreni, The Cathedral School of Laon: its manuscripts and masters (1976) R. McKitterick, The Frankish kingdoms under the Carolingians (1983) pp. 200-227. ------------------, 'Carolingian book production: some problems' The Library 12, 1990 pp. 1-33. ------------------, 'Carolingian uncial: a context for the Lothar Psalter', The British Library Journal 16 (1990) pp. 1-15. (Both these in McKitterick, Books, scribes and learning. ----------------,Books, scribes and learning in the Frankish kingdoms, sixth to ninth centuries (Aldershot, 1994) R. Gameson (ed.) The early medieval Bible: production, decoration and use (Cambridge, 1994)
81
J.J. Contreni, Codex Laudunensis 468 (1984) Laon MS 468 (a school book)
82
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