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IB chemistry handbook Shanghai

Contents
IB Chemistry in Shanghai................................................................................................... 3 Topic List....................................................................................................................... 3 Teaching Time............................................................................................................... 4 E terna! "ssessment..................................................................................................... # IB assessment criteria........................................................................................................ $ Criteria........................................................................................................................... $ "spects......................................................................................................................... $ %esign.............................................................................................................. & %ata processing and presentation....................................................................& Conc!'sion and e(a!'ation...............................................................................& )anip'!ati(e ski!!s............................................................................................ * +eedback...................................................................................................................... * ,riting !ab reports.............................................................................................................. %esign........................................................................................................................... %ata co!!ection and processing....................................................................................1. S'ggestions /or tab'!ating data......................................................................1. Conc!'sions and e(a!'ation........................................................................................10 1sing ICT22222222222222222222222222222222...14 "cademic honesty2222222222222222222222222222214 "ssessing manip'!ati(e and persona! ski!!s.....................................................................1# )anip'!ati(e ski!!s....................................................................................................... 1# 3ersona! ski!!s............................................................................................................. 1# 4ro'p 4 pro5ect 2222222222222222222222222222.2221$ "ppendices 3hysica! and Chemica! 1nits.......................................................................................1& )athematica! 6e7'irements........................................................................................ 1& The mo!e 8 a re(ie9.................................................................................................... 1* Ca!c'!ating e perimenta! 'ncertainty...........................................................................1* "ction :erbs................................................................................................................ 1Chemistry 9ebsites..................................................................................................... 03 "ckno9!edgements.......................................................................................................... 0#

IB chemistry handbook Shanghai

IB Chemistry in Shanghai
Topic list
CORE !antitati"e chemistry 1.1 )o!e concept and "(ogadro;s constant 1.0 +orm'!as 1.3 Chemica! e7'ations )ass and gaseo's (o!'me 1.4 re!ationships in chemica! reactions 1.# So!'tions Atomic str!ct!re 0.1 The atom 0.0 The mass spectrometer 0.3 E!ectron arrangement #erio$icity 3.1 The periodic tab!e 3.0 3hysica! properties 3.3 Chemica! properties 4.1 4.0 4.3 4.4 4.# #.1 #.0 #.3 #.4 %inetics Ionic bonding Co(a!ent bonding Intermo!ec'!ar /orces )eta!!ic bonding 3hysica! properties
E othermic and endothermic reactions

ADDITIONAL HIGHER LEVEL

10.1

E!ectronic con/ig'ration

13.1 13.0 14.1 14.0 14.3

Trends across period 3 +irst<ro9 d<b!ock e!ements Shapes o/ mo!ec'!es and ions =ybridi>ation %e!oca!i>ation o/ e!ectrons

Bon$ing

Energetics Ca!c'!ations o/ entha!py changes =ess;s !a9 Bond entha!pies 1#.1 1#.0 1#.3 1#.4 1$.1 1$.0 1$.3 1&.1 1&.0

Standard entha!py changes o/ reaction Born<=aber cyc!e Entropy Spontaneity 6ate e pression 6eaction mechanism "cti(ation energy Li7'id<(apo'r e7'i!ibri'm The e7'i!ibri'm !a9

$.1 6ates o/ reaction $.0 Co!!ision theory &.1 %ynamic e7'i!ibri'm &.0 The position o/ e7'i!ibri'm *.1 *.0 *.3 *.4 Theories o/ acids and bases 3roperties o/ acids and bases Strong and 9eak acids and bases The p= sca!e

E&!ili'ri!m Aci$s an$ Bases

Ca!c'!ations in(o!(ing acids and 1*.1 bases 1*.0 B'//er so!'tions 1*.3 Sa!t hydro!ysis 1*.4 "cid<base titrations 1*.$ Indicators Standard e!ectrode potentia!s E!ectro!ysis o/ so!'tions

O(i$ation an$ Re$!ction

-.1 Introd'ction to o idation and red'ction 1-.1 -.0 -.3 -.4 -.# 1..1 1..0 1..3 1..4 1..# 1..$ 6edo e7'ations 6eacti(ity :o!taic ce!!s E!ectro!ytic ce!!s Introd'ction "!kanes "!kenes "!coho!s =a!ogenoa!kanes 6eaction path9ays 1-.0

Organic Chemistry

0..1 0..0 0..3 0..4 0..# 0..$

Introd'ction N'c!eophi!ic s'bstit'tion reactions E!imination reactions Condensation reactions 6eaction path9ays Stereoisomerism

IB chemistry handbook Shanghai

)eas!rement an$ $ata processing

11.1 1ncertainty and error in meas'rement 11.0 1ncertainties in ca!c'!ated res'!ts 11.3 4raphica! techni7'es

IB chemistry handbook Shanghai

O#TIONS Option D* )e$icines an$ $r!gs

CORE %.1 %.0 %.3 %.4 %.# %.$ E.1 E.0 E.3 E.4 E.# E.$ E.& E.* 3harmace'tica! prod'cts "ntacids "na!gesics %epressants Stim'!ants "ntibacteria!s "ir po!!'tion "cid deposition 4reenho'se e//ect ?>one dep!etion %isso!(ed o ygen in 9ater ,ater treatment Soi! ,aste

ADDITIONAL HIGHER LEVEL %.* %.%.1. %r'g action %r'g design )ind<a!tering dr'gs

%.& "nti(ira!s Option E* En"ironmental Chemistry E.E.1. E.11 E.10 ?>one dep!etion Smog "cid deposition ,ater and soi!

Teaching Time
The teaching o/ the programme o(er the t9o years is di(ided appro imate!y as /o!!o9s: Stan$ar$ le"el Theory Internal assessment Total teaching time ++, ho'rs @Core A *.B ?ptions A 3.C ., ho'rs +0, ho'rs Higher le"el +-, ho'rs @Core A *.B "=L A ##B ?ptions A 4#C /, ho'rs 1., ho'rs

Theory teaching time per topic an$ se&!ence o2 topics 3ear +1

topic Topic 0: "tomic str'ct're @both =LDSLC Topic 10: "tomic str'ct're Topic 3: 3eriodicity @Both =LDSLC Topic 13: 3eriodicity Topic 11: )eas'rement and data processing @Both =LDSLC Topic 1: F'antitati(e Chemistry @both =LDSLC Topic 4: Bonding @Both =LDSLC Topic 14: Bonding Topic #: Energetics @Both =LDSLC Topic 1#: Energetics Topic $: Ginetics @Both =LDSLC Topic 1$: Ginetics Topic &: E7'i!ibri'm @Both =LDSLC Topic 1&: E7'i!ibri'm Topic *: "cids and bases @Both =LDSLC appro( 4ee5s 6ho!rs7 1 9eek @4 ho'rsC 1 9eek @4 ho'rsC 1 E 9eeks @$ ho'rsC 1 9eek @4 ho'rsC 0 ho'rs 3 E 9eeks @10.# ho'rsC 3 E 9eeks @10.# ho'rsC 1 E 9eeks @# ho'rsC 0 9eeks @* ho'rsC 0 9eeks @* ho'rsC 1 E 9eeks @# ho'rsC 1 E 9eeks @$ ho'rsC 1 E 9eeks @$ ho'rsC 1 9eek @# ho'rsC 0 9eeks @$ ho'rsC

IB chemistry handbook Shanghai

3ear +8
Topic 1*: "cids and bases Topic -: ? idation and red'ction @Both =LDSLC Topic 1-: ? idation and red'ction Topic 1.: ?rganic chemistry @Both =LDSLC Topic 0.: ?rganic chemistry ?ption %: )edicines and dr'gs ?ption E: En(ironmenta! chemistry 3 9eeks @1. ho'rsC 0 9eeks @& ho'rsC 0 9eeks @# ho'rsC 3 9eeks @10 ho'rsC 0 E 9eek @1. ho'rsC SL: 4 9eeks @1# ho'rsC =L: $ 9eeks @00 ho'rsC SL: 4 9eeks @1# ho'rsC =L: $ 9eeks @00 ho'rsC

Internal assessment time per topic

topic Topics 3 and 13: 3eriodicity @Both =LDSLC Topic 1: F'antitati(e Chemistry @both =LDSLC Topics 4 and 14: Bonding @Both =LDSLC Topics # and 1#: Energetics @Both =LDSLC Topic $ and 1$: Ginetics @Both =LDSLC Topic & and 1&: E7'i!ibri'm @Both =LDSLC Topic * and 1*: "cids and bases @Both =LDSLC Topic - and 1-: ? idation and red'ction @Both =LDSLC Topic 1. and 0.: ?rganic chemistry @Both =LDSLC ?ption B: ='man biochemistry ?ption E: En(ironmenta! chemistry @Both =LDSLC 4ro'p 4 pro5ect tota! appro( 4ee5s 6ho!rs7 1 9eek @4 ho'rsC 1 E 9eeks @$ ho'rsC 1 9eek @3 ho'rsC 0 9eeks @* ho'rsC 0 9eeks @* ho'rsC 1 ho'r 0 9eeks @* ho'rsC 1 E 9eeks @$ ho'rsC 1 9eek @4 ho'rsC 1 9eek @4 ho'rsC 0 ho'rs 1. $.

E(ternal Assessment
The /ina! grade a9arded by the IB on comp!etion o/ the co'rse is determined as /o!!o9s: #aper + 0.H Stan$ar$ le"el I ho'r 3. m'!tip!e<choice 7'estions on the core 1J ho'rs Section " 8 str'ct'red 7'estions on the core @a!! comp'!soryC Section B 8 one e tended response 7'estion @/rom a choice o/ threeC 1 ho'r Se(era! short<ans9er 7'estions in each o/ the t9o options st'died @a!! comp'!soryC Higher le"el 0.H 1 ho'r 4. m'!tip!e<choice 7'estions on the core and "=L materia! 0J ho'rs Section " 8 str'ct'red 7'estions on the core and "=L @a!! comp'!soryC Section B 8 t9o e tended response 7'estions @/rom a choice o/ /o'rC 1J ho'rs Se(era! short<ans9er 7'estions and one e tended response 7'estions in each o/ the t9o options st'died @a!! 7'estions comp'!soryC

#aper 1

30H

3$H

#aper 8

04H

0.H

Internal assessment

04H

04H

Internal assessment
The Interna! assessment component is achie(ed d'ring the t9o years thro'gh teacher assessment o/ !aboratory ski!!s. )ore on that in the ne t section KIB assessment criteria )ay 0..-L. IB chemistry handbook Shanghai

Internal Assessment
Criteria
The method o/ assessment 'sed is criterion<re/erenced. This means that yo'r 9ork is 5'dged against assessment criteria and not by comparing it 9ith 9ork /rom other st'dents. The same sets o/ descriptors are 'sed /or higher !e(e! and standard !e(e! st'dents. The standards are e act!y the same /or both. There are /i(e assessment criteria 9hich are 'sed to assess yo'r practica! 9ork. Design D %e/ines the prob!em or research 7'estionB se!ecting (ariab!esB designing a method /or the contro! o/ (ariab!esB designing a method /or the co!!ection o/ s'//icient re!e(ant data

Data collection an$ processing Concl!sion an$ e"al!ation )anip!lati"e s5ills #ersonal s5ills

DC# Co!!ecting and recording ra9 dataB organi>ing and presenting ra9 dataB processing ra9 dataB presenting processed data. CE )S #S %ra9ing conc!'sionsB e(a!'ating proced're@sC and res'!tsB impro(ing the in(estigation. Carrying o't techni7'es sa/e!yB /o!!o9ing a (ariety o/ instr'ctions. "pproaches the pro5ect 9ith se!/<moti(ation and /o!!o9s it thro'gh to comp!etion. Co!!aborates and comm'nicates in a gro'p sit'ation and integrates the (ie9s o/ others. Sho9s a thoro'gh a9areness o/ their o9n strengths and 9eaknesses and gi(es tho'ght/'! consideration to their !earning e perience.,orking 9ithin a teamB recogni>ing the contrib'tions o/ othersB e changing and integrating ideasB approaching scienti/ic in(estigations 9ith se!/<moti(ation and perse(eranceB 9orking in an ethica! mannerB paying attention to en(ironmenta! impact.

The /irst three criteriaMdesign @%CN data co!!ection and processing @%C3C and conc!'sion and e(a!'ation @CECMare each assessed t9ice. )anip'!ati(e ski!!s @)SC is assessed s'mmati(e!y o(er the 9ho!e co'rse and the assessment sho'!d be based on a 9ide range o/ manip'!ati(e ski!!s. 3ersona! ski!!s @3SC is assessed once on!y and this sho'!d be d'ring the gro'p 4 pro5ect.

Aspects
Each assessment criteria can be separated into t9o or three aspects as sho9n on the /o!!o9ing pages. The descriptions pro(ided sho9 yo' 9hat is e pected in order to meet the re7'irements o/ each aspect completely 6c7 and partially 6p7. " description is a!so pro(ided /or circ'mstances 9here the re7'irement is not satis/iedN not at all 6n7. " 9complete: is a9arded 0 marksN a 9partial: 1 mark and a 9not at all: . marks. The ma im'm mark /or each criterion is $ @representing three Kcomp!etesLC. % O 0 A 10 %C3 O 0 A 10 CE O 0 A 10 )S O1A$ 3S O1A$ This makes a tota! mark o't o/ 4*. The marks /or each o/ the criteria are added together to determine the /ina! mark o't o/ 4* /or the I" component. This is then sca!ed by IB to gi(e a tota! o't o/ 04H.

IB chemistry handbook Shanghai

&

Design
Aspect + Le"el;mar5s Complete 1 #artial + Not at all , De2ining the pro'lem an$ selecting "aria'les +orm'!ates a /oc'sed prob!emDresearch 7'estion and identi/ies the re!e(ant (ariab!es +orm'!ates a prob!emDresearch 7'estion that is incomp!ete or identi/ies on!y some re!e(ant (ariab!es %oes not identi/y a prob!emDresearch 7'estion an$ does not identi/y any re!e(ant (ariab!es. Aspect 1 Controlling "aria'les %esigns a method /or the e//ecti(e contro! o/ the (ariab!es. %esigns a method that makes some attempt to contro! the (ariab!es. %esigns a method that does not contro! the (ariab!es. Aspect 8 De"eloping a metho$ 2or collection o2 $ata %e(e!ops a method that a!!o9s /or the co!!ection o/ s'//icient re!e(ant data. %e(e!ops a method that a!!o9s /or the co!!ection o/ ins'//icient re!e(ant data. %e(e!ops a method that does not a!!o9 /or any re!e(ant data to be co!!ected.

Data collection an$ processing

Aspect + Le"el;mar5s Recor$ing ra4 $ata 6ecords appropriate 7'antitati(e and associated 7'a!itati(e ra9 dataN inc!'ding 'nits and 'ncertainties 9here re!e(ant 6ecords appropriate 7'antitati(e and associated 7'a!itati(e ra9 dataN b't 9ith some mistakes or omissions. %oes not record any appropriate 7'antitati(e ra9 data or ra9 data is incomprehensib!e. Aspect 1 #rocessing ra4 $ata 3rocesses the 7'antitati(e ra9 data correct!y. 3rocesses 7'antitati(e ra9 dataN b't 9ith some mistakes andDor omissions. No processing o/ 7'antitati(e ra9 data is carried o't or ma5or mistakes are made in processing. Aspect 8 #resenting processe$ $ata 3resents processed data appropriate!y andN 9here re!e(antN inc!'des errors and 'ncertainties. 3resents processed data appropriate!yN b't 9ith some mistakes andDor omissions. 3resents processed data inappropriate!y or incomprehensib!y.

Complete 1

#artial +

Not at all ,

Concl!sion an$ e"al!ation

Aspect + Le"el;mar5s Concl!$ing States a conc!'sion 9ith 5'sti/icationN based on a reasonab!e interpretation o/ the data. States a conc!'sion based on a reasonab!e interpretation o/ the data. Aspect 1 E"al!ating proce$!re6s7 Aspect 8 Impro"ing in"estigation S'ggests rea!istic impro(ements in respect o/ identi/ied 9eaknesses and !imitations. S'ggests on!y s'per/icia! impro(ements.

Complete 1

E(a!'ates 9eaknesses and !imitations. Identi/ies some 9eaknesses and !imitationsN b't the e(a!'ation is 9eak or missing.

#artial +

IB chemistry handbook Shanghai

Not at all ,

States no conc!'sion or the conc!'sion is based on an 'nreasonab!e interpretation o/ the data.

Identi/ies irre!e(ant 9eaknesses and !imitations.

S'ggests 'nrea!istic impro(ements.

)anip!lati"e s5ills
Aspect + Le"el;mar5s <ollo4ing instr!ctions= +o!!o9s instr'ctions acc'rate!yN adapting to ne9 circ'mstances @seeking assistance 9hen re7'iredC. +o!!o9s instr'ctions b't re7'ires assistance. 6are!y /o!!o9s instr'ctions or re7'ires constant s'per(ision. Aspect 1 Carrying o!t techni&!es Competent and methodica! in the 'se o/ a range o/ techni7'es and e7'ipment. 1s'a!!y competent and methodica! in the 'se o/ a range o/ techni7'es and e7'ipment. 6are!y competent and methodica! in the 'se o/ a range o/ techni7'es and e7'ipment. Aspect 8 >or5ing sa2ely

Complete 1

3ays attention to sa/ety iss'es.

#artial + Not at all ,

1s'a!!y pays attention to sa/ety iss'es. 6are!y pays attention to sa/ety iss'es.

P Instr'ctions may be gi(en in a (ariety o/ /orms: ora!N 9ritten 9orksheetsN diagramsN (ideosN /!o9chartsN mode!sN comp'ter programsN etc.
See The group 4 project section for the personal skills criterion.

<ee$'ac5
Thro'gho't the Chemistry co'rseN yo' 9i!! recei(e /eedback to he!p yo' try to identi/y yo'r strengths and 9eaknesses in !aboratory in(estigations. The intention is to pro(ide yo' 9ith the in/ormation that 9i!! a!!o9 yo' to impro(e and /oc's yo'r scienti/ic in(estigati(e ski!!s. I/ yo' ha(e any 7'estions abo't an in(estigation or yo'r !ab reportN disc'ss these 9ith yo'r peers or 9ith yo'r teacher be/ore yo' s'bmit the report beca'se as soon as yo'r teacher marks and annotates yo'r !ab report it becomes the /ina! dra/t. ,hen yo' recei(e yo'r 9ork backN re(ie9 the !e(e! /or each aspect o/ the criteria that ha(e been assessed. I/ yo' are not s're abo't the reason /or the mark yo' ha(e been a9ardedN ask me to e p!ain it /'rther. 1se this /eedback and the descriptors abo(e to decide 9here yo'r strengths and 9eaknesses are in the criteria that ha(e been assessedN and make a note in the space on the co(er sheet o/ 9hat yo' need to do di//erent!y @i/ at a!!C in /'t're.

IB chemistry handbook Shanghai

>riting la' reports

It is yo'r responsibi!ity to keep a!! yo'r !ab reports sa/e!y so yo' can 'se them /or yo'r o9n re/!ection and progress and beca'se yo' 9i!! need to ret'rn them to yo'r teacher at the end o/ the co'rse. This is beca'se yo'r !ab reports co'!d be se!ected by IB? to be sent to a moderator 9ho checks the marking o/ yo'r teacher. E(en i/ yo'r !ab reports at /irst ha(e not been se!ectedN IB? co'!d sti!! re7'est other !ab reports at a !ater stage. Not being ab!e to ret'rn a!! yo'r !ab reports at the end o/ the 0 year co'rse co'!d a//ect yo'r /ina! mark /or interna! assessment as no marks 9i!! be a9arded i/ there is no 9ritten e(idence. It is ad(isab!e to 9rite !ab reports e!ectronica!!y and sa(e them 'nti! the end o/ the co'rse. Ho4 to ma(imise assessment mar5s The ne t section describes 9hat yo' sho'!d be !ooking to inc!'de in yo'r !ab reports to gain the highest possib!e mark. ?n!y the three criteria /or 9hich 9ritten e(idence is needed are described here.

Design
"ssessment o/ this ski!! is based on yo'r abi!ity to address these aspects: Define a problem or the research question and selecting variables Controlling variables (manipulation of independent variable/maintain controlled variables) Developing a method for collection of data +? Research &!estion ,rite the heading Q6esearch 7'estionR State c!ear!y yo'r research 7'estion that sho'!d inc!'de yo'r se!ected dependent and independent (ariab!e. %escribe the (ariab!es as c!ear!y as possib!eN name chemica!s i/ yo' can and e(en conditions. Varia'les

,hat yo' m'st do:

1?

:ariab!es are a!! the /actors that can be meas'red and 9i!! a//ect the o'tcome o/ yo'r in(estigation. Consideration o/ the (ariab!es 9i!! !ead to a description o/ 9hat yo' 9i!! changeN 9hat yo' sho'!d keep the same and 9hat yo' 9i!! meas're. in$epen$ent "aria'le: $epen$ent "aria'le: control "aria'les: ,hat yo' m'st do: 1sing the tab!e be!o9N state a!! (ariab!es e p!icit!y. State ho9 yo' 9i!! manip'!ate the independent (ariab!e i.e. state 9hat (a!'es yo' are going to change it into and ho9. Indicate c!ear!y ho9 yo'r proced're 9i!! keep the contro! (ariab!es constantN i.e. stateN i/ yo' canN a (a!'e /or the (ariab!es and ho9 yo' 9i!! contro! @or attempt toC that (a!'e d'ring the in(estigation. the (ariab!e that yo' 9i!! change or manip'!ate the (ariab!e that yo' 9i!! meas're. the (ariab!e@sC that 9i!! be kept constant as they co'!d obsc're the e//ect o/ the independent (ariab!e on the dependent (ariab!e.

independent (ariab!e I 9i!! change @inc!'de the (a!'es yo' 9i!! change it intoC dependent (ariab!e I 9i!! meas're contro! (ariab!es (ariab!e IB chemistry handbook Shanghai Its (a!'e and ho9 it 9i!! be contro!!ed

1.

IB chemistry handbook Shanghai

11

8?

)etho$ ; proce$!re " !ist o/ materia!s and e7'ipment 8 gi(e as m'ch detai! i.e. si>eN precisionN concentrationN 2. )ethod sho'!d be a n'mbered !ist o/ steps. 3ro(ide eno'gh detai! so that another person co'!d repeat yo'r 9ork 9itho't yo'r presence. This means inc!'ding act'a! amo'ntsN 7'antities o/ s'bstances and ho9 yo' 9i!! meas're o't these amo'ntsB concentrationsN si>es and acc'racy o/ meas'ring too!sN Ens're that yo'r method states c!ear!y the (a!'es o/ the independent (ariab!eN ho9 and 9hen yo'r dependent (ariab!e 9i!! be meas'red @9henN 9ith 9hat piece o/ apparat'sN /re7'encyN 2C and ho9 the contro! (ariab!es 9i!! be kept at a constant (a!'eN i.e. state these (a!'es. I/ yo' cannot contro! the (ariab!e yo' sho'!d at !east monitor it i.e. meas're it /re7'ent!y d'ring the e periment. In the case o/ temperat're i/ it needs to be contro!!ed it is best meas'red /re7'ent!y. In in(estigations in 9hich temperat're needs to be contro!!edN o/ten in(estigations in(o!(ing ratesN it is the temperat're o/ the reacting system that matters no the temperat're o/ the room. Temperat're o/ reacting system co'!d be contro!!ed by making an e othermic reaction take p!ace in 9ater bath so temperat're does not a//ect the rate. I/ temperat're cannot contro!!ed it sho'!d be monitored e.g. meas'red a/ter each reaction. So' are a!!o9ed to modi/y a method /rom another so'rce b't yo' m'st re/erence this so'rce. So'r method sho'!d a!so dea! 9ith any !imiting reagent iss'es. The proced're sho'!d be appropriate /or the !e(e! o/ acc'racy needed. For example, don't use a measuring cylinder if an accurate volume in a titration is needed, or use a 25 cm 3 pipette where only an approximate volume is needed.

,hat yo' m'st do:

The proced're sho'!d a!!o9 co!!ection o/ s'//icient re!e(ant data. Include sufficient repeated measurements/trials until consistent results are o tained !e.g. in the case of titrations within ".# cm3$ from which a meaningful means can e calculated where appropriate. If the data is to e presented graphically, 5 data points will e needed to e confident a out esta lishing a trend from a graph. %ou should also consider the data range

"!so a !ot o/ proced'resN especia!!y titrationsN 9o'!d bene/it /rom a tria! r'n.

Data collection an$ processing

"ssessment o/ this ski!! is based on yo'r abi!ity to address these aspects: Recording raw data; Processing raw data Presenting processed data. %ata co!!ection in(o!(es a!! 7'antitati(e and any re!e(ant 7'a!itati(e ra9 data. 1se the headings KF'antitati(e dataL and KF'a!itati(e dataL. !alitati"e data is de/ined as those obser(ed 9ith more or !ess 'naided senses @co!o'rN change o/ stateN etc.C or rather cr'de estimates @hotterN co!derN brighterN etc.C. +or most in(estigations yo' sho'!d be ab!e to add 7'a!itati(e data. "!so indicate i/ a reactant has been 'sed 'p or not. !antitati"e data re/ers to the meas'rement o/ (ariab!es. +? Recor$ing ra4 $ata 6DC#+7 %esign yo'r o9n res'!ts tab!e that a!!o9s /or easy interpretation o/ the ra9 data co!!ected @see /or more hints be!o9 in Qs'ggestions /or tab'!ating ra9 dataRC. 6ecord a!! ra9 data: 1nder the heading KF'antitati(e dataLN a!! meas'red ra9 data necessary to achie(e the aim o/ the in(estigation or ans9er the research 7'estion.

,hat yo' m'st do:

IB chemistry handbook Shanghai

10

1nder the heading KF'a!itati(e ra9 dataL any 7'a!itati(e data that yo' think 9i!! impro(e the interpretation o/ the meas'red data @in the case o/ titrations this means recording the co!o'r change o/ the indicatorC.

Co!'mns sho'!d ha(e a headingN 'nit and the 'ncertainty o/ the meas'ring de(ice 'sedB i/ no 'ncertainty is gi(en by the man'/act'rer on the de(ice an attempt sho'!d be made to 7'anti/y it. There sho'!d be consistency in precision /or each (ariab!e i.e. n'mber o/ decima! p!aces in the ra9 data sho'!d be the same and sho'!d correspond to the precision o/ the meas'ring instr'ment.

S!ggestions 2or ta'!lating &!antitati"e ra4 $ata

a7 Gi"e yo!r ta'le a clear title E amp!e: Tab!e 1: N'mber o/ drops o/ (ario's !i7'ids in 1 cm 3 '7 Organi@e ra4 $ata into ro4s an$ col!mns 2or greater e22iciency an$ clarity t4o contin!o!s "aria'les

:ariab!es s'ch as timeN temperat'reN concentrationN and absorbance o/ !ightN 9hich can be read on a sca!e and 9hich may (ary contin'o's!y d'ring an in(estigationN are best arranged in co!'mns. :a!'es can be compared and trends noted more easi!y than 9hen they are in ro9s. See e amp!e be!o9.

Tab!e: Change o/ temperat're as naphtha!ene is coo!ed

TimeDs @'ncertainty T0sC . 3. $. -. one contin!o!s "aria'les 6e?g? mass7 Temperat'reDUC @'ncertainty T..3UCC -0.1 *&.3 *3.$ *1..

"t !east one set o/ entries may be descriptions or 7'antities @e.g. mass o/ beakerCN rather than n'mbers. It is o/ten con(enient to p!ace the !onger description opposite a ro9. Ca!c'!ations /rom entries in a tab!e 's'a!!y are c!earer i/ arranged in co!'mns than in ro9s as sho9n be!o9.

Tab!e: %etermination o/ the mass o/ #. drops o/ 9ater de!i(ered /rom a dropping pipette
Tria! 1 )ass o/ beaker 9ith 9aterDg @T...1gC )ass o/ empty beakerDg @T...1gC )ass o/ 9aterDg @T...1C c7 Incl!$e all rele"ant $ata in the ta'le #*.33 #$.31 0..0 Tria! 0 #*.4# #$.4. 0..# Tria! 3 #*.40 #$.3* 0..4

Tab!e: %ata to determine the (o!'me o/ a drop o/ 9ater de!i(ered /rom a pipette
Tria! 1 Li7'id de!i(eredDdrops @T1 dropC %iameter o/ pipette openingDmm @T..#mmC )ass o/ beaker 9ith 9aterDg @T...1gC )ass o/ empty beakerDg @T...1gC Temperat're o/ 9aterDUC @T..#UCC IB chemistry handbook Shanghai #. 1.0 #*.33 #$.31 04.. Tria! 0 #. 1.0 #*.4# #$.4. 04.# Tria! 3 #. 1.0 #*.40 #$.3* 04..

13

:o!'me o/ 9aterDcm3

0..3

0..$

0..#

1?

#rocessing ra4 $ata 6DC#17

In(o!(es addingN s'btractingN s7'aringN di(idingN prod'cing a percentage or meanN taking an a(erage o/ se(era! readings. In case o/ titrationsN it is better to 'se the se!ected (o!'mes to ca!c'!ate /or instance 'nkno9n concentrations and then a(erage the concentrations as opposed to a(erage the (o!'me and then ca!c'!ate the 'nkno9n concentration. Co'!d a!so in(o!(e con(erting tab'!ated data into a graphica! /ormB ho9e(erN this 9i!! on!y be considered processing i/ a !ine o/ best /it is dra9n and a gradient is ca!c'!ated 8 5'st dra9ing a graph is not considered processing o/ ra9 dataB a graph !ine needs to be dra9n orN e(en betterN a gradient ca!c'!ated. It is a!so better to dra9 the graph man'a!!y as opposed to 'sing so/t9are. 8? #resenting processing $ata 6DC#87

,hat yo' m'st do: ,rite a heading QCa!c'!ationsR. Set o't yo'r ca!c'!ation in a !ogica! manner sho9ing a!! stages. 1se s'bheadings e.g. Qca!c'!ation o/ concentration o/ 'nkno9n acidL. 1nits are on!y e pected in yo'r /ina! res'!t. +ina! res'!t sho'!d ha(e correct n'mber o/ signi/icant /ig'res or decima! p!aces. So' can carry as many signi/icant /ig'res in yo'r ca!c'!ationsN it is the /ina! res'!t 9hich matters. To decide on the n'mber o/ signi/icant /ig'res yo' need to consider the n'mber o/ signi/icant /ig'res o/ the ra9 data yo' ha(e co!!ected and 'sed in the processing o/ yo'r /ina! res'!t. #ropagate !ncertainty @see more on this in topic 11 and Qca!c'!ating e perimenta! 'ncertaintyR in this handbookC. %o this 'nder the heading K3ropagation o/ 'ncertaintyL. So'r propagation sho'!d prod'ce an abso!'te 'ncertainty and this sho'!d a!so be e pressed in the correct n'mber o/ signi/icant /ig'resN e.g. 13. kV 1# kV. I/ the same ca!c'!ation has to be repeated many timesN it is appropriate to sho9 one samp!e ca!c'!ation and then sho9 the res'!ts o/ a!! others in a tab!e. +or instance 9hen processing ra9 data /rom a titration yo' sho'!d 9ork 9ith each /ina! (o!'me added b't on!y sho9 the /'!! 9orking o/ one and sho9 the /ina! res'!t o/ processing the other t9o. Ca!c'!ate percentage error and record it 'nder a heading Kpercentage errorR. ,hen dra9ing a graph: on graph paper c!ear!y !abe! the a es and inc!'de 'nits gi(e it a tit!e ha(e a !ine o/ best /it

Concl!sions an$ E"al!ation

"ssessment o/ this ski!! is based on yo'r abi!ity to address these aspects: Concluding valuating procedures

!mproving the investigation. ?nce the data has been processed and presented in a s'itab!e /ormN yo' sho'!d then interpret the res'!tsN dra9 a conc!'sion and e(a!'ate the method 'sed. So' are e pected to e(a!'ate the proced'reN speci/ica!!y by !ooking at: IB chemistry handbook Shanghai

14

The methodDproced're. 1se o/ e7'ipment e.g. ins'!ates 9e!! eno'ghW The materia!s 'sedW e.g. p'reW a!ready hydratedW )anagement o/ time.

"!so the 7'a!ity o/ the data m'st be commented e.g. consider precision and acc'racyN any ass'mptions yo' ha(e madeN any e trapo!ationN 2 )odi/ications to impro(e the in(estigation sho'!d a!9ays be s'ggested. 1. Concl!sions 6CE+7 ,hat yo' m'st do: ,rite a conc!'sion based on yo'r res'!ts i.e. rep!y to the aim o/ the in(estigation or ans9er the research 7'estionB donRt 5'st restate the res'!ts. So'r conc!'sion m'st re/er to yo'r processed data or n'merica! res'!ts i.e. indicate ho9 yo'r data and processed res'!ts ha(e he!ped yo' to arri(e at yo'r conc!'sion. To 5'sti/y yo'r conc!'sion yo' sho'!d compare yo'r e perimenta! res'!t 9ith a !iterat're (a!'e or an accepted (a!'e or a reasonab!e (a!'e 9here possib!e and ca!c'!ate a percentage error @e perimenta! errorC @yo' might a!ready ha(e ca!c'!ated this in %C3CB In addition to the e perimenta! errorN yo' sho'!d a!so make a statement abo't ho9 c!ose!y yo'r /indings re!ate to accepted theory. Compare the e perimenta! error 9ith the random error @i.e. the /ina! propagated 'ncertaintyC and comment on it e.g. i/ e perimenta! error is greater than the random error then random error @9hich is a!9ays presentC a!one cannot be 'sed to e p!ain the di//erence bet9een yo'r (a!'e and the !iterat're (a!'e and this indicates the presence o/ systematic errors 8 these are then disc'ssed /'rther in the second aspect. =o9e(erN e(en i/ e perimenta! error is sma!!er than the random error @s'ggesting it is the precision o/ the meas'ring de(ices 9hich ca'sed a discrepancyC yo' sho'!d sti!! comp!ete aspects 0 and 3 as t9o or more systematic errors might ha(e cance!!ed each other o't. I/ a !iterat're (a!'e is 'sed it sho'!d be re/erenced.

0. E"al!ating proce$!res 6CE17 Identi/ication o/ systematic errors 9hich are errors d'e to the 7'a!ity o/ the e7'ipment and materia!sN poor e perimenta! design and QincorrectR 'se o/ the e7'ipment. 3o!r e"al!ation m!st e(plain the magnit!$e o2 the error an$ its $irection bet9een yo'r /ina! res'!t and the !iterat're (a!'e e.g. 9hy is yo'r /ina! res'!t !ess than the !iterat're (a!'e. This does not mean yo' sho'!d ignore any errors that ha(e an opposite impact e.g. res'!t in a higher (a!'e. E(a!'ation sho'!d /oc's on: E(a!'ation o/ materia!sDe7'ipment: )eas'ring too!s improper!y ca!ibratedW "cc'rate eno'ghW Incorrect concentration o/ reagentsW Imp're reagentsW "mo'nts o/ reagents 'sed !arge eno'ghW E(a!'ation o/ method: "re there any 4ea5nesses in the method that co'!d ha(e ca'sed an error greater than the H 'ncertaintyW %id yo' make any errors 9hen carrying o't the e periment e.g. did yo' not do a step that yo' sho'!d ha(e done or did yo' do it incorrect!yW ,ere some (ariab!es not contro!!edW ,ere readings d'p!icatedW E(a!'ation o/ res'!t: describe any limitations to the 9ay yo' ha(e interpreted yo'r res'!ts e.g. ha(e yo' ignored any (ariab!es that yo' co'!d ha(e meas'redW =a(e yo' 'sed a!! the ra9 dataW

+or each identi/ied !imitationN 9eakness or error indicate the e tent and in partic'!ar the direction o/ its e//ect on the e perimenta! res'!t i.e. 9o'!d it ha(e ca'sed yo'r e perimenta! res'!t to be more or !ess. The tab!e be!o9 co'!d be 'sed /or this p'rpose. LimitationD9eakness IB chemistry handbook Shanghai =o9 m'ch did it a//ect my res'!tW

1#

)ateria!sDe7'ipment 1. 0. %esignDmethod 1. 0. E(a!'ation o/ 7'a!ity o/ the res'!t:

3. Impro"ing the in"estigation 6CE87 ,hat yo' m'st do: +or each s'ggested 9eaknessN !imitation or error identi/ied in CE 0 s'ggest impro(ements Impro(ements sho'!d be detai!ed. Impro(ements sho'!d dea! 9ith red'cing systematic errorsN random errorsN ho9 to obtain greater contro! o/ the (ariab!es.

The tab!e be!o9 co'!d be 'sed /or this p'rpose. Limitation or 9eakness 1. 0. impro(ement

Asing ICT "s stated ear!ier yo' are ad(ised to 9ord process yo'r !ab reports. =o9e(erN in the case o/ graphs yo' can sti!! dra9 it yo'rse!/ and then attach it to yo'r reportB this a!so app!ies to ca!c'!ations. So' are a!so a!!o9ed to 'se graphing so/t9are pro(ided yo' are responsib!e /or most o/ the decisions s'ch as: 9hat to graph se!ection o/ 7'antities /or a es appropriate 'nits graph tit!e appropriate sca!e ho9 to graphN /or e amp!eN !inear graph and not scatter

" comp'ter ca!c'!ated gradient is acceptab!e. I/ a!! o/ the abo(e are a!ready set by the so/t9are than yo'r graph 9i!! not be assessed. Aca$emic honesty So' need to ens're that any !ab report that yo' s'bmit /or yo'r interna! assessment is yo'r o9n 9ork. "t the end o/ the co'rse yo' 9i!! need to sign a dec!aration to that e//ect. Thro'gho't the co'rse @and not 5'st in interna! assessmentCN yo'r teacher is re7'ired to ens're that any s'bmitted 9ork is yo'r o9n. ,hen in do'btN yo'r teacher 9i!! check the a'thenticity o/ any o/ yo'r 9ork by: %isc'ssing it 9ith yo' "sking yo' to e p!ain the method and to s'mmari>e res'!ts "sking yo' to repeat an in(estigation 1se so/t9are to check /or p!agiarism

IB chemistry handbook Shanghai

1$

So' a!so need to ens're that i/ yo' 'se any e perimenta! method 9ord /or 9ord /rom another so'rce than yo' need to ackno9!edge this a!so app!ies i/ yo' 'se diagramsN tab!esN graphsN !iterat're (a!'es /rom the internet or re/erence books. Each !ab report sho'!d ha(e a bib!iography ackno9!edging the so'rces 'sed.

Assessing manip!lati"e an$ personal s5ills

There are t9o assessment criteria that are not assessed by 9ritten report. These are manip'!ati(e ski!!s and persona! ski!!s. )anip'!ati(e ski!!s 9i!! be assessed by obser(ing yo'r 9ork in the !aboratory. 3ersona! ski!!s can on!y be assessed d'ring the gro'p 4 pro5ect b't more in a !ater section o/ this handbook. No 9ritten e(idence o/ per/ormance is re7'iredB 'n!ike the pre(io's three described on the !ast /e9 pages. Be!o9 is a !ist o/ things yo'r teacher 9i!! be !ooking /or. So' sho'!d make them a!! a part o/ yo'r reg'!ar !aboratory practice as soon as possib!e.

)anip'!ati(e ski!!s
"ssessment o/ this ski!! is based on yo'r abi!ity to address these aspects: "ollowing instructions Carr#ing out techniques $or%ing safel# ,hat yo'r teacher 9i!! be !ooking /or: The amo'nt o/ assistance yo' need in assemb!ing e7'ipmentB =o9 order!y yo' are 9hen carrying o't proced're@sCB So'r abi!ity to /o!!o9 instr'ctions acc'rate!yB So'r adherence to sa/e 9orking practises both in the !aboratory or in the /ie!d

3ersona! ski!!s
"ssessment o/ this ski!! is based on yo'r abi!ity to address these aspects: &elf'motivation and perseverance; $or%ing within a team; &elf reflection. ,hat yo'r teacher 9i!! be !ooking /or: So' approach the pro5ect 9ith se!/<moti(ation and /o!!o9 it thro'gh to comp!etion ,hether yo' make contrib'tions to the disc'ssions ,hether yo' e pect e(ery other member o/ yo'r team to contrib'teB ,hether yo' recogni>e the contrib'tion o/ othersB IB chemistry handbook Shanghai

1&

 ,hether yo' acti(e!y seek the contrib'tions /rom re!'ctant or !ess con/ident members o/ yo'r team. So' sho9 an a9areness o/ yo'r o9n strengths and 9eaknesses So' re/!ect tho'ght/'!!y on yo'r o9n !earning e perience

Gro!p . proBect
The gro'p 4 pro5ect is an acti(ity d'ring 9hich st'dents /rom the di//erent gro'p 4 s'b5ects 9ork together on a scienti/ic or techno!ogica! topicN idea!!y o/ their choice. S'ch an acti(ity 9i!! a!!o9 ideas and ski!!s /rom the di//erent gro'p 4 s'b5ects to be shared enco'raging a greater 'nderstanding o/ the re!ationships bet9een the di//erent scienti/ic discip!ines and the o(erarching nat're o/ the scienti/ic method. The pro5ect can be practica!!y or theoretica!!y based. The gro'p 4 pro5ect a!so aims /or st'dents to appreciate the en(ironmenta!N socia! and ethica! imp!ications o/ science and techno!ogy. It may a!so a!!o9 them to 'nderstand the !imitations o/ scienti/ic st'dyN /or e amp!eN the shortage o/ appropriate data andDor the !ack o/ reso'rces. The emphasis is on co!!aboration bet9een the di//erent sciencesN the processes in(o!(ed in scienti/ic in(estigationN rather than the prod'cts o/ s'ch in(estigation. #roBect stages The 1. ho'rs a!!ocated to the gro'p 4 pro5ectN 9hich are part o/ the teaching time set aside /or I"N can be di(ided into three stages: p!anningN action and e(a!'ation. #lanning This stage is cr'cia! to the 9ho!e e ercise and sho'!d !ast abo't t9o ho'rs. X X X X The p!anning stage co'!d consist o/ a sing!e sessionN or t9o or three shorter ones. This stage m'st in(o!(e a!! gro'p 4 st'dents meeting to KbrainstormL and disc'ss the centra! topicN sharing ideas and in/ormation. The topic can be chosen by the st'dents themse!(es or se!ected by the teachers. ,here !arge n'mbers o/ st'dents are in(o!(edN it may be ad(isab!e to ha(e more than one mi ed s'b5ect gro'p. Action This stage sho'!d !ast aro'nd si ho'rs and may be carried o't o(er one or t9o 9eeks in norma! sched'!ed c!ass time. "!ternati(e!yN a 9ho!e day co'!d be set aside i/N /or e amp!eN the pro5ect in(o!(es /ie!d9ork. X X St'dents sho'!d in(estigate the topic in mi ed s'b5ect gro'ps or sing!e s'b5ect gro'ps. There sho'!d be co!!aboration d'ring the action stageB /indings o/ in(estigations sho'!d be shared 9ith other st'dents 9ithin the mi edDsing!e s'b5ect gro'p. %'ring this stageN in any practica!!y based IB chemistry handbook Shanghai

1*

acti(ityN it is important to pay attention to sa/etyN ethica! and en(ironmenta! considerations. St'dents st'dying t9o gro'p 4 s'b5ects are not re7'ired to do t9o separate action phases. E"al!ation The emphasis d'ring this stageN /or 9hich t9o ho'rs is probab!y necessaryN is on st'dents sharing their /indingsN both s'ccesses and /ai!'resN 9ith other st'dents. =o9 this is achie(ed can be decided by the teachersN the st'dents or 5oint!y

"33EN%ICES 3hysica! Y chemica! 1nits

In IB Chemistry 9e 9i!! 'se the &yst'me International d()nites @Internationa! System o/ 1nits 8 SI !nitsC thro'gho't the co'rse. No other system o/ 'nits 9i!! be 'sed. %oing so a(oids the 'se o/ 'nnecessary con(ersion /actors bet9een dimensiona!!y di//erent 7'antities and is in keeping 9ith the internationa! basis o/ the co'rse.

3hysica! 7'antities
" physica! 7'antity is a prod'ct o/ a n'merica! (a!'e @p're n'mberC and a 'nit. The se(en dimensiona!!y independent physica! 7'antities and their 'nits are:

Ph#sical quantit# Symbo! !ength mass time e!ectric c'rrent temperat're amo'nt o/ s'bstance !ight intensity l m t I * n Iv

(nit Symbo! /or 'nit metre ki!ogram second ampere ke!(in mo!e cande!a m kg s " G mo! cd

3re/i es /or SI 'nits

3re/i es are 'sed to indicate m'!tip!es and s'bm'!tip!es o/ SI 'nits. )ultiple 1. 1.0 1.3 1.$ 1.1.10 1.1# 1.1* Prefi* &ubmultiple Prefi* deci centi mi!!i micro nano pico /emto atto

Sym'ol
deca hecto ki!o mega giga tera peta e a da h k ) 4 T 3 E 1.<1 1.<0 1.<3 1.<$ 1.<1.<10 1.<1# 1.<1*

Symbo!
d c m + n p / a

IB chemistry handbook Shanghai

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)athematica! re7'irements
"!! IB Chemistry st'dents sho'!d be ab!e to: per/orm the basic arithmetic /'nctions: additionN s'btractionN m'!tip!ication and di(ision. carry o't ca!c'!ations in(o!(ing meansN decima!sN /ractionsN percentagesN ratiosN appro imations and reciproca!s. 'se standard notation @e.g. 3.$ 1.$C.

'se direct and indirect proportion. so!(e simp!e a!gebraic e7'ations. p!ot graphs @9ith s'itab!e sca!es and a esC and sketch graphs. interpret graphsN inc!'ding the signi/icance o/ gradients @s!opeCN changes in gradientsN intercepts and areas. interpret data in (ario's /orms @e.g. bar graphsN histogramsN pie chartsC.

The mo!e < a re(ie9

1. Chemists meas're the amo'nt o/ a s'bstance in moles. 0. The relati"e atomic mass or "r o/ an e!ement is the a(erage mass o/ an atom o/ the e!ement compared to 1D10 th o/ the mass o/ a C<10 atom 9hich itse!/ has been gi(en a mass o/ 10. 3. One mole o/ atoms o/ an e!ement contains the re!ati(e atomic mass in grams and is ca!!ed the molar mass. 4. ?ne mo!e o/ any s'bstance a!9ays contains the same n'mber o/ partic!es. This is ca!!ed A"oga$ro n!m'er and is /?,18 ( +,18. This n'mber is in yo'r IB Chemistry data book!et. Learn it /or 3aper 1. #. The relati"e molec!lar mass or )r is the a(erage mass o/ a mo!ec'!e o/ a compo'nd compared to 1D10 th o/ the mass o/ a C<10 atom 9hich itse!/ has been gi(en a mass o/ 10. $. The /orm'!a o/ a compo'nd can be /o'nd by e periment. The re!ati(e n'mber o/ mo!es o/ each e!ement in the compo'nd is meas'redN and the simp!est mo!e ratio is determined as the empirical 2orm!la. &. The molec!lar 2orm!la o/ a compo'nd is the e act 9ho!e n'mber mo!e ratio /or the e!ements contained in one mo!ec'!e or /orm'!a 'nitN and is an e act m'!tip!e o/ the empirica! /orm'!a. *. ?ne mo!e o/ any gas occ'pies a (o!'me o/ 11?. $m8 at s.t.p. @standard temperat're and press're i.e. 0&3G and 1..1 1.# 3aC. -. Corrections to gas (o!'mes at di//erent temperat'res and press'res can be made 'sing the e&!ation o2 state 2or gases @see yo'r data book!etC: 31 :1 A 30 :0 T1 T0 1.." one molar sol!tion 6+?, mol $mC87 is made by disso!(ing one mo!e o/ a so!'te in s'//icient 9ater to make one !itre o/ so!'tion. 11.Ca!c'!ations in(o!(ing mo!es 'se one o/ the /o!!o9ing three e7'ations: ,hen mass o/ a so!idN !i7'id or gas is gi(en or re7'ired: n'mber o/ mo!es A mass o/ an e!ement @gC "r @g mo!<1C or mass o/ a compo'nd @gC )r @g mo!<1C

,hen gas "ol!me is gi(en or re7'ired: n'mber o/ mo!es at s.t.p. IB chemistry handbook Shanghai A (o!'me @dm3C

0.

00.4 dm3 ,hen a sol!tion is in(o!(ed: n'mber o/ mo!es A (o!'me @dm3C concentration

13." chemical e&!ation sho9s 9hich chemica!s are present and ho9 many mo!es o/ each s'bstance are reacting. It 9i!! norma!!y a!so sho9 state sym'ols /or the reactants and prod'cts. s A so!id l A !i7'id g A gas a& A a7'eo's so!'tion

1$.The la4 o2 conser"ation o2 mass states that matter cannot be created or destroyed in a chemica! reaction. The tota! mass o/ a!! reactants m'st a!9ays be e7'a! to the tota! mass o/ a!! prod'cts. 1&.In getting an e7'ation to 'alanceN the n'mber o/ mo!es o/ each s'bstance is changedN 'nti! there are the same n'mber o/ atoms on each side o/ the e7'ation: 1nba!anced e7'ation: Ba!anced e7'ation: C3=* Z ?0 <<<[ C?0 Z =0? C3=* Z #?0 <<<[ 3C?0 Z 4=0?

Calc!lating e(perimental !ncertainty

E pressing 'ncertainty
1ncertainty e pressed in origina! 'nits is kno9n as a'sol!te !ncertainty. 1ncertainty e pressed in percentage /orm is kno9n as relati"e 6percentage7 !ncertainty.

Ca!c'!ating 'ncertainty in a density ca!c'!ation

+? A$$ition an$ s!'traction 61LE: E\")3LE: "dd abso!'te 'ncertainties. @4.3# g T ...0gC Z @0.$0 g T ...1gC A $.-& g T ...3g

1? )!ltiplication an$ $i"ision 61LE: 1. Con(ert abso!'te 'ncertainties into re!ati(e 'ncertainties. 0. "dd the re!ati(e 'ncertainties. 3. Con(ert the tota! re!ati(e 'ncertainty back into an abso!'te 'ncertainty. 1. Ca!c'!ating density: @44..# g T ..1gC ] @0.1 cm 3 T ..0 cm3C A @44..# g T ..03HC ] @0.1 cm3 T -.$HC o tained from, 0. A 0..-* g cm<3 T -.*3H o tained from, A 0..-* g cm<3 T 0.1 g cm<3 o tained from, ".23- . !".#" / 00."5$/ #"" 1.2- . !".2 / 2.#$ / #"" 1.33- . 1.2- 4 ".23-

E\")3LE:

3.

2.# . !2".13 4 1.33-$

IB chemistry handbook Shanghai

01

8? )!ltiplying or $i"i$ing 'y a p!re n!m'er ^" p're n'mber is one that has no 'ncertainty_ 61LE: E\")3LE: )'!tip!y @or di(ideC the abso!'te 'ncertainty by the p're n'mber. @10.3 oC T ...1UCC 3... A 3$.- oC T ...3UC

E(a!'ation 'sing 'ncertainty

,hen yo' e(a!'ate the res'!ts o/ an in(estigationN the emphasis m'st be on yo'r systematic error. So' m'st compare it 9ith yo'r obser(ed error. There 9i!! on!y be t9o o'tcomes /rom this e(a!'ation method: E perimenta! error is greater than the random error ca!c'!ated. This means that additiona! so'rces o/ error ha(e been introd'ced into the in(estigation by the method 'sed. S'ggestions /or impro(ing the method sho'!d concentrate on the !argest so'rces o/ this error. E perimenta! error is !ess than the random error. This means that the ca!c'!ated ans9er is in c!ose agreement 9ith the !iterat're (a!'e yo' ha(e compared it 9ith. No reasonab!e s'ggestions /or impro(ement can be made.

The /o!!o9ing e amp!e in(o!(es se(era! meas'red (a!'es 'sed to determine a (a!'e /or the idea! gas constantN 6N 'sing the e7'ation 5 . p6/n* @in yo'r data book!etC. 3 A -.&& : A 3.$3 1.4 3a T 000 3a 1.<4 m3 T 0.. 1.<$ m3

n A ...14& T .....1# T A 0-*.* G T ..0 G Con(erting these abso!'te 'ncertainties to re!ati(e 'ncertaintiesN 9e ha(e 3 A -.&& : A 3.$3 1.4 3a T ..03H 1.<4 cm3 T ..##H 7222 / 1.88 x #"0 / #"" . ".23-9 72." x #":2 / 3.23 x #"0 / #"" . ".55-9 7"."""#5 / "."#08 / #"" . #."2-9 7".2 / 213.3 / #"" . "."8-9

n A ...14& T 1..0H T A 0-*.* G T ...&H

The tota! 'ncertainty is there/ore A ..03H Z ..## H Z 1..0H Z ...& H A +.,-.? Ca!c'!ating 6N A p:DnT A @-.&&

i?e? the ran$om error D +?-EF

1.4 3a

3.$3

1.<4 m3C ] @...14& mo! x 0-*.* GC A *..& V mo!<1 G<1

The data book (a!'e is gi(en as *.31 V mo!<1 G<1. IB chemistry handbook Shanghai

00

The percentage di//erence bet9een the e perimenta!!y determined (a!'e and the data book (a!'e A @*.31 8 *..&C ]`*.31 D 1.. D /.,0. i?e? the e(perimental error D 1?-GF Since the e perimenta! error is greater than the random errorN then there m'st be additiona! systematic errors in the in(estigation. These 9i!! ha(e been introd'ced by the method or materia!s 'sed in the e periment. Since yo' ha(e carried this in(estigationN yo' sho'!d be ab!e to identi/y those systematic errors that 9o'!d be responsib!e /or the (a!'e o/ 6 being !o9er than e pected.

"ction :erbs
"ction (erbs are 'sed in IB Science e aminations to te!! yo' ho9 m'ch detai! yo' sho'!d 9rite in yo'r ans9er. They are common to a!! IB E perimenta! Sciences and are based aro'nd the three ob5ecti(es o/ the Science programmes. O'Becti"e + %emonstrate an 'nderstanding o/: aC Scienti/ic /acts and conceptsB bC Scienti/ic methods and techni7'esB cC Scienti/ic termino!ogyB dC )ethods o/ presenting scienti/ic in/ormation. De2ine Dra4 List )eas!re State 4i(e the precise meaning o/ a 9ord or phrase as concise!y as possib!e. 6epresent by means o/ penci! !ines @add !abe!s 'n!ess to!d not to do soC. 4i(e a se7'ence o/ names or other brie/ ans9ers 9ith no e!aborationN each one c!ear!y separated /rom the others. +ind a (a!'e /or a 7'antity. 4i(e a speci/ic nameN (a!'e or other brie/ ans9er @no s'pporting arg'ment or ca!c'!ation is necessaryC.

O'Becti"e 1 "pp!y and 'se: aC Scienti/ic /acts and conceptsB bC Scienti/ic methods and techni7'esB cC Scienti/ic termino!ogy to comm'nicate e//ecti(e!yB dC "ppropriate methods to present scienti/ic in/ormation. Annotate Apply Calc!late Compare "dd brie/ notes to a diagramN dra9ing or graph. 1se an ideaN e7'ationN princip!eN theory or !a9 in a ne9 sit'ation. +ind an ans9er 'sing mathematica! methods @sho9 the 9orking 'n!ess instr'cted not to do soC. 4i(e an acco'nt o/ simi!arities and di//erences bet9een t9o @or moreC itemsN re/erring to both @a!!C o/ them thro'gho't @comparisons can be gi(en 'sing a tab!eC.

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Descri'e Disting!ish Estimate I$enti2y O!tline

4i(e a detai!ed acco'ntN inc!'ding a!! the re!e(ant in/ormation. 4i(e the di//erences bet9een t9o or more di//erent items. +ind an appro imate (a!'e /or an 'nkno9n 7'antityN based on the in/ormation pro(ided and scienti/ic kno9!edge. +ind an ans9er /rom a n'mber o/ possibi!ities. 4i(e a brie/ acco'nt or s'mmary @inc!'de essentia! in/ormation on!yC.

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O'Becti"e 8 Constr'ctN ana!yse and e(a!'ate: aC =ypothesesN research 7'estions and predictionsB bC Scienti/ic methods and techni7'esB cC Scienti/ic e p!anations. Analyse Constr!ct De$!ce Deri"e Design Determine Disc!ss E"al!ate E(plain #re$ict Sol"e S!ggest Interpret data to reach conc!'sions. 6epresent or de(e!op in graphica! /ormat. 6each a conc!'sion /rom the in/ormation gi(en. )anip'!ate a mathematica! e7'ation to gi(e a ne9 e7'ation or res'!t. 3rod'ce a p!anN ob5ectN sim'!ation or mode!. +ind the on!y possib!e ans9er. 4i(e an acco'nt inc!'dingN 9here possib!eN a range o/ arg'mentsN assessments o/ the re!ati(e importance o/ (ario's /actors or comparisons o/ a!ternati(e hypotheses. "ssess the imp!ications and !imitations. 4i(e a c!ear acco'nt inc!'ding ca'sesN reasons or mechanisms. 4i(e an e pected res'!t. ?btains an ans9er 'sing a!gebraic andDor n'merica! methods. 3ropose a hypothesis or other possib!e ans9er.

IB chemistry handbook Shanghai

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Chemistry on the Internet

=ere are a /e9B there are many more /or yo' to e p!ore in partic'!ar i/ yo' go onto the "ma>ing grades 9ebsite. Title A le"el re"ision site American Chemical Society Ama@ing gra$es 8 !inks to many 'se/'! chemistry 9ebsites As5 Hee"esI Search engine that accepts search 7'estions in p!ain Eng!ish. A"oga$ro chemistry site Biochemical Society %'!! siteN b't it is biochemica!a Britannica?com Encyc!opaedia Britannica. ARL http:DD999.mp<docker.demo.co.'kDhome.htm! http:DD999.acs.org http:DD999.st'dy<!inks.com http:DD999.ask5ee(es.com http:DD999.a(ogadro.co.'kDchemist.htm http:DDbiochemsoc.org.'k http:DD999.britannica.com

The Centre 2or Atmospheric Science Links to http:DD999.atm.ch.cam.ac.'kD their a9ard 9inning interacti(e site abo't the o>one ho!e. Chem+,+ Chem$e( She//ie!d 1ni(ersity;s directory o/ Chemistry on the Internet Chemical La'oratory Techni&!es Site describing many !ab techni7'esN ranging /rom the basic @B'nsen B'rnerC to the detai!ed and technica! @spectroscopyC. Chemg!i$e Chemsoc. 6oya! Society o/ Chemistry site. 4enera! and !ibrary In/ormationN p!'s (is'a! 3eriodic Tab!e. Chemistry topic lin5s Chem>e' ,or!d9ide c!'b /or the Chemica! comm'nity http:DD!ibrary.think7'est.orgD331.D!ographicsDte tbookDind e .htm! http:DD999.chemde .org http:DDchemscape.santa/e.cc./!.'sDchemscapeDinde o/p.ht m

http:DD999.chemg'ide.co.'k http:DD999.chemsoc.org

http:DD'sers.ero!s.comDmerosen http:DDchem9eb.com

The Comic Boo5 #erio$ic Ta'le Images /rom http:DD999.'ky.ed'Dbho!!erDperiodicDperiodic.htm! comic books that are associated 9ith the e!ements Data'ase o2 molec!les DeBa Ne4s Search 1senet gro'ps and post 7'estions. En"ironmental Chemistry The <A gro'ps. site Lists a!! the +"Fs /or 1senet http:DD999.sci.o'c.bc.caDchemDmo!ec'!eDmo!ec'!e.htm http:DD999.de5a.com http:DD999.mp<docker.demon.co.'kDen(ironmenta!< chemistryD http:DD999./a7s.orgD http:DD999.so/tshe!!.comD+6EEDInde \.htm! http:DD999.edie.cprost.s/'.caDbrh!oganDgencchm!.htm! http:DDantoine./s'.'md.ed'DseneseD1.1Dinde .shtm! http:DDoak.cc.connco!.ed'Dbm>imDdead.htm!

<ree Chemistry So2t4are e.g. chemistry 9riting so/t9areN c!ip art etc. General Chemical Concepts General chemistry OnCline Great Chemists 4ho arenJt $ea$ 4hite g!ys Biographies o/ great chemistsN inc!'ding "/rican<"merican. IB chemistry handbook Shanghai

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Imperial CollegeK Lon$on Inc!'des )o!ec'!e http:DD999.ch.ic.ac.'k o/ the )onth and the :irt'a! Chem. Laboratory. %inetics The Learning )atters o2 Chemistry? Interacti(e t'toria!s and games. http:DDkobo!d.demon.co.'kDkineticsDintro.htm http:DD999.kno9!edgebydesign.comDt!mcDt!mc.htm!

)ass Spec )ass Spectroscopy demonstration http:DDmembers.ao!.comDg5!inker programme < )assim 0.. )olec!le o2 the )onth National )!se!m o2 Science an$ TechnologyN Canada Ne4 Scientist maga>ine < back n'mbers. backgro'nd etc No'el Channel In/ormation on Nobe! pri>es No'el <o!n$ation The Online )olec!lar )!se!m Lots o/ 3<% str'ct'res < good /or Biochemistry O@one Depletion The pH <actor Site introd'cing acids and bases Royal Society o2 Chemistry sciCchem 1senet gro'p +"F Science Daily Science In/ormation Scienti2ic American? "rtic!es and c'rrent materia!. S cool Se4age 9ThereJs antimonyK arsenicK al!min!mK seleni!m: Tom Lehrer;s /amo's song TIC-8 programs TIC-8 programs< +T3 site An$erstan$ing o!r #lanet thro!gh Chemistry >ar4ic5 Ba2ley? E ce!!ent IB site >atch Chemistry :ideo. )o(ie and animations >ater >e' elements #erio$ic Ta'le >e' Ro$Js Chem? #ages )ateria! on " !e(e! Chemistry @same as IBC >>> "irt!al li'rary Chemistry >>> "irt!al li'rary =istory o/ scienceN techno!ogy and medicine. http:DD999.bris.ac.'kD%eptsDChemistryD)?T)Dmotm.htm http:DD999.nmstc.caDnmstDEintro.htm http:DDne9scientist.com http:DD999.nobe!channe!.comD http:DD999.nobe!.seD http:DD999.c!'net.ed'DBio%e(DommDga!!ery.htm http:DDscience.nas.nasa.go(DchemistryDname<ser.htm http:DD999.miami.orgDphDde/a'!t.htrn! http:DD999.rsc.org http:DD999./a7s.orgD/a7sDby<ne9sgro'pDsciDsci.chem.htm! http:DD999.sciencedai!y.com http:DD999.sciam.comDinde .htm! http:DD999.s<coo!.co.'k http:DD999.se9age.net http:DDchem!ab.pc.maricopa.ed'DperiodicD!yrics.htm! http:DD999.ti.comD /tp:DD/tp.ti.comDp'bDgraph<tiDca!c< appsD*3DscienceDchemistry http:DDminera!s.cr.'sgs.go(DgipsDaii<home.htrn http:DD999.big/oot.comDb9ar9ick<bai!ey http:DD999.shs'.ed'DbchmctgcDso'ndsDso'nd.htm! http:DD9aternet.com http:DD999.she/.ac.'kDchemistryD9eb< e!ementsDBDion>.htm! http:DD999.rod.bea(on.c!ara.netDchemistryccontents.htm http:DD999.chem.'c!a.ed'Dchempointers.htm! http:DD999.asap.'nime!b.ed'.a'DhstmDhstmo(e.htm

IB chemistry handbook Shanghai

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Acknowledgements
The /ormat o/ this handbook is based on the /ormat o/ a handbook 9ritten by 3a'! and Vane =arrison. 3a'! and I 9orked together as IB chemistry teachers in the British Internationa! Schoo!N 3h'ket in Thai!and. In additionN the /o!!o9ing ha(e been taken /rom 3a'! and VaneRs handbook: e amp!es o/ tab!es 'sed in the section Q9riting !ab reportsR the entire content o/ section Qphysica! and chemica! 7'antitiesR the notes on QThe mo!e 8 a re(ie9R in the section Q)aths and the mo!eR the entire content in QCa!c'!ating e perimenta! 'ncertaintyR a !ot o/ the 9ebsites in the section QChemistry 9ebsitesR

" !ot o/ the /act'a! in/ormation in this handbook comes /rom the IB Diploma #rogramme Chemistry G!i$eK <irst e(aminations 1,,G 6IBO7? This inc!'des:

Teaching times and e terna! assessment on pages )atri es in section QIB assessment criteria 0..-R )athematica! re7'irements in section Q)aths and the mo!eR Content in Q"ssessing manip'!ati(e and persona! ski!!sR "ction (erbs in section Q"ction (erbsR

IB chemistry handbook Shanghai

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