Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Adjetivos
Adjetivo
palavra
que
expressa
uma
qualidade
ou
caracterstica do substantivo,
certo? Os adjetivos em
ingls tm a
mesma funo dos adjetivos em portugus. O que muda a posio deles na frase. No ingls, os adjetivos so usados, em sua maioria, antes dos substantivos que eles qualificam. Essa regra tambm vlida para quando estiverem presentes dois ou mais adjetivos. It was a difficult test. (Foi uma prova difcil.) O adjetivo difficult (difcil) descreve o substantivo test (prova).
Para interpretar corretamente os textos das provas de ingls da ESAF, alm de saber ter que que os adjetivos se posicionam antes dos
substantivos,
voc
saber
identificar e
distinguir adjetivos
comparativos e superlativos. Sendo assim, passo a demonstrar como se formam os comparativos e os superlativos em ingls.
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CURSO ON LINE CURSO DE INGLS - AFT TEORIA E EXERCCIOS AULA 02 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE Comparativos e Superlativos
Adjetivos Curtos Para formar os comparativos e superlativos dos adjetivos de uma slaba adiciona-se -er para a forma comparativa e -est para a forma superlativa.Veja alguns exemplos: Adjetivos cold old fast small weak Alguns dos Comparativo -ER colder older faster smaller weaker adjetivos mais comuns Superlativo -EST coldest oldest fastest smallest weakest em ingls tm formas
irregulares de comparativos e superlativos. Adjetivo bad good Comparativo worse better further far farther older old elder Superlativo worst best furthest farthest oldest eldest
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CURSO ON LINE CURSO DE INGLS - AFT TEORIA E EXERCCIOS AULA 02 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE
Adjetivos de duas ou mais slabas Para formar os comparativos e superlativos dos adjetivos de duas ou mais slabas (adjetivos longos) comparativas usamos o more e less para as formas superlativos. Veja
formas
e most e least as
alguns exemplos:
Adjetivo
Comparativo
Superlativo
arrogant
more arrogant less arrogant more tense less tense more cooperative less cooperative more perfect less perfect
most arrogant least arrogant most tense least tense most cooperative least cooperative most perfect least perfect
tense
cooperative
perfect
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CURSO ON LINE CURSO DE INGLS - AFT TEORIA E EXERCCIOS AULA 02 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE
COMPARATIVO Regra geral adj curto + er + than lat ter than (mais tarde) slow er than (mais lento) rich er than (mais rico)
more urbanized than (mais urbanizado que) less urbanized than (menos urbanizado que)
Excees
good (bom)
bad (mal)
far (longe)
SUPERLATIVOS Regra geral adj curto + est The slow est (o mais lento)
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CURSO ON LINE CURSO DE INGLS - AFT TEORIA E EXERCCIOS AULA 02 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE
Excees
good (bom)
best (melhor)
bad (mal)
worst (pior)
tambm so usadas para fazer comparaes e podem aparecer nas provas. 'As...as' e So....as' so recorrentes em prova: Expresso as as as fast as (to rpido quanto) not as fast as (no to to quanto rpido)
as stable as (to estvel quanto) not as stable as (no to estvel quanto) so as so stable as (to estvel quanto)
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CURSO ON LINE CURSO DE INGLS - AFT TEORIA E EXERCCIOS AULA 02 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE so developed as (to desenvolvido quanto)
Adjetivos terminados em - e d e - i n q . Por fim, h dois tipos de adjetivos que devem ser lembrados: os adjetivos formados pelo particpio passado (-ed) e aqueles formados pelo gerndio (-inq). Alm de ser usado para formar o passado dos verbos, o -ed tambm e o - i n q tambm foram adjetivos. O - e d corresponde, em s terminaes -ado/-edo/-ido (resolved = resolvido;
portugus,
Advrbios Em ingls, a maioria dos advrbios formada adicionando-se o sufixo -ly ao adjetivo de origem (careful/carefully, happy/happily etc.). Enquanto o adjetivo d uma caracterstica ao substantivo, o advrbio se refere ao verbo. Existem algumas palavras que terminam em -ly mas que, porm, no so advrbios, e sim adjetivos. As principais delas so: friendly: amigvel, improvvel. Prof. Aline Andrade www.pontodosconcursos.com.br 6 lonely: solitrio, ugly:feio, likely: provvel, unlikely:
CURSO ON LINE CURSO DE INGLS - AFT TEORIA E EXERCCIOS AULA 02 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE Os advrbios podem ser derivados de adjetivos ou podem ter a mesma forma do adjetivo. Neste ltimo caso, temos situao
semelhante em portugus quando dizemos, por exemplo: Ele um rapaz bonito (adjetivo) x Ele canta bonito (advrbio).
Muitos
advrbios,
principalmente
os
de
modo,
freqncia
intensidade, so derivados de adjetivos mediante o acrscimo do sufixo - l y (-mente em portugus). Adjetivo Slow (lento, devagar) Careful (cuidado) Efficient (eficiente) Quick (rpido) Bad (mau) Perfect (perfeito) Silent (silencioso) Easy (fcil) Terrible (terrvel) Tragic (trgico) Advrbio Slowly (lentamente, devagar) Carefully (cuidadosamente) Efficiently (eficientemente) Quickly (rapidamente) Badly (mal) Perfectly (perfeitamente) Silently (silenciosamente) Easily (facilmente) Terribly (terrivelmente) Tragically (tragicamente)
no em ly
possvel (tais
um silly,
ly a
adjetivos etc), ou
como
lovely modo)
uma
construo
(jeito,
(maneira). Por exemplo: Friendly (amigvel) in a friendly way (de modo amigvel)
Ateno para um advrbio que em nada semelhante ao adjetivo: good (bom) Prof. Aline Andrade well (bem). www.pontodosconcursos.com.br 7
CURSO ON LINE CURSO DE INGLS - AFT TEORIA E EXERCCIOS AULA 02 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE
de concurso da ESAF, so aqueles que nos indicam com que frequncia algo aconteceu, acontece, acontecer etc. Observe o quadro abaixo, que mostra, em uma escala do mais frequente para o menos frequente, o grau de frequncia dos principais advrbios:
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CURSO ON LINE CURSO DE INGLS - AFT TEORIA E EXERCCIOS AULA 02 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE
DICA: perca
Antes
de
ler o ao o
texto,
no da
tempo, v Veja
enunciado a
questo.
que
Banca
The regulation of insurance company solvency is a state. of The Gramm-Leach-Bliley which allowed Financial Services firms,
Modernization
1999,
banks,
securities
insurance companies and other financial services entities to affiliate and sell one another's products, continues this practice. State regulators monitor the financial health of companies licensed to provide insurance in their state that through insurers a analysis are of the to detailed file to and be to annual periodic in financial on-site
statements
required is
examinations. condition,
When
company take
found
regulators
can
various
actions
try
1. (ESAF/SUSEP/2006) In relation to the monitoring of the financial health of companies licensed to provide insurance, the state regulators
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CURSO ON LINE CURSO DE INGLS - AFT TEORIA E EXERCCIOS AULA 02 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE a) are currently designing two tools to follow it. b) might resort to actions designed to assist them. c) may decide to outsource any further analysis. d) have been assessing the most effective procedures. e) are likely to adopt the analysis of their statements.
Comentrios: O enunciado da questo diz: "In relation to the monitoring of the financial health of companies licensed to provide insurance, the state regulators ..." (Em relao ao monitoramento da sade
financeira de companhias licenciadas a oferecer seguro, os reguladores estatais...) Vejamos onde o texto est tratando de "monitoring". DICA: Observe que das 10 palavraschave, 6 so verdadeiros cognatos, ou seja, palavras ao elas so que se
assemelham Felizmente
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CURSO ON LINE CURSO DE INGLS - AFT TEORIA E EXERCCIOS AULA 02 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE companies: companhias licensed: licenciadas provide: oferecer, fornecer, produzir state regulators: reguladores estatais
O texto trata do assunto "monitoring" na seguinte frase: "State regulators monitor the their state financial health of companies licensed to
through analysis of the detailed annual required to file and periodic on-
MAIS PALAVRAS-CHAVE through: atravs analysis: anlises detailed: detalhadas annual: anual financial statements: demonstraes financeiras insurers: segurador, seguradora are required: so demandados, solicitados to file: seguir periodic: peridico on-site examinations: exame, investigao in loco
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CURSO ON LINE CURSO DE INGLS - AFT TEORIA E EXERCCIOS AULA 02 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE Da leitura, verificamos que h duas maneiras por meio (through) das quais os reguladores estatais monitoram a sade financeira das companhias: analysis of the detailed annual financial statements that
x
actually = realmente, efetivamente
currently designing two tools to follow it. A opo A est incorreta. O texto no diz que os reguladores estatais esto atualmente (currently) desenvolvendo (designing)
duas ferramentas (tools) para monitoramento da sade financeira das seguradoras. O autor apenas afirma que os reguladores estatais
monitoram a sade financeira das companhias de seguro atravs de 2 ferramentas: insurers analysis of the detailed annual financial statements that
e periodic on-site
examination.
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CURSO ON LINE CURSO DE INGLS - AFT TEORIA E EXERCCIOS AULA 02 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE
b) might resort to actions designed to assist them. A opo B est correta. O verbo "to resort to" significa recorrer a, apelar a. J "might resort to" d a idia de probabilidade. A opo afirma que possvel que os reguladores do s ferramentas citadas no texto. mercado de seguros a afirmativa est
recorram
Logo
corretssima, uma vez que o autor afirma que os reguladores estatais monitoram a sade financeira das companhias atravs da analysis of the detailed annual financial statements that insurers are required to
file e do
lhes assistir.
c) may decide to outsource any further analysis. A opo C est incorreta. O autor no diz que os reguladores podem (may) decidir por terceirizar (outsource) anlises mais
d) have been assessing the most effective procedures. A opo C est incorreta. No texto no h qualquer meno ao verbo assess (avaliar, estimar, calcular) ou outro com idia similar. Logo, est errado afirmar que os reguladores estatais esto avaliando os procedimentos mais efetivos (most effective = forma superlativa do adjetivo effective).
e) are likely to adopt the analysis of their statements. A opo E est incorreta. No se pode afirmar pela leitura do texto que os reguladores estatais esto tendentes a adotar a anlise de suas demonstraes. Prof. Aline Andrade Totalmente errada. www.pontodosconcursos.com.br 13
CURSO ON LINE CURSO DE INGLS - AFT TEORIA E EXERCCIOS AULA 02 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE
IMPORTANTE Sufixo -LY Forma adjetivos e advrbios slowly: lentamente likely: provavelmente, tendente lively: vivaz
PALAVRAS-CHAVE currently: atualmente designing: desenvolvendo tool: ferramenta resort to: recorrer a
outsource: terceirizar further: mais profundo, mais distante assess: avaliar, estimar, calcular most effective procedures: procedimentos mais efetivos likely: provvelmente, tendente Prof. Aline Andrade www.pontodosconcursos.com.br 14
CURSO ON LINE CURSO DE INGLS - AFT TEORIA E EXERCCIOS AULA 02 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE adopt: adotar
2.
(ESAF/SUSEP/2006)
According
to
the
text,
"insolvencies
do
occur", which means they a) actually happen. b) are undoubtedly preventable. c) hardly take place. d) do not pose a threat. e) used to be more frequent.
"insolvencies do occur". S ser necessrio encontrar esta expresso no texto. Vejamos a ltima frase do texto: "(,..)Insolvencies do occur, however, despite the best efforts of regulators." Agora as palavraschave e as alternativas de resposta:
CURSO ON LINE CURSO DE INGLS - AFT TEORIA E EXERCCIOS AULA 02 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE occur: ocorrer, acontecer
h o w e v e r : porm, no obstante
despite: apesar de actually: efetivamente, de fato happen: acontecer undoubtedly: indubitavelmente preventable: evitvel hardly: dificilmente take place: ocorrer pose a threat: representar uma ameaa used to be: costumava ser
a) actually happen. A opo A est correta. "Insolvencies do occur" significa que insolvncias efetivamente acontecem. "Actually" significa "de fato, efetivamente".
IMPORTANTE actually = realmente, efetivamente Adjetivos + Sufixo LY = advrbio Logo, actual = real, efetivo CUIDADO! FALSO COGNATO!
A t u a l m e n t e = nowadays, presently
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CURSO ON LINE CURSO DE INGLS - AFT TEORIA E EXERCCIOS AULA 02 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE A opo B est incorreta. Da leitura da frase "Insolvencies do occur, however, despite the best efforts of regulators." percebe-se que apesar dos esforos dos reguladores, as insolvncias efetivamente ocorrem. Logo, no se pode afirmar que insolvncia seja indubitavelmente evitvel (preventable).
c) hardly take place. A opo C est incorreta. O texto no diz que insolvncia dificilmente (hardly) ocorre (take place), apenas afirma que ela ocorre.
d) do not pose a threat. A opo D est incorreta. "Insolvencies do occur" no quer dizer que insolvncias no representam (pose) uma ameaa (threat).
Perceba que o enunciado da questo quer apenas o significado da expresso e no a interpretao de que sejam ou no ameaas.
e) used to be more frequent. A opo E est incorreta. A opo afirma que insolvncias costumavam ser (used to be) mais freqentes. No texto no h essa afirmao.
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CURSO ON LINE CURSO DE INGLS - AFT TEORIA E EXERCCIOS AULA 02 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE The long climb Source: www.economist.com st Oct, 2009 (Adapted) 1. The world economy is fitfully getting back to normal,
but it will be a "new normal". This phrase has caught on, even if people disagree about what it means. In the new normal, as defined subdued by Pimco's CEO, Mohamed will
El-Erian, high.
growth "The
will
be
and
unemployment
remain
banking
system will be a shadow of its former self," and the securitization markets, which buy and sell marketable bundles of debt, will presumably be a shadow of a shadow. Finance will be costlier and investment weak, so the stock of physical capital, on which
prosperity depends, will erode. 2. several of The crisis invited capitalism's a forceful government entry into sanctums, such as banking, Mr ElIn
inner
American carmaking and the commercial-paper market. Erian worries that the state may overstay its
welcome.
addition, national exchequers may start to feel some measure of the fiscal strain now hobbling California. A m e r i c a ' s Treasury, in particular, must demonstrate that it is still a "responsible
3. (ESAF/ AFRFB/2009) defined as a) both real and active. b) absolutely extraordinary. c) not very active or busy. d) sustainable and rapid. e) unpredictable. Prof. Aline Andrade
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CURSO ON LINE CURSO DE INGLS - AFT TEORIA E EXERCCIOS AULA 02 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE
Comentrios: A questo nos remete ao Pargrafo 1 e expresso "growth in the new order". Voc dever escolher a opo que mais se assemelha definio de "growth in the new order" dada pelo texto. Vejamos como o texto trata do assunto: "The will be a disagree Pimco's world economy is fitfully getting back to "new normal". about CEO, what it This phrase has caught on, In the new normal, will be normal, even as but it
if people by and
means.
defined
Mohamed
El-Erian, high."
growth
subdued
unemployment
will remain
PALAVRAS-CHAVE growth: crescimento new order: nova ordem world economy: economia mundial getting back to normal: voltando ao normal will be: futuro do verbo be (ser) - ser subdued: passado do verbo subdue (reduzir) - reduzido, reduziu unemployment: desemprego will remain: futuro do verbo remain (continuar) - continur high: alto
Qual a opo mais retrata o crescimento econmico (growth) na nova ordem mundial:
CURSO ON LINE CURSO DE INGLS - AFT TEORIA E EXERCCIOS AULA 02 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE A opo A est incorreta. A alternativa caracteriza a nova ordem com os adjetivos real e active (ativa, rpida, vigorosa). A definio positiva e est errada. Veja que o texto fala em alto desemprego (high unemployment) e crescimento reduzido (subdued).
b) absolutely extraordinary. A opo "b" B est traz incorreta. uma Assim como positiva a alternativa da nova "a", a
alternativa
definio
ordem:
c) not very active or busy. A opo C est correta. O texto define o crescimento na nova ordem como: " (...) growth will be subdued and unemployment que o crescimento ser reduzido e
desemprego continuar alto, logo, a alternativa est correta ao afirmar que o crescimento no ser muito vigoroso, ativo (active, busy).
d) sustainable and rapid. A opo D est incorreta. Aqui a definio de crescimento tambm positiva, sustainable e rapid (sustentvel e rpido).
e) unpredictable. A opo E est incorreta. O texto no diz que o crescimento na nova ordem mundial imprevisvel (unpredictable).
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CURSO ON LINE CURSO DE INGLS - AFT TEORIA E EXERCCIOS AULA 02 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE DICA: resposta Apenas para na a alternativa questo, "c", foi
apresentada uma definio negativa para o crescimento na nova ordem mundial. definio Mesmo de sem saber daria a
subdued
para
acertar a questo.
Question (Q) 1: Margolis: When you took office, Brazil was regarded BRIC as an underachiever, and the Brazil is considered last among the a star among
nations.
Now
CURSO ON LINE CURSO DE INGLS - AFT TEORIA E EXERCCIOS AULA 02 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE Lula: No one respects anyone who d o e s n ' t respect themselves. And Brazil always behaved like a second-class country. We always told ourselves we were the country of the future. But we never transformed these qualities into anything concrete. In a globalized world you cannot sit still. You have to hit the road and sell your country. South So we decided to make strengthening trading bloc) a priority, and Mercosul deepened (the our
American
relations with Latin America in general. We prioritized trade with Africa and went into the Middle East aggressively. Our trade
balance today is diversified. This helped us cushion the blow of the economic crisis. Q2: Margolis: Has Brazil's success in navigating the
economic crisis changed investors'views? Lula: There was no miracle. We had a strong domestic market. We had consumers who wanted to buy cars. We reduced part of the sales tax and asked the companies to offer consumers credit on affordable items. I t ' s the same case with refrigerators, stoves, washing machines, and with computers and the housing
construction. Q3: Margolis: What are the lessons for other countries? Lula: The great lesson is that the state has an important role to play, and has great responsibility. We d o n ' t want the state to manage business. But it can be an inducer of growth and can work in harmony with society.
4.
(ESAF/
AFRFB/2009)
In
his
answer
to
question
1,
Brazil's
Mercosul as a
priority." In other 22
CURSO ON LINE CURSO DE INGLS - AFT TEORIA E EXERCCIOS AULA 02 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE a) risky. b) unattainable. c) pivotal. d) unnecessary. e) advisable.
Comentrios: A questo se refere expresso "strengthening Mercosul as a priority" e quer saber qual dos adjetivos reflete a opinio do presidente acerca dessa medida (measure). Considerando que o presidente disse ser a medida uma prioridade (priority), o fortalecimento do Mercosul :
Observe que no era preciso saber ingls para acertar a questo, todos as adjetivos apresentados nas alternativas se parecem com o portugus. O vocabulrio-chave que cobrado nesta questo se parece bastante com o portugus: PALAVRAS-CHAVE strengthening: fortalecimento, fortalecer priority: prioridade measure: medida
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CURSO ON LINE CURSO DE INGLS - AFT TEORIA E EXERCCIOS AULA 02 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE risky: arriscado unattainable: inatingvel pivotal: fundamental, essencial, piv unnecessary: desnecessrio advisable: aconselhvel
Das 08 palavras-chave, 06 se parecem com nossas palavras do portugus. Isso muitas vezes acontece. Existem sim os falsos cognatos, aquelas palavras que na escrita se assemelham ao portugus, mas que tm significados diferentes. Contudo, importante lembrar que forte a presena de vocbulos de origem latina no ingls, sendo que a
porcentagem de ocorrncia dessas palavras como falsos cognatos em relao ao portugus insignificante menos de 0,1%. No se
preocupe com qualquer probabilidade de erro ao interpretar palavras do ingls parecidas com palavras do portugus.
5. (ESAF/ AFRFB/2009) Brazil's president refers to the country's diversified trade balance as having a) contributed to worsen the global economic crisis. b) resulted from trade with one sole strategic partner. c) been prevented by internal regulations. d) been considered as an unattainable goal. Prof. Aline Andrade www.pontodosconcursos.com.br 24
CURSO ON LINE CURSO DE INGLS - AFT TEORIA E EXERCCIOS AULA 02 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE e) minimized the adverse effects of the world crisis.
"Brazil's president refers to the country's diversified trade balance as having..." (O Presidente se refere balana comercial diversificada do pas como tendo....)
No texto, as palavras "diversified trade balance" aparecem no trecho: "Our trade balance today is diversified. This helped us cushion the blow of the economic crisis."
diversified
trade balance
helped
economic crisis
a) contributed to worsen the global economic crisis. A opo A est incorreta. Com a anlise das palavras no quadro acima, conclumos que a balana comercial diversificada ajudou
(helped) o pas na crise econmica. Ao contrrio do texto, a alternativa diz que a balana comercial prejudicou, piorou (worsen) a crise 25
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CURSO ON LINE CURSO DE INGLS - AFT TEORIA E EXERCCIOS AULA 02 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE econmica global. Observe que a palavra 'crisis' est precedida de dois adjetivos: 'global' e 'economic'.
b) resulted from trade with one sole strategic partner. A opo B est incorreta. Estamos falando aqui de diversified trade balance e a alternativa fala em trade with one solo strategic partner (comrcio com um nico parceiro estratgico). A palavra 'partner' est precedida dos adjetivos 'one solo' e 'strategic'.
c) been prevented by internal regulations. A opo C est incorreta. O presidente trata da balana comercial diversificada como fator que teria ajudado o pas na crise e no como tendo sido evitada ou impedida (prevented) por regulamentaes
d) been considered as an unattainable goal. A opo D est incorreta. A alternativa afirma que a balana comercial diversificada foi considerada (been considered) um objetivo (goal) inatingvel (unattainable) - unattainable o adjetivo.
e) minimized the adverse effects of the world crisis. A opo E est correta. Assim como est no texto que a balana comercial diversificada ajudou, a alternativa diz que ela minimizou
PALAVRAS-CHAVE
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CURSO ON LINE CURSO DE INGLS - AFT TEORIA E EXERCCIOS AULA 02 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE diversified: diversificado trade balance: balana comercial contributed: contribuido worsen: piorar global economic crisis: crise econmica global resulted: resultou trade: comrcio one sole: um s, um nico strategic partner: parceiro estratgico been: sido, estado prevent: evitar, impedir, prevenir internal regulations: regulamentaes internas considered: considerado unattainable: inatingvel goal: objetivo minimized: minimizou adverse effects: efeitos adversos cushion: amortecer, proteger contra choques
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CURSO ON LINE CURSO DE INGLS - AFT TEORIA E EXERCCIOS AULA 02 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE
1.
financial system lack detail but no one doubts that a massive government intervention is coming. In Europe jittery investors have no such reassurance. European governments have yet to respond publicly to calls from Hank Paulson, the treasury
secretary, to follow his lead. They look set to keep faith with the approach that they have used to handle the crisis so far - staving off liquidity worries by allowing banks to use facilities at central banks to swap their assets in exchange for ready cash. 2. That makes many watchers nervous. The crisis in
America has dramatically grown from one of liquidity to one of solvency as well. Lehman Brothers had access to the Federal
Reserve's discount window, after all, but still went under. The burning question now is whether banks have enough capital. On some measures, European banks look pretty well capitalized. The average tier-one ratio, which measures capital based on the
riskiness of bank assets, stood at 8% in the first half of the year. That looks solid enough, if you assume that banks have a good handle on risk.
6. (ESAF/ STN/2008) As regards investors in Europe at the moment, they are feeling a) nervous and upset. Prof. Aline Andrade www.pontodosconcursos.com.br 28
CURSO ON LINE CURSO DE INGLS - AFT TEORIA E EXERCCIOS AULA 02 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE b) confident and optimistic. c) reassured, but cautious. d) slightly afraid. e) tense, but optimistic.
Comentrios: Veja que as alternativas s trazem adjetivos. O enunciado diz: quanto aos sentindo. H duas frases no texto com palavras-chave que aparecem (as regards) investidores (investors), como esto se
"In
reassurance."
Nesta
frase
aparece
palavra
reassurance,
que
significa
resseguro, confiante. Na alternativa "e" est sendo afirmado que os investidores esto confiantes, mas cuidadosos. Contudo, o texto est negando que os investidores tenham tal confiana, segurana (veja que o texto diz: have no).
watchers
nervous."
Aqui no aparece a palavra investors, mas a palavra watchers, que significa observadores em geral (o que inclui, portanto, os
investidores) a) nervous and upset. (nervosos e preocupados) b) confident and optimistic. (confiantes e otimistas) c) reassured, but cautious. (confiantes, mas cautelosos) d) slightly afraid. (levemente temerosos) Prof. Aline Andrade www.pontodosconcursos.com.br 29
CURSO ON LINE CURSO DE INGLS - AFT TEORIA E EXERCCIOS AULA 02 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE e) tense, but optimistic. (tensos, mas otimistas)
VOCABULARIO-CHAVE as regards: quanto /ao investors: investidores feeling: sentindo nervous: nervoso upset: preocupado confident: confidante, certo, seguro optimistic: otimista reassured: resseguro, confiante cautious: cauteloso slightly: levemente afraid: temeroso, com medo tense: tenso, ansioso
CURSO ON LINE CURSO DE INGLS - AFT TEORIA E EXERCCIOS AULA 02 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE Source: www.economist.com (Adapted) Jan 28th, 2010
To sceptics all this talk of twittering, yammering and chattering smacks of another internet bubble in the making. They argue that even a huge social network such as Facebook will struggle to make money because fickle networkers will not stay in one place for long, pointing to the example of MySpace, which was once all the rage but has now become a shadow of its former self. Last year the site, which is owned by News Corp, installed a new boss and fired 45% of its staff as part of a plan to revive its fortunes. Within companies there is plenty of doubt about the benefits of online social networking in the office. A survey of 1,400 chief information officers conducted last year by Robert Half Technology, a recruitment firm, found that only one-tenth of them gave employees full access to such networks during the day, and that many were blocking Facebook and Twitter altogether. The executives' biggest concern was that social networking would lead to social networking, with employees using the sites to chat with friends instead of doing their jobs. Some bosses also fretted that the sites would be used to leak sensitive corporate information.
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CURSO ON LINE CURSO DE INGLS - AFT TEORIA E EXERCCIOS AULA 02 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE 7. (ESAF/SUSEP/2010) According to paragraph 2, the benefits of online social networking in the office are a) undeniable. b) numerous. c) long-lasting. d) uncertain. e) predictable.
Comentrios: De acordo com o pargrafo 2, os benefcios (benefits) de uma rede social (networking) online para um escritrio (office) so....
"Within companies there is plenty of doubt about the benefits of online social networking in the office.
As palavras-chave para responder a questo so plenty (muitas) e doubt (dvidas). Analisando as alternativas e seus adjetivos, qual deles traz a idia de algo duvidoso: a) undeniable. (inegveis) b) numerous. (numerosos) c) long-lasting. (duradouros) d) uncertain. (incertos) = plenty of doubt e) predictable. (previsveis)
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CURSO ON LINE CURSO DE INGLS - AFT TEORIA E EXERCCIOS AULA 02 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE
VOCABULARIO-CHAVE benefits: benefcios office: escritrio undeniable: inegvel numerous: numeroso long-lasting: duradouro uncertain: incerto predictable: previsvel within: em companies: empresas plenty of doubt: muitas dvidas
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CURSO ON LINE CURSO DE INGLS - AFT TEORIA E EXERCCIOS AULA 02 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE
8. (ESAF/SUSEP/2010) According to paragraph 2, some bosses also worried that through the sites sensitive corporate information would be a) altered. b) distorted. c) made classified. d) disclosed. e) negotiated.
Comentrios: De acordo com o pargrafo 2, alguns patres/chefes (bosses) tambm temam (worried) que atravs destes sites (sites de redes sociais) informaes seriam corporativas Observe sensveis que (sensitive corporate est aqui
information)
informao
caracterizada por 'sensitive' e 'corporate', dois adjetivos que antecedem a palavra 'information'. No texto, a palavra "bosses" aparece na frase:
"Some bosses also fretted that the sites would be used to leak sensitive corporate information." Sem se preocupar com a traduo de "leak", sabendo que o texto trata dos riscos destes sites de redes sociais para informaes sensveis de que essas informaes sejam amplamente divulgadas, certo?
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CURSO ON LINE CURSO DE INGLS - AFT TEORIA E EXERCCIOS AULA 02 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE Vejamos as alternativas:
a) altered. (alteradas) b) distorted. (distorcidas) c) made classified.(classificadas) d) disclosed. (abertas, divulgadas) e) negotiated.(negociadas) As alternativas so todas adjetivos terminados em - e d , ou seja, formadas pelo passado particpio de verbos. As alternativas "a" e "b" so sinnimos e a questo no pode ter duas respostas. A "c" e a "e" no fazem sentido no contexto. Portanto, sobra a letra "d". Disclosed (divulgadas) tem o mesmo sentido que leak, que significa vazar
informaes secretas. VOCABULARIO-CHAVE some: alguns bosses: chefes also: tambm worried: preocupado sensitive corporate information: informaes corporativas sensveis altered: alteradas distorted: distorcidas classified: classificadas disclosed: divulgadas negotiated: negociadas fretted: preocupado leak: vazar informaes secretas
Logo, a resposta para esta questo a letra D. Prof. Aline Andrade www.pontodosconcursos.com.br
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CURSO ON LINE CURSO DE INGLS - AFT TEORIA E EXERCCIOS AULA 02 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE
Tackling Corruption for Growth and Development Source: www.ausaid.gov.au 18th Jan 2008 (Adapted)
1.
Corruption
is
major
impediment
to
broadbased
growth and development, undermining government revenue and expenditure on the delivery of basic services such as law and justice, health care, education, and the maintenance of essential infrastructure. The World Bank Institute has estimated that more than US$1 trillion is paid in bribes each year and, over the long run, countries that tackle corruption and improve the rule of law can increase their national incomes by as much as four times. 2. Corruption weakens crisis. It institutions has the and makes to states
more vulnerable to
potential
undermine
security in our partner countries and in the Asia-Pacific region more broadly. Security can be threatened when governments fail to deliver services, uphold law and order, maintain public
confidence in institutions, or control the use of resources. 3. Corruption can lead to 'money politics' and undermine
the decisions of democratically elected governments. It can also open the way for a variety of other crimes such as money
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CURSO ON LINE CURSO DE INGLS - AFT TEORIA E EXERCCIOS AULA 02 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE
9. (ESAF/CGU/2008) According to the text, the effect of corruption on the decisions made by democratically elected governments is that these decisions a) become more legitimate and effective. b) gradually become less effective. c) are implemented in a shorter period of time. d) gain both credibility and morale. e) may lose legitimacy and credibility.
Comentrios: O enunciado no diz o pargrafo a que se refere a questo. Teremos que procurar no texto onde o assunto foi tratado. Vejamos as palavras-chave to the text, do the enunciado: effect of corruption elected governments on is the decisions these
"According made by
democratically
that
decisions..." A questo trata do efeito (effect) da corrupo nas decises tomadas (decisions made) pelos governos democraticamente eleitos (democratically elected governments), certo?
Quando
voltamos
ao
texto,
percebemos
que
palavra
"democratically" aparece na primeira frase do pargrafo 3. "Corruption of can lead to elected 'money politics' and undermine governments." the decisions
democratically
CURSO ON LINE CURSO DE INGLS - AFT TEORIA E EXERCCIOS AULA 02 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE A opo A est incorreta. Vimos que a questo trata da corrupo e sua influncia nas decises dos governos democraticamente eleitos. A alternativa afirma que, como efeito da corrupo, as decises tornamse mais legtimas e efetivas. Isso no poderia ser verdadeiro, no mesmo? Aqui temos a forma comparativa (more) dos adjetivos
'legitimate' e 'effective'.
b) gradually become less effective. A opo B est correta. O texto diz que a corrupo mina,
enfraquece (undermine) as decises, ou seja, as decises vo se tornando menos (less) efetivas com a corrupo. A palavra undermine tem o significado de arruinar gradativamente (gradually), minar.
c) are implemented in a shorter period of time. A opo C est incorreta. Tambm no h no texto a informao
de que as decises, considerando a ocorrncia de corrupo, sejam implementadas num perodo de tempo mais curto (shorter - forma comparativa do adjetivo short) do que se no houvesse corrupo.
d) gain both credibility and morale. A opo D est incorreta. Ao contrrio do que o texto afirma,
e) may lose legitimacy and credibility. A opo E est incorreta. O texto no diz claramente que as
decises dos governos democraticamente eleitos perdem legitimidade e credibilidade. O texto diz que a corrupo enfraquece as decises e usa o verbo undermine, que tem a idia de processo gradativo.
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CURSO ON LINE CURSO DE INGLS - AFT TEORIA E EXERCCIOS AULA 02 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE PALAVRAS-CHAVE democratically: democraticamente elected: eleito goernments: governos lead: conduzir, levar undermine: minar, enfraquecer become: tornar-se less effective: menos efetivo gradually: gradualmente implemented: implementado shorter: mais curto, menor morale: moral gain: ganho, benefcio, vantagem both: ambos credibility: credibilidade lose: perder legitimacy: legitimidade
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CURSO ON LINE CURSO DE INGLS - AFT TEORIA E EXERCCIOS AULA 02 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE
Land of Promise Source: www.economist.com/specialreports April 12th 2007 (Adapted) 1. In 2003 Goldman Sachs, an investment bank, selected
Brazil, along with Russia, India and China, as one of the "BRICs"the developing countries that would share dominance of the world economy by 2050. 2. In some ways Brazil is the steadiest of the BRICs.
Unlike China and Russia it is a full-blooded democracy; unlike India it has no serious disputes with its neighbours. It is the only BRIC without a nuclear Index", bomb. which and The Heritage such Foundation's factors as
"Economic protection
Freedom of
measures free
property
rights
trade,
ranks
Brazil
("moderate free") above the other BRICs ("mostly unfree"). One of the main reasons why Brazil's growth has been slower than China's and India's is that Brazil is richer and more urbanized. 3. The survey will argue that disgruntlement persists
because Brazil is a battleground between progress and inertia. Since independence was proclaimed by the son of the Portuguese king, Brazil has been adding layer upon layer of change rather than sweeping away the old and starting afresh.
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CURSO ON LINE CURSO DE INGLS - AFT TEORIA E EXERCCIOS AULA 02 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE
10. (ESAF/CGU/2008) In paragraph 1, four countries are referred to as a) unlikely to play a key role in the world economic scenario. b) the slowest-growing economies of the present. c) likely to dominate the world economy in the future. d) the fastest-growing economies over the past 50 years. e) being today's richest and most prosperous economies.
bsicas de ingls, j d para saber que para responder a questo bastar ler o pargrafo 1. A questo quer saber o que o texto do pargrafo 1 diz sobre os quatro pases. Ento vamos ler apenas o pargrafo 1 e tentar
identificar o vocabulrio-chave: "In 2003 Goldman Sachs, with Russia, countries 2050" an investment bank, selected Brazil, along as one of the dominance "BRICs"- the developing world economy by
of the
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CURSO ON LINE CURSO DE INGLS - AFT TEORIA E EXERCCIOS AULA 02 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE PALAVRAS-CHAVE investment bank: banco de investimentos selected: selecionou developing countries: pases em desenvolvimento would share dominance: compartilharo domnio world economy: economia mundial
DICA: Observe que das 10 palavraschave, 6 so verdadeiros cognatos, ou seja, palavras no que e so se no a
portugus elas
Felizmente
O que podemos extrair deste pargrafo, observando as palavraschave em destaque : "Em 2003, um banco de investimentos
selecionou o Brasil, juntamente com a Rssia, a ndia e a China para ser um BRICs pases em desenvolvimento que compartilharo o
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CURSO ON LINE CURSO DE INGLS - AFT TEORIA E EXERCCIOS AULA 02 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE A opo A est errada. No improvvel (unlikely) que os 4 pases tenham papel chave (key role) no cenrio da economia
IMPORTANTE Adjetivos iniciados com UN. Unlikely = Improvvel Prefixo UN - contrrio, negativo Logo, likely =provvel Outros exemplos: unable (incapaz) unaware (inconsciente) unusual (incomum) unstable (instvel)
b) the slowest-growing economies of the present. A opo B est errada. O texto no afirma que essas quatro economias so as que esto crescendo de modo mais lento
atualmente. O texto claro ao se referir ao tempo futuro, ano de 2050. Nem se trata aqui de saber ingls, mas de observar datas. Como vimos no incio da aula, slowest forma superlativa de slow. Outros exemplos: Fastest (mais rpido), rico), Slowest = mais lento, devagar Sufixo EST - para formar superlativos da maioria dos adjetivos curtos em poorest most (mais richest (mais pobre), best (mais
(melhor),
developed most
prosperous
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CURSO ON LINE CURSO DE INGLS - AFT TEORIA E EXERCCIOS AULA 02 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE ingls. Para os adjetivos longos usamos o MOST.
A opo C est correta. Como vimos no comentrio da opo a, likely significa provvel. O texto afirma que os 4 pases provavelmente dominaro a economia mundial.
A opo D est errada, o texto no diz que as 4 economias cresceram de modo mais acelerado nos ltimos 50 anos. Como vimos no comentrio do item b, -EST est formando o superlativo do adjetivo fast (rpido, acelerado).
IMPORTANTE Growing = crescendo ou crescimento, a depender da frase em que aparece. Sufixo ING - pode formar gerndio de verbos, mas tambm substantivos.
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CURSO ON LINE CURSO DE INGLS - AFT TEORIA E EXERCCIOS AULA 02 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE e) being today 's richest and most prosperous economies. A opo E est errada. Como vimos, o texto no diz que as 4 economias so as mais ricas (most prosperous - forma superlativa de prosperous) nem tampouco as mais prsperas no presente (today).
11. (ESAF/CGU/2008)
a) not being as fast. b) dependent on the latter. c) unexpectedly higher. d) not as stable. e) the least steady.
Comentrios:
Agora vamos ao pargrafo 2. Neste pargrafo o autor compara o crescimento do Brasil ao da China e ndia. Observe que a questo quer saber como definido o crescimento (growth) do Brasil.
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CURSO ON LINE CURSO DE INGLS - AFT TEORIA E EXERCCIOS AULA 02 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE DICA: A Banca quer que o candidato consiga identificar as caractersticas do crescimento no do na Brasil forma que de
aparecem
texto
"In some ways Brazil is the steadiest of the BRICs. Russia it is a full-blooded democracy; disputes bomb. with The its neighbours. It is
unlike India it has no serious only BRIC without a Index", nuclear which trade,
the
Heritage factors
"Economic
Freedom
of property rights and free above why that the other BRICs
unfree"). slower
main
reasons is
Brazil's Brazil is
growth richer
and India's
and more
urbanized." Primeiro perceba que o tema central tratado neste pargrafo a economia brasileira. Observe as palavras-chave em destaque vermelho. Esses so os adjetivos para responder questo. Ao identificar, seno todos, pelo menos alguns dos adjetivos do texto, podemos matar a questo:
PALAVRAS-CHAVE steadiest = mais estvel full-blooded = forte moderate-free = moderadamente livre slower = mais lento (prefixo - e r para comparativo)
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CURSO ON LINE CURSO DE INGLS - AFT TEORIA E EXERCCIOS AULA 02 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE richer = mais rico (prefixo - e r para comparativo) more urbanized = mais urbanizado (prefixo - e r para comparativo)
A opo A est correta. Na ltima frase do pargrafo 2 o autor afirma que a razo para que o crescimento econmico brasileiro seja mais lento (slower than) que o da China e da ndia que o Brasil mais rico (richer) e mais urbanizado (more urbanized). A opo descreve o crescimento do Brasil como no sendo to rpido quanto ao da China e ndia (not as fast as - 'as...as', como vimos no incio da aula, expresso usada para comparar. Significa to/tanto ... quanto).
A opo B est incorreta. No h no texto qualquer afirmao de que o crescimento brasileiro seja dependente dos outros pases. 'Latter' significa ltimo ou mencionado em segundo lugar. Voltando ao
enunciado da questo, o segundo pas mencionado foi ndia. Contudo, observe que mesmo sem saber o significado desta palavra no h no texto qualquer meno dependncia. Pelo contrrio, quem tem o
mnimo de conhecimento em ingls e conseguiu identificar a palavra FREE (livre) no pargrafo 2, j poderia "sacar" que esse item est incorreto.
CURSO ON LINE CURSO DE INGLS - AFT TEORIA E EXERCCIOS AULA 02 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE A letra crescimento. C est O item incorreta. fala Lembre-se que estamos falando higher (un -expectedly de =
unexpectedly
inesperado - lembrem-se do prefixo un) (high -er= comparativo de high: mais alto). Se voltarmos aos adjetivos que marcamos no texto no h essa afirmao. No confunda com richer (na ltima frase do pargrafo 2) com higher - 'riche'r no texto est se referindo ao pas Brasil e no ao crescimento. No necessariamente um pas que mais rico ter um crescimento mais elevado (comparem China e EUA, por exemplo).
d) not as stable.
A letra D est incorreta. Na primeira frase do pargrafo temos: "In some ways Brazil is the steadiest of the BRICs(...)". Logo, Brasil o mais estvel. Como j vimos acima, stead (estvel) +est = superlativo (mais estvel). O item diz not as stable (no to estvel). Veja bem:
stead = stable =
estvel
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CURSO ON LINE CURSO DE INGLS - AFT TEORIA E EXERCCIOS AULA 02 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE A letra E_est incorreta. O crescimento brasileiro no o menos (LEAST) estvel. Na primeira frase do pargrafo temos: "In some ways Brazil is the steadiest of the BRICs(...)". Logo, Brasil o mais estvel.
MORE x
LESS
MOST x LEAST
REVISO DO VOCABULRIO-CHAVE
A partir deste momento vamos revisar a aula por meio do quadro do vocabulrio-chave.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE relation: relao monitoring: monitoramento financial health: sade financeira companies: companhias Prof. Aline Andrade www.pontodosconcursos.com.br 49
CURSO ON LINE CURSO DE INGLS - AFT TEORIA E EXERCCIOS AULA 02 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE licensed: licenciadas provide: oferecer, fornecer, produzir state regulators: reguladores estatais through: atravs analysis: anlises detailed: detalhadas annual: anual financial statements: demonstraes financeiras insurers: segurador, seguradora are required: so demandados, solicitados to file: seguir periodic: peridico on-site examinations: exame, investigao in loco currently: atualmente designing: desenvolvendo tool: ferramenta resort to: recorrer a
outsource: terceirizar further: mais profundo, mais distante assess: avaliar, estimar, calcular most effective procedures: procedimentos mais efetivos likely: provvelmente, tendente adopt: adotar Prof. Aline Andrade www.pontodosconcursos.com.br 50
CURSO ON LINE CURSO DE INGLS - AFT TEORIA E EXERCCIOS AULA 02 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE growth: crescimento new order: nova ordem world economy: economia mundial getting back to normal: voltando ao normal will be: futuro do verbo be (ser) - ser subdued: passado do verbo subdue (reduzir) - reduzido, reduziu unemployment: desemprego will remain: futuro do verbo remain (continuar) - continur high: alto strengthening: fortalecimento, fortalecer priority: prioridade measure: medida risky: arriscado unattainable: inatingvel pivotal: fundamental, essencial, piv unnecessary: desnecessrio advisable: aconselhvel diversified: diversificado trade balance: balana comercial contributed: contribuido worsen: piorar global economic crisis: crise econmica global resulted: resultou trade: comrcio one sole: um s, um nico strategic partner: parceiro estratgico been: sido, estado prevent: evitar, impedir, prevenir internal regulations: regulamentaes internas Prof. Aline Andrade www.pontodosconcursos.com.br
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CURSO ON LINE CURSO DE INGLS - AFT TEORIA E EXERCCIOS AULA 02 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE considered: considerado unattainable: inatingvel goal: objetivo minimized: minimizou adverse effects: efeitos adversos cushion: amortecer, proteger contra choques as regards: quanto /ao investors: investidores feeling: sentindo nervous: nervoso upset: preocupado confident: confidante, certo, seguro optimistic: otimista reassured: resseguro, confiante cautious: cauteloso slightly: levemente afraid: temeroso, com medo tense: tenso, ansioso benefits: benefcios office: escritrio undeniable: inegvel numerous: numeroso long-lasting: duradouro uncertain: incerto predictable: previsvel within: em companies: empresas plenty of doubt: muitas dvidas some: alguns Prof. Aline Andrade www.pontodosconcursos.com.br 52
CURSO ON LINE CURSO DE INGLS - AFT TEORIA E EXERCCIOS AULA 02 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE bosses: chefes also: tambm worried: preocupado sensitive corporate information: informaes corporativas sensveis altered: alteradas distorted: distorcidas classified: classificadas disclosed: divulgadas negotiated: negociadas fretted: preocupado leak: vazar informaes secretas democratically: democraticamente elected: eleito goernments: governos lead: conduzir, levar undermine: minar, enfraquecer become: tornar-se less effective: menos efetivo gradually: gradualmente implemented: implementado shorter: mais curto, menor morale: moral gain: ganho, benefcio, vantagem both: ambos credibility: credibilidade lose: perder legitimacy: legitimidade investment bank: banco de investimentos
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CURSO ON LINE CURSO DE INGLS - AFT TEORIA E EXERCCIOS AULA 02 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE selected: selecionou developing countries: pases em desenvolvimento would share dominance: compartilharo domnio world economy: economia mundial steadiest = mais estvel full-blooded = forte moderate-free = moderadamente livre slower = mais lento (prefixo - e r para comparativo) richer = mais rico (prefixo - e r para comparativo) more urbanized = mais urbanizado (prefixo - e r para comparativo)
QUESTES DA AULA Insolvencies/Guaranty Funds Source: www.iii.org Prof. Aline Andrade www.pontodosconcursos.com.br 54
CURSO ON LINE CURSO DE INGLS - AFT TEORIA E EXERCCIOS AULA 02 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE Feb/ 2006 (Adapted)
The regulation of insurance company solvency is a state. of The Gramm-Leach-Bliley which allowed Financial Services firms,
Modernization
1999,
banks,
securities
insurance companies and other financial services entities to affiliate and sell one another's products, continues this practice. State regulators monitor the financial health of companies licensed to provide insurance in their state that through insurers a analysis are of the to detailed file to and be to annual periodic in try poor to financial on-site financial save it.
statements
required is
examinations. condition,
When
company take
found
regulators
can
various
actions
1. (ESAF/SUSEP/2006) In relation to the monitoring of the financial health of companies licensed to provide insurance, the state regulators
a) are currently designing two tools to follow it. b) might resort to actions designed to assist them. c) may decide to outsource any further analysis. d) have been assessing the most effective procedures. e) are likely to adopt the analysis of their statements.
2.
(ESAF/SUSEP/2006)
According
to
the
text,
"insolvencies
do
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CURSO ON LINE CURSO DE INGLS - AFT TEORIA E EXERCCIOS AULA 02 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE b) are undoubtedly preventable. c) hardly take place. d) do not pose a threat. e) used to be more frequent.
The long climb Source: www.economist.com st Oct, 2009 (Adapted) 1. The world economy is fitfully getting back to normal,
but it will be a "new normal". This phrase has caught on, even if people disagree about what it means. In the new normal, as defined subdued by Pimco's CEO, Mohamed will El-Erian, high. growth "The will be
and
unemployment
remain
banking
system will be a shadow of its former self," and the securitization markets, which buy and sell marketable bundles of debt, will
presumably be a shadow of a shadow. Finance will be costlier and investment weak, so the stock of physical capital, on which
prosperity depends, will erode. 2. The crisis invited a forceful government entry into
several of capitalism's inner sanctums, such as banking, American carmaking and the commercial-paper market. Mr El-Erian worries that the state may overstay its welcome. In addition, national exchequers may start to feel some measure of the fiscal strain now hobbling California. A m e r i c a ' s Treasury, in particular, must demonstrate that it is still a "responsible shepherd of other
countries' savings."
56
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CURSO ON LINE CURSO DE INGLS - AFT TEORIA E EXERCCIOS AULA 02 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE
3. (ESAF/ AFRFB/2009) defined as a) both real and active. b) absolutely extraordinary. c) not very active or busy. d) sustainable and rapid. e) unpredictable.
Question (Q) 1: Margolis: When you took office, Brazil was regarded as an underachiever, and the last among the BRIC nations. Now Brazil is considered a star among emerging countries. W h a t ' s happened? Lula: No one respects anyone who d o e s n ' t respect themselves. And Brazil always behaved like a second-class country. We always told ourselves we were the country of the future. But we never transformed these qualities into anything concrete. In a globalized world you cannot sit still. You have to hit the road and sell your country. South So we decided trading to make strengthening a priority, and Mercosul deepened (the our
American
bloc)
relations with Latin America in general. We prioritized trade with Africa and went into the Middle East aggressively. Our trade
balance today is diversified. This helped us cushion the blow of the economic crisis. Q2: Margolis: Has Brazil's success in navigating the 57
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CURSO ON LINE CURSO DE INGLS - AFT TEORIA E EXERCCIOS AULA 02 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE economic crisis changed investors'views? Lula: There was no miracle. We had a strong domestic market. We had consumers who wanted to buy cars. We reduced part of the sales tax and asked the companies to offer consumers credit on affordable items. I t ' s the same case with refrigerators, stoves, washing machines, and with computers and the housing
construction. Q3: Margolis: What are the lessons for other countries? Lula: The great lesson is that the state has an important role to play, and has great responsibility. We d o n ' t want the state to manage business. But it can be an inducer of growth and can work in harmony with society.
4.
(ESAF/
AFRFB/2009)
In
his
answer
to
question
1,
Brazil's
president refers to "strengthening words, a measure he considered a) risky. b) unattainable. c) pivotal. d) unnecessary. e) advisable.
Mercosul as a
priority." In other
5. (ESAF/ AFRFB/2009) Brazil's president refers to the country's diversified trade balance as having a) contributed to worsen the global economic crisis. b) resulted from trade with one sole strategic partner. c) been prevented by internal regulations. d) been considered as an unattainable goal. e) minimized the adverse effects of the world crisis. Prof. Aline Andrade www.pontodosconcursos.com.br 58
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CURSO ON LINE CURSO DE INGLS - AFT TEORIA E EXERCCIOS AULA 02 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE
1.
financial system lack detail but no one doubts that a massive government intervention is coming. In Europe jittery investors have no such reassurance. European governments have yet to respond publicly to calls from Hank Paulson, the treasury
secretary, to follow his lead. They look set to keep faith with the approach that they have used to handle the crisis so far - staving off liquidity worries by allowing banks to use facilities at central banks to swap their assets in exchange for ready cash. 2. That makes many watchers nervous. The crisis in
America has dramatically grown from one of liquidity to one of solvency as well. Lehman Brothers had access to the Federal
Reserve's discount window, after all, but still went under. The burning question now is whether banks have enough capital. On some measures, European banks look pretty well capitalized. The average tier-one ratio, which measures capital based on the
riskiness of bank assets, stood at 8% in the first half of the year. That looks solid enough, if you assume that banks have a good handle on risk.
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CURSO ON LINE CURSO DE INGLS - AFT TEORIA E EXERCCIOS AULA 02 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE 6. (ESAF/ STN/2008) they are feeling a) nervous and upset. b) confident and optimistic. c) reassured, but cautious. d) slightly afraid. e) tense, but optimistic. As regards investors in Europe at the moment,
To sceptics all this talk of twittering, yammering and chattering smacks of another internet bubble in the making. They argue that even a huge social network such as Facebook will struggle to make money because fickle networkers will not stay in one place for long, pointing to the example of MySpace, which was once all the rage but has now become a shadow of its former self. Last year the site, which is owned by News Corp, installed a new boss and fired 45% of its staff as part of a plan to revive its fortunes. Within companies there is plenty of doubt about the benefits of online social networking in the office. A survey of 1,400 chief information officers conducted last year by Robert Half
Technology, a recruitment firm, found that only one-tenth of them gave employees full access to such networks during the day, and Prof. Aline Andrade www.pontodosconcursos.com.br 60
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CURSO ON LINE CURSO DE INGLS - AFT TEORIA E EXERCCIOS AULA 02 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE that many were blocking Facebook and Twitter altogether. The executives' biggest concern was that social networking would lead to social networking, with employees using the sites to chat with friends instead of doing their jobs. Some bosses also fretted that the sites would be used to leak sensitive corporate information.
7. (ESAF/SUSEP/2010) According to paragraph 2, the benefits of online social networking in the office are a) undeniable. b) numerous. c) long-lasting. d) uncertain. e) predictable.
8. (ESAF/SUSEP/2010) According to paragraph 2, some bosses also worried that through the sites sensitive corporate information would be a) altered. b) distorted. c) made classified. d) disclosed. e) negotiated.
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CURSO ON LINE CURSO DE INGLS - AFT TEORIA E EXERCCIOS AULA 02 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE
Tackling Corruption for Growth and Development Source: www.ausaid.gov.au 18th Jan 2008 (Adapted)
1.
Corruption
is
major
impediment
to
broadbased
growth and development, undermining government revenue and expenditure on the delivery of basic services such as law and justice, health care, education, and the maintenance of essential infrastructure. The World Bank Institute has estimated that more than US$1 trillion is paid in bribes each year and, over the long run, countries that tackle corruption and improve the rule of law can increase their national incomes by as much as four times. 2. Corruption weakens crisis. It institutions has the and makes to states
more vulnerable to
potential
undermine
security in our partner countries and in the Asia-Pacific region more broadly. Security can be threatened when governments fail to deliver services, uphold law and order, maintain public
confidence in institutions, or control the use of resources. 3. Corruption can lead to 'money politics' and undermine
the decisions of democratically elected governments. It can also open the way for a variety of other crimes such as money
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CURSO ON LINE CURSO DE INGLS - AFT TEORIA E EXERCCIOS AULA 02 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE
9. (ESAF/CGU/2008) According to the text, the effect of corruption on the decisions made by democratically elected governments is that these decisions a) become more legitimate and effective. b) gradually become less effective. c) are implemented in a shorter period of time. d) gain both credibility and morale. e) may lose legitimacy and credibility.
Land of Promise Source: www.economist.com/specialreports April 12th 2007 (Adapted) 4. In 2003 Goldman Sachs, an investment bank, selected
Brazil, along with Russia, India and China, as one of the "BRICs"the developing countries that would share dominance of the world economy by 2050. 5. In some ways Brazil is the steadiest of the BRICs.
Unlike China and Russia it is a full-blooded democracy; unlike India it has no serious disputes with its neighbours. It is the only BRIC without a nuclear Index", bomb. which and The Heritage such Foundation's factors as
"Economic protection
Freedom of
measures free
property
rights
trade,
ranks
Brazil
("moderate free") above the other BRICs ("mostly unfree"). One Prof. Aline Andrade www.pontodosconcursos.com.br 63
CURSO ON LINE CURSO DE INGLS - AFT TEORIA E EXERCCIOS AULA 02 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE of the main reasons why Brazil's growth has been slower than China's and India's is that Brazil is richer and more urbanized. 6. The survey will argue that disgruntlement persists
because Brazil is a battleground between progress and inertia. Since independence was proclaimed by the son of the Portuguese king, Brazil has been adding layer upon layer of change rather than sweeping away the old and starting afresh.
10. (ESAF/CGU/2008) In paragraph 1, four countries are referred to as a) unlikely to play a key role in the world economic scenario. b) the slowest-growing economies of the present. c) likely to dominate the world economy in the future. d) the fastest-growing economies over the past 50 years. e) being today's richest and most prosperous economies.
11. (ESAF/CGU/2008)
a) not being as fast. b) dependent on the latter. c) unexpectedly higher. d) not as stable. e) the least steady.
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CURSO ON LINE CURSO DE INGLS - AFT TEORIA E EXERCCIOS AULA 02 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE
GABARITO
1-B 7-D
2-A 8-D
3-C 9-B
4-C 10-C
5-E 11-A
6-A
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