ABRASION AND POLISHING AGENTS I.

INTRODUCTION The finishing and polishing of restorative dental materials are important steps in the fabrication of clinically successful restorations. The techniques employed for these procedures are meant not only for removal of excess material but also to smoothen rough surfaces. The finishing of dental restorations prior to their placement in the oral cavity has therefore three benefits viz. A) To promote oral hygiene by resisting the accumulation of food debris and pathogenic bacteria. B) Enhance oral function a ell polished surface aids in gliding movement of the feed over occlusal surfaces and bet een embrassure spaces !smooth restoration contacts minimise ear rates on opposing and ad"acent teeth. E.g. materials li#e ceramics hich contain phases harder than the teeth enamel and dentine). $) To improve esthetics. The materials employed for finishing and polishing of dental restorations are generally termed as Abrasives. Thus an understanding of the characteristics % features ith their properties of these materials and the process of abrasion ould aid in improved clinical usage of these materials and techniques. II. INDIVIDUAL CONSIDERATIONS: 1. Abrasion Craig has defined abrasi n as : &A process of ear hereby a hard rough surface !li#e a sand paper dis#) or hard irregular shaped particles !li#e those in a abrasive slurry) plough grooves in a softer material and cause materials from these grooves to be removed from the surface'. (t has been stated by )#inner*s that abrasive &three body' process. ear could be a &t o body' or a

To understand this more specifically the terms viz. ,ear- Abrasive Erosive ear need more understanding.

ear and

I! "ear is a material removal process that can occur henever surfaces slide against each other. (n dentistry the outermost particle or the surface material of an abrading instrument is referred to as Abrasive. The material being finished is termed as a ).B)T/ATE. II! Abrasi#e $ear 0 This could be of t o types 0 i. Two body wear occurs hen abrasive particles are firmly bonded to the surface of the abrasive instrument and no other and abrasive particles are used eg- a diamond bur abrading a teeth. ii. Three body wear hen the abrasive particles are free to translate and rotate bet een t o surfaces Eg- dental prophylaxis pastes !bet een tooth and rubber cup). iii. Erosive wear This is caused by hard particles impacting a substrate surfacecarried by either a stream of air or a stream of liquid. Erosive ear should be differentiated from chemical erosion more commonly #no n as acid etching hich involves acid and al#alis instead of the hand particles to remove the substrate material. $hemical erosion is employed to prepare teeth surfaces for bonding purposes and not for finishing of materials. DESIRABLE CHARACTERISTICS O% AN ABRASIVE +. (t should be irregular in shape so that it presents a sharp edge. !1 2agged particles are more effective. /ound sand particles and cubicle particles of sand paper are poor abrasives). 3. (t should be harder than the or# it abrades. (f it cannot indent the surface to be abraded then it cannot cut it and therefore ears out. 4. Abrasive should posses a high impact strength or body strength. Abrasive point should al ays fracture than dull out so that al ays- a sharp point or edge is available. The cuts also helps in shredding debris accumulated from or# for eg- a grinding heel against a metal.

5. Abrasive should posses attrition resistance so that it does not ear. DESIGN O% ABRASIVE INSTRU&ENTS The abrasives employed could be one of the three types- viz0 A. Abrasive 6rits. B. Bonded Abrasives. $. $oated Abrasive 7is#s and )trips. A. Abrasi#e Gri's Abrasive grits are derived from !abrasive) materials that have been crushed and passed through series of mesh screens to obtain different particle size ranges. The grits are classified as $8A/)E- 9E7(.9 $8A/)E- 9E7(.9 :(;E and ).<E/ :(;E according to the particle size ranges. B. B nded Abrasi#es These consists of abrasive particles incorporated through a binder to form grinding tools. The abrasive particles are bonded by 5 general methods 0 +. )intering. 3. =itreous bonding !6lass%$eramic). 4. /esin bonding !usually phenolic resin. 5. /ubber bonding !usually silicone rubber). +. Sin'ering )intered abrasives are the strongest variety since the abrasive particles are fused together. 3. Vi're (s B nded Are mixed ith a glassy or ceramic matrix material- cold pressed to the instrument shape and fired to fuse ith the binder. 4. Resin B nded are cold or hot pressed and then heated to cure the resin.

5. R(bber B nded made in a manner hich is similar to resin bonded. As far as bonded abrasives are concerned the type of bonding employed affects greatly the grinding behaviour of the tool on the substrate. Bonded abrasives that tend to disintegrate rapidly on the substrate are ea# and result in increased abrasive costs. Bonded abrasives that disintegrate very slo ly tend to clog ith the grinding debris and result in loss of abrasive efficiency.Thus an ideal binder is one hich ould hold the abrasive to the instrument sufficiently long as to cut- grind or polish the substrate- yet release the particle before its cutting efficiency is lost or before heat build up causes thermal damage to the substrate.The type of binder is also intimately related to the life of the tool in use. (n most cases the binder is impregnated throughout ithin an abrasive so that as an abrasive particle is renched during use another abrasive particle ta#es its place as the binder ears e.g. for diamond rotary instrument electroplated ith a nic#el base matrix is used as a binder.The heat generated during abrasive activity is dependent on the efficiency of the abrasives. $ooling ho ever may be required for e.g. in abrading polymeric materials- excessive heat should be avoided as it can cause stress relief and arpage !E.$. $ombe).(t is important that a bonded abrasive should al ays be T/.E7 and 7/E))E7 before its use. Tr(ing procedure here bonded abrasive is first run against a harder abrasive bloc# until it rotates in the handpieces ithout eccentricity or run out hen placed on the substrate. Therefore T/.(;6 is done for proper shaping of the bonded abrasive. Dressing li#e Truing is done for proper shape of the abrasive and also for t o different purposes. +. 7ressing procedure reduces the instrument to its correct shape. or#ing size and

3. .sed to remove clogged debris !AB/A)(=E B>(;7(;6) from the abrasive instrument to restore or#ing efficiency. C. C a'ed Abrasi#e Dis)s and S'ri*s These abrasives are supplied as dis#s and finishing strips. They are fabricated by securing abrasive particles to a flexible bac#ing material !heavy eight paper or 9ylar). The dis#s are available in different diameters ith thin and very thin bac#ings. 9oisture resistant bac#ings are advantageous as the abrasive stiffness is not reduced by ater degradation. ABRASIVE ACTION The mode of action of the abrasives is similar to that of the dental burs that is it is merely a cutting action. Each fine abrasive particle thus presents

as a sharp edge hich cuts through the surface similar to a pointed chisel. 7uring this cutting process the shaving thus formed is po dered and usually clogs the abrasive hich thus ma#es periodic cleaning of the abrasive necessary. Abrasi#e A+'i n On &e'a,s 8n abrading metallic restorations- the metallic grain structure usually gets disoriented. The more the abrasion the greater is the associated disorientation. )train hardening of the abraded metal usually accompanies the grain disorientation. !)train hardening is a process herein the metal becomes strongerharder and less ductile hen greater stresses are induced at the grain boundaries to provide slipping of the lattice net or#).(n the abrading of metals- the crystalline structure of the surface is disturbed- sometimes to a depth of +?m. @o ever this surface affect varies ith different metals for eg0 in ductile metals !li#e gold) less of the surface metal may be removed by the abrasive than in a brittle metal. Abrasi#e A+'i n n ResinsThe surface disturbance produced by abrasion on resins ho ever leads to the creation of surface stresses that may cause distortion if the abrasion is too rigorous. The heat generated during this abrasion partially relieves the stresses.(f this heat generated is excessive it may even relieve stresses created during processing hich leads to arpage of the resin along ith melting of the surface of the resin. The heat generated is directly proportional to the efficiency of the abrasives. %ACTORS A%%ECTING RATE O% ABRASION /ate of abrasion of a given material by a given abrasive is determined primarily by three factors0 +. )ize of the abrasive particle larger the size greater the abrasion. 3. <ressure of the or# against the abrasive hen or# is pressed against the abrasive scratches are deeper and abrasion is more rapid so greater chances of the abrasives to fracture. 4. )peed at hich the abrasive particles travels across the speed- greater ould be the rate of abrasion. S*eed e-*, .ed is f '$ '.*es: /otational speed. >inear speed speed ith hich particles pass over the or#. or#. 6reater the

>inear speed required is A???ft%min.

>inear speed is related to rotational speed as follo s0 = B d n here = B >inear speed d B diameter of the abrasive n B revolutions per minute %ACTORS IN%LUENCING E%%ICIENC/ O% THE ABRASIVES These factors are as follo s0 +. The hardness of the abrasive particle !diamond is hardest- pumice and garnet etc.are relatively mild). 3. The )hape of the abrasive particle !particles ith sharp edge are more effective). 4. <article size of the abrasive !>onger particle size ill cut deeper grooves). 5. 9echanical properties of the abrasive !(f the material brea#s- it should form a ne cutting edge. Therefore brittleness can be an advantage). A. /ate of movement of the abrasive particles !slo er abrasion deeper scratches). C. <ressure applied to the abrasive !too much pressure can fracture the abrasive instrument and increase heat of friction that has evolved). D. <roperties of material that is being abraded. !A brittle material can be rapidly abraded hereas ductile % malleable metal li#e pure gold ill flo instead of being removed by the abrasive). T/PES O% ABRASIVES (. According to Craig : The abrasives used can be classified grouped as and 0 A. :inishing Abrasives. B. <olishing Abrasives. $. $leaning Abrasives. A. %inishing Abrasi#es These are hard- coarse abrasives used initially to develop desired contours and remove off gross irregularities.

B. P ,ishing Abrasi#es These have a smaller particle size and are less hard than abrasives used for finishing. They are used for smoothening surfaces that are typically roughened by finishing abrasives. A. C,eansing Abrasi#es These are soft abrasives ith small particle size and are intended to remove softer materials that adhere to enamel or a restoration. These dental abrasives could be employed in the form of 4 basic designs as mentioned previously. Se+ nd,. S)inner0s has gr (*ed 'he abrasi#es e-*, .ed in den'is'r. as f ,, $s: A. ;atural Abrasives. B. 9anufactured Abrasives. A. Na'(ra, Abrasi#es +. Ar#ansas )tone 3. $hal# 4. $orundum 5. 7iamond A. Emery C. 6arnet D. <umice E. Fuartz G. )and +?. Tripoli ++. Hirconium silicate +3. $uttle +4. Ileselguhr B. &an(fa+'(red Abrasi#es Are generally preferred because of their more predictable physical properties. +. )ilicon carbide 3. Aluminium oxide 4. )ynthetic diamond 5. /ouge A. Tin oxide

Under Natural Abrasives we have: 1. Ar)ansas s' ne )emitranslucent- light gray- siliceous sedimentary roc#- mined in Ar#ansas. (t contains microcrystalline quartz. )mall pieces of this mineral is attached to metal shan#s and trued to various shapes for fine grinding of tooth enamel and metal alloys.

2. Cha,) 9ineral form of calcite. $ontains calcium carbonate. .sed as mild abrasive paste to polish teeth enamel- gold foil- amalgam and plastic materials.

4. C r(nd(- is largely replaced by Aluminium oxide due to its superior physical properties. @o ever corundum is primarily used for grinding metal alloys and is available as a bonded abrasive.

5. 7iamond is a transparent colourless mineral composed of carbon called super abrasive because of its ability to abrade any other #no n substance. (t is the hardest substance #no n. .sed on ceramic and resin based composite materials.

)upplied as0 a. Bonded abrasive rotary instrument. b. :lexible metal bac#ed abrasive strips. c. 7iamond polishing pastes. 3. E-er. This abrasive is a grayish blac# corundum that is prepared in a fine grain form.

)upplied predominantly as coated abrasive dis#s. .sed for finishing metal alloys or plastic materials. hich possess similar physical

C. Garne' the term garnet includes several minerals properties li#e )ilicates of Al- $o- :e- 9g and 9n. -

6arnet is dar# red- extremely hard and hen fractured during abrasive activity forms sharp chisel shaped plates therefore ma#ing 6arnet an effective abrasive. 6arnet is available on coated dis#s and Arbor box. .sed in grinding metal alloys and plastic materials.

4. P(-i+e (s produced from volcanic activity. :lour of pumice is an extremely fine grinded volcanic roc# derivative from (taly. .sed in polishing teeth enamel- gold foil- dental amalgam and acrylic resins. hich are

E. 5(ar'6 1 the particles are pulverized to form sharp angular particles useful in ma#ing coated dis#s. .sed to finish metal alloys and may be used to grind dental enamel.

7. Sand (s a mixture of small mineral particles predominantly silica. <articles have rounded to angular shape. .sed to remove refractory investment material from base metal castings. (t is coated on paper dis#s for grinding of metal alloys and plastic materials.

18. Tri* ,i 7erived from a light eight- siliceous sedimentary roc# $ould be hite- gray- pin#- red or yello .

6ray and red are most frequently used. .sed for polishing metal alloys and some plastic materials.

11. 9ir+ ni(- si,i+a'e 8ff hite mineral- ground to various sizes used to ma#e coated dis#s and strips. Also used as a component of dental prophylaxis pastes.

12. C('',e 9ade from the pulverized internal shell of a 9editerranean marine mollus#- this abrasive is obtained as a hite calcareous po der. The related synonyms of this abrasive are cuttle fish and cuttle bone. (t is obtained as a coated abrasive and used for delicate operations li#e polishing of metal margins and dental amalgam restorations. 1:. ;,ese,g(hr This abrasive is obtained from the silaceous remains of minute aquatic plants #no n as diatoms. (t is an excellent mild abrasive. The coarser variety is #no n as 7(AT89A$E8.) EA/T@ used as a filler for dental materials such as hydrocolloid impression materials. Appropriate precautions must be ta#en hile handling this abrasive as there is ris# of respiratory silicosis due to long term exposure of this material is significant.

&an(fa+'(red Abrasi#es 1. Si,i+ n Carbide This is the first of the synthetic abrasive to be developed. T o types ere manufactured i.e. +. green form and 3. Blue blac# form. Both are having similar physical properties.

+?

@o ever- the green variety is preferred because substrates are more visible against the green colour. The cutting efficiency of silicon carbide abrasives is higher as the particles are sharp and brea# to form ne sharp particles. )upplied as air abrasive in coated dis#s and vitreous and rubber bonded instruments. The silicon carbide is .sed in cutting metal alloys- ceramics and plastic materials.

2. A,(-ini(- O<ide This is the second synthetic abrasive to be manufactured. This form of alumina is much harder than its natural counterpart !$8/.;7.9) because of its purity. The forms usually prepared are0 i. ,hite stones made of sintered aluminium oxide are used for contouring of enamel and finishing metal and ceramic materials. =ariations of aluminium oxide include those ith chromium compound additions these obtained in pin# and ruby colours are obtained as vitreous bonded non1contaminating mounted stones used for preparation of metal ceramic alloys to receive porcelain.

ii.

!(mportant to note that remnants of these abrasives should not interfere ith porcelain bonding to the metal studies by Jamamoto +GED. Therefore sho that carbides are better for this purpose). :. S.n'he'i+ dia- nd = de#e, *ed in 1733. )ynthetic or manufactured form of diamond is produced at A times the level of the natural diamond abrasive. This synthetic diamond is used for the manufacture of diamond sa sheels and burs and also diamond loc#s employed for truing of bonded abrasives. )ynthetic diamond abrasives are used primarily on tooth structure- ceramic materials and resin based components.

++

>. 3. -

R (ge <rinciple component is iron oxide blended ith various binders. .sed to polish high noble metal alloys. 9ay be impregnated in paper or fabric #no n as $/8$.) $>8T@. Tin O<ide (s composed of very fine abrasive particles. 9ay be employed in an abrasive paste form along glycerine. ith ater- alcohol or

.sed as a polishing agent for teeth and metallic restorations.

POLISHING &<olishing is the production of a smooth mirror li#e surface ithout use of any external form'.A number of reasons are elucidated for the importance of polishing dental restorations and teeth these are0 i. The smooth polished restorative and teeth !enamel) surfaces are less receptive to bacterial colonization and dental plaque formation. )econdary- the polished layer on metallic restoration aids in the prevention of tarnish and corrosion. ith rough

ii.

iii. :inally- from the clinical vie point unpolished restoration surfaces are uncomfortable for the patient.

The polishing procedure is one hich is eventually initiated once the abrasive mechanism eliminates or obliterates most of the fine scratches leaving a smooth finish. The smooth layer or smooth finish on the surface of the restoration is referred to by )#inner*s as a polish. @o ever it is difficult to dra or mar#out exact line of differentiation bet een an abrasive and a polishing agent. :or example- given agent hich has a large particle size and that hich produces deep or large scratches on the restoration surface could be termed as an abrasive. 8n the other hand a similar agent ith a fine particle size hich

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produces a smooth finish could be termed as a polishing agent. The polishing materials also differ in the amount of material they remove from the surface. They remove molecule by molecule and thus provided smooth surface. (n the process fine scratches and irregularities are filled in by po dered particulate being removed from the surface. The polished layer is therefore thought of as one made up minute crystals- thus #no n as the micro1crystalline layer of Beilby layer !named after a scientist ho first noted such a surface layer after polishing hich is easily #ept clean and has a high corrosion resistance. )urface structure not more than ?.??A mm is removed during polishing. (t is therefore observed that the process of finishing- cutting % abrading and polishing have not been differentiated ell in dentistry.The term finish ould actually relate to the final surface achieved % applied to a material or the final character of the surface of the material.(f this explanation for the term finish is accepted then others viz. cutting % abrading- grinding and polishing ould be considered as a series of steps encompassed ithin the process of finishing.@o ever minor differences exist in the cutting- grinding and polishing procedures. +. A cutting operation1as cited by )#inner*s &refers to the use of a bladed instrument or any instrument in a blade li#e fashion'. The substrate of the cutting operation be divided into large separate pieces or may sustain deep notches and grooves by the cutting operation. 3. A grinding operation removes small particles of a substrate through the action of bonded or coated abrasive instruments. The grinding instruments may contain randomly arranged abrasive particles eg0 a diamond coated rotary instrument. (t is important to note here the cutting and grinding are both .nidirectional in their course of action. 4. The polishing operation is one of the most refined finishing process. (t produces scratches so fine that they are visible only hen greatly magnified. The ideally polished surface is one hich ould be automatically smooth ith no surface imperfections. <olishing is considered to be 9ulti 7irectional in its course of action. Eg0 of polishing instruments are 0 a. /ubber abrasive points. b. :ine particle dis#s and strips.

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c. :ine particle polishing pastes applied heels- prophy cups or buffing heels. d. Electrolytic polymers !$o $r Alloys). is a reverse of electroplating.

ith soft felt points- muslin

Alloy to be polished is made the anode of the electrolytic cell. As current passes ionic material from anode is dissolved leaving a bright surface. Excellent method for $o1$r alloys used in denture bases.

<olishing <rocedure !for resins) The steps involved are0 i. ii. )moothen the or# ith a coarse abrasive to produce large scratches. /emove large scratches ith a finer abrasive but difference in fineness should not be too great as it causes strea#ing in the final surface. Ieep changing direction of the abrasion so that ne scratches appears at right angles to the coarser- scratches- to ensure uniform abrasion.

iii. $ontinue using the fine abrasive until scratches are no longer visible to the eye then accomplish0 <rimary polishing resins). ith pumice flour ith a canvas buff heel !mainly for

Then the or# is cleaned to remove all abrasive particles and then pumice and ater paste of a muddy consistency is applied and buffing done till a bright and ell polished surface is obtained. 6lycerine is preferred instead of @ 38 because ater could evaporate- glycerine maintains consistency. $lean the or# ith soap ater and change to a lannel !rotate at high speed) buff heel. <olishing ca#e ith grease is held against buff heel to impregnate ith the agent.

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Apply light pressure to avoid excessive heat generation. $are should be ta#en to avoid use of abrasive tool or slurry in a dry condition hich ould reduce efficiency of abrasive and also increased heat.

)peed employed for <olishing0 is more than that for abrasion. >inear speed of range DA??1+???? ft%min.

+A

HA9ARDS ENCOUNTERED IN THE %INISHING AND POLISHING PROCEDURES Aer s , Ha6ard: Aerosols- the dispersion of solid and liquid particles in air are generated henever finishing and polishing operations are performed. The dental microorganisms. aerosols contain teeth structuredental materials and

These aerosols are potential sources of infections and chronic diseases of the eyes and lungs. )ilicosis or grinder*s disease is a ma"or aerosol hazard in dentistry because of a number of silica based materials are used in processing and finishing dental restorations. These aerosols can remain for more than 35 hours before settling and are therefore capable of cross contamination other zones of the treatment facility. Aer s ,s *r d(+ed d(ring 'he finishing *r +ed(res +an be + n'r ,,ed b. : $a.s: 1 * Controlled at the source through a. Adequate infection control procedures. b. ,ater spray. c. @igh volume suction. 2 * Personal protection a. )afety glasses. b. 7isposable face mas#s. 3 * Adequate ventilation of the entire unit which efficiently re oves any residual particulates fro the air!

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%INISHING AND POLISHING O% CO&&ONL/ E&PLO/ED RESTORATIVES 1. A-a,gaAfter initial carving- restoration is left undistributed for an appropriate period !usually one day to obtain maximum strength) before finishing and polishing is initiated. <olishing is done through the sequential use of finishing fine stone and dis#s or strips. :inal polish is done by the application of extra fine silenK follo ed by a thin slurry of tin oxide ith a rotating soft brush. 7uring final polishing restoration should be #ept moist to avoid overheating.

3. $omposites0 The smoothest surface on a freshly inserted composite can be obtained by allo ing polymerization to occur against an inserted 9ylar matrix. .se of green%carbide stones +3 1 blade carbide burs is also accepted for removal of excess near enamel margins of macro filled resins. This is follo ed by use of0 Aluminium oxide dis#s for accessible areas finishing. ,hite source stones of suitable shapes inaccessible areas. :ine and micro fine diamonds finishing of micro filled resins.

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C -* nen' Abrasive

&a'eria,s $alcium carbonate 7ibasic calcium phosphate dihydrate @ydrated alumina @ydrated silica )odium bicarbonate 9ixtures of listed abrasives )odium lauryl sulfate :ood colorants 8ils of spearmint- peppermintintergreen or cinnamon )orbitol- glycerine 7eionized ater $arrageenan )odium monofluorophoshpatesodium fluoride- stannous fluoride 7isodium pyrophosphatetetrasodium pyrophosphatetetrapotassium pyrophosphate <otassium nitrate- strontium chloride

P(r* se /emoval of <laque % stainpolish tooth surface

7etergent $oolants :lavoring @umecant ,ater Binder :luoride

Aids debris removal Appearance :lavor 9aintains moisture content )uspension agent Thic#ener- prevents liquid1 solid separation 7ental caries prevention

Tartar control agents 7esensitization agents

(nhibits the formation of calculus above the gingival margin. <romotes occlusion of dentinal tubules

REVIE" O% LITERATURE /otary instrument finishing of micro filled and small particle composite resins'. 2A7A. Aug +GED. This study suggests that rotary instrument for finishing composites must be selected in accordance ith the type of composites used. Tungsten $arbide Burs at high speeds for trimming and finishing microfilled composites are contraindicated because they disrupt- the composite resin surface therefore for microfilled and small particle resins diamond burs at slo speeds are used. $arbide burs at high speeds on small particle composites produces a surface free from the characteristic striations and grooves produced by diamond burs.

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&Effect of three finishing systems on four aesthetic restorative materials'. 8perative 7entistry +GGE. T o varieties of composites !@ybrid and 9icrofilled) and t o types of 6($ vizTraditional % conventional 6($ and a /esin modified 6($ ere employed for this study. (mpregnated dis#s and diamond and carbide burs ere used. ;o difference as seen in the surface of any of the restorations. ,hen the mylar matrix ere used. @o ever the study concluded ith the result that abrasive impregnated dis#s and aluminium oxide dis#s provided smoother finished surfaces on the 6($ and composite than did the diamond and carbide finishing burs.

A quantitative study of finishing and polishing techniques for a composite'. 2ournal of <rosthetic 7ent. +GEE. As e #no - finishing and polishing of composite has al ays been a problem because the resin matrix and inorganic fillers differ in hardness and do not abrade uniformly. This study evaluated and compared six finishing and polishing techniques to identify the most effective one for micro filled composite restorations. These si< 'e+hni?(es $ere as f ,, $s : TE$@;(F.E ( .se of dis#s of medium- fine and superfine grits in descending order. .se of polishing points. .se of polishing paste ith rubber cap. :inishing !5? m) and polishing !+A m) diamond burs used. :ollo ed by polishing points. ere

TE$@;(F.E (( TE$@;(F.E ((( TE$@;(F.E (=

TE$@;(F.E =1(=

+G

TE$@;(F.E =(1(= C n+,(si n f 'he S'(d.

:ollo ed by polishing pastes.

Technique ( produced the smoothest polished surface technique = best. &:inishing glass polyal#enoate cements !6($)' 9.2. ,oodfords B72 !+GEE)

as second

This article reports on the )E9 surface examination of 6($ after furnishing procedures using rotary and hard instrumentation. Anhydrous ater hardening type and an encapsulated type of 6($*s ere employed. :inishing procedures employed ere0 +. ,hite stones and =aseline in the slo hand piece at A???rpm. 3. )oflex dis#s !Al384 dis#s) and =aseline in the slo hand piece at A???rpm. 4. Tungsten carbide blan# in air turbine @and piece coolant. Res(,'s (deal surface is produced by the matrix !any finishing inevitably disrupts this surface). )oflex discs produce a relatively smooth surface. Tungsten $arbide disrupts surface of even mature 6($. @and instrument cause marginal brea#do n. ith a ater spray as

3?